4.

1 BRIDGE 02 ABUTMENT DESIGN

13.1.1 Introduction
13.1.1.1 3D VIEW OF THE MODEL

This is a 3D view of the bridge abutment and footing model from Robot Structural Analysis software.

The abutment consists of;

1. 1.0m high and 14.9m wide abutment wall that is 1.5m thick and a 2.0m high shelf wall that is
0.5m thick.
2. The abutment foundation depth is 1.5m.

13.1.1.2 Data – Materials

The material properties listed below are as obtained from robot structural design and is what is adopted
for design.

Materia RO
  E (MPa) G (MPa) NI LX (1/°C) Re (MPa)
l (kN/m3)
26000.0 11150.0 0.1
1 C30 0.00 25 30.00
0 0 7
 13.1.2 Loadings
13.1.2.1 Self-weight

This is t h e self-weight of the structure. Robot Structural Analysis software automatically

generates it from the material type and thickness input. The density of the deck concrete
used is 25kN/m3.
13.1.2.2 Dead load

These are the reactions that have been derived from the design of the bridge deck for the self-weight of
the girders and deck. The values for the loads above are characteristic loads. These are total loads
carried on deck after composite action.
13.1.2.3 Surfacing Load from the deck

These reactions have been derived from the design of the bridge deck for the pavement structure loads
on the deck. The values for the loads provided above are characteristic loads.
13.1.2.4 Barrier Load from the deck

These reactions have been derived from the design of the bridge deck for the barrier structure. The
values for the loads provided above are characteristic loads.
13.1.2.5 Live Load from the deck – gr1a

These are the maximum reactions that have been derived from the design of the bridge deck for the
vehicular loads.

The load values provided are characteristic loads.

13.1.2.6Live Load from the deck – gr5

These are the maximum reactions that have been derived from the design of the bridge deck for the
vehicular loads.

The load values provided are characteristic loads.

13.1.2.7 Braking Load from Deck

This load was calculated with reference to EN 1991-2:2003 clause 4.4 such that:
Q 1 K =360+2.7 L=360+ 2.7 x 32=446.4 kN
446.4 kN
Load per bearing= =37.2 kN /Bearing
2 x 6 Bearings
An additional braking load on upstand walls as described in EN 1991-2:2003 clause 4.9 and figure 4.11 is
calculated as below:
180 kN
V =0.6 ∝Q 1 Q 1 k =0.6 x 1.0 x 300=180 kN = =15 kN /Bearing
2 x 6 Bearings
300 kN
H=∝Q 1 Q 1 k =1.0 x 300=300 kN= =25 kN / Bearing
2 x 6 Bearings
Total horizontal braking load=37.2+ 25=62.2 kN /Bearing
 13.1.2.7.1 Load Cases Table (summary)
A table summarizing the load case labels and names for loads used in the design are shown below:
Case Label Case name
1 DL1 SW
2 DL2 Deck
3 SDL Barrier
4 SIDL Surfacing
5 MOV1 Vehicular load - gr5
6 MOV2 Vehicular load - gr1a
7 LL Braking load

13.1.2.7.2 Load combination tables

The table attached below shows the load combinations used.
Combi-
Combinations Name Analysis type
nation type
8 (C) COMB1 ULS Linear Combination ULS
9 (C) COMB2 ULS Linear Combination ULS
10 (C) COMB3 SLS Linear Combination SLS
11 (C) COMB4 SLS Linear Combination SLS

Combinations Case nature Definition

8 (C) Structural (1+5)*1.35+(2+3+4)*1.20
9 (C) Structural (1+2+6+7)*1.35+(3+4)*1.20
10 (C) Structural (1+2+3+4+5)*1.00
11 (C) Structural (1+2+3+4+6+7)*1.00
 13.1.3 Results for shelf and abutment wall
13.1.3.1 Moments - Mxx (kN.m/m)

These are moments Mxx in the horizontal direction (blue horizontal axis) of the local axis as indicated in the
diagram above. The maximum moments in both of the extremes are 16.99 kNm and -56.33 kNm. Some of
the high points are caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in design rather
globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.3.2 Moments - Myy (kN.m/m)

These are moments Myy in the vertical direction (green vertical axis) of the local axis as indicated in the
diagram above. The maximum moments in both of the extremes are 1.02 kNm and -140.48 kNm. Some of
the high points are caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in design rather
globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.3.3 Axial Forces - Nxx (kN/m)

These are axial forces Nxx in the horizontal -direction (blue horizontal axis) of the local axis as indicated in
the diagram above. The maximum shear forces in both of the extremes are 832.99 kN/m and -2123.24
kN/m.

Some of the high points are caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in
design rather globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.3.4 Axial Forces - Nyy (kN/m)

These are axial forces Nyy in the vertical (green horizontal axis) of the local axis as indicated in the
diagram above. The maximum axial forces in both of the extremes are 4311.93 kN/m and -5604.3 kN/m.

Some of the high points are caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in
design rather globally averaged forces are used.
 4.1.1 Results for abutment foundation
13.1.3.5 Moments - Mxx (kN.m/m)

These are moments Mxx in the horizontal direction (blue horizontal axis) of the local axis as indicated in the
diagram above. The maximum moments in both of the extremes are 10.59 kNm and –315.03 kNm. Some
of the high points are caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in design
rather globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.3.6 Moments - Myy (kN.m/m)

These are moments Myy in the vertical direction (green vertical axis) of the local axis as indicated in the
diagram above. The maximum moments in both of the extremes are 0.53 kNm and -753.47 kNm. Some of
the high points are caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in design rather
globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.3.7 Shear Forces - Qxx (kN/m)

These are shear forces Qxx in the horizontal -direction (blue horizontal axis) of the local axis as indicated in
the diagram above. The maximum shear forces in both of the extremes are 600.29 kN/m and -506.2 kN/m.

