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ß‚ ¬˝∑§Ê‡ÊŸ ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë •¢‡Ê ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃÁ‹Á¬∑§⁄UáÊ, ∞‚ ÿ¢òÊ ◊¥ ÷¢«UÊ⁄UáÊ Á¡‚‚ ÿ„U ¬ÈŸ— ¬˝Êåà Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê
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Á⁄U∑§ÊÚÁ«ZUª •ÕflÊ •ãÿ Á∑§‚Ë ¬˝∑§Ê⁄U ‚, ¬˝∑§Ê‡Ê∑§ ∑§Ë ¬Ífl¸ •ŸÈ◊Áà ∑§ Á’ŸÊ Ÿ„UË¥ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ–

uohu laLdj.k

eqæd % 'kkjnk izsl izkúfyú] xzsVj uks,Mk (múizú)

 vkeq[k
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) esa ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd cPpksa dks
LowQyh thou osQ lkFk&lkFk vkl&ikl osQ ckgjh thou ls Hkh tksM+uk pkfg,A
;g fln~/kar iqLrdh; Kku dh ml ijaijk osQ foijhr gS] ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh
f'k{kk&O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA ubZ jk"Vªh;
ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ml ikB~;Øe ij vk/kfjr gekjh ikB~;iqLrosQa
,d uohu izLrqfr gSa] tks cPpksa dks jVus dh izo`fRr osQ ?ksjs ls ckgj ys vk,¡xhA
vk'kk gS] ;g iz;kl cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dks lkFkZd cukus esa liQy gksxkA
Hkk"kk dh ;ksX;rk vkSj dkS'ky osQ fy, pkj lksiku gSaμlquuk] cksyuk] i<+uk]
fy[kukA lquuk vkSj cksyuk rks cPpk ?kj esa jgdj gh lh[k ysrk gSA fon~;ky; esa
mls i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk fl[kk;k tkrk gSA ;g dk;Z vè;kid@vè;kfidk djrs gSAa
'kqn~/ Hkk"kk vkSj orZuh lh[kuk rFkk fl[kkuk egRRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA cPpksa dh #fp
rFkk LoHkko dks osQa nz esa j[kdj gekjk ,d iz;kl iqLrdh; kÜ [a` kyk osQ :i esa vkiosQ
le{k gS] ftldk uke geus ^ubZ jaxksyh* j[kk gS] tks izosf'kdk ls ysdj vkBoha
d{kk rd osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, gSA gekjh bl dksf'k'k dks liQyrk rHkh feysxh]
tc LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z ,oa f'k{kdx.k cPpksa dks fofHkUu jpukRed xfrfof/;ksa
vkSj fØ;kdykiksa dh lgk;rk ls lh[kus dk ekSdk nsxa As vHkh rd geus f'k{kk osQ
fofo/ lk/uksa ,oa Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh dj ikB~;iqLrd dks gh ijh{kk dk ,dek=k
vk/kj cuk;k gSA vk/qfudrk dh nkSM+ esa liQyrk rHkh feysxh tc ge cPpksa dks
Lo;a lh[kus dk ekSdk nsaxsA
;g lgh gS fd fon~;ky; esa vuq'kklu dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z gSA blosQ
fy, le;&rkfydk dk egRRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] ij ftu mn~n's ;ksa dks osQa nz esa j[kdj
;g kÜ [a` kyk fufeZr dh xbZ gS] mlosQ fy, nSfud le;&lkfj.kh esa yphykiu ykuk
”k:jh gS] rkfd cPps NksV&s NksVs lewg dks cukdj okrkZyki rFkk vU; xfrfof/;ksa
dk dk;kZUo;u Lo;a dj losQa A
^ubZ ja xksyh* Ük`a[kyk dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr mn~ns'; dks cPpksa rd lgh <a x
ls igq¡pkus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa osQ fy, ^f'k{kd&nf'kZdk* dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k
gSA vk'kk gS] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k ;g iz;kl mi;ksxh fln~/ gksxkA
vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa rFkk fon~okuksa osQ lq>koksa dk Lokxr fd;k tk,xk] ftuls Hkkoh
la'kks/uksa esa enn feysxhA
μysf[kdk
^^gksBksa ij eqLdku gj eqf'dy dk;Z dks vklku dj nsrh gSA**
(iii)
 fo"k;&lwph
• esjh fga nh % I;kjh fga nh (v)
• f'k{kd&nf'Zkdk dh vko';drk D;ksa\ (vi-vii)
• fp=k oqQN dgrs gSa! (viii)
1- vekf=kd 'kCn-------------------------------------------------------------------------9
2- ^vk* dh ek=kk-----------------------------------------------------------------------11
3- ^b* vkSj ^bZ* dh ek=kk----------------------------------------------------------14
4- ^m* vkSj ^mQ* dh ek=kk--------------------------------------------------------16
5- ^,* vkSj ^,s* dh ek=kk---------------------------------------------------------19
6- ^vks* vkSj ^vkS* dh ek=kk------------------------------------------------------22
7- vuqLokj] panz¯cnq vkSj folxZ--------------------------------------------------23
8- ^½* dh ek=kk ( `)---------------------------------------------------------------24
9- la;qDr O;atu vkSj la;qDrk{kj-------------------------------------------------25
10- ^j* dk iz;ksx (jsIk+ Q vkSj insu)---------------------------------------------26
11- ykyph jkuh--------------------------------------------------------------------------28
12- ijhyksd dh lSj--------------------------------------------------------------------30
13- 'kSrku canj-----------------------------------------------------------------------------32
14- iq¡Qnuksa okyh Vksih--------------------------------------------------------------------33
15- mBks losjs------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
16- lnk dguk ekuks---------------------------------------------------------------------37
17- cw¡n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
(iv)
 esjh fga nh % I;kjh fga nh
cPpksa esa fga nh osQ izfr #fp mRiUu gks losQ] blosQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd
iqLrd jkspd rFkk vkd"kZd gksA ikB Kkuo/Zd rFkk ubZ&ubZ tkudkfj;ksa
osQ lkFk&lkFk fofo/rk fy, gq, gksaA cPps fga nh Hkk"kk dks cks> u
le>dj viuh I;kjh Hkk"kk le>dj i<+as A
bUgha mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ge vkiosQ le{k ^ubZ ja xksyh*
uked iqLrdksa dh Ük`a[kyk ysdj vk, gSaA buesa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] dyk]
bfrgkl] iqjk.k] yksd&dFkk] R;ksgkj] egkiq#"kksa osQ thou ls lacaf/r
jkspd izlax] Hkkjrh; Lora =krk lsukuh] Hkkjrh; rFkk fons'kh ys[kdksa dh
jpuk,¡] foKku ls lacaf/r tkudkjh vkfn ls tqM+s ikB gSaA dfork]
,dka dh] dgkuh] ys[k] thouh] fuca /] vkRedFkk] O;a X;] ;k=kk&o`Rrka r]
laLej.k] lk{kkRdkj vkfn fo/kvksa dk iz;ksx dj ikB~;iqLrdksa dks
mPpdksfV dk cukus dk liQy iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
lkfgfR;d fo/kvksa osQ ekè;e ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ eu esa ns'kHkfDr]
izÑfr&izse] tho&tarqvksa osQ izfr izse] n;k] ijksidkj] /S;Z] lR; vkfn
ekuo&ewY;ksa dks mtkxj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

