Handbook Chapter9 MixingVentilation

Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.
1 Space Air Diffusion
Temperature
0
RETURN Coanda Effect SUPPLY
Drop
6 ft [1.8 m]
Height, ft [m]
Throw
Natural Convection
Induced Occupied
Room Air Zone
Primary Air Total Air
Temperature
0
Coanda Effect SUPPLY
Throw, m
Height, ft [m]
6 ft [1.8 m] 0 3 6 9 12
10 3.0 150 fpm [0.75 m/s]
Natural Convection
Stagnant Air
5 1.5 100 fpm [0.5 m/s]
Occupied 22 ½º
Spread, m
Spread, ft
Induced Zone 0º 50 fpm [0.25 m/s]
0 0
Room Air RETURN
22 ½º
5 1.5
10 3.0
Primary Air Total Air 0 10 20 30 40
22 ½º Deflection Throw, ft
CH9-2 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016. © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH9-3
Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.2 Selection Fundamentals
GREEN TIP
Location of supply and return outlets to eliminate short-circuiting will increase
the ventilation effectiveness.
CH9-5
Tripping
Supply Air
Warm Surface
Warm Surface
Draft
Convection
Convection
Poor Outlet Location Proper Outlet Location
Supply Air Supply Air

PRODUCT TIP
Cold Surface
Cold Surface
Some air outlets, due to design considerations and basic concepts, are more effective
at handling large air volumes (i.e. Price model RCDA, SMX, RTD, SCD). These Convection Convection
air outlets have high induction rates which mean they will mix quickly with the
room air, conditioning the entire space and giving relatively short throws, thus
reducing the chance of drafts in the occupied zone. Draft

Tripping
Supply Air
Warm Surface
Warm Surface
Draft
Convection
Convection
Supply Air Supply Air

Cold Surface
Cold Surface
Convection Convection
Draft
CH9-7
Plan View Plan View Plan View Plan View
Diffuser
4 Way 3 Way 2 Way 1 Way Vertical Cross Section Plan View
Plan View Section View Section View Section View Angle of Discharge
Terminal
Velocity
Envelope Spread
Circular Horizontal Vertical Plenum Slot, 2 Way Plenum Slot, 1 Way Throw
Drop
Plan View Plan View Section View Section View Vertical Spread
Throw
Sidewall Straight Sidewall Spread Floor 0° Deflection Floor 30° Deflection
CH9-9
Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.3 Air Outlets
30˚ Upward Deflection 15˚ Upward Deflection (Sill Application)
20˚ Upward Deflection
CH9-11
Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.3 Air Outlets
CH9-13
Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.4 Selection Procedures
Throw = A + B
Occupied Zone
Occupied Zone
CH9-15
Suspended Ceiling Suspended Ceiling
Greater than Greater than

2 ft [610 mm] 18 in [457 mm]
Throw
10 ft 8 ft [2.4 m] 14 ft [4.3 m] 17 ft [5.2 m]

[3.1 m] 45° Deflection 22.5° Deflection 0° Deflection
Throw
15 ft [46 m]
Active/Inactive Sections
CH9-17
9 ft 10 ft
Supply Grille
SMALL OFFICE
15 ft
CH9-19
Plan View Plan View

