Z

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot

of guidance and assistance from many people and I am
extremely privileged to have got this all along the
completion of my project. All that I have done is only due to
such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to
thank them.
I [Anurodh Yadav] would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to our principal Mr. Ghanshyam Pathak ,our
vice principal Mr.Dinesh thapa..,our coordinator Deepak
Banjade..,class and subject teacher Mrs. Nisha Gywali..,our
English teacher Krishna Gautam as well as our E.P.H
Department head Mr.Mahesh Pandey who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic “Environmental Health and Sanitation” , which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
 Introduction to Environment, Sanitation
and Health.
 Importance of Environmental health and
Sanitation.
 Advantage and Disadvantage of
Environmental health.
 Effects of Environment to human Health.
 Interrelationship between Environments,
health Sanitation.
 Scope of environmental Health.
 Role of Community to maintain
Environmental health.
 Conclusion
 Recommendation
 References
  What is environmental health?
Environmental health refers to aspects of human health (including quality
of life) that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social and
psychosocial factors in the environment.
Environment broadly includes everything external to ourselves, including
the physical, natural, social and behavioral environments.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and is
not merely the absence of disease or illness.

 Definition of Environmental Health By

“Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological

factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviors. It
encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that
can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and
creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behavior not
related to environment, as well as behavior related to the social and cultural
environment, and genetics.”
 What is Sanitation?
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking
water and adequate treatment and disposal of human wastes and
sewage.

Definition of Sanitation by
“Sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe management of
human excreta from the toilet to containment and storage and treatment onsite or
conveyance, treatment and eventual safe end use or disposal. More broadly sanitation
also included the safe management of solid waste and animal waste. Inadequate
sanitation is a major cause of infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid and
dysentery world-wide. It also contributes to stunting and impaired cognitive function
and impacts on well-being through school attendance, anxiety and safety with lifelong
consequences, especially for women and girls. Improving sanitation in households,
health facilities and schools underpins progress on a wide range of health and
economic development issues including universal health coverage and combatting
antimicrobial resistance.”

Promote health for all through a healthy environment.

The Healthy People 2020 Environmental Health objectives focus on 6
themes, each of which highlights an element of environmental health:

 Outdoor Air Quality

Poor air quality is linked to premature death, cancer, and long-term damage to
respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Progress has been made to reduce
unhealthy air emissions, but in 2008, approximately 127 million people lived in
U.S. counties that exceeded national air quality standards.2 Decreasing air
pollution is an important step in creating a healthy environment .

 Surface and Ground Water

Surface and ground water quality concerns apply to both drinking water and
recreational waters. Contamination by infectious agents or chemicals can cause
mild to severe illness. Protecting water sources and minimizing exposure to
contaminated water sources are important parts of environmental health.

 Global Environmental Health

Water quality is an important global challenge. Diseases can be reduced by
improving water quality and sanitation and increasing access to adequate water
and sanitation facilities.

 Infrastructure and Surveillance

Preventing exposure to environmental hazards relies on many partners,
including state and local health departments. Personnel, surveillance systems,
and education are important resources for investigating and responding to
disease, monitoring for hazards, and educating the public. Additional methods
 and greater capacity to measure and respond to environmental hazards are
needed.

 Toxic Substances and Hazardous

Wastes
The health effects of toxic substances and hazardous wastes are not yet fully
understood. Research to better understand how these exposures may impact
health is ongoing. Meanwhile, efforts to reduce exposures continue. Reducing
exposure to toxic substances and hazardous wastes is fundamental to
environmental health.

 Homes and Communities

People spend most of their time at home, work, or school. Some of these
environments may expose people to:
 Indoor air pollution
 Inadequate heating and sanitation
 Structural problems
 Electrical and fire hazards
 Lead-based paint hazards
These hazards can impact health and safety.
Maintaining healthy homes and communities is
essential to environmental health.
Maintaining a healthy environment is central to increasing quality of
life and years of healthy life. Globally, 23% of all deaths and 26% of
deaths among children under age 5 are due to preventable
environmental factors.1 Environmental factors are diverse and far
reaching. They include:

 Exposure to hazardous substances in the air, water, soil, and

food
 Natural and technological disasters
 Climate change
 Occupational hazards
 The built environment
Poor environmental quality has its greatest impact on people
whose health status is already at risk. Therefore,
environmental health must address the societal and
environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure
and disease.
 Environmental health is a dynamic and
evolving field. While not all complex
environmental issues can be predicted,
some known emerging issues in the field
include:

 Climate Change
Climate change is projected to impact sea level, patterns of infectious
disease, air quality, and the severity of natural disasters such as
floods, droughts, and storms.

