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Received 17 February 2004; received in revised form 25 June 2006; accepted 7 July 2006
Available online 6 September 2006
Abstract
The phenomenon of dowel action as a shear transfer mechanism across cracks has long been recognized as an important component of
the overall shear resistance capacity of reinforced concrete beams. In this paper, a simple analytical model for the dowel action of reinforcing
bars crossing cracks is developed for analysis of reinforced concrete beams. This model is incorporated into a computer program that uses
the displacement method and the initial stiffness procedure. The nonlinear behaviors of several reinforced concrete beams tested by others are
analyzed. The beams are analyzed first with the dowel action neglected and then with the dowel action considered. It is found that in certain cases,
the dowel action can have significant effects on the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams and that the theoretical results of the proposed
model generally agree better with the experimental values when the dowel action is accounted for.
c 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd
the center of the crack to the level of the bar in the concrete;
therefore:
dyo z
∆ = 2 yo +
dx 2
(2 + λz)
Vd
= + (1 + λz) (z) . (11)
2λ2 E s Is λ
Substituting Eqs. (10) and (11) in Eq. (9) will yield the dowel
force of the reinforcing bar:
q
Vd = 1.27db2
f c0 f y
−kVd (2+λz)
Fig. 3. Slope and deflection of dowel at the face of the crack.
λ + (1 + λz) (z)
× 1 − exp . (12)
presented in this paper. Before these equations can be used,
q
2.54λ2 E s Is db2
f c0 f y
a value for the elastic foundation stiffness is needed. For the u
elastic foundation stiffness of the surrounding concrete, k, The forces acting on the portion of the dowel within the
the following data-fitting expression proposed by Soroushian crack width, z, are as shown in Fig. 2 where Mo is equal to
et al. [4] is used: −( V2d z ). The moment produced by the dowel force, Vd , will
p
127c1 f c0 tend to reduce the moment applied at the section where the
k= 2/3
(8) crack intersects the reinforcing bar. The resultant moment is
db used in the standard section analysis to compute the strain
where: and curvature. In the standard section analysis, the resultant
f c0 = compressive strength of the concrete in N/mm2 ; moment is applied at its corresponding beam cross section.
db = diameter of the bar in mm; Due to the application of the moment a change in the strains
c1 = coefficient ranging from 0.6 for a clear bar spacing of and stresses will occur at the section. Two parameters, strain
25 mm to 1.0 for larger bar spacing. and stress, are used to define the strain and stress distributions.
The load–deflection response for dowel bars embedded in These two parameters are then obtained from the equilibrium
concrete proposed by Millard and Johnson [5] is adopted in this requirements. The analysis is repeated for a number of sections.
research. Although it has been suggested that dowel strength An arbitrary number of sections along the beam is chosen and
across a shear plane is owing to a combination of direct shear, incorporated in the computer program to perform the analysis.
kinking and flexure of the reinforcing bars, Millard and Johnson When the dowel action of the reinforcing bars is not considered,
have illustrated that flexure of the bars predominates, since the standard section analysis is performed using the moment
there is a significant amount of deformation in the underlying applied at the section and not the resultant moment above.
concrete cover. They proposed the following load–deflection It is worth noting that the section analysis employed in the
response for dowel bars embedded in concrete: computer program along with the displacement method and the
initial stiffness procedure has an advantage over the standard
−k∆ finite element method. The essential feature of the analysis is
Vd = Vu 1 − exp (9)
Vu that the actual deflected shape is obtained by integrating the
where actual strains and curvatures. In the finite element method, the
Vd = dowel force at a shear displacement ∆ at a crack; deflected shape of a member is usually assumed as a function
Vu = the ultimate dowel force. of the displacements at the nodes and equilibrium between the
When the dowel deformation is not too large and none of the external and internal forces is satisfied only at the nodes.
materials have yielded, the dowel force–displacement relation
is linearly elastic. However, when the elastic limit is exceeded, 3. Verification of the analytical model
the dowel action becomes plastic. At the ultimate limit state,
local crushing of the surrounding concrete and/or yielding of To verify the reliability of the proposed analytical model, a
the dowel bar occurs. Based on experimental results, Dulacska comparison with experimental and analytical work conducted
[6] has given the following equation for estimating the dowel by other researchers is carried out. The deep beams tested by
force at ultimate limit state Vu : Ashour [7] are analyzed and the analytical results are compared
q to the experimental results. The beams are analyzed twice, first
Vu = 1.27db2 f c0 f y
(10) with the dowel action neglected and then again with the dowel
action incorporated, in order to study the significance of the
where: dowel action of the main reinforcement bars contained in these
f y = yielding strength of the dowel bar. beams. Beams, CDB1, CDB2 and CDB3, are selected for the
The dowel displacement ∆ used in Eq. (9) can be assumed analysis. The details of the beams are shown in Fig. 4. The
equal to the distance from the inflection point in the dowel at top and bottom longitudinal reinforcement bars have yielding
902 B. El-Ariss / Engineering Structures 29 (2007) 899–903
Further research on the bearing capacity of dowel action Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers 1940;105(2081).
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concrete under reinforcing bars. ACI Materials Journal 1987;84(3):179–84.
(FRP) bars would provide some insight on the importance of
[5] Millard SG, Johnson RP. Shear transfer across cracks in reinforced
the dowel action. concrete due to aggregate interlock and dowel action. Magazine of
Concrete Research 1984;36(126):9–21.
References [6] Dulascka H. Dowel action of reinforcement crossing cracks in concrete.
ACI Structural Journal 1972;69(12):754–7.
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