Section View
Round Cone
Square Cone
Section View
SMALL OFFICE SMALL OFFICE
Perforated 4 Way
Modular Core
4 Way
Modular Core 1 Way Modular Core 1 Way
CH9-21
CH9-23
Air Flow
Plan View
Round Cone
SMALL OFFICE
CH9-25
15
m
20 20
0 10 20 30 40 50 20 0 10 20 30 40 50
Throw, ft 0 10 20 Throw, ft 30 40 50 20
Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.4 Selection Procedures Throw, ft 0 10 20
Throw, ft
0
0
100
200 1500
Typical 100 fpm Envelope Outlet Velocity 5 400
100
1000 50 200 0
Drop, ft
600 700 1500
100 400
Drop, ftDrop, ft
800 1000 100
1000 500 200 200
10 400 600 700
1500 400
1500 105 600
800
500 1000 5 600
700 1000
0 0 800 800 50
30
30 700 30 1000 0
0f
2000 cfm 1000 1000 500 0f
Drop, ft
0f
pm
1000 pm pm
100
30
100 15 1500 2000 cfm 2000 cfm
0f
200 200 1500
1000 15
10 10
pm
700
400 400
5 600 5 600
700
800 500 800 2000 cfm
Drop, ft
Drop, ft
1000 20 1000
500
1500 0 10 20 30 40 50 20
15 15
10 10 1500
0 10 20 30 40 50
2000 c
fm
200
Throw,
m
0 cf ft
20 Throw, ft 20
30
15 15
30
0f
0 10 20
0f
0 10 20 30 40 50
pm
pm
Throw, ft Throw, ft
20 20
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Throw, ft Throw, ft
Typical 100 fpm Envelope Outlet Velocity
nvelope Outlet Velocity
0 0
100 100
200 200
400 1500 400
0 0 5
600 1000 5 600 1500
0 1000 30
800
1000 500 700 30
0f
800
1000
50
0
700 1000
100 1500
Drop, ft
100 0f
Drop, ft
1000 pm pm
0 100 200
200 400
700
1500 200
400
2000 cfm 1000 2000 cfm
0 700 5 400 600
1000 05 10 600
700
10
600 5 100 600 800 500 700 800
ft ft ft
Drop, ftDrop, ft
500
800 500 200 8001000 1500 1000
Drop,
1000 5 400 1000

1500
500 100
Drop,
1500
10 1000 105 15 200 1500 15
10 600
800
1500 0 cf
200c0fm
m 700
400 200
0 cf
m 1500
Drop,
fm 1000
20 00 c 1000 200 500
10 600 700
30
15 10
15
30
500
0f
1500
20 20
300 fp
800
15
pm
30
30
0 fm
0f
0f
2000 cfm
0 10 20 30 40 50
pm
0 10 1000
20 30 40 50
pm
pm
30
15 Throw, ft Throw, ft
0f
1500
20 20
15
pm
20 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 302000 cfm 40 50
20 30 40 50 20 0 10 20 Throw, ft 30 40 50 Throw, ft
nvelope
Throw, ft Outlet Velocity 0 10 20 Throw, ft 30 40 50 20
Throw, ft 0 10 20 30 40 50
Deflection: Vertical - 0° Up, Horizontal - 0° Throw, ft
0
1000
100 1500
700 0 200 1000
0 400 0
05
700
600 100 600
800 500 800
ft ft
500
1000 200 1000 1500
5
ft Drop,
1500 100
1500 400
10 100
600 1500 1000 5 200
00 c
fm 1000 50 200 0 cf
m 700
0 400
1500
Drop, ft Drop, ft
800 200 1500
Drop,
20 700 1000
800 100 400 1000 500
10 200
1000 100 600 700
30
1000 500 200

Drop, ftDrop,
15 700
10 500
30
6001500
0f
400 400 800

0f
1500
105
30
500
pm
1500 600 600

5
pm
800 1500
0f
800 2000 cfm 1000 800 50 700 1000 1000

700 30
pm 3
2000 cfm 30 1000 1000 500 0f 1000 0
30
15 0f pm
m
pm
0f
1500
20 2000 cfm
15 2000 cfm
0
pm
0f
1500
15 10
pm
20 30 40 50 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 2000 cfm
Throw, ft 20 Throw, ft 2000 cfm
0 10 20 30 40 50 20
20 30 40 50 20
15 15 0 10 20 30 40 50
Throw, ft 0 10 20 Throw, ft 30 40 50
Throw, ft
Throw, ft 20
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Throw, ft Throw, ft
0
1000
1500
5
100
200
IP ϴ = (Tx - Tc ) - 0.07(Vx - 30) 9.1
700
0 400
1500
0
Drop,ftft Drop, ft
00
0 1000
1000 500
100
100
200 600 700 100
200 SI ϴ = (Tx - Tc ) - 8(Vx - 0.15) 9.1
1500 10 200 400
600 800
500
1500 400
600
2000 cfm 1500 5 400
600 800 1000 1000 5 800 50 700 1000 1500
1000 5 30 51 701050 30 1000 0
m
800 800 5 1000 7 0 00 0 0 0f