 Disaster Preparedness
Preparedness for the environmental impact of natural disasters as
well as disasters of human origin includes planning for human health
needs and the impact on public infrastructure, such as water and
roadways.

 Exposure to Unknown Hazards

Every year, hundreds of new chemicals are introduced to the U.S.
market. It is presumed that some of these chemicals may present
new, unexpected challenges to human health, and their safety should
be evaluated prior to release.

 Blood Lead Levels

As of 2017, there are approximately 4 million houses or buildings that
have children living in them who are potentially being exposed to
lead. Nearly half a million U.S. children ages 1 to 5 have blood lead
levels at or above 5 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL), which is
currently the reference level at which CDC recommends public health
actions be taken. Even blood lead exposure levels as low as 2
micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL) can affect a child’s cognitive
function. Since no safe blood lead level have been identified for
children, any exposure should be taken seriously. However, since lead
exposure often occurs with no obvious signs or symptoms, it often
 remains unrecognized. CDC’s Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention
Program is committed to the Healthy People 2020 goals of
eliminating childhood lead exposures and decreasing disparities in
the differences in average risk of lead exposure based on race and
social class as public health concerns.

 Nanotechnology
The potential impact of nanotechnology is significant and offers
possible improvements to:
 Disease prevention, detection, and treatment
 Electronics
 Clean energy
 Manufacturing
 Environmental risk assessment

However, nanotechnology may also present unintended health risks

or changes to the environment.

 The Built Environment

Features of the built environment appear to impact human health—
influencing behaviors, physical activity patterns, social networks, and
access to resources
Environmental health addresses all human-health-related aspects of
the natural environment and the built environment. Environmental
health concerns include:
 Air quality, including both ambient outdoor air and indoor air
quality, which also comprises concerns about environmental tobacco
smoke.

 Biosafety

 Climate change and its effects on health.

 Disaster preparedness and response.

 Food safety, including in agriculture, transportation, food processing,

wholesale and retail distribution and sale.

 Hazardous materials management, including hazardous waste

management, contaminated site remediation, the prevention of leaks
from underground storage tanks and the prevention of hazardous
materials releases to the environment and responses to emergency
situations resulting from such releases.

 Housing, including substandard housing abatement and the

inspection of jails and prisons.

 Childhood lead poisoning prevention.

 Land use planning, including smart growth.

 Liquid waste disposal, including city waste water treatment plants

and on-site waste water disposal systems, such as septic tank systems
and chemical toilets.

 Medical waste management and disposal.

 Noise pollution control.

 Occupational health and industrial hygiene.

  Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-
rays or radioactive isotopes.

 Recreational water illness prevention, including from swimming

pools, spas and ocean and freshwater bathing places.

 Safe drinking water.

 Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities,

composting and solid waste transfer stations.

 Toxic chemical exposure whether in consumer products, housing,

workplaces, air, water or soil.

 Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies,

cockroaches and other animals that may transmit pathogens.

According to recent estimates, about 5 to 10% of Disability-

adjusted life years (DALYs) lost are due to environmental causes in
Europe. By far the most important factor is fine particulate matter
pollution in urban air] similarly, environmental exposures have been
estimated to contribute to 4.9 million (8.7%) deaths and 86 million
(5.7%) DALYs globally] In the United States, Superfund sites created
by various companies have been found to be hazardous to human and
environmental health in nearby communities. It was this perceived
threat, raising the specter of miscarriages, mutations, birth defects,
and cancers that most frightened the public.

Environmental sanitation is aimed at developing and

maintaining a social, economic and physical well-
being of all sections of the population. It comprises a
number of complementary activities, including the
construction and maintenance sanitary
infrastructure, the provision of services, public
education, community and individual action,
regulation and legislation.
The principal components of environmental sanitation
include:
 Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes,
liquid wastes, excreta, industrial wastes, health care and other
hazardous wastes,
 Storm water drainage,
 Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces,

 Control of pests and vectors of disease,

 Food hygiene
 Environmental sanitation education;
 Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;
 Disposal of the dead;
 Control of rearing and straying of animals;
 Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.

These services must be provided reliably and continuously to mitigate the

negative effects of social and economic activity in human settlements.