(v)
 f'k{kd&nf'kZdk dh vko';drk D;ksa\
lHkh f'k{kd fon~oku gSa] fiQj Hkh gekjk iz;kl gS fd ubZ ja xksyh osQ
ikB i<+ krs le; oqQN eq[; fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j[kk tk,A blls
ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ fuekZ.k esa tks mn~ns'; ysdj ge pys] mldh iwfrZ
laHko gks tk,xhA tks funsZ'k ;k lkexzh nh tk jgh gS] og osQoy
ekxZn'kZu djus esa lgk;d gksxhA le;] ifjfLFkfr rFkk izlaxkuqowQy
vki mlesa vius rFkk cPpksa osQ fopkj 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA
izLrqr f'k{kd&nf'kZdk esa fuEufyf[kr eq[; fca nqvksa osQ vk/kj ij
ikB&f'k{k.k osQ fy, lq>ko fn, x, gSa %
1- izfrikn~; fo"k;μblesas vkidh lqfo/k osQ fy, izR;sd ikB
dk lkj ;k izfrikn~; fo"k; ljy Hkk"kk esa fn;k x;k gSA è;ku j[ksa fd
cPps ikB dks Lo;a i<+sa rFkk muosQ vFkZ fudkysaA vko';drk iM+ us ij
mUgsa le>k,¡ A
2- ewyHkkoμikB dk ewyHkko fn;k x;k gS] rkfd ikB osQ mn~ns';
dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> losaQA
3- thou&ewY; vkSj n`f"Vdks.kμvk/qfud ;qx us lHkh dks LokFkhZ
rFkk vkReosaQfnzr cuk fn;k gSA vr% ”k:jh gS fd ikB esa ftu
thou&ewY;ksa dks mHkkjk x;k gS] cPps mldh lkFkZdrk dks le>sa rFkk
vius mnkj n`f"Vdks.k dks fodflr djsaA cPpksa ls Hkh thou&ewY; rFkk
mudk n`f"Vdks.k iwNk tk ldrk gSA
4- Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'kyμikB~;iqLrd vkSj vH;kl&iqfLrdk
esa fn, x, fofHkUu izdkj osQ vH;klksa n~okjk Hkk"kk dh ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj
oqQ'kyrkvksa dk Øfed fodkl djok;k x;k gSA
5- fo'ks"kμikB ls lacaf/r vU; tkudkjh nsus ;k cPpksa ls iwNus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA blls cPpksa dh ckSn~f/d {kerk dk ifjp;
feysxk rFkk mudh rkfoZQd rFkk oSpkfjd 'kfDr dk fodkl gksxkA
(vi)
 6- ljykFkZμdfBu xn~; rFkk dkO;&ia fDr;ksa dk ljykFkZ fn;k
x;k gS] rkfd cPpksa dks vklkuh ls le>k;k tk losQA
7- ikB~; rFkk vH;kl&iqfLrdk dk vH;klμlquuk] cksyuk]
i<+uk] fy[kuk] fparu rFkk vè;;u laca/h oqQ'kyrkvksa dks fodflr
djus osQ fy, ikB osQ var esa vH;kl fn, x, gSaA bl iqLrd esa muosQ
mRrj ;k laosQr fcanq fn, x, gSaA oqQN ljy iz'uksa osQ mRrj vkSj oqQN
,sls iz'uksRrj fd ftUgsa cPps vius vuqHko osQ vk/kj ij fy[ksaxs] os
ugha fn, x, gSaA
mifjfyf[kr eq[; fcanqvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk d{kk esa okpu vo';
djok,¡A f'k{kd igys Lo;a i<+sa] fiQj cPps mPp Loj esa i<+sa A dfBu
'kCnksa] okD;ksa ;k vuqPNsn dk Jqrys[k vo'; djok,¡ A ;fn cPps
viuh v'kqn~f/;k¡ Lo;a fudkysa rks nksckjk xyrh gksus dh laHkkouk de
gks tkrh gSA v'kqn~f/;ksa dks rhu&rhu ckj fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA Hkk"kk
dks lh[kus&fl[kkus esa cPps fo"k; dks le>sa] jVs ughaA O;kdj.k esa
fu;e rFkk ifjHkk"kk jVok,¡ ughaA Hkk"kk esa iz'uksa osQ mRrj vyx&vyx
<ax ls fn, tk ldrs gSa] blfy, roZQlaxr mRrj dks Hkh Bhd le>k
tk,A ;g iqLrd vkidh lgk;rk osQ fy, gSA blls osQoy laosQr xzg.k
dj cPpksa dk Lo;a ekxZn'kZu djsaA

(vii)
 fp=k oqQN dgrs gSa!
vius vkl&ikl osQ okrkoj.k dks le>dj Lo;a fopkjksa dks izdV
djus dk ekè;e Hkk"kk gh gS] blfy, cPpksa dh nqfu;k esa Hkk"kk dk
egRRo cgqr vf/d gSA ^ubZ jaxksyh* Hkkx&1 cukrs le; ;g è;ku
j[kk x;k gS fd cPps i<+us esa #fp ysa vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk [ksy&gh&[ksy
esa Hkk"kk dks 'kuS% 'kuS% lh[krs Hkh pys tk,¡ A
^ubZ ja xksyh* iqLrd dks gkFk esa ysrs gh mudk eu f[ky mBsxkA
iqLrd esa ,sls vusd vkd"kZd fp=k gSa] tks cPpksa dks lkspus&le>us]
i<+us&fy[kus ,oa jpukRed xfrfof/;ksa osQ fy, izsfjr djsaxsA cPpk
Lora =k :i ls fparu dj vius fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djsxkA
^ubZ ja xksyh* Hkkx&1 iqLrd dk vkja Hk ^fon~;ky; dh igyh
lqcg* fp=k ls fd;k x;k gSA izkFkZuk lHkk] ;ksxkH;kl] oaQI;wVj] rSjkdh
vkfn xfrfofèk;ksa osQ ckjs esa cPpksa osQ lkFk ppkZ dh tk,A fp=k ls
la cafèkr muosQ fopkj iwNs tk,¡ A vusd ykbuksa esa [kM+s fon~;kFkhZ gkFk
tksM+dj izkFkZuk djrs gSaA blls cPpksa dks ;g la ns'k feyrk gS fd bZ'oj
,d gSA ;ksxkH;kl] oaQI;wVj] rSjkdh osQ fp=k cPpksa dks crkrs gSa fd
fon~;ky; esa i<+kbZ osQ vfrfjDr mudh euila n dh vU; fØ;k,¡ Hkh
gksrh gSaA
^esjk ifjp;* fp=k dks fn[kkdj cPpksa ls mlesa iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ
mRrj tkuus dh dksf'k'k djsaA è;ku j[ksa] fd d{kk osQ izR;sd cPps dks
cksyus dk ekSdk feysA blls cPpksa esa vkRefo'okl mRiUu gksxkA
^fpM+k vkSj fpfM+;k*μfp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls dgkuh cquuk rFkk
fp=k ns[kdj HkkokfHkO;fDr dh {kerk dk fodkl djukA dgkuh ls
gesa D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\ cPpksa ls igys dgkuh lqusa] fiQj mUgsa Lo;a
iwjh dgkuh lquk,¡A