Drop, ft
0 0 00
30
700 30 0f
1000 500 0f 1000 pm 0 pm
0f
2000 cfm 1500 2000 cfm

15 pm
pm
2000 cfm 2000 cfm

Drop,
10 10
10 2000 cfm
20 30 40 50 20
15 15
Throw, ft 15 0 10 20 30 40 50
Throw, ft
20 20
20 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Throw, ft
Throw, ft
Throw, ft CH9-26 © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
Throw, ft © Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011. Errata reprint 2016.
CH9-27
0
Local Air Temp. - Ambient Temp., ˚F (T - Tc)˚C

-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
80 0.04
70 0.35
60 0.30
50 0.25
Velocity, fpm
Velocity, m/s
-3
2
0
ɵ=
ɵ=
ɵ=
40 0.20
30 0.15
20 0.10
10 0.05
0 0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Local Air Temp. - Ambient Temp., ˚F (T - Tc)˚F
L L L L
High Sidewall Grill Ceiling and Slot Diffusers
L L
L
Occupied Zone
Sill Grill Light Troffer Diffusers
CH9-29
CH9-31
VAV Applications
When selecting air outlets for VAV applications it is important to analyze the ADPI
at both the maximum and reduced flow conditions. For most outlets the throw and
consequently the T/L ratio drops off as the air flow through the diffuser is decreased.
If the T/L ratio drops too low ADPI can be compromised. Selecting an outlet for high
ADPI at maximum flow does not ensure acceptable air distribution in the space when
the load is reduced. Since ADPI is a measure of the air diffusion quality in the space we
are not concerned with the ADPI value when the space is unoccupied with the air outlet
at minimum volume. We should however review the selection at low load conditions
such as when occupancy is reduced and or external loads are at minimum.
The following pages illustrate two examples that provide a step by step manual
procedure for selecting air outlets for both a large and small space and determining the
resultant ADPI.
10 ft Supply Grille 14 ft
BOARDROOM OFFICE
24 ft
CH9-33
qoz = (8 People × 250 Btu/h) + 308 Btu/h + 188 Btu/h = 2496 Btu/h
ql = 336 ft² × 6.82 Btu/h/ft² = 2292 Btu/h
qex = 0 Btu/h
Characteristic Length = 24 + 1 = 25 ft
qT = 4788 Btu/h
qoz = (2 People × 250 Btu/h) + 308 Btu/h + 188 Btu/h = 996 Btu/h
ql = 2292 Btu/h
qex = 0 Btu/h
qT= 3288 Btu/h
CH9-35
L2
2.7 m 3m
Square Plaque Diffuser
L1
SMALL OFFICE
3.7 m
CH9-37
qoz = (2 People × 73 W) + 90 W = 236 W
ql = 11 m² × 21.48 W/m2 = 236 W
qex = 8 m² × 16 W/m2 = 128 W
qt = 600 W
qoz = (1 Person x 73 W) + 90 W = 163 W

ql = 236 W
qex = 0 W
qt = 399 W
Characteristic Length 1 = 1.5 m

Characteristic Length 2 = 1.85 m
CH9-39
SPi
VPi SPi
VPi
9.2
9.3
9.4
CH9-41
69 - 16 = 49 Pa
CH9-43
Air Flow
Equalization Grid
Air Flow Air Flow
Equalization Grid
CH9-45
D D
D D
8 2
5
Throttled Pressure Drop
Pressure Ratio =
Catalog Pressure Drop
4
Pressure Ratio
3
1
0 5 10 15 20
dB Addition
CH9-47
IP Lw - Lp or 10 log r - 5 log v - 3 log f + 25 9.6
SI Lw - Lp or 10 log r - 5 log v - 3 log f + 12 9.6
5 ft
B C
Figure 9.52: balancing