Some of the underlying causes of poor sanitation

have been identified as:
 Lack of a clear national goal or vision of
environmental sanitation as an essential social service
and a major determinant of the standard of living.
 Lack of a formally constituted environmental sanitation sub-
sector in the governmental system of sector development
planning.
 Lack of a comprehensive policy assigning responsibilities for
environmental sanitation to the relevant Ministries and
agencies, resulting in overlaps, gaps and poor co-ordination in
the management of programmers and services.
 Lack of technical capacity in MLGRD to orient and support the
District Assemblies in the provision of environmental
sanitation ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION POLICY services.
 Attempts to transfer to the Assemblies environmental
sanitation functions performed by Ministries and central
Government without transferring the accompanying budgets,
personnel and equipment.
 Weak and/or outdated and poorly enforced environmental
sanitation legislation.
 Inadequate allocation of resources for environmental
sanitation services, both nationally and at district level.
 Lack of adequate professional manpower including engineers,
planners and administrators, for planning, management,
policy formulation and research.
The following steps must be followed to maintain
environmental sanitation:
Formal establishment of environmental sanitation as a sub-sector within
the national development programmer.
Rationalization of institutional objectives and functions at all levels,
including delineation of responsibilities and the establishment of inter-
agency linkages.
Establishment of a National Environmental Sanitation policy
Coordination Council within the Ministry of Local Government and Rural
Development.
Establishment of a National Environmental Sanitation Day to be
observed one day in a year by all citizens.
Development and strengthening of the community's role in
environmental sanitation.
Development of human resources and strengthening institutional
structures for managing environmental sanitation.
Development of a strong legislative and regulatory framework, and
capacity for supervising environmental sanitation activities and
enforcing standards.
Adoption of the cost recovery principle in the planning and management
of environmental sanitation services.

Environmental sanitation is a public good. Improper waste disposal by

one individual affects all community members. Mosquitoes that breed in one
place may bite people in another, contamination of foodstuffs will affect all who
consume them, not just the seller. Ensuring good sanitation is therefore the
responsibility of all citizens, communities, private sector enterprises, NGOs and
institutions of Government. All these actors have an essential part to play in
maintaining a high standard of environmental sanitation, so that domestic and
commercial activities have no prejudicial effect on the health or the living and
working environment of others.
Every community shall:
Establish community environmental sanitation norms in line with National
sanitation policy

Undertake community sanitation and hygiene education to create awareness of

environmental sanitation issues.

Maintain a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in their settlement.

Under the leadership of the unit committees and Urban/Town/Area Councils,
organize participatory neighborhood cleansing once every two months on dates
fixed by the District Assemblies.

Mobilize all citizens to participate in observing National Environmental Sanitation

Day (ENSADA) once every year on a date to be fixed by Government

Take the necessary steps to develop appropriate environmental sanitation

infrastructure such as domestic and public toilets and waste disposal sites.

Prevent soil, water' and air pollution.

The Assemblies shall carry out four distinct functions with respect to
environmental sanitation, as follows:

 Public Health Management

All other environmental sanitation tasks within Metropolitan, Municipal
and District Assemblies, comprising the public health management
functions, shall be carried out by an Environmental Health and
Management Department with private sector inputs where appropriate.
  Waste Management
Waste management shall be carried out by a Waste Management
Department, within Metropolitan and Municipal Assemblies, or a Waste
Management Unit, within the Environmental Health and Management
Departments of District Assemblies. They may provide the services
directly, or indirectly through private contractors or franchisees. The
Assemblies shall in all cases maintain an in-house capacity to provide at
least twenty per cent of the services directly.

 Planning, Monitoring and Public Relations

As well as providing environmental sanitation services, the Assemblies
shall also monitor their effectiveness, take action to resolve any problems
identified, make short term and strategic environmental sanitation plans
to respond to community needs and wider environmental considerations,
and ensure good public relations.

I live in Tilottama -3, Rupandehi {Sita Rice Mill}.

It is densely populated area. Anyhow, people of my
neighborhood don’t have any complain regarding
Environmental Sanitation. People of my neighborhood are
highly conscious regarding waste management and
sanitation maintenance.
Some of the activities that have been conducted in my
neighborhood for sanitation maintenance are as follows:
 People of my neighborhood are conscious regarding the
waste disposal management rule by the Municipality.
 They have planted many flowers and trees in front of
their houses at alongside of the road.
 They are properly utilizing the dustbins to throw the
wrappers and waste things.
 They have contacted the system of cleaning the
surrounding, every Saturday.
 They have proper access to well managed toilets and
kitchen.
 They have also proper access to drainage and water
supply.
Thus, the condition of sanitation in my
Neighborhood is very good.

My name is Anurodh Yadav. I have a nuclear family. I

live with my family in Bethari at Nibihawa-VDC. It
lies in Lumbini zone.
My family maintains every conditions that are
required to maintain proper environmental
Sanitation.
My family has proper access to clean drinking water,
toilets, drainage and so on.
I have also focused on environmental conservation
by planting trees along the side of my house for fresh
air and afforestation which ultimately helps in
Environmental health.
My family follows all the rules and regulations as
prescribed by the V.D.C {Village Development
Committee} for maintenance of sanitation.

