Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1, June 2017
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria,
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology,
Pretoria, South Africa
*,arotimi.olofinnade@covenantuniversity.edu.ng,
b
anthony.ede@covenantuniversity.edu.ng,
c
ndambukiJM@tut.ac.za,
d
david.olukanni@covenantuniversity.edu.ng
17
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
I. Introduction development [6]. The influence of
Concrete is the most commonly used curing temperature on the strength
construction material and will properties of concrete has been
continue to be in demand [1, 2]. studied in recent times [2] – [11].
Concrete is a combination of majorly Neville and Brooks [4], explained
two components (aggregates and one of the needs for curing arises
binder) which through the process of from the fact that complete hydration
hydration, the mixture hardens and of cement can only take place in
gains strength. It is a material widely water-filled capillaries. In addition,
used for construction of buildings, provided the concrete is properly
drainage systems, bridges and road cured, the strength of concrete
pavement networks, water dams, increases with time due to improved
airfield runways, tunnel systems. degree of hydration. However, Li [2]
However, in order to achieve good stated that the concrete strength will
and quality concrete, the continue to go up even after 28 days
characteristic strength (compressive of curing but the progress of cement
strength of the concrete mix and hydration under real life conditions
other mechanical properties) must be may vary greatly from site to site.
ascertained. According to [3], Furthermore, curing process ensures
compressive strength of a concrete concrete durability, improves
mix is a major index of its quality porosity, resistance to abrasion,
and it is important that concrete mix resistance to freezing and thawing,
be developed beyond its minimum resistance to chemical attacks,
attainable design strength. Moreover, volumetric stability; reduce creep
[4], stated that production of quality and shrinkage, reduces powdery
concrete required that the placement deposition on concrete surfaces and
of a suitable concrete mix be prevents crazing [5,10,12]. Various
followed by curing in an appropriate methods of curing includes
environment, especially at the immersion in water, sprinkling, the
premature stages of hardening. use of wet coverings, the use of
Furthermore, curing is one process membrane forming compounds,
used for facilitating the hydration of plastic sheet covering and open air
the cementitious binder in concrete, curing. Mamlouk et al. [12] stated
and this involves controlling the that factors such as environmental
concrete environmental conditions; condition, cost implication, size and
that is, the temperature and shape of the concrete structure,
movement of moisture [5]. Curing is availability of curing materials,
also referred to as a process of supervision and aesthetics are
protecting the concrete for some considered before adopting any
specific duration of time after curing method. Many investigators
placement in order to ensure that have studied the effect of curing
concrete is not exposed to conditions on the strength
mechanical disturbance at the early development of plain and blended
age. This process helps to ensure that cement concrete [13], ordinary
concrete retains enough moisture and concrete [7], [14-17], concrete
temperature necessary for hydration containing supplementary
which leads to continued strength cementitious materials (SCM) [8-9],
18
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
[18-21], high-performance concrete reduce the depletion of natural
[22], self-compacting concrete [23- resource [28-36]. Therefore this
25] and concrete under hot weather research examines the strength
conditions [11]. However, of recent, development of moderate strength
the sustainability of concrete as a concrete produced with and without
building material has become a crushed waste soda lime glass as
critical issue [26-27]. The production sand and granite replacement. The
process of concrete consumes much concrete samples were cured by
of the natural resources and energy. complete immersion in water and
For instance cement is a major covering with polythene sheets for 7,
constituent of concrete and its 14 and 28 days.