damper mounted at
three locations
IP Lp = Lw - 10 log r - 5 log v - 3 log f + 25 9.5
SI Lp = Lw - 10 log r - 5 log v - 3 log f + 12 9.5
CH9-49
Outlet Outlet
15 ft 14 ft
Sound Waves
SMALL OFFICE Sound Waves
14 ft
Supply Supply Supply

4.6 m 4.3 m
SMALL OFFICE
4.3 m Supply Supply Supply
CH9-51
IP SA = Lw - Lp = 5 log x + 28 log h - 1.13 log N + 3 log f - 31 dB 9.7
SI SA = Lw - Lp = 5 log x + 28 log h - 1.13 log N + 3 log f - 17 dB 9.7
CH9-53
CH9-55

9 ft 10 ft
SMALL OFFICE
12 ft
CH9-57
IP
IP
Square Cone Diffusers
25 ft
CLASSROOM
30 ft
CH9-59
CH9-61
Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.5 Low Temperature Systems
CH9-63
Linear Outlet Swirl Outlet
Supply
Air
Supply Air
Induced Induced
Air Air
CH9-65
ir
yA
ppl
Su
Cold Primary Air

Warm Plenum Air
Tempered Supply Air (55 ˚F [13 ˚C] or higher
CH9-67
Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.6 Industrial Ventilation
1
ir
pply A
Su
3
2 5
Cold Primary Air 6
CH9-69
CH9-71
Throw, m
0 3 6 9 12
10 3.0 150 fpm [0.75 m/s]
5 1.5 100 fpm [0.5 m/s]
22 ½º
Spread, m
Spread, ft
0º 0 50 fpm [0.25 m/s]
0
22 ½º
5 1.5
10 3.0
0 10 20 30 40
22 ½º Deflection Throw, ft
CH9-73
Supply Air
Supply Air
80 55 50 40 100
2400 90
50 35
70 45 120
35 80
m 45 40 30
, fp 2000 60 100
city 40 35 30 70
elo 1600 55 25 90
tV 50 35 60
Je 30 25 80
1400 45 50
30 20 70
40 25 20
1200 45
25 60
35 40
15 55
20
30 15 50 35
20
1000 12 45
25 30
15 12 40
800 15 10 25
35
20 10 9
12
9 8 30
600 12 20
10 8
15 7 25
10 9
7
9 8 6 15
400 12 6 20
8 7 5 18
10 7 5 12
6
300 9 16
6 4
250 8 5 10
5 12
200 7
4 0 8
100 150 200 300 400 500 600 8001000 1500 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 20 30 40 50 20 0
Flow Rate, cfm Heating Cooling
Isothermal
Temp. Differential
CH9-75
38 + 1 - 13 = 26 NC
CH9-77
Plan View Cross Section

Model 150 Grilles Model 150 Grilles
Work
Model 150 Grilles
Model 150 Grilles

Stations
24 ft 24 ft
80 55 50 40 100 40 ft 31 ft 31 ft
2400 90 30 ft
50 35
70 45 120
35 80
m 45 40 30
, fp 2000 60 100
city 40 35 30 70
20 ft 20 ft Occupied Zone 6 ft
elo 1600 55 25 90
tV 50 35 60
Je 30 25 80
60 ft 60 ft
1400 45 50
30 20 70
40 25 20
1200 45
25 60
35 40
15 55
20
30 15 50 35
20
1000 12 45
25 30
15 12 40
800 15 10 25
35
20 10 9
12
9 8 30
600 12 20
10 8
15 7 25
10 9
7
9 8 6 15
400 12 6 20
8 7 5 18
10 7 5 12
6
300 9 16
6 4
250 8 5 10
5 12
200 7
4 0 8
100 150 200 300 400 500 600 8001000 1500 2000 3000 4000 5000 10 20 30 40 50 20 0
Flow Rate, cfm Heating Cooling
Isothermal
Temp. Differential
CH9-79
Number of outlets = 12000 / 1800 = 6.7
Plan View Cross Section

