Handbook Chapter16 ApplicationsofDisplacementVentilation

Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.
2 Organizations for Healthy Schools
Better buildings, Better students.
CH16-2 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH16-3
Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.3 Benefits of Displacement Ventilation
• Sustainable Sites – 19 Points Possible

• Water Efficiency – 11 Points Possible
• Energy and Atmosphere – 33 Points Possible
• Materials and Resources – 13 Points Possible
• Indoor Environmental Quality – 19 Points Possible
• Innovation in Design – 6 Points Possible
• Regional Priority – 4 Points Possible
Table 16.1: Summary of LEED 2009 school rating for new construction and major renovations
Occupied
Zone
Mixing Venti
Ventilation
tiilation Displacement Ventilation
CH16-5
Maximum Significant Minimal
CH16-7
14 New ventilation system (DV)

12 No new ventilation system
10
0
Pollen/pet Asthma Current Any asthma More asthma
allergy ever asthma symptoms symptoms in
‘95 than ’93
CH16-9
61.5% Asthma Allergies

85.0% Colds
% Improvement / Reduction in Symptoms
87.3% Flu
72.5% Asthma
100%
67.0% SBS
46.0% Respiratory
20%
47.0% SBS
23.5% Headache
20%
20.0% Respiratory
35.0% SBS
20.0% Headache
35.0% SBS
32.0% SBS
23.6% Asthma
21.4% Asthma
13.5% Asthma
15.0% Colds
20%
20%
0
Increased Outside Air Individual Moisture Pollutant Source Controls 70 Reading
Cont. / Task Air Control 64.4 64.5
61.8
56.3 Math
60
53.3
48.7 47.7 50.6
Score
50
40
30
<2.25 >2.25 & < 3.5 >3.5 & < 4.5 >4.5
Ventilation Rate (I/s person)
Noise
Dirty or opaque windows

Facility aspect
Inoperable windows
Lighting
Temperature
Indoor air quality
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Percent dissatisfied
CH16-11
Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.4 Displacement Ventilation in Schools: Typical Application
110
100
90
Average Score
80
70
60
50
40 79
40 45 50 55 60 65
77
Background Noise Level
75
73
71
Temperature (°F)
69
67
65
Classrooms Cafeterias and Kitchens
Laboratories Theaters and Lecture Halls
Gymnasiums Change and Training Rooms
Bathrooms Offices, Commons and Support Areas
CH16-13
CH16-15
CH16-17
Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.5 Diffuser Type, Layout and Location
CH16-19
CH16-21
CLASSROOM
25 ft
Windows
30 ft
CH16-23
DR90 DR90
79
77
75
73
71
Temperature (°F)
69
67
65
CH16-25
3.0
2.5
2.0
Ventilation Effectiveness
100
90 1.5
80
1.0
70
60 0.5
50
0.0
40
Velocity (ft/min)
30
20
10
0
30
25
20
15
10
5
DR (%)
DLE-H
CH16-27
30
25
20
15
10
DR (%)
0
79
77
75
73
71
Temperature (°F)
3.0
69
2.5
67
65 2.0
Ventilation Effectiveness
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
80
70
60
50
40
30
Velocity (ft/min)
20
10
0
CH16-29
CLASSROOM qoz = (26 People x 75 W) + (3 Computers x 90 W) = 2220 W

ql = 70 m² x 20 W/m² = 1400 W
qex = 27.9 m² x 45 W/m² = 1250 W
7.6 m qT = 4870 W
Windows
9.1 m
CH16-31
Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.6 Displacement Ventilation in Theaters
CH16-33
Velocity (ft/min)
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
Fresh Air
Fresh Air Temperature (˚F)
65
68
71
74
76
79
82
85
CH16-35
100
Neck Region
Feeling of
80 Coolness
Air Velocity, fpm

60
40%
30%
20%
10%
40
Feeling of
20 Warmth
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature Difference, °F
100
Ankle Region
40%
80
30%
Feeling of
Air Velocity, fpm