(viii)
 1- vekf=kd 'kCn
nks o.kks± okys vekf=kd 'kCn %
cPps nks o.kks± dks feykdj 'kCn i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk lh[ksaxsA nks
o.kks± ls cus 'kCnksa ls okD; fuekZ.k fl[kk,¡ A
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
2- uy] Vc] jFk] clA
3- 'kCnksa dks i<+ dj muosQ fp=kksa ls feykus dk dk;Z cPps Lo;a
djsaxsA
rhu o.kks± okys vekf=kd 'kCn
vè;kid@vè;kfidk cPpksa ls rhu o.kks± okys 'kCn rFkk muls cus
okD; Hkh mUgha ls i<+ ok,¡ A ,slk djus ls cPpksa dks o.kks± dh igpku
gksxhA os Lo;a NksVs&NksVs 'kCn rFkk okD; cukus dk iz;Ru djsaxsA
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
2- Hkou] exj] dye] cVuA
3- Hkxr egy ygj idM+
uxj @ ugj pje iyd eVj
pkj o.kks± okys vekf=kd 'kCn
• pkj&pkj o.kks± dks feykdj 'kCnksa rFkk okD;ksa dks i<+ uk rFkk
fy[kuk fl[kk,¡ A

ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA

ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 9

 2- 'kyxe ljdl cjxn
>ViV dljr eugj
3- [kVey] vtxj] miou] cjruA
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'ky %
o.kZekyk dh iqujko`fRr] fcuk ek=kk okys 'kCnksa dh igpku] Lo;a
'kCn rFkk okD; cukus dk iz;kl djokuk] fp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls u,&u,
'kCn lh[kukA
vH;kl&iqfLrdk (iqujko`fRr)
Loj
1- v vk b bZ m Å
Í , ,s vks vkS
O;a tu
d p V r i
[k N B Fk iQ ; 'k
x t M n c j "k {k
?k > < / Hk y l =k
Ä ×k .k u e o g K
2- > [k x v
N y d r
Hk v i p
, g ?k y
3- B t Fk vk
iQ bZ e ,s
'k n m c
K u / vkS
10 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 4- Fkjel iQy
exj cVu
miou cr[k
u;u lM+ d
vpdu 'kjcr
cjxn iu?kV
5- cl ij p<+ A
iQy [kkA
dey ns[kA
?kj ij tkA
jFk esa pyA
iu?kV ij pyA
'kyxe p[k dj j[kA
vtxj er idM+ A
6- u e j
uy dey eVj
uV ueu ygj
ued peu Bgj
uxj ped dej
ugj le> igj
7- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
qq

2- ^vk* dh ek=kk
o.kks± osQ lkFk ^vk* dh ek=kk yxkuk mPpkj.k osQ lkFk fl[kk,¡A
mPpkj.k ls gh cPpksa dks irk gksuk pkfg, fd ^vk* dh ek=kk dk
iz;ksx dgk¡ djuk gSA 'kCnksa dks cPpksa ls gh d{kk esa i<+ ok,¡A
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 11
 ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- gkFk lkI+kQ djA vkB vukj ykA
ekuo ckx rd pyA ljyk ekyk iguA
pkj xktj idkA uxek vke [kkA
3- fp=kksa dks ns[kdj cPps 'kCnksa dks fp=kksa osQ lkFk feyk,¡xs] blls
cPps ^vk* dh ek=kk dk mfpr iz;ksx djus esa oqQ'ky gksaxsA
4- V v uk j
ek Fk
e V j
j
vk ck
l n
ek yk ik y d
e dk u
5- ckny] xktj] ekyk] eVdk] cknkeA
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'ky %
^vk* dh ek=kk dh igpku] ek=kk dk mfpr iz;ksx] fp=kksa dks ns[kdj
'kCn cukus ls 'kCn HkaMkj esa o`n~f/] Lo;a 'kCn rFkk okD; cukus ls
Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk ykukA
^vk* dh ek=kk osQ iz;ksx ls jph dfork cPpksa dks fl[kk,¡A cPps
Lo;a Hkh ^vk* dh ek=kk okys 'kCnksa ls dfork cuk ldrs gSaA
12 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 ^vk/h NqV~Vh dk n`';* fn[kkdj fn, x, iz'u cPpksa ls gh iwNsaA
fn, x, fp=k dks ns[kdj Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr djuk gh bldk eq[;
mn~ns'; gSA
thou&ewY; %
lg;ksx dh Hkkouk] [ksy osQ eSnku rFkk fon~;ky; dks lkI+kQ&lqFkjk j[kukA
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
^vk* (k) dh ek=kk
1- jkr] jke
ekyk leku] ekrk
ckr ckny cktk
dkx”k dke dkyk
iku ik;y ikjl
2- uke dke jke
ykyk rkyk dkyk
tkuk ekuk xkuk
>xM+k idM+k jxM+k
jguk iguk dguk
3- (d) enu ?kj tkdj [kkuk [kkA
([k) ekyk igu dj pyA
(x) ekuo uko pykA
(?k) rkyk yxk dj pyA
(Ä) egd cktk ctkA
(p) ikB'kkyk tkdj ikB i<+A
(N) veu ck”kkj tkdj pkoy yk;kA
(t) cl ij p<+dj pyA
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 13
 4- >aMk rkjk
gjk yky
rkyk VekVj
5- deyk xeyk ukx
pkjk dejk ukyk
gkj ikyd deky
6- va Mk
>a Mk
Ma Mk
7- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
qq