Some of the high points are caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in
design rather globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.3.8 Shear Forces - Qyy (kN/m)

These are shear forces Qyy in the vertical (green horizontal axis) of the local axis as indicated in the
diagram above. The maximum shear forces in both of the extremes are 605.77 kN/m and -605.77 kN/m.

Some of the high points are caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in
design rather globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.3.9 Soil reactions at SLS

These are soil reactions at service loads. The foundation is set on reinforced earth embankment that has a
specified bearing capacity of 150kN/m 2. The applied soil reaction at SLS is 15.66 kN/m 2.
4.1.1.1 Settlement at SLS loads

These are settlement in the abutment. The settlement in the foundation is 10mm and the differential
settlement is 2mm (10mm-8mm = 2mm). The allowable settlement is 25mm and the allowable differential
settlement is 10mm.
 13.1.4 Reinforcement maps for shelf and abutment wall
The minimum reinforcement requirements are as shown below:
0.15
Minimum required rebar (abutment )= x 1000 mmx 500 mm=750 mm2 /m
100
0.15
Minimum required rebar (abutment )= x 1500 mmx 1000 mm=2250 mm2 /m
100

13.1.4.1Required reinforcement Far Face (Horizontal Reinforcement)

The figure above shows the horizontal reinforcement (Far face) requirements of the abutment with
respect to the local axis (blue horizontal axis).
The provided reinforcement for the 500mm thick shelf wall is T16@150 which provides a total area of
1340mm2/m which is more than the nominal reinforcement equal to 750 mm 2/m.
The 1500mm thick abutment wall part requires 2163 mm 2/m, T25@150 have been provided to give a total
area of 3270 mm2/m.
The high point of 4791 mm 2/m is caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in
design rather globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.4.2Required reinforcement Near Face (Horizontal Reinforcement)

The figure above shows the horizontal reinforcement (Near face) requirements of the abutment with respect
to the local axis (blue horizontal axis).
The provided reinforcement for the 500mm thick shelf wall is T16@150 which provides a total area of
1340mm2/m which is more than the nominal reinforcement equal to 750 mm 2/m.
The 1500mm abutment wall part requires 1890 mm 2/m, T25@150 have been provided to give a total area
of 3270 mm2/m.
The high point of 4530 mm 2/m is caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in
design rather globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.4.3Required reinforcement Far Face (Vertical Reinforcement)

The figure above shows the vertical reinforcement (Far face) requirements of the abutment with respect to
the local axis (green vertical axis).
The provided reinforcement for the 500mm thick shelf wall is T16@150 which provides a total area of
1340mm2/m which is more than the nominal reinforcement equal to 750 mm 2/m.
The 1500mm abutment wall requires 2147 mm 2/m, T25@150 have been provided to give a total area of
3270 mm2/m.
The high point of 4959 mm 2/m is caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in
design rather globally averaged forces are used.
13.1.4.4Required reinforcement Near Face (Vertical Reinforcement)

The figure above shows the vertical reinforcement (near face) requirements of the abutment respect to the
local axis.
The provided reinforcement for the 500mm thick shelf wall is T16@150 which provides a total area of
1340mm2/m which is more than the nominal reinforcement equal to 750 mm 2/m.
The 1500mm abutment wall requires 2621 mm 2/m, T25@150 have been provided to give a total area of
3270 mm2/m.
The high point of 6033 mm 2/m is caused by convergence of finite elements and such points are not used in
design rather globally averaged forces are used.
 13.1.5 Abutment foundation Design Results.

13.1.5.1Required reinforcement bottom (Longitudinal reinforcement)

The figure above shows the Longitudinal reinforcement (bottom) requirements of the abutment
foundation.

0.15
Minimum required rebar ( PileCap ) = x 1500 mmx 1000 mm=2250 mm2 / m
100

The provided reinforcement is T25@150mm (3270mm2) against the required area of 1890 mm2.
13.1.5.2Required reinforcement Bottom (Transverse Reinforcement)

The figure above shows the transverse reinforcement (bottom) requirements of the abutment foundation.
0.15
Minimum required rebar ( PileCap ) = x 1500 mmx 1000 mm=2250 mm2 / m
100

The provided reinforcement is T32@150mm (5360mm2) against the required area of 1875 mm2.
13.1.5.3Required reinforcement Top (Longitudinal Reinforcement)

The figure above shows the longitudinal reinforcement (Top) requirements of the abutment foundation.
0.15
Minimum required rebar ( PileCap ) = x 1500 mmx 1000 mm=2250 mm2 / m
100

The provided reinforcement is T25@150mm (3270mm2) against the minimum required area of 2250
mm2/m.
13.1.5.4Required reinforcement Top (Transverse Reinforcement)

The figure above shows the transverse reinforcement (Top) requirements of the abutment foundation.
0.15
Minimum required rebar ( PileCap ) = x 1500 mmx 1000 mm=2250 mm2 / m
100

The provided reinforcement is T25@150mm (3270mm2) against the minimum required area of 2250
mm2/m.
13.1.5.5Crack width X direction.
13.1.5.5.1 X- Direction

The figure above shows the crack widths in the abutment with respect to the X- local axis. The cracks
have been limited to 0.24mm

13.1.5.6 Crack width Y direction.

13.1.5.6.1 Y- Direction

The figure above shows the crack widths in the abutment with respect to the Y-local axis. The cracks
have been limited to 0.24mm