Buried Pipeline Global Buckling
(Lateral & Upheaval) Analysis:
Global buckling of a pipeline implies buckling
of the pipe as a bar in compression. The
global buckling may appear either downwards
(in a free span), horizontally (lateral buckling
on the seabed) or vertically (as upheaval
buckling of buried pipe-lines or on a crest of
exposed pipelines normally followed by a
lateral turn -down).
The integrity of pipeline with a potential for
global buckling can be assured by two design
concepts;
• Restraining the pipeline, maintaining the
large compressive forces.
• Releasing the expansion forces, potentially
causing it to buckle globally imposing
curvatures on the pipeline.
On-Bottom Stability Analysis of
Submarine Pipelines:
.
Subsea pipelines are exposed to Sea Wave &
Current generated forces and other Internal &
External loads.
This leads to origination of internal stresses
which may be detrimental to the stability of
pipeline. By performing the stability (Vertical &
Lateral directions) analysis (DNV-RP-F109)
we can calculate the actual forces and
moments caused and the stresses developed
within the pipeline system including
considering the Sea Bed Soil parameters. If
the stresses are beyond the code acceptable
limits then suitable measures (External
concrete Coating, Concrete Anchors,
Providing ballast Weights) are taken to
stabilize the Pipeline and prove with the
stability calculations.
Free Span Analysis of Submarine
Pipelines (VIV):
The free span lengths of Subsea pipelines,
laid on the uneven Sea bed are subjected to
combined Sea Wave and Current loading.
This Free span length may oscillate (Vortex
Induced Vibrations) which can cause time
dependent excessive stresses which leads to
fatigue damage. Through this analysis (DNV-
RP-F105) the allowable free span is calculated
for the particular Pipeline which depends on its
OD, M aterial, Wall thickness, Etc. The fatigue
damage can be controlled by reducing the
excess span length by employing various
methods.
As - Built Engineering
Accurate As-Built drawings are almost always an
issue on any project. As-built drawings are often
overlooked during the construction process and
documented changes are rarely recorded.
Some advantages for accurate as-built drawings
are:

Essential for insurance purposes

One Single location for contractor and sub-
contractor drawing changes

Provides an accurate tool to plan for future
changes, demolition, expansion or
relocation.

Useful in developing safety plans
FOCUS‘s service includes:

Electronic conversion of existing As- Built
Drawings in 2D & 3D format.

As built drawing verification through
accurate field checking.

Create New As – Built drawings as
required.
Failure Analysis (FA)
We perform Piping failure analysis.
Our capabilities include root cause determination
of component and material failures.
Our procedures assess, investigate and test
engineered materials to identify the causes of
failure events and removing the root cause by
systematically reviewing the components and
processes that led to failure.
When piping or pipeline failure occurs we visit the
failure location conduct visual study, take
necessary technical measurements and conduct
a thorough study which includes Pipe stress
analysis, Dynamic analysis (Surge, Vibration,
etc.), Pipe Support Study and present
recommendations.
Our pipe failure analysis material engineers
reconstruct incidents, collect and analyze critical
data for detailed analysis and reporting.
Fitness for Service Assessment (FFS)
Fitness for service Assessment from our team determines the Safety & Integrity of the
Pipeline Systems which will ultimately help the plant authorities to reduce defects and Pipeline
failures.
Material failures and defects within the Pipeline Systems can cause permanent damage,
unplanned shutdowns, dangerous accidents and loss of public confidence.
Engineering
Why use a fitness for service assessment from FOCUS?
We offer our client, cost-effective, practical, and timely solutions that improve the safety and Capabilities
reliability of their assets to help them:

Determine if the pipeline systems are safe and fit for continued operation.




Assess how reliable are the Pipeline assets will be over a set period.
Make informed decisions on whether to run, repair, re-rate, alter or retire the existing
Oil & Gas Pipelines
ONSHORE


Pipeline systems.
Assess the remaining life of the Pipeline Systems to set future inspection intervals and

Petrochemical Pipelines &
assist with the client’s budgeting for capital expenditure.
Water Pipelines

Reduce shutdown time and gain more effective remediation.
Marine Terminals OFFSHORE

Gain expert recommendations on any necessary corrective action.
Water Intake & Outfall

Water/ Solid Slurries
Codes & Standards used: Software Used:

ASME - B31.4, B31.8
CAESAR II – Stress Analysis

ASME-BPV-Sec VIII
PIPENET/ KYPIPE - Surge Analysis

DNV-RP-F109, F110, F105
TELEMAC – Sea Wave Modeling

API 1102, AWWA – M11, M45
AutoCAD - 2D Drawings

PED, BS – 7159, ISO – 14692
MS Office
Partial List of Projects Executed
1. Pipeline Detailed Engineering - Crude Oil & Natural Gas Cross Country Pipelines in the
Dukhan Field for Qatar Petroleum.
2. Pipeline Engineering for ONGC - NB 3” Hydrocarbon Condensate Pipeline – 63 Kms -
Nicco Corporation Ltd, Kolkata
3. Pipeline Engineering for ONGC - NB 10” Natural Gas Pipeline for 15 Kms in the Ramnad
Area in Tamilnadu.
4. Pipeline Engineering - 3 x 110 MW CCPP Dholpur, River Water Intake System and
Cross Country Pipeline for 11 Kms - GEA Energy System (India) Ltd., Chennai
5. Feasibility Study for Transporting Water from Euphrates River to Palmyra for the Syrian
Government. NB 1500 mm Cross Country Water Supply Pipeline
FOCUS PROJECTS AND CONSULTANTS
No. 75 / 2, Thiruvalluvar Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai – 600 089. Tamilnadu. INDIA
Mob. No.: +91 99404 32155
Email: vmani@focusengg.in www.focusengg.in Focus Projects and Consultants
Chennai
Introduction Feasibility Studies (Pre- FEED) Pre- Bid (Tender) Engineering Pipeline Design Activities Stress Analysis:
Pipeline systems are used to convey fluids [Liquids, Gases, Liquid - Gas and Slurries Feasibility Studies provide an evaluation of The activities include: Static Analysis: Carried out to find the

General Design
(Solid-Liquid, Solid-Gases) from one location (Source) to another location (End user). the potential success of a project in terms Sustained (Primary) Stresses,
of both its technical and financial aspects.
Attending Pre-Tender Meetings.
Materials Engineering
Displacement (Secondary) Stresses, Pipe
The engineering discipline of PIPELINE DESIGN studies the Efficient, Safe &
Perform Site visit.
Layout Engineering Design Support & Equipment Nozzle Loadings due
Economical (reduced capital & running costs) transportation of fluids.
Design Calculations for: Track
In order to help client’s management to
Perform minimal detailed engineering. to loads caused by the dead weight of the
arrive at the right decision, FOCUS carries
Estimate the Bill of Quantities. Crossing (Road and Railway), piping system, Internal Static Pressure and
A pipeline system consists of components like Line Pipes, Pipe in Pipe, Lined Pipe,
out feasibility studies and preparation of River/ Nullah crossing & other sustained and displacement loads.
Fittings [Induction Bends, Piggable Tees, Reducers, End Caps, Etc.), Flanges, Valves,
Send enquires to vendors and obtain
project reports. Submarine Pipeline Crossing
Insulating Flanges, Gaskets, Fasteners, Accessories, Etc. Budget price for the bought out items,

Stress Analysis (Static & Quasi-Static Analysis: Loads with a
Fabrication cost & Erection Cost. Dynamic Nature (such as earthquake,
Onshore Applications: The feasibility study may include: Dynamic)

Sum up and intimate the price for all blast winds from an explosion, water
These Pipelines are either buried or routed above ground depending upon terrain. items to client.
Buried Pipeline Global Buckling

Conceptual Pipeline Route Study.
(Upheaval & Lateral) Analysis
hammer, slugs, pressure-surge and loads

Project Viability Studies.
Prepare schematics, reports for from pressure relieving devices such as
• Hydrocarbon Pipelines: Transportation from Wellhead to Storage tanks located
submission along with Bid.
On-Bottom Stability Analysis of PSV and rupture discs) are commonly
in a Refinery or in an export terminal and/ or from Refineries to distribution
Estimation of Project Cost. Submarine Pipelines
terminal. The fluids may be Fuel Oil/ Gas: Crude Oil, Petroleum, Diesel, Jet fuel,
Preparation of Detailed Project Report