3- ^b* vkSj ^bZ* dh ek=kk

mPpkj.k osQ lkFk ßLo ^b* rFkk nh?kZ ^bZ* dk varj le>krs gq, cPpksa
ls okpu djok,¡A
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- vc eNyh idM+A
og yM+dh Hkyh FkhA
jek fdrkc b/j j[kA
ehjk flrkj ctkA
lehjk gkFkh ij p<+hA
fpfM+;k nkuk ykbZA
3- fyf[kr vH;kl ls 'kCn fy[kus esa fuiq.krk vk tk,xhA
4- ([k) frryh] (x) lhVh] (?k) f>yfey
5- cPps Lo;a djsaA
14 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 6- ok fl
g rk
u nh pk j ik bZ

fg fV
fl ;k j d
u i V jh
i<+ks
• vc rd cPpksa us vk] b] bZ dh ek=kk lh[k yhA fn, x, okD;]
cPpksa ls gh i<+ok,¡A mPpkj.k dh 'kqn~/rk ij è;ku vo'; nsaA
'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ls gh Hkk"kk osQ fy[kus esa 'kqn~èkrk vk,xhA
rj.krky dk n`';μcPpksa ls fn, x, iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj
mUgsa vfrfjDr tkudkjh nsrs gq, crk,¡ fd rSjuk ,d cgqr vPNk
O;k;ke gSA oqQN cPpksa dks rSjus ls Mj yxrk gS] mUgsa rSjus osQ ykHk
crkrs gq, rSjus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
^b* (f ) dh ek=kk
1- fdrkc flrkj flrkjk
fgju ifg;k fxykl
lkbfdy foeku
2- fp fn fe fi
fp=k fnu feyuk firk
fpfM+ ;k fn;k feBkbZ fiu
fpeVk fny fe=k fiyk
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 15
 3- fcy ifg;k
fxykl fdyk
flrkjs fdrkc
4- fxykl fdrkc
fdju fyI+kQkI+kQk
fgju fpfM+ ;k
fcy fdyk
^bZ* (h) dh ek=kk
1- ihyk] lhrk] uhyk] nknh]
yhph] ehBh] beyh] NM+ hA
2- ge lcdh NqV~Vh vkbZ]
fnuHkj dh eLrh ykbZA
ge lcdh nknh vkbZ]
ehBh ehBh yhph ykbZA
ehrk] jhrk Hkkxh vkbZ]
yhph lHkh dh euHkkbZA
3- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
4- csVk μ csVh cPpk μ cPph nknk μ nknh
ifr μ iRuh yM+ dk μ yM+ dh
l[kk μ l[kh eVdk μ eVdh
5- eNyh] ?kM+ h] xBjh] feBkbZ] fipdkjh] NrjhA
qq

4- ^m* vkSj ^Å* dh ek=kk

ßLo ^m* rFkk nh?kZ ^Å* dh ek=kk dk mPpkj.k] fyf[kr vH;kl rFkk
'kCnksa o okD;ksa dk iBu&ikBu djok,¡ A
16 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cqycqy mM+ xbZA oqQlqe iqy ij xbZA
lwjt fudy vk;kA jktw >wyk >wy jgk FkkA
cw<+k iQy yk;kA jeu lqjkgh mBkA
3- iqtkjh] twrk] vkyw]
xqM+] dktw] xqykyA
4- cxqyk] rjcwt
j esa m@Å dh ek=kk
^j* esa ßLo ^m* rFkk nh?kZ ^Å* dh ek=kk dk iz;ksx djuk cPpksa
dks è;ku ls fl[kkuk gksxkA ^j* esa ek=kk uhps dh vksj u yxdj
ihNs dh vksj yxrh gSA ';keiV~V ij fy[kdj le>k,¡ fd âLo
^m* dh ek=kk (#) bl izdkj rFkk nh?kZ ^Å* dh ek=kk (:)
bl izdkj yxkrs gSaA oqQN 'kCnksa esa ek=kk uhps yxkbZ tkrh gS_
tSlsμxq#] jktwA bls xksykdkj yxkrs gSaA
lqanj&lqanj ys[k fy[kus ls dfBu 'kCnksa dk vH;kl rFkk Hkk"kk
esa l{kerk vk tk,xhA
cw>ks rks tkusa!
uke jax
lwjteq[kh ihyk
ve:n gjk
xqykc yky
vke ihyk
dey xqykch
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 17
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'ky %
fp=kksa dks igpkuuk] iwQyksa@iQyksa osQ uke rFkk jaxksa osQ lgh iz;ksx
djus osQ lkFk&lkFk fy[kuk Hkh fl[kk,¡A
• i`"B 35 ij nh xbZ ^dfork* cPpksa dks oaQBLFk djokb,A
èofuokpd 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx djus ls dfork esa lkSan;Z] y; rFkk
la xhr dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA oSls Hkh cPpksa dks gkFkh vPNk
yxrk gSA bl dfork osQ ekè;e ls os Hkh gkFkh osQ lkFk
dYiuk&yksd dh lSj djsaxsA
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
^m* ( q) dh ek=kk
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- lkcqu tkequ
xqu lqu
xqfM+ ;k cqf<+ ;k
xqykc tqykc
cqyk lqyk
cquuk pquuk
3- eqjxh] oqQRrk] xqykc] cqycqy] eqjyhA
4- lqj] rqe] oqQN] pqu] cqjk] xqeA
5- xqykc] xqfM+;k] lqjkgh] iqy@iqfy;k] eqjxh@eqxhZA
^Å* ( w ) dh ek=kk
1- ewyh Hkkyw
[kjcwtk lwjt
pwgk e”knwj
cw<+k >wyk
18 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 2- >wyk] pwgk] vkyw]
lwjt] Hkkyw] ewyhA
3- #i;k 'kq:
#bZ :ik
#d ve:n
#u>qu Me:
4- m Å
oqQjlh nw/
/uq"k iwQy
xqykc pwuk
o/q pkowQ
cqf<+ ;k Hkkyw
eqjxh vkyw
eqoQq V lwjt
5- rjcwt cqycqy xqfM+ ;k pwM+h
qq

5- ^,* vkSj ^,s* dh ek=kk

^,* (μs) rFkk ^,s * (μS) dh ek=kk dk Kku nsukA ek=kk dk iz;ksx
djrs gq, 'kCn fuekZ.k djuk] ek=kk dks lgh :i esa fy[kuk rFkk
mi;qDr LFkku ij yxkukA 'kCnksa rFkk okD;ksa dk okpu cPpksa ls gh
djok;k tk,A
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- [ksy] isM]+ iSlk] lgsyh] eSnku] FkSykA
3- jsy ij p<+A eSuk xk jgh FkhA
;g oSQyk'k dk iSj gSA FkSys ls iQy fudkyA
lSfud ns'k dh j{kk djrk gSA lqjs'k osQyk [kkA
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 19
 4- ^,* rFkk ^,s* dh ek=kk okys 'kCnksa osQ fyf[kr vH;kl ls cPpksa
dks ek=kk dh igpku rFkk va rj djuk vklku gks tk,xkA
• cPpksa ls dfork oaQBLFk djokbZ tk,A
ek=kk dh igpku lqn`<+ djokus osQ fy, cPpksa dks izsfjr djsa fd
os ja xhu isafly ls ^,* (μs) vkSj ^,s * (μS) dh ek=kk okys v{kj ij
xksyk yxk,¡A
esys dk n`';μfp=k fn[kkdj cPpksa ls vusd iz'u iwfN,A vusd
iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsus ls cPps fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus esa l{ke gksaxsA
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
^,* (μs) dh ek=kk
1- lsc isM+
rkjs 'ksj
gFksyh csyu
osQys es”k
2- us vius csVs ls csVs ehBs csj [kkus
osQ nsj i<+us osQ esys esa esyk jsy
3- djkjs U;kjs
lkjs I;kjs
[kkrs Hkkrs
tkrs mM+ krs
yacs [ka Hks
4- tkrs] ykrs]
Hkkrs] ukrs]
xkrs] Nkrs]
ikrsA
20 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
5- usoyk ns[kuk
csVk losjk
cPps VqdM+s
ges'kk rkjs
6- ns μ ns[k nsj
[ks μ [ksy [ksi
js μ jsy jsl
rs μ rsy rs”k
es μ esy es”k
7- osQyk osQys eVdk eVosQ
yM+ dk yM+oQs usoyk usoys
VqdM+ k VqdM+s