Model 150 Grilles Model 150 Grilles
Work
Model 150 Grilles
Model 150 Grilles

Stations
7m 7m
12 m 9m 9m
9m
6m 6m Occupied Zone 2m
18 m 18 m
CH9-81
SI
Number of outlets = 5664 / 850 = 6.7
Exhaust
Supply Air
Supply Air
Supply
CH9-83
Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation References
References
Supply
Exhaust
Plenum
Supply Air
Plenum
Supply
Exhaust
Supply Air
CH9-85
END OF CHAPTER 9
INTRODUCTION TO
MIXING VENTILATION
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Chapter 9 Introduction to Mixing Ventilation 9.

1 Space Air Diffusion

Primary Air Total Air

Poor Outlet Location Proper Outlet Location

Supply Air Supply Air

Poor Outlet Location Proper Outlet Location

Poor Outlet Location Proper Outlet Location

Supply Air Supply Air

Poor Outlet Location Proper Outlet Location

Plan View Plan View Plan View Plan View

4 Way 3 Way 2 Way 1 Way Vertical Cross Section Plan View

Sidewall Straight Sidewall Spread Floor 0° Deflection Floor 30° Deflection

30˚ Upward Deflection 15˚ Upward Deflection (Sill Application)

20˚ Upward Deflection

Suspended Ceiling Suspended Ceiling

Greater than Greater than

10 ft 8 ft [2.4 m] 14 ft [4.3 m] 17 ft [5.2 m]

Plan View Plan View

SMALL OFFICE SMALL OFFICE

Modular Core 1 Way Modular Core 1 Way

SMALL OFFICE SMALL OFFICE

1000 5 400 1000

1000 500 200

400 400 800

1500 600 600

800 2000 cfm 1000 800 50 700 1000 1000

2000 cfm 30 1000 1000 500 0f 1000 0

800 800 5 1000 7 0 00 0 0 0f

2000 cfm 1500 2000 cfm

2000 cfm 2000 cfm

Local Air Temp. - Ambient Temp., ˚F (T - Tc)˚C

High Sidewall Grill Ceiling and Slot Diffusers

qoz = (2 People × 73 W) + 90 W = 236 W

ql = 11 m² × 21.48 W/m2 = 236 W

qex = 8 m² × 16 W/m2 = 128 W

qoz = (1 Person x 73 W) + 90 W = 163 W

Characteristic Length 1 = 1.5 m

Air Flow Air Flow

IP Lw - Lp or 10 log r - 5 log v - 3 log f + 25 9.6

SI Lw - Lp or 10 log r - 5 log v - 3 log f + 12 9.6

Figure 9.52: balancing

IP Lp = Lw - 10 log r - 5 log v - 3 log f + 25 9.5

SI Lp = Lw - 10 log r - 5 log v - 3 log f + 12 9.5

SMALL OFFICE Sound Waves

Supply Supply Supply

Square Plaque Diffuser

IP SA = Lw - Lp = 5 log x + 28 log h - 1.13 log N + 3 log f - 31 dB 9.7

SI SA = Lw - Lp = 5 log x + 28 log h - 1.13 log N + 3 log f - 17 dB 9.7

Square Plaque Diffuser

Square Cone Diffusers

Linear Outlet Swirl Outlet

Cold Primary Air

Cold Primary Air 6

Plan View Cross Section

Model 150 Grilles

Model 150 Grilles

Number of outlets = 12000 / 1800 = 6.7

Plan View Cross Section

Model 150 Grilles

Model 150 Grilles

Number of outlets = 5664 / 850 = 6.7

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