Engineering Man-hour Estimation. analyzed by use of static models in

Free Span Analysis (VIV) combination with a load magnifier (DLF) to
Kerosene, Natural Gas, Etc), Condensates, Flares, Vents, etc.
simulate the maximum load response.
• Water Pipelines: Sea, Raw, Potable, Desalinated Water, Waste water, Etc. Design & Detailed Engineering General Design
• River/ Lake Water Intake System:
Based on the basic design package,
Pipeline Design Criteria Dynamic Analysis:
Offshore Applications: detailed engineering activities are carried
Pipeline Sizing Calculation Modal Analysis: It is carried out in order to
out for developing documents and
Pressure Drop Calculation find the piping system's Natural
This concerns conveying of fluids through subsea Pipeline systems.
drawings in pipeline department. Frequencies and the associated Mode

Pipeline Network Hydraulic Analysis
• Hydrocarbon Pipelines: Crude Oil/ Fuel Gas Extraction from beneath the sea Shapes to determine the size of Dynamic
The deliverables are aimed at arriving

Pipeline Fab. & Erection
bed to the surface facilities which may be fixed platforms, Floating production Load factors (DLF) and to determine the
Specification
systems, etc through: Subsea, Umbilicals, Risers & Flowlines (SURF). optimum quantities / work-volumes while correct pipe support spacing in order to
ensuring constructability, operability,
Technical Bid Evaluation
avoid detrimental vibrations caused by
• Marine Terminal: Conveying of Hydrocarbon Fuel from and to Tankers through Front End Engineering Design maintainability and safety of the Pipeline
Review of Vendor Documents.
internal flow, pressure transients, and
Single Buoy Mooring Berths (SBM), Multi Buoy Mooring Berths (MBM) to Pipeline System.

(FEED) vortex shedding oscillations from wind/ sea
End Terminal/ Manifold (PLET/ PLEM) and marine pipelines.
Materials Engineering currents.
The FEED design focuses the technical Major Inputs required:
• Sea Water Intake & Outfall System: Predominantly used for Onshore

Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation Harmonic Analysis: This analysis
Desalination Plant, Thermal Power plant condenser Cooling Water System, Plant requirements as well as rough investment

Basic Engineering Package

Pipeline Material Specification. determines the steady-state response of a
Fire Water System, Waste Water Outfall, Etc. cost for the project.

Process Design Basis, P & IDs, Etc.

Specifications for: Anti-Corrosion linear structure to loads that vary sinusoidal
• Solid/ Water Slurries Transportation Pipelines: Coal, Ores & tailings. The FEED can be divided into separate
Topographical Survey drawing with time such as “slugs” from piston driven
Coating & Coating & Wrapping
packages covering different portions of the
Pipeline List pumps.
project.
Procurement Specification for: Line
The piping system design includes Preparation of Documents & Drawings which is
Pipeline Valves & Accessories List Pipes, Fittings, Induction Bends, Response Spectrum Analysis: This
further used by the procurement, construction, Inspection, Commissioning, Operation & Fasteners, Gaskets, Valves,
The FEED package is used as the basis analysis is conducted to account for
Maintenance personnel. for bidding the Execution Phase Contracts Insulation & Painting. exceptional loads such as earthquake.
(EPC, EPCI, etc) and is used as the design
Pipeline & Specialties BOM. Prior to this analysis a modal analysis is
Scope of Services Provided basis.
Hydro-testing Specification. conducted to obtain the natural frequencies
for the individual modes of vibration. The

Feasibility Studies (Pre-FEED) A good FEED will reflect all the client’s
Pipe Support Engineering maximum responses in each mode can be
project specific requirements and avoid
Layout Engineering obtained using the response spectrum.

Front End Engineering Design (FEED) significant changes during the execution
Pipeline Support Planning and

Pre- Bid (Tender) Engineering. phase.
Conceptual Pipe Routing. Location Layout. Time History Analysis: This analysis is
conducted to study the dynamic impact

Design & Detailed Engineering During the FEED phase there is close
Pipeline Route Alignment Sheets.
Pipe Support Design Calculation.
from time – dependent loads such as firing
communication between Project Owners
Terminal (Pig Launcher/ Receiver)
Special Support Design.

As Built Engineering
Station Layout Drawings.
of a PSV, fast closing of an ESD Valve or
and Operators and the Engineering
Pipe Support Fabrication Detail an uncontrolled start-up or break down of a

Failure Analysis (FA) Contractor to work up the project specific
Sectionalizing & Intermediate Valve Drawing Preparation. pump. These phenomena results in Fluid
requirements. Station Layout Drawings, Etc.


Fitness for Service Assessment (FFS) Pipe Support Bill of Materials. Hammer or Surge.