Coolness
20%
60
10%
40
Feeling of
20 Warmth
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature Difference, °F
CH16-37
Elevation View Plan View
Return
Exhaust
Diffusers
Return
Diffusers
5
Middle
4
Height, m
Front
3
1
Back
0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Temperature, °C
CH16-39
4
Front
Height, m
3
Back
2
Middle
1
0
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
CO2 concentration, ppm
Vertical Air
Ventilation
Spring Temperature Draft Ratio, %
Effectiveness
Difference, °C
Position 1m 1.7 m 0.1 m 0. 6 m 1.1 m 1.7 m 1.1 m 1.7 m
back, center 1.0 1.2 5 11 11 13 1.8 1.4
back, side 1.6 1.9 12 10 7 8 1.4 1.3
middle, center 0.7 0.9 4 0 12 9 1.6 2.1
front, center 0.6 1.0 13 4 8 8 10.8 5.7
front, side 0.7 1.5 17 9 9 3 8.4 3.5
Maximum 1.9 17 10.8
Minimum 0.6 0 1.3
Average 1.1 9 3.8
CH16-41
CH16-43
74 °F - 65 °F = 9 °F cooling.
CH16-45
23 °C to 18 °C = 5 °C cooling
CH16-47
Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.7 Displacement Ventilation and Health Care
WAITING ROOM
PATIENT ROOM
CH16-49
Couch
Supply Air Supply Air
Diffuser Diffuser
Partition
CH16-51
Occupied
Zone
Mixing Ventilation
Venti
tiilation Displacement Ventilation
CH16-53
tsupply(room#2) 65 °F
tsupply(room#3) 62 °F
qreheat(room#2) 2430 Btu/h
qreheat(room#3) 1701 Btu/h
CH16-55
Similarly,
The narrow range of supply air temperatures combined with the superior energy
recovery potential of displacement ventilation systems allows for the dramatic reheat
savings demonstrated by this example.
CH16-57
CH16-59
Adjust for new supply temperature

The supply temperature should be 5.5 °C less than tsp or 17 °C, whichever is higher.
Calculating the instantaneous reheat requirements for the room:

To warm the supply air from 17 °C to 18.5 °C:
Diffuser
People
Window
Return
PATIENT ROOM
CH16-61
1200 100 DV 2 μm Particles

90 Mixing 2 μm Particles
1000
80 DV 5 μm Particles
2 μm Particle Count
800
60
600 50
40
400
30
20
200
10
0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)
1200 100 DV 2 μm Particles 1200 100 DV 2 μm Particles

90 Mixing 2 μm Particles 90 Mixing 2 μm Particles
1000 1000
80 DV 5 μm Particles 80 DV 5 μm Particles
800 70 Mixing 5 μm Particles
800
60 60
600 50 600 50
40 40
400 400
30 30
20 20
200 200
10 10
0 0 0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min) Time (min)
CH16-63
R R
CH16-65
R R
1.20 Inlet Concentration

Exhaust Concentration
1.00
Normalized Concentration
Average BZ Concentration
Inlet Concentration - Reference
0.80
Exhaust Concentration - Reference
0.60 Average BZ Concentration - Reference
0.40
0.20
0.00
-1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Nominal Time Constant
CH16-67
CH16-69
Concentration1 Concentration1
[ppm] [ppm]
10
10
5
5
0
0
CH16-71
Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.8 Design Procedure
CH16-73
18 ft
14 ft
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
5 ft
7 ft
CH16-75
IP IP
CH16-77
5.5 m
4.5 m
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
1.5 m
2m
Return
10 in. x 10 in.
24 in. x 24 in. Transfer Grille
Wall Mounted Diffuser with Silencer
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor Exhaust
CH16-79
CH16-81
WAITING ROOM
20 ft
20 ft
Exhaust
250 mm x 250 mm
600 mm x 600 mm Transfer Grille
Wall Mounted Diffuser with Silencer
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor Exhaust
CH16-83
qoz = 3750 + 600 + 1000 = 5350 Btu/h

