Name: Lachoana, Kervie Jay C.

Date: July 17,2020

Section: D
FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON INVESTIGATION
Instruction: Research and explain the following. Send your output to my yahoo account
gideonyucaddi@yahoo.com use yahoo mail and not Gmail and other mail accounts. Read further
instructions in your respective GC on how to send your activity. Submission of Activity is until July
17, 2020 at 10 PM.

1. Stages of Fire (give examples)

The 4 stages of a fire are:
1. Incipient - is the first stage fire immediately after ignition. The fire has just begun and try to
spread or grow. At this stage fire can have the possibility to be stop using fire extinguisher or fire
blanket by a trained user.
Example. A stove catches fire due to an electrical fault. The stove’s fail safe is triggered, the fuse
blows, and the fire extinguishes on its own.
2. Growth - growth stage occurs when the fire has established itself and is burning self-sufficiently.
At this stage, the fire spreads around the area, engulfing fuels in its path. The growth stage is the
shortest stage of the fire, where the flames spread exponentially.
Example. After fire extinguishes to certain wood, and being intensified by the present of oxygen and
high temperature. The flame now will increase and spread to certain areas of the wood were the high
temperature attract the flame of the fire and starting to grow
3.  Fully Developed - fire is considered fully developed when it is at its hottest point and is
engulfing all of its available fuel sources.
Example. When the fire already consumes all the fuel of it and reached the maximum hottest point.
4. Decay - fire will enter its decay stage when the fire runs out of oxygen or fuel for it to sustain
itself.
Example. Wildfire that already consumes all his fuel and it is now lacking of it, together with present
of oxygen that can’t afford oxidation. That causes the lowering of the burning point of the fire that
result to the stoppage of it. Actually at this stage most were coals to be found.

2. Classification of Fire and their respective extinguishing agents

1.Class A fires are fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and many plastics.
2.Class B fires are fires in flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based
paints, solvents, alcohols. Class B fires also include flammable gases such as propane and butane. Class B
fires do not include fires involving cooking oils and grease.
3.Class C fires are fires involving energized electrical equipment such as computers, servers, motors,
transformers, and appliances. Remove the power and the Class C fire becomes one of the other classes of
fire.
4.ClassClass D fires are fires in combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium,
lithium, and potassium.
5.Class K fires are fires in cooking oils and greases such as animal and vegetable fats.

Fire Category Burning Material Extinguishing Agent

Class A Ordinary combustible Water
materials
Class B Flammable or combustible Foam
liquids
Class C Electrical Equipment Dry chemical powder
Class D Combustible metal Dry powder
Class K Cooking Oils Dry chemical powder
 3. Fuel and its Physical Properties

a) Solid Combustible Materials - are those capable of igniting and burning. Wood and paper are
examples of such materials. Remember also that when we talk about solid combustible materials are
generally referring to any hard or soft tangible materials that are prone to fire ignition.
b) Liquid Combustible Materials - combustible liquids are liquids that can burn. Generally speaking,
combustible liquids will ignite and burn easily at normal working temperatures. Combustible liquids have
the ability to burn at temperatures that are usually above working temperatures. Fuels and many common
products like solvents, thinners, cleaners, adhesives, paints, waxes and polishes can be examples of
combustible liquids. 
c) Gaseous Substances – gaseous substances are also substances that were also capable of ignition and
burn and these were the most prone to fire ignition. Gaseous substances are typically categories into fuel
gases and industrial gases. Fuel gases include natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. As the name
implies, these gases are used as fuels for building heat, industrial processes, and motor vehicles. Industrial
gases include all flammable gases not usually used as fuels: for example, acetylene, MAPP gas, and
hydrogen.