production is regarded as one of the II. Materials and Methods
major sources of greenhouse gas Materials
(GHG) emission into the atmosphere Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
[27]. Meyer [28] estimated that the (ASTM Type I) and natural
demand for concrete is expected to aggregate used for production of
increase to about 18 billion tonnes by concrete in this study were obtained
the year 2050. However, Terro [29] commercially. The chemical
and Olofinnade et al. [30] opined that compositions of the Portland cement
reusing and recycling of solid wastes is presented in Table 1. The soda
such as waste glass in concrete by lime glass wastes were collected
the construction industry can help from open dump sites and glass
sustain and protect the environment waste gathering points in Ota, Ogun
through elimination of waste State, Nigeria. Dumping of solid
materials that could have been a wastes such as glass wastes within
concern to the environment. Ota metropolis is mostly practiced
Furthermore, the use of waste glass through dumping on open sites [37].
as concrete aggregate can minimize The major portion of such waste
environmental degradation through glass comprises mostly beer,
depletion of the raw resources. Many perfume and wine bottles, glass
studies have investigated the effect wares, flat glasses, and glass
of replacing aggregates in concrete containers. The waste glasses were
with waste glass on the mechanical carefully washed with water to
properties of the concrete [31] – [36]. remove dirt and contaminants such
The methods of curing adopted in as paper labels, rubber corks and
most of these cases is total metals, and air dried before the
immersion in water. In addition, glasses were then pulverized to
Rashad [35] reported that of recent, required particle sizes similar to the
there is an increase in the quantity of natural fine and coarse aggregate
glass production and usage. This has sizes using a mill crushing machine.
resulted in the huge amount of glass The chemical composition of the
waste generated and dumped into waste glass were obtained by using
dump sites [35] – [37]. However, the X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
incorporating these glass waste as techniques in order to determine the
aggregate in concrete has the oxide composition of the glass as
potential to reduce the amount of presented in Table 1. Potable water
glass waste in dump sites and also
19
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
was used for mixing and curing of concrete specimens.
Glass (% wt) 64.31 2.98 6.25 10.61 0.63 0.74 12.52 0.61 0.23
Cement (% wt) 21.08 5.40 6.28 60.25 3.96 0.85 0.33 0.62 -
20
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
21
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
curvature (Cc) calculated gives 3.25 also indicate that the particles were
and 0.94, respectively. Furthermore, also uniformly graded. The gradation
based on the classification system plots for the crushed waste glass
used by the Unified Soil aggregates shows uneven particle
Classification System, uniformity size distribution similar to the natural
coefficient (CU) less than 6 for sand sand and granite aggregate. The
indicates that grain sizes were of particle size distribution of the glass
uniform size that is; poorly or and natural materials are closely
uniformly-graded. The particle size equal.
distribution for the granite particles
Figure 1: Sieve analysis for the waste glass, sand and granite material
22
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
23
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
lower 28-day compressive strength the concrete pores in order to ensure
of 17.78 and 18.67 MPa respectively. 100% relative humidity as reported
This result could be attributed to the by [5]. Early drying of water in the
inability of the concrete to have concrete halts or slows down
adequate access to external water to hydration process.
replace the used up internal water in
24
The concrete cube specimens with polythene sheet covering
recorded 80% of its 28-day strength achieved 60% of its 28-day strength
just after 7 days of curing by after 14-day of curing.
immersion in water while curing
25
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
26
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
27
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
28
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
29
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
Acknowledgement
The authors are pleased to deeply appreciate the funding support from the
management of Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
References materials,” Cement and
[1] K.P Mehta & P.J.M Monteiro, Concrete Research, vol 35,
Concrete: microstructure, pp 994-998, 2005.
properties, and materials, [9] T.Y. Lo, A. Nadeem, W.C.P.
New York: McGraw-Hill, Tang, & P.C. Yu, “The
.2006 effect of high temperature
[2] Z. Li, Advanced concrete curing on the strength and
technology, New Jersey: carbonation of pozzolanic
John Wiley & Sons, 2011 structural lightweight
[3] I.I Akinwumi & Z.O. concretes,” Construction
Gbadamosi, “Effects of and Building Materials, vol
curing condition and curing 23, pp 1306-1310, 2009.
period on the compressive [10] M.S. Siddiqui, W. Nyberg, W.
strength development of Smith, B. Blackwell, &
plain concrete,” K.A. Riding, “Effect of
International Journal of curing water availability
Civil and Environmental and composition on cement
Research, Vol. 1, Issue 2, hydration,” ACI Materials
pp 83-99, 2014 Journal, vol. 110, issue 3,
[4] A.M Neville & J.J Brooks, pp 315-322, 2013.