ql = 3600 Btu/h
qex = 0
qT = 5350 + 3600 = 8950 Btu/h
CH16-85
WAITING ROOM
Exhaust
Exhaust
CH16-87
WAITING ROOM
qoz = 1125 + 170 + 290 = 1585 W

ql = 1050 W
qex = 0
qT = 1585 + 1050 = 2635 W
6m
6m
CH16-89
SI
CH16-91
SI
WAITING ROOM
Exhaust
Exhaust
CH16-93
Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.9 Displacement Ventilation in Industrial Spaces
30.0
0.1 m above floor
27.0
1.7 m above floor
24.0
3.3 m above floor
21.0
Concentration, ppm
18.0
15.0
12.0
9.00
8.00
3.00
.000
.00 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60.
Time, min.
25.0
3.3 m above floor
22.5
1.7 m above floor
20.0
0.1 m above floor
17.5
Concentration, ppm
15.0
12.5
10.0
7.50
5.00
2.50
.000
.00 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60.
Time, min.
CH16-95
Height,
Height, m
m Mast
Mast AA Height,
Height, m
m Mast
Mast BB
25
25 25
25
Height, m Mast A Height, m Mast B
Local
Local air
air change
change index
index Local
Local air
air change
change index
index
20
20 20
20 25 25
Air
Air Temperature
Temperature Air
Air Temperature
Temperature
15
15 15
15 20 20
10
10 10
10 15 15
55 55 10 10
Supply
Supply Supply
Supply
Air
Air Temp
Temp Air
Air Temp
Temp
00 00 5 5
14
14 15
15 16
16 17
17 18
18 19
19 20
20 21
21 14
14 15
15 16
16 17
17 18
18 19
19 20
20 21
21
Temperature,
Temperature, °C
°C Temperature,
Temperature, °C
°C 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
00 11 22 33 44 00 11 22 33 44 Concentration of chromium compounds, μg/m Concentration of chromium compounds, μg/m
Local
Local Air
Air Change
Change Index
Index Local
Local Air
Air Change
Change Index
Index
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Total concentration of particles, mg/m Total concentration of particles, mg/m
Cr(VI) Cr(III) Particles Cr(VI) Cr(III) Particles
CH16-97
Cooling Heating
Approx. 3 m
Approx. 3 m
Cooling Heating
CH16-99
Section View Plan View
Section View Plan View
Section View
CH16-101
qoz = (35 people × 375 Btu/h) + (33880 + 64390 + 31050 + 38180 + 30436 +
56610 Btu/h) = 267671 Btu/h
ql = 7920 ft² × 10.234 Btu/h/ft² = 81053 Btu/h
qex = (2670 ft² × .045 Btu/h/ft² °F × 18 °F) + (7920 ft² × .031 Btu/h/ft² °F × 18 °F)
= 6582 Btu/h
qT = 355306 Btu/h
CH16-103
Placed 10 ft Above Ground - Cooling

Unit Size Total Static
Face Vel, Air Flow,
(Face Pressure, in. Pressure, in. SPL, dBA
fpm cfm
Area) w.g. w.g.
75 870 0.156 0.115 45
14 100 1160 0.281 0.208 52
(11.6 ft2) 125 1450 0.445 0.330 59
150 1740 0.645 0.480 64
100 1470 0.214 0.171 53
18 125 1838 0.329 0.262 58
(14.7 ft2) 150 2205 0.467 0.370 62
175 2573 0.628 0.496 66
150 3090 0.249 0.198 56
25 175 3605 0.339 0.269 60
(20.6 ft2) 200 4120 0.441 0.350 64
225 4635 0.557 0.442 67
CH16-105
82.00
79.60
77.20
Temperature (°F) 74.80
72.40
70.00
1.67
1.33
1.00
0.67
Velocity (ft/s)
0.33
0.00
1.67
1.33
1.00
Draft Temperature (˚F)
0.67
0.33
0.00
CH16-107
qoz = (35 people × 110 W) + (16590W + 8920 W + 11190 + 9100 W + 18870 +

9930 W) = 78450 W
ql = 734m² × 32.284 W/m2 = 23696 W
qex = (249 m2 × 0.256 W/m2K × 10 K) + (734 m2 × 0.176 W/m2K × 10 K) = 1929 W
qT = 104075 W
CH16-109
Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation References
AHRI (2008). AHRI standard 885-2008: Procedure for estimating occupied space
sound levels in the application of air terminals and air outlets. Arlington,
VA: Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute.
ASHRAE (2002). Standard 129-1997 (R2002)—Measuring air-change effectiveness.

Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2007). Standard 62.1-2007—Ventilation for acceptable indoor air

quality. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air
ASHRAE (2008). Standard 170-2008—Ventilation of health care facilities. Atlanta,

GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers.
ASHRAE (2009a). ASHRAE handbook—Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: American

Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2009b). ASHRAE research project-1373—Air distribution effectiveness

with stratified air distribution systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society for
Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2010a). Addendum G to Standard 170-2008—Ventilation of health care

facilities. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-
ASHRAE (2010b). Standard 55-2010—Thermal environmental conditions for

human occupancy. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
Bakó-Biró, Z., Kochhar, N., Clements-Croome, D.J., Awbi, H.B., & Williams, M.
(2007). Ventilation rates in schools and learning performance. Proceedings
from Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors. Helsinki.
Berube-Dufour, M., Derome, D., & Zmeureanu, R. (2008). In situ assessment of the
air distribution in a room with a displacement ventilation system at the
Auberge Saint-Antoine (field study report). Sustainable Buildings &
Communities, Natural Resources Canada.
Breum, N. O., Helbo, F., & Laustsen, O. (1989). Dilution versus displacement
ventilation—An intervention study. Annuals of Occupational Hygiene, 33
(3), 321-329.
CH16-111
CH16-113
CH16-115
END OF CHAPTER 16
APPLICATIONS OF
DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION
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Chapter 16 Applications of Displacement Ventilation 16.

2 Organizations for Healthy Schools

Better buildings, Better students.

• Sustainable Sites – 19 Points Possible

Maximum Significant Minimal

14 New ventilation system (DV)

61.5% Asthma Allergies

Dirty or opaque windows

Indoor air quality

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Classrooms Cafeterias and Kitchens

Laboratories Theaters and Lecture Halls

Gymnasiums Change and Training Rooms

Bathrooms Offices, Commons and Support Areas

CLASSROOM qoz = (26 People x 75 W) + (3 Computers x 90 W) = 2220 W

Fresh Air Temperature (˚F)

Air Velocity, fpm

Air Velocity, fpm

Elevation View Plan View

Adjust for new supply temperature

Calculating the instantaneous reheat requirements for the room:

1200 100 DV 2 μm Particles

1200 100 DV 2 μm Particles 1200 100 DV 2 μm Particles

1.20 Inlet Concentration

0.60 Average BZ Concentration - Reference

qoz = 3750 + 600 + 1000 = 5350 Btu/h

qoz = 1125 + 170 + 290 = 1585 W

Cr(VI) Cr(III) Particles Cr(VI) Cr(III) Particles

Section View Plan View

Section View Plan View

Placed 10 ft Above Ground - Cooling

Temperature (°F) 74.80

qoz = (35 people × 110 W) + (16590W + 8920 W + 11190 + 9100 W + 18870 +

ASHRAE (2002). Standard 129-1997 (R2002)—Measuring air-change effectiveness.

ASHRAE (2007). Standard 62.1-2007—Ventilation for acceptable indoor air

ASHRAE (2008). Standard 170-2008—Ventilation of health care facilities. Atlanta,

ASHRAE (2009a). ASHRAE handbook—Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: American

ASHRAE (2009b). ASHRAE research project-1373—Air distribution effectiveness

ASHRAE (2010a). Addendum G to Standard 170-2008—Ventilation of health care

ASHRAE (2010b). Standard 55-2010—Thermal environmental conditions for

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Visit www.priceindustries.com for the latest updates.

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