4. Heat and Sources of Heat in relation to fire (explain it with examples)

a) Chemical Heat Energy - is a heat energy which were transformed from chemical to a heat energy.
Basically, any compound contains chemical energy that can be released when its chemical bonds are
broken. And any substance that can be used as a fuel contains chemical heat energy. Examples of matter
containing chemical energy that produce heat energy are coals and woods in which combustion reaction
converts chemical energy into light and heat, even petroleum can be burned to release light and heat or
changed into another form of chemical energy, such as gasoline.
 heat combustion - Heats of combustion are used as a basis for comparing the heating value of
fuels, since the fuel that produces the greater amount of heat for a given cost is the more
economic. Heats of combustion are also used in comparing the stabilities of chemical
compounds.
Example. If equal quantities of two isomeric hydrocarbons burn to produce equal amounts of carbon
dioxide and water, the one releasing more energy (i.e., with the higher heat of combustion) is the less
stable, since it was the more energetic in its compounded form.
 spontaneous heating - Spontaneous heating is the slow oxidation of an element or compound
which causes the bulk temperature of the element or compound to rise without the addition of an
external heat source. Spontaneous heating may be the result of direct oxidation of hydrocarbons
or it may occur because of the action of microorganisms in organic materials.
Example. Spontaneous heating may be the result of direct oxidation of hydrocarbons, for example, oils
and solvents, or it may occur because of the action of microorganisms in organic materials.
 heat of decomposition – is a chemical decomposition caused by heat, that the decomposition
temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance chemically decomposes.
And reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the
compound undergoing decomposition.
Example. Calcium carbonate also known as limestone or chalk decomposes into calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide when heated.
 heat of solution - The heat of solution is usually defined as the quantity of heat evolved or
absorbed in the dissolution of one gram-molecule of substance in a quantity of solvent so large
that any further dilution would cause no thermal effect.
b) Electrical Heat – Heat converted from the electricity or lightning.
Example. An electric clothes dryer turns electrical energy from a wall outlet into heat to dry your clothes
as they spin.

 resistant heating- heating by means of energy produced by the passing of electric current
through resistance units. There are two methods of electric resistance heating: Direct electric
resistance heating and indirect electric resistance heating. In direct electric resistance heating, the
current is passed directly through the material that has to be heated, for example, resistance
welding. In the indirect electric resistance heating, the current is passed through a highly
resistive material placed inside an oven, for example, domestic cooking, room heaters, and so on.
 heat generated by lightning – lighting are natural source also of heat when it happened, but the
heat produced were not present to objects that are good conductor of electric lighting but present
for things that are not conductor of electric lighting.
Example. When lighting strikes a tree heat can occur and lead to fire.
 inductive heating - process of heating an electrically conducting object (usually a metal)
by electromagnetic induction, through heat generated in the object by eddy currents.
Example. Induction heater that consists of an electromagnet and an oscillator that passes a high-
frequency alternating current (AC) through the electromagnet. 
 static electricity or frictional electricity – this occurs when the surfaces of two objects rub
against one another, their asperities scrape together, creating friction. And from that friction,
production of electricity occur.
Example. When rubbing hair with the balloon, electrons are transferred from the hair to the
balloon. The balloon now has a negative charge and the hair has a positive charge.
 heat from arcing – this heat is produce when electrical current jumps a gap in a circuit or
between two electrodes or conductors of electricity. However, arcing can produce an arc flash
where the electricity flows or discharges along an unintended path. These flashes ignite with
particulates in the environment, which can be anything from dust to gas. 
Example. In nature, two clouds can act as electrodes, or electric current may flow between a
cloud and Earth's surface. In either case, current flows through the air, ionizing molecules of
oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases in the atmosphere.
 leakage current heating - Leakage current is the current that flows from either AC or DC
circuit in equipment to the chassis, or to the ground, and can be either from the input or the
output. If the equipment is not properly grounded, the current flow through other paths and can
cause heating or burns.
Example. The overloading of electricity current to a certain irregular circuits or not standard
circuits.
c) Mechanical Heat Energy - mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. 
Example. An electric space heater also coverts electrical energy entirely to heat.