Concrete Technology, [11] M. Ibrahim, M. Shameem, M.
England: Longman, 2010. Al-Mehthel, M.
[5] A.M Neville, Properties of Maslehuddin, “Effect of
Concrete, New York: John curing methods on strength
Wiley and Sons, 1996. and durability of concrete
[6] W.H Price, “Factors under hot weather
influencing concrete conditions,” Cement and
strength,” J. Am. Concrete Concrete Composites, vol.
Institute, Vol. 47, Issue 2, 41, pp 60-69, 2013.
pp 417-432, 1951. [12] M.S. Mamlouk, & J.P
[7] J.K Kim, Y.H. Moon, & S.H. Zaniewski, Materials for
Eo, “Compressive strength civil and construction
development of concrete engineers, New Jersey:
with different curing time Pearson Education, Inc.,
and temperature,” Cement 2006.
and Concrete Research, vol. [13] A.S. Al-Gahtani, “Effect of
28, issue 12, pp 1761-1773, curing methods on the
1998 properties of plain and
[8] B. Liu, Y. Xie, & J. Li, blended cement concretes.
“Influence of steam curing Construction and Building
on the compressive strength Materials,” Vol. 24, pp 308-
of concrete containing 314, 2010
supplementary cementing
30
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
[14] S. Popovics, “Effect of curing curing on strength and
method and final moisture porous structure of concrete
condition on compressive with low water/binder
strength of concrete,” ACI ratio,” Construction and
Journal, vol. 83, issue 4, pp Building Material, vol 25,
650-657, 1986. pp 123-128, 2011.
[15] A. Arafah, R. Al-Zaid, & M. [21] A.F. Bingol & I. Tohumcu,
Al-Haddad, “Influence of “Effects of different curing
non-standard curing on the regimes on the compressive
strength of concrete in arid strength properties of self-
areas,” Cement and compacting concrete
Concrete Research, vol. 26, incorporating fly ash and
pp1341-1350, 1996 silica fume,” Materials and
[16] H. Marzouk, & A. Hussein, Design, vol. 51, pp 12-18,
“Effect of curing age in 2013.
high-strength concrete at [22] S. Kakooei, H. Md Akil, A.
low temperatures. Journal Dolati, & R. Rouhi, “The
of Materials in Civil corrosion investigation of
Engineering, vol. 7, issue 3, rebar embedded in the
pp 161-167, 1995 fibers reinforced concrete,”
[17] B. Ozer, & M. Hulusi, “The Construction & Building
influence of initial water Material, vol. 35, pp 564–
curing on the strength 570, 2012.
development of ordinary [23] S. Yazicioglu, S. Caliskan, &
Portland and pozzolanic K. Turk, “Effect of curing
cement concretes,” Cement conditions on the
and Concrete Research, vol. engineering properties of
34, issue 1, pp 13-18, 2004 self-compacting concrete,”
[18] C. D. Atis, F. Ozcan, A. Kilic, Indian Journal of
O. Karahan, C. Bilim, & Engineering & Materials
M.H. Severcan, “Influence Sciences, vol. 13, issue 1,pp
of dry and wet curing 25-29, 2006.
conditions on compressive [24] H. Zhao, W. Sun, X. Wu, &
strength of silica fume B. Gao, “Effect of initial
concrete,” Building and water-curing period and
Environment, vol. 40, pp curing condition on the
1678-1683, 2005. properties of self-
[19] H. Yazici, “The effect of compacting concrete,”
curing conditions on Materials and Design, vol.
compressive strength of 35, pp 194-200, 2012.
ultra-high strength concrete [25] J.R. Al-Feel & M. Abdul-
with high volume mineral Aziz, “Fresh and hardened
admixtures,” Bui & Env., properties of self-
vol. 42, pp 2083-2089, compacted concrete at
2007. different curing regimes,”
[20] M. Ba, C. Qian, X. Guo, & X. Al-Rafidain Engineering
Han, “Effects of steam
31
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
Journal, vol. 21, pp 46-58, glass in concrete. Cement
2013. and concrete research, vol.