^,s* (μS) dh ek=kk

1- oSQa ph cSyxkM+h
eSuk iSj
2- iSj eSyk cSy
iSlk oSQlk
FkSyk eSuk
3- lSfud] eSuk] iSj] uS;k] FkSyk] cSyA
4- eSyk] iSlk] oSQlk] tSlk] tSuA
5- csy cSy
esyk eSyk
csj cSj
psu pSu
qq

ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 21

 6- ^vks* vkSj ^vkS* dh ek=kk
^vks* vkSj ^vkS* osQ mPpkj.k esa varj le>kb,A cPpksa ls 'kqn~/
mPpkj.k djokb,A cPpksa dks ek=kk dk lgh :i esa fy[kuk rFkk
mPpkj.k n~okjk mi;qDr LFkku ij yxkuk le>kb,A
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- <ksyd] uksV] rkSfy;k]
pkSdh] ykseM+h] ukSdjA
3- nks ykSdh ykA eksj ukp jgk gSA
<ksyd b/j j[kA rksrk 'kksj epkus yxkA
xkSjh ikS/k ykbZA ukSdk ij er p<+A
4- cPps fp=kksa dks iwjk djosQ jax HkjsaxsA
• cPps dfork dks oaQBLFk djsaxsA

vH;kl&iqfLrdk
^vks* (ks) dh ek=kk
1- dks;y Vksdjh
jksVh ?kksM+k
xksHkh yksVk
dVksjh ykseM+h
2- eksj] tksdj] cksry
Vksih] <ksyd] rksrk
/ksch] ?kksM+k] leksls
vks[kyh] dksV] Mksjh
22 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 ^vkS* (kS) dh ek=kk
1- f[kykSu]s dkSok] pkSchl]
gFkkSM+h] ykSdh] vkSjrA
2- fcNkSuk] gFkkSM+k] pkSdh] rkSfy;k]
ekSdk] idkSMh+ ] dpkSM+hA
3- dkSok Nr ij cSBk gSA
lhrk ykSdh dkV jgh gSA
ekSlh dpkSM+h [kkrh gSA
ukSdk py jgh gSA
lksgu ikS/k yxk jgk gSA
esjs firk th f[kykSus yk,A
qq

7- vuqLokj] pa nzfca nq vkSj folxZ

va (&a) vuqLokj] v¡ (&¡ ) pa nzfca nq rFkk v% (%) folxZ dk Kku nsukA
budk mPpkj.k n~okjk mfpr LFkku ij iz;ksx] 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k] 'kCnksa o
okD;ksa dk okpu rFkk ys[ku cPpksa ls djok;k tk,] ftlls os mudks
'kh?kz le>dj Hkk"kk esa fuiq.krk izkIr djsaxsA vuqLokj o vuqukfld dk
varj vo'; le>kb,A
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a vH;kl djsaA
3- N% dk igkM+k ;kn djA eksuk oqQ,¡ ij xbZA
jeu ck¡lqjh ctkrk gSA ca nj iQy rksM+rk gSA
nk¡r lkI+kQ djA vlye irax mM+k jgk gSA
4- Maa Mk] laa r] Å¡¡ V] vk¡¡ [k] ik¡¡ p] taa xy] iraa x] pk¡¡ n] cw¡ nA
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 23
 5- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
• cPpksa dks dfork oaQBLFk djokb, rFkk vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld
okys 'kCnksa ij xksyk yxkus dks dfg,A
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
vuqLokj (&a)] vuqukfld (&¡ ) vkSj folxZ (%)
1- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
3- ja x&fcja xs iwQy la rjk ia[k
ba tu ca nj va Mk
4- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
5- jek ea fnj xbZA
jek us ea fnj esa ?ka Vk ctk;kA
eksgu us >a Mk iQgjk;kA
lhrk osQ ik¡o esa pksV yxh gSA
enu ira x mM+ k jgk gSA
eSaus Å¡V ij lokjh dhA
;g v¡xwBh lqanj gSA
rk¡xsokys dks cqykvksA
ekrk&firk dks jks”k ue% djuk pkfg,A
eSa izfrfnu N% cts mBrk gw¡A
qq

8- ^Í* dh ek=kk ( `)
cPpksa dks Í dh ek=kk dk ifjp; nhft,A le>kb, fd ^Í* dh
ek=kk v{kj osQ uhps yxrh gSA mPpkj.k rFkk 'kqn~/ ys[ku ij cy
nhft,A
24 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- u`R; x`g n`<+ oQ` r
e`x ekr` fir` l`tu
i`Foh ?k`r o`{k o`Qik.k
4- cPpksa dks i<+uk vkSj Í ( ` ) dh ek=kkokys 'kCnksa ij xksyk
yxkuk fl[kk,¡ A
Íf"k o`{k e`x Íf"k Ñik
i<+ks] le>ks vkSj fy[kks
• cPps Lo;a djsaxs ftlls lHkh ek=kkvksa dh iqujko`fRr gksxhA

vH;kl&iqfLrdk
^Í* ( `) dh ek=kk
1- ekr` o`{k
o`Q"kd fir`
e`x o`Qik.k
x`g u`i
2- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
qq

