Fundamentals of Piping System

 Conceptual - Layout Development

 Piping Components & access requirement.

 Straight length requirements.

 Orientation of various tapings, components, etc.

 Piping Drains & Vents

 Insulation.

 Material & Sizing, PMS/VMS.

 Critical piping system consideration.

 Pipe Stress Analysis.

 Pipe Supports

 Special Considerations

 Piping Designer’s Input & Output

What is a pipe? It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that
flows. It is a very important component for any industrial plant. And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall
engineering of a Plant.
We shall rewind and check how it is really done in practice.

à First the flow scheme is planned,

1) What, 2) From what point, 3) To which point

à Pipe sizes are selected, pipe material and pipe wall thickness are selected.

à Types of Valves are planned

à Also the types of instruments required are planned

We represent the whole thing in a drawing which is called Piping and Instrumentation Drawing, in short P&ID. For P&ID
generation we use SP-P&ID software.

By this time you have already come to know that while we prepare P&IDs in SP-P&ID, we enter all the pipe lines system
information in the drawing.

So the SP-P&ID drawing is an Intelligent drawing which under it’s surface carries all the information about a pipe like,
Pipe size, Flowing Fluid, etc.

Let us see a P&ID prepared in SP-P&ID

OVERVIEW OF PROCESS PLANT PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN ASME 31.3
PIPING SYSTEM • Interconnections within packaged equipment
Piping system: conveys fluid between two locations
• Scope exclusions specified
Piping system includes:
Strength
• Pipe • Yield and Tensile Strength

• Fittings (e.g. elbows, reducers, branch connections, etc.) • Creep Strength

• Flanges, gaskets, bolting • Fatigue Strength

• Valves • Alloy Content

• Pipe supports • Material Grain size

ASME B31.3 • Steel Production Process

• Provides requirements for: Stress Strain Diagram

– Design – Erection

– Materials – Inspection

– Fabrication – Testing

• For process plants including

– Petroleum Refineries – Paper plants

– Chemical plants – Semiconductor

– Pharmaceutical plants

– Textile plants – Cryogenic plants Corrosion Resistance

• Deterioration of metal by chemical or
Scope of ASME B31.3
electrochemical action
• Piping and piping components, all fluid services:
• Most important factor to consider
– Raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals
• Corrosion allowance added thickness
– Petroleum products
• Alloying increases corrosion resistance
– Gas, steam, air, and water

– Fluidized solids

– Refrigerants

– Cryogenic fluids
 Piping System Corrosion

General or Uniform Corrosion Uniform metal loss. May be combined with erosion if high-velocity fluids or moving fluids
containing abrasives

Pitting Corrosion Localized metal loss randomly located on material surface. Occurs most often in stagnant
areas or areas of low-velocity.

Galvanic Corrosion Occurs when two dissimilar metals contact each other in corrosive electrolytic
environment. Anodic metal develops deep pits or grooves as current flows from it to
cathodic metal.

Crevice Corrosion Localized corrosion similar to pitting. Occurs at places such as gaskets Lap joints and
bolts where crevice.

Concentration Cell Corrosion Occurs when different concentration of either a corrosive fluid or dissolved oxygen
contacts areas of same metal. Usually associated with stagnant fluid

Graphitic Corrosion Occurs in cast iron exposed to salt water or weak acids. Reduces iron in cast iron and
leaves graphite in place. Result is extremely soft material with no metal loss

Material Toughness • Common shapes and forms include:

• Energy necessary to initiate and – Seamless pipe

propagate a crack – Plate welded pipe

• Decreases as temperature decreases – Wrought or forged elbows, tees, reducers,

• Factors affecting fracture toughness crosses

include: – Forged flanges, couplings, valves

– Chemical composition or alloying elements – Cast valves

– Heat treatment Availability and Cost

– Grain size • Consider economics

Fabricability • Compare acceptable options based on:

• Ease of construction – Availability

• Material must be weldable – Relative cost

Elbow and Return
Reducer Welding Outlet Fitting Cap

Lap-joint Stub End Typitical Flange Arrangement

Types of Flange Attachment and Facing

Flange Facing Types

Gaskets

 Resilient material
 Inserted between flanges
 Compressed by bolts to create seal
 Commonly used types : Sheet, Spiral wound, Solid metal ring
Flange Rating Class
Based on ASME B16.5
Acceptable pressure/temperature
Seven classes (150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, 2500)
Flange number strength increase with class number
Material and design temperature combinations without pressure indicated not acceptable

Material Specification List

 Pressure-Temperature Ratings

Sample Problem 1 Sample Problem 1 Solution

Flange Rating • Determine Material Group Number
New piping system to be installed at existing plant. Group Number = 1.9
Determine required flange class. • Find allowable design pressure at intersection of design
• Pipe Material: temperature and Group No.
• Design Temperature: 700°F Check Class 150.
• Design Pressure: 500 psig – Allowable pressure = 110 psig < design pressure
– Move to next higher class and repeat steps
• For Class 300, allowable pressure = 570 psig
• Required flange Class: 300

Valves
• Functions
– Block flow
– Throttle flow
– Prevent flow reversal

Globe Valve
- Most economic for throttling flow
- Can be hand-controlled
- Provides tight shut off
- Not suitable for scraping or rodding
- Too costly for on/off operations
Check Valve
-Prevent flow reversal
-Does not completely shut off reverse flow
-Available in all sizes
-Valve type selection determined by : size limitations, cost, Availability, service.
 Swing Check Valve

Lift Check Valve

Ball Check Valve

 Plug Valve

Valve Selection process

General procedure for valve selection
- Identify design information including pressure, valve function, material etc.
- Identify potentially appropriate valve types and components based on the application and function (i.e
block, throttle or reverse flow prevention).
- Determine valve application requirements (i.e design or service limitations).
- Finalize valve selection. Check factors to consider if two or more valve are suitable.
- Provide full technical description specifying type, material, flange rating etc.

Design Conditions

General
- Normal operating conditions
- Design conditions

Design pressure and temperature

- Identify connected equipment and associated design condition
- Consider contingent conditions
- Consider flow direction
- Verify conditions with engineer