Kitchen

Sector-1
Sector - 2

The name of my school is Kalika Manavgyan Secondary

School. It is located in butwal sub metropolitan, Rupandehi
in Lumbini zone which was established in 2018 B.S. with the
help of local residents. Mr. Ghanshyam Pathak is the
principle of our school.

My school is very conscious regarding the environmental

sanitation. It has well managed buildings, Waste disposal
areas, toilets, and so on .It has also proper access to pure
drinking water. There is granary all around the school.
Thus, there is proper maintenance of environmental
sanitation in my school and is promoted to environmental
health.

Environment broadly includes everything

external to ourselves, including the
physical, natural, social and behavioral
environments.
Likewise, health is the state of physical,
mental and social wellbeing, and not
merely the absence of disease or illness.
On the other hand, sanitation refers to the
public health conditions related to clean
drinking water and adequate treatment
and disposal of human wastes and sewage.

There is direct and deep relationship

between environment, health and
sanitation.
Environment

Health

Sanitation
We need safe, healthy and supportive
environments for good health. The
environment in which we live is a major
determinant of our health and wellbeing. We
depend on the environment for energy and the
materials needed to sustain life, such as:
 Clean air
 Safe drinking water
 Nutritious food
 Safe places to live
Many aspects of our environment-both built
and natural environment-can impact on our
health. It’s important that we interpret
health issues in the wider context of our
environment and where we live.

Environment

health sanitation
 Sanitation is
Also a major factor
which affects the health
of people. Sanitation plays
a vital role as it
aims to protect
human health by
providing a
clean
environment that will
stop the transmission of disease.
Sanitation focuses on the system of
“collection, transport, treatment, disposal
or reuse”.
The poor sanitation ultimately hampers
the environment which directly or
indirectly affect the health of people. Due
to poor sanitation Environmental hazards
occurs which can increase the risk of
diseases, including cancer, heart disease
and asthma.

Any kind of Environmental hazards

whether it is due to poor sanitation or
other reasons it directly shows a bad and
negative impact on our health.
 Thus, in my view Environmental health
and sanitation are very important to us
.Human existence can’t be imagined without
Sanitation and environmental health. As, Any
lacking on Sanitation directly affect
environment which not only degrades our
environmental beauty but also gives a negative
impact on our health.
So, we must be united to maintain
proper sanitation for
maintenance of good health
and prosperity.

Maintenance of good health and proper

environment is the goal of Sanitation. In order to
maintain and enhance or expand the reach of
environmental health , the local, municipal and
district assemblies as well as each family and
community members must work together to
protect the health of people and environmental
hazards and threats. We must be able to solve the
problems that have come into existence due to
lack of proper sanitation maintenance. Untimely,
there is also one of the major problem which is
increasing slowly causing threat to our future
generations and us too such as Global warming,
greenhouse effect, climate change, and rapid
increase in unknown dangerous diseases. Thus,
it’s time to maintain proper Sanitation to
establish a good relationship with our health and
environment.

“LET’S BE UNITED, LET’S

WORK TOGETHER”.

Action Suggestions for Assemblies

and community members.
What can municipality, district and local
assemblies as well as community members
can do to begin a Strategic Partnership for
maintenance of Sanitation?
 Community Members should collect all
the household waste in proper place for
disposal.
 The Municipal, District or local
assemblies should collect the wastes
from each house and dispose in proper
place.
 Share success stories with policymakers
and ask them for funding to support
development works.
 Research for new insights and
innovative solutions to environmental
health and problems.
 Develop policies and plans that support
individual and community
environmental health efforts.

WEBSITIES
 Environment-Simple English Wikipedia, the
Free encyclopedia.mhtml
 Environmental Health-Healthy People
2020.mhtml
 Environmental health-Wikipedia .mhtml
 OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms-
Environmemt.mhtml
 Preventing diseases2 .PDF
 GHA.PDF
 www.WHO.com.def

OTHER SOURCES
Chrome browser
Friends
English mobile dictionary
Parents
Pixel lab APK
LOGO Maker APK
PDF converter
Internet
Environment is everything that is around us. It
may be biotic or abiotic factors. It includes
physical, chemical and natural forces.
Similarly, Health is the state of physically,
socially and mentally well-being and not merely
the absence of disease and infirmity.
On the other hand, sanitation refers to public
health conditions related to clean