9- la ;qDr O;atu vkSj la ;qDrk{kj

cPpksa dks le>k,¡ fd ,d ls vf/d O;atuksa osQ esy ls cus O;atuksa
dks la;qDr O;atu dgrs gSa rFkk tc Loj jfgr O;atu dk vius ls
vyx Loj lfgr O;atu ls esy gksrk gS] rc og la;Dq rk{kj dgykrk gSA
cPpksa ls ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr vH;kl djok,¡ A
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 25
 ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
3- fcYyh cPpk yV~Vw iRrk flDdk pEep
4- eqUuh l[r fcYyh I;klk
NDdk eqDdk yLlh ePNj
è;ku
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
la ;qDr O;a tu vkSj la ;qDrk{kj
1- {k J =k K
i{k Jfed l=k Kkuoku
j{kd ifjJe fe=krk foKku
Hk{kd Js; ik=k ;K
{kf=k; JO; fp=k vkKkdkjh
f'k{kd Jherh iq=kh oSKkfud
2- I;kj cPpk pEep NIij fcYyh
D;kjh iRrk vPNk l[r jLlh
10- ^j* dk iz;ksx (jsI+kQ vkSj insu)
uksVμ fn, x, funs'Z k dks è;ku ls i<+dj ^j* dk iz;ksx (jsI+kQ vkSj insu)
djuk cPpksa dks le>k,¡ A
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA
2- liZ] iz.kke] Mªe]
izFke] ikoZQ] Vªkyh]
26 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 3- niZ.k Vªkyh ueZ Øe@deZ cz'k
Mªe xzke izdk'k Vªd crZu
vkØe.k enzkl ioZr Mªkek
esVªks jsyμesVªks jsy dk fp=k fn[kkdj mlosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsaA
fn, x, iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa] ftlls fon~;kFkhZ fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr
esa l{ke gks losaQA
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
jsI+kQ = j~ (&Z)
1- deZ 'keZ
/eZ xeZ
o"kkZ ikoZQ
dk;Z roZQ
ekxZ cI+kZQ
liZ iQoZQ
ppkZ nnZ
oxZ lw;Z
insu = j ( z] ª)
1- lezkKh Vªkyh
izk.k Vªd
iz.kke Mªkek
2- j~ (&Z) j ( z] ª)
niZ.k xzg
xeZ uez
ueZ Øe
deZ iz.k
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 27
 i.kZ enzkl
crZu Øe'k%
cI+kZQ Mªe
/eZ xzkeh.k
uksVμ ek=kkvksa dks lh[kdj mudh iqujko`fRr djokuk vko';d gSA
blfy, iqLrd esa pkj dgkfu;k¡ rFkk rhu dfork,¡ lfEefyr
dh xbZ gSaA buls cPpksa dks f'k{kk Hkh feysxh rFkk fga nh Hkk"kk
iBu osQ izfr #fp Hkh tkx`r gksxhA ;g ”k:jh gS fd d{kk esa
dgkfu;k¡ vkSj dfork,¡ cPpksa ls gh i<+okbZ tk,¡A
qq

11- ykyph jkuh

izfrikn~; fo"k; %
,d frryh Fkh] ftldk uke jkuh FkkA mls vius lqanj ia [kksa ij cgqr
?kea M FkkA ,d fnu jkuh us ckx esa fofHkUu rjg osQ iwQyksa dk jl fi;k
vkSj tc og mM+ us yxh rks mlls mM+ k u x;kA og dk¡Vksa esa i¡Ql xbZ
vkSj mlosQ lqanj ia [k VwV x,A mldh lgsfy;ksa us mldh enn dh vkSj
mls ?kj igq¡pk;kA
thou&ewY; %
ykyp dk nq"ifj.kke] ykyph u cuus dk la ns'k] ?kea M u djukA
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'ky %
dgkuh i<+uk] iz'uksa osQ la f{kIr mRrj nsuk] fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ] mYVs
vFkZokys 'kCn] vuqLokj o pa nfz canq dk Kku] lksp&le>dj dYiuk&'kfDr
dk fodkl djuk] [ksy&[ksy esa fp=kdkjh djuk] ja x Hkjuk] dfBu
'kCnksa dk vH;klA
28 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
ikB&Kku
1- (d) frryh osQ ia [k cgqr lqanj Fks] blfy, mls vius Åij
?kea M FkkA
([k) dk¡Vksa esa i¡Qldj frryh jkuh osQ ia[k VwVsA
(x) frryh dks le> vk x;k Fkk fd ykyp ugha djuk
pkfg,A
2- (d) (i) ([k) (ii)
3- (d) jl]
([k) dey]
(x) lqanjA
Hkk"kk&Kku
1- iwQy × dk¡Vk cM+k × NksVk
lqna j × cnlwjr ehBk × dM+ok
vPNk × cqjk cgqr × de
2- lqa nj dk¡Vk esa ia [k i¡Ql
gSa iQyksa igq¡ p ta xy ja x
crkvks
• vke va xwj la rjk
(vU; uke Hkh gks ldrs gSaA)
• cPps viuh&viuh ila n osQ iQy fy[ksaxsA
• iQyksa dk jl vPNk yxrk gS] D;ksafd og cgqr ehBk gksrk gSA

[ksy&[ksy esa
• cPpksa ls frryh cuokdj mlesa jax Hkjok,¡A
fp=k cukus ls cPpksa osQ gkFkksa dh xfr esa rs”kh vk,xhA jaxksa dh
igpku gksxhA oSls Hkh cPpksa dks fp=kdkjh rFkk ja xksa ls yxko gksrk gSA
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 29
 vH;kl&iqfLrdk
1- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
2- (d) jkuh frryh osQ lqugjs ia [kksa ij ja x&fcja xh fca fn;k¡ FkhaA
([k) jkuh frryh dks iwQyksa dk jl ihuk vPNk yxrk FkkA
(x) ia [k VwV tkus ij jkuh frryh dh lgk;rk mldh lgsfy;ksa
us dhA
(?k) bl ikB ls gesa ;g f'k{kk feyrh gS fd ykyp djuk cqjh
cyk gSA
3- fca fn;k¡] g¡lh] dk¡Vksa]
i¡Qldj] igq¡pk;kA
4- xqykc] pesyh] xsankA
5- dey μ yky
xqykc μ xqykch
xsank μ ihyk
pesyh μ lI+ksQn
6- Hk¡ojk] HkkSajkA
7- cPps Lo;a djsaA
qq