[26] A. Bilodeau & V.M Malhotra, 34, issue 1, pp 81 – 89,
“High –volume fly ash 2004.
system: concrete solution [33] B. Taha, & G. Nounu,
for sustainable “Utilizing waste recycled
development,” ACI Mater glass as sand/cement
J., vol. 97, issue 1, pp 41- replacement in concrete,”
47, 2000. Journal of material civil
[27] J. Kline and L. Barcelo, engineering, vol. 21, issue
“Cement and CO2, a victim 2, pp 709 – 721, 2009.
of success,” Cement [34] O.M Olofinnade, J.M
Industry Technical Ndambuki, A.N Ede, &
Conference, IEEE Press, D.O Olukanni, “Effect of
pp. 1-14, May 2012 Substitution of Crushed
[28] C. Meyer, “The greening of Waste Glass as Partial
the concrete industry,” Replacement for Natural
Cement and Concrete Fine and Coarse Aggregate
composites, vol. 31, pp 601- in Concrete,” Mat. Sci.
5, 2009. Forum, vol. 866, pp 58-62,
[29] M. J. Terro, “Properties of 2016.
concrete made with [35] A.M Rashad, “Recycled waste
recycled crushed glass at glass as fine aggregate
elevated temperatures,” replacement in cementitious
Building and Environment, materials based on Portland
vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 633-639, cement,” Construction and
2006. Building Materials, vol. 72,
[30] O.M Olofinnade, J.M 340–357, 2014.
Ndambuki, A.N Ede & C. [36] O.M. Olofinnade, A.N. Ede,
Booth. “Application of & J.M. Ndambuki,
Waste Glass Powder as a “Sustainable green
Partial Cement Substitute environment through
towards more Sustainable utilization of waste soda-
Concrete Production,” lime glass for production of
International Journal of concrete,” Jour. of Mat.
Engineering Research in Env. Sci., vol. 8, pp 1139-
Africa, Vol. 31, pp 77-93, 1152, 2017.
2017 [37] D.O Olukanni, O.M
[31] C. Polley, S.M Cramer, & Akinyinka, A.N Ede, I.I
R.V Cruz, “Potential for Akinwumi, & K.O
using waste glass in Ajanaku, “Appraisal of
Portland cement concrete,” Municipal Solid Waste
Journal of materials in Civil Management, its Effect and
Engineering, vol. 10, issue Resources Potential in Semi
4, pp 210 – 219, 1998. Urban City: A Case Study,”
[32] A. Shayan, & A. Xu, “Value- Journal of South African
added utilization of waste
32
Oluwarotimi M. Olofinnade, et al CJET (2017) 1(1) 17-33 (Maiden Edition)
Bus. Research, pp 1-13, J. of Structural
2014 Engineering,” vol. 14,
[38] BS EN 12390-3, “Testing pp116-122, 2015.
hardened concrete,” [40] A.A. Raheem, A.A Soyingbe,
European Committee for & A.J. Emenike, “Effect of
Standardization, 2002 curing methods on density
[39] M. Adaway & Y. Wang, and compressive strength of
“Recycled glass as a partial concrete,” International
replacement for fine Journal of Applied Science
aggregate in structural and Technology, vol. 3,
concrete – Effects on issue 4, pp 55-64, 2013.
compressive strength. Elec.
33