 Frictional Heat – heat produced by frictions when surfaces in contact move relative to each
other, the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy, that it
converts work to heat.
Example. Illustrating it by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start
a fire. 
 overheating of machinery – overheating can become a severe problem for machinery.
Excessive temperatures can damage internal systems or, in the most extreme cases, cause fires. 
Example. Using machinery equipment with no rest, resulting to it’s explosion and overheat that
cause burnings.
  heat of compression - Heat is always generated when air or things are being compressed.
Example. When you compress an air to a certain container its molecules become intact to each other that
leads the pressure to increase that can cause production of heat.
d) Nuclear Energy - Nuclear energy comes from splitting atoms in a reactor to heat water into steam,
turn a turbine and generate electricity. In other word it is the energy released during nuclear fission or
fusion, especially when used to generate electricity.
 Nuclear fission -atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy.
Example. Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity.
 Nuclear fusion – energy is released when atoms are combine or fused together to form a larger
atom.
Example. This is the way how the sun produce energy it is through Nuclear fusion.
e) Solar Heat Energy – this type of energy is produce by the sun, using the solar panel it can convert
the sun heat into electricity. Even photosynthesis is other form of converting sun heat to energy or food
for the plants.

5. Heat Transfer
(Give examples of the following modes of heat transfer)

a)Conduction - the transfer of heat by means of molecular excitement within a material without bulk
motion of the matter. Conduction heat transfer in gases and liquids is due to the collisions and diffusion of
the molecules during their random motion. On the other hand, heat transfer in solids is due to the
combination of lattice vibrations of the molecules and the energy transport by free electrons.
Example. Radiator is a good example of conduction. Anything placed on the radiator, like an article of
clothing, will become warm.
- Thermal conductivity - the amount of heat per unit time per unit area that can be conducted through
a plate of unit thickness of a given material, the faces of the plate differing by one unit of temperature.
Example. When ironing a t- shirt, the iron is hot and the heat is transferred to the t- shirt.
- Cross-sectional – is an area were the opposite temperature meets.
b) Radiation - Heat transfer by thermal radiation is transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. It is
different from conduction and convection as it requires no matter or medium to be present. The radiative
energy will pass perfectly through vacuum as well as clear air. 
Example. The warming of the Earth by the Sun.
c) Convection - is a mode of heat transfer by the mass motion of a fluid such as air. Heat convection
occurs to the surface of an object where the surrounding fluid of object is heated and moved energy away
from the source of heat.
Example. Steaming cup of hot tea, the steam is showing heat being transferred into the air.

6. Explain Fire Conflagration using the theory of heat transfer. Give examples.
 Fire Conflagration for me is as extensive fire that can harm large property or large group can be
people or wildlife. Example of this is the wildfire that many forest life it can disturb even
destroy. Other example of a conflagration is a large fire that burns up two houses. Just keep in
mind that fire conflagration is a well developed large fire that brings harms to anything it can
affect or burn.

7. Four ways to put out Fire using the theory of the Fire Tetrahedron (give examples)
 1. Temperature Reduction
 One of the most common methods of extinguishment is by cooling with water. The process of
cooling is dependent on cooling the fuel to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to
burn.
Example. Pouring water into the fire site to remove and cools the heat temperature. To lessen fire
transfer by the heat.
2. Fuel Removal
 In some cases, a fire is effectively removed by removing the fuel source. This may be
accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path
of the fire. Another method of fuel removal is to allow the fire to burn until all fuel is consumed.
Example. Cooking in a dirty kitchen and you can’t control the fire the best way is to lessen the
woods being used in order to neutralize its flame.
3. Oxygen Dilution
 The method of putting out fire by oxygen dilution is the reduction of the oxygen concentration in
the fire area. This can be accomplished by introducing an inert gas into the fire or by separating
the oxygen from the fuel.
Example. The carbon dioxide extinguisher pushes oxygen away from the fire and replaces it
with carbon dioxide, which is inflammable and more dense than air. Fire blankets form a seal
around the fire and prevent more oxygen from reaching the fire.
4. Chemical flame Inhibition
 This method of removing fire is effective only on gas and liquid fuels as they cannot burn in the
smoldering mode of combustion. If extinguishment of smoldering materials is desired, the
addition of cooling capability is required.
Example. Using a Chemical containing fire extinguisher that not even containing oxygen.

References.

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/flammable/flam.html
https://canvas.santarosa.edu/courses/16434/pages/chapter-9-fire-chara
https://www.britannica.com/science/flame
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/heat-of-combustion
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Heat+combustion
https://www.softschools.com/examples/science/heat_energy_examples/106/
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=801&cnt=1
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/specific-heat-and-heat-
transfer/a/what-is-thermal-conductivity