12- ijhyksd dh lSj

izfrikn~; fo"k; %
cPpksa dks ifj;ksa dh dgkuh i<+uk rFkk lquuk cgqr vPNk yxrk gSA
bl dgkuh esa pa nk dks ,d tknqbZ NM+h feyrh gSA NM+h ?kqekrs gh ijh
vkrh gSA ijh mls ijhyksd dh lSj djokrh gSA lqanj ijhyksd dks
ns[kdj pa nk osQ eu esa ;g fopkj vkrk gS] fd gekjh /jrh ,slh lqanj
D;ksa ugha gS\ bl dgkuh ls cPpksa dks /jrh dks lkI+kQ&lqFkjk j[kus dh
izsj.kk nh xbZ gSA
30 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
thou&ewY; %
/jrh dks ijhyksd tSlk lqanj cukukA
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'ky %
iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk] Øe la[;k fy[kuk] opu cnyuk] dfBu 'kCnksa dk
vH;kl] dYiuk&'kfDr dk fodkl djukA fp=kdkjh n~okjk l`tukRed
o dykRed Kku dk fodkl] jax Hkjuk] fjDr&LFkku Hkjuk] iwQyksa osQ
uke <w¡<+uk] mYVs vFkZokys 'kCn fy[kukA
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
ikB&Kku
1- (d) ijh us pa nk ls ?kj okil pyus osQ fy, dgkA
([k) pa nk dks ijhyksd cgqr lqa nj yxkA ogk¡ gj txg isM+&ikSèks
vkSj lqa nj&lqa nj iwQy FksA ogk¡ xa nxh vkSj 'kksj fcyoqQy Hkh
ugha FkkA
(x) jkLrsHkj pank ;g lksprh jgh fd gekjh /jrh ijhyksd
tSlh oSQls cu ldrh gSA
2- (d) (iii) ([k) (ii)
3- (d) 3] ([k) 5] (x) 4] (?k) 1] (Ä) 2 A
Hkk"kk&Kku
• fp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls ,dopu rFkk cgqopu dk Kku djokb,A
'kCnksa dh orZuh ij cPpksa dk è;ku fnyokb,A mUgsa le>kb,
fd ftu 'kCnksa eas ,dopu esa nh?kZ ^bZ* gksrh gS] og cgqopu esa
ßLo ^b* esa cny tkrh gSA vU; oqQN 'kCn nsdj vH;kl
djokb,A
fy[kks
• dfBu 'kCnksa dk vH;kl cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 31
crkvks
• cPps viuh dYiuk&'kfDr n~okjk mRrj fy[ksaxsA
[ksy&[ksy esa
• cPps ,d lqanj gjs&Hkjs cxhps dk fp=k cukdj jax HkjsaxsA

vH;kl&iqfLrdk
1- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
2- (d) ?kj] ([k) tknqb]Z (x) ijh] (?k) ijhyksd] (Ä) lqanjA
3- vxj eq>s tknqbZ NM+ h feyrh] rks eSa ijh ls lcosQ fy, lq[k rFkk
'kkafr ek¡xrhA
4- xsank] pa ik] xqykc] pesyh] twghA
5- igjsnkj] nqdkunkj] pkSdhnkjA
6- jkr × fnu viuk × ijk;k
/jrh × vkleku lksuk × tkxuk
xanxh × lI+kQkbZ ;gk¡ × ogk¡
7- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
qq

13- 'kSrku ca nj
• cPpksa ls dfork dks oaQBLFk djokb,A
cPpksa dks fey&tqydj jgus rFkk vkil esa oLrqvksa dks ck¡Vdj
iz;ksx djus dh izsj.kk nhft,A
fxuks vkSj fy[kksA
• fga nh esa fxurh fy[kus dk vH;klA
ik¡p isM+ nl lsc vkB eNfy;k¡ pkj eksj
32 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 vH;kl&iqfLrdk
1- unh fdukjs bd Fkk isM+]
ml ij jgrs ca nj <sjA
mNy&owQn os [kwc epkrs]
rksM+&rksM+dj iQy os [kkrsA
tks Hkh vkrk mls fp<+ krs]
>iV ph”k mldh ys tkrsA
ugha ck¡Vdj feydj [kkrs]
blfy, ca nj dgykrsA
tks cPps ,slk djrs gSa]
os Hkh ca nj dgykrs gSaA
2- (d) ca nj unh osQ fdukjs ,d isM+ ij jgrs FksA
([k) ca nj iQy [kkrs FksA
(x) ca nj tks Hkh vkrk] mls fp<+ krs FksA
(?k) gesa fey&tqydj jguk pkfg, rFkk fey ck¡Vdj [kkuk
pkfg,A
3- fxjfxV] phrk] 'ksj] lk¡i] phaVh] x/kA
qq

14- iq¡Qnuksa okyh Vksih

izfrikn~; fo"k; %
ua nw dh ukuh us mlosQ fy, pkj iq¡Qnuksa okyh cgqr lqanj Vksih cukbZA tc
og ml Vksih dks LowQy igudj x;k] rks mlosQ fe=kksa us mldk e”kkd
mM+ k;kA ,d&,d djosQ mlus lkjs iq¡Qnus dkV fn, vkSj va r esa mls
iNrkuk iM+ kA mls ;g ckr le> esa vkbZ fd ges'kk viuh vdy ls
gh dke djuk pkfg,A
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 33
thou&ewY; %
bl ikB dk eq[; mn~ns'; ;gh f'k{kk nsuk gS fd lnSo viuh vdy
dk iz;ksx djosQ gh dk;Z djsaA ;fn vU; yksx vkidks dksbZ lykg nsa]
mls lqus vo';] ija rq djsa ogh tks vki vius fy, mfpr le>saA nwljksa
osQ cgdkos esa vkdj Lo;a dks gkfu ugha igq¡ pk,¡ A
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'ky %
ljy Hkk"kk o mfpr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx] mnwZ 'kCnksa ls ifjp;] ;kstd
'kCn] 'kCnkFkZ] fyax cnyuk] iz'uksa osQ la f{kIr mRrj nsuk] lgh o xyr
'kCnksa dks crkuk] dfBu 'kCnksa dk vH;klA

ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
ikB&Kku
1- (d) Vksih igudj ua nw cksyk fd og lqanj jktoqQekj cu x;kA
([k) LowQy esa ua nw dh vthc Vksih ns[kdj cPps g¡l jgs FksA
(x) va r esa ua nw us lkspk fd mlus iq¡Qnus csdkj esa gh dkVsA mls
viuh vdy ls dke djuk pkfg, FkkA
2- (d) ukuh] ([k) pkj] (x) jktoqQekj]
(?k) e”kkd] (Ä) fcukA
3- (d) (iii) ([k) (ii)
4- (d) √] ([k) ×] (x) √]
(?k) × A
Hkk"kk&Kku
• 'kCnksa dks cPpksa ls i<+ okb, rFkk mUgsa crkb, fd iqfYy
a x ls
L=khfya x oSQls cukrs gSaA
34 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
fy[kks
• dfBu 'kCnksa dk vH;kl cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
crkvks
• cPps Lo;a mRrj fy[ksaxsA

[ksy&[ksy esa
ljnh esa xjeh esa
LosVj lwrh diM+ s
Åuh Vksih fudj@izQkWd
dksV Vh 'kVZ
iSVa pIiy
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
1- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
2- uan]w lqna j] eS]a D;ks]a oSQa phA
3- iqQ¡ nus] rkfy;k¡] g¡lh] igqp ¡ kA
4- ”;knk μ de
nksLr μ nq'eu
vk;k μ x;k
mnkl μ [kq'k
5- rkyh μ rkfy;k¡
yM+ dh μ yM+ fd;k¡
iQyh μ iQfy;k¡
dyh μ dfy;k¡
6- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
qq

ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 35

 15- mBks losjs
izfrikn~; fo"k; %
izLrqr dfork esa izkÑfrd lkSan;Z dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA fpfM+ ;ksa dk
pgpgkuk] gokvksa n~okjk cPpksa dks cqykuk rFkk cPpksa dks lqcg tYnh
mBus dh izsj.kk nh xbZ gSA
thou&ewY; %
vkyl NksM+dj lqcg tYnh mBus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djukA izÑfr dk
vkuan ysus osQ lkFk&lkFk ikBdksa osQ ân; esa izÑfr&izse tkx`r djukA
izkr%dky mBus dk egRRo crkukA
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'ky %
dfork dks y;] xfr rFkk mfpr gko&Hkko ls i<+uk] ;kstd 'kCnksa dk
iz;ksx] izkÑfrd lkSan;Z dh ljkguk dk fodkl djuk] i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ
lkFk&lkFk mudh cksfy;ksa dh tkudkjh nsukA
ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
1- (d) dk¡o&dk¡o ([k) pw¡&pw¡
(x) oqQdM¡w + ow¡Q (?k) fgufgukrk
(Ä) <spw¡&<spw¡ (p) Hkksa&Hkksa
(N) E;kš &E;kš
• cPpksa dks dfork oaQBLFk djokbZ tk,A vH;kl&dk;Z ls cPpksa
dks tkuojksa dh cksfy;k¡ Hkh vk tk,¡xhA
2- tkxs μ Hkkxs gok,¡ μ cqyk,¡
peosQ μ neosQ Vsjs μ losjs
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
1- pqLrh tkxs]
lqLrh Hkkxs]
mBks losjsAA
36 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
 vacj peosQ
/jrh neosQ
ckx&cxhps
xe&xe xeosQA
2- pqLrh lqLrh
tkxs Hkkxs
peosQ neosQ
isQjs losjs
cqyk,¡ gok,¡
3- xaxk] ;equkA
4-
iwQ is
ck n y y M+ dk

5- lwjt] iwQy] dkSok] fpfM+;k] yM+ dkA

6- pqLrh] lqLrh] [kqyh] cqyk,¡] lquk,¡A
7- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
qq

16- lnk dguk ekuks

izfrikn~; fo"k; %
cPps LoHkko ls gh 'kjkjrh rFkk f”kn~nh gksrs gSaA fea Vw Hkh ,slk gh
yM+dk FkkA ek¡ mls jks”k le>krh ij og ugha ekurkA mls lw[ks esos
[kkuk cgqr vPNk yxrk FkkA ,d fnu ek¡ ?kj ij ugha Fkha] feaVw us lw[ks
esos vf/d ek=kk esa [kk fy,] ftlosQ dkj.k mlosQ isV esa nnZ gksus
yxkA jkr osQ [kkus esa vPNs&vPNs idoku cus Fks] ija rq isV esa nnZ gksus
osQ dkj.k og jkr dks [kkuk ugha [kk ik;kA tc mlls nnZ cjnk'r ugha
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 37
gqvk] rc mlus ek¡ dks lp&lp crk fn;kA ek¡ us mls nokbZ nh ftlls
mlosQ isV dk nnZ Bhd gks x;kA
bl ikB osQ ekè;e ls ;gh f'k{kk nh xbZ gS fd vko';drk ls
vf/d [kkuk LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd gksrk gSA ges'kk lp cksyuk
rFkk lkFk gh cPpksa dks cM+ksa dk dguk ekuus dh lh[k Hkh nh xbZ gSA
thou&ewY; %
ykyph u cuus dk la ns'k] lnSo lp cksyus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djukA
vius ls cM+ ksa dh ckr dks le>uk o muosQ funs 'Z kkuqlkj pyus oQh izsj.kk
nsukA
Hkk"kkxr ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj dkS'ky %
ljy o Li"V Hkk"kk] dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ] dgkuh i<+ uk] iz'uksa osQ
la f{kIr mRrj nsuk] [kkyh LFkku Hkjuk] dfBu 'kCnkH;kl] dYiuk&'kfDr
dk fodkl djuk] foijhr vFkZokys 'kCnA

ikB~;iqLrd dk vH;kl
ikB&Kku
1- (d) fea Vw 'kjkjrh vkSj f”kn~nh yM+dk FkkA
([k) fea Vw us jkr dk [kkuk ugha [kk;k] D;ksafd mlosQ isV esa nnZ
gks jgk FkkA
(x) fea Vw us ek¡ ls ok;nk fd;k fd ^og dHkh Hkh lw[ks esos
”;knk ugha [kk,xk* vkSj ges'kk ek¡ dk dguk ekusxkA
2- (d) (iv) ([k) (ii)
3- (d) 'kjkjrh] f”kn~nh (x) dkVwZu
([k) lw[ks esos (?k) ek¡
38 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)
Hkk"kk&Kku
• rs”kh] esgurh] gSjkuh] ykyph] ifjJehA
fy[kks
• dfBu 'kCnksa dk vH;kl cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
crkvks
1- cknke] v[kjksV] dktw] ew¡xiQyhA
2- cPpksa dks izksRlkfgr djsa fd os vius&vius vuqHko Lo;a lquk,¡A
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
1- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
2- (d) yM+ osQ dk uke feaVw FkkA
([k) tc Hkh ek¡ mls lw[ks esos nsrh] rks og ek¡ ls ”;knk lw[ks
esos ek¡xrkA
(x) [kkus essa vPNs idoku gksus ij Hkh fea Vw osQ [kkuk u [kkus
ij ek¡ gSjku FkhA
(?k) isV nnZ Bhd djus osQ fy, ek¡ us mls nokbZ nhA
3- (d) 'kjkjrh] ([k) esos] (x) ”;knk]
(?k) nnZ (Ä) nokbZA
4- è; μ è;ku PN μ vPNk
”; μ ”;knk Cc μ fMCck
5- ek¡] ek¡] ugha] ugha] ns[krs&ns[krsA
6- FkksM+k μ cgqr 'kq: μ [kRe
fnu μ jkr lp μ >wB
7- eq>s lw[ks esoksa esa ls cknke lcls vPNk yxrk gSA
(blesa mRrj vyx&vyx gks ldrk gS] cPps viuh ilan fy[ksxa As )
qq
ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1) | 39
 17- cwn¡
y; vkSj xfr osQ lkFk dfork ;kn djok,¡A
cw>ks rks tkusa
1- oqQyh] 2- c<+ b]Z 3- vè;kid]
4- ekyh] 5- pkSdhnkjA
vH;kl&iqfLrdk
1- (d) gok pyh rks >we jgh gS
tkus D;k&D;k xkdj cw¡n
([k) eksg jgh gS eu cPpksa dk
banz/uq"k fn[kykdj cw¡n
(x) fcNqM+h ckny ls] ij [kq'k gS
lcdh I;kl cq>kdj cw¡nA
2- Lo;a djsaxsA
3- fn[kykdj xkdj cSBdj
cq>kdj fcNkdj
Fkddj le>kdj
4- >we μ ?kwe
tkus μ ekus
?kkl μ dkl
eu μ Vu
pyh μ Hkyh
ysV μ isV
5- cPps Lo;a djsaxsA
qq
40 | ubZ jaxksyh % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&1)