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_n¬ ss{_-k¨
A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ A-b-h-bn-se sU tam-bn≥-kn¬

1951-˛¬ P-\n-®p. Cw-•-≠n-emWp Xma-kw. tIm-fPv
hn-Zym-`ym-kw ]m-Xn-h-gn-°p-t]-£n-® ss{_-k¨ ]-
{X-{]-h¿-Ø -I-\m-bm-Wv tPm-en Xp-S-ßp-∂Xv. ]n-
s∂ ap-gp-h≥k-a-b F-gp-Øp-Im-c-\mbn. `m-jmim-kv-
{Xhpw bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-hp-w im-kv-{X-km-ln-Xy-hp-
sa√m-am-bn F-gpXn-b ]p-kvXIß-sf√mw h≥ P-\-
{]o-Xn t\Sn. "Z tem-kv-‰v tIm-≠n-\‚ v', "a-Z¿ SMv',
"s\bv-Z¿ ln-b¿ t\m¿ tZ¿', "sa-bv-Uv C≥ A-ta-
cn-°', "t\m-Sv-kv {^w F kv-amƒ sF-e≥Uv', "F
thmIv C≥ -Z hp-Uvkv', "t\m-Sv-kv {^w F _n-Kv
I¨{Sn', "Uu¨ A-≠¿', "F tjm¿-Sv ln-kv‰dn Hm-
^v \n-b¿-en F-h-cn-XnMv, Po-h-Im-cp-Wy{]-ÿm-\am-
b sI-b-dn-\p th-≠n- F-gpXn-b "B-{^n-°≥ Ub-dn'
F-∂n-h-bm-Wv {]-ikv-X ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ. "F tjm¿-
Sv ln-kv‰dn Hm-^v \n-b¿-en F-h-cn-XnMv' Cw-•-≠n¬
am{Xw aq-∂p -e-£-Øn-te-sd {]-Xn-Iƒ hn-‰-gn™p.
hn. Sn. k-t¥m-jv-Ip-am¿
a-e-∏p-dw Pn√-bn-se h-≈n-°p-∂n¬ P-\n®p. tIm-

gn-t°m-Sv K-h¨-sa‚ v B¿-Sv-kv B≥-Uv k-b≥-
kv tIm-f-Pn¬-\n-∂p im-kv-{X_n-cp-Z-hpw Im-en°-
‰v k¿-h-Iemimem am-kv- I-ayq-Wn-t°-j≥ hn-`m-K-
Øn¬\n-∂v ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬ _n-cp-Zm \-¥c
_n-cp-Z-hpw. C-t∏mƒ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv am-Xr-`q-an-bn¬
No-^v k-_v F-Un‰¿. Un kn _p-Iv-kv {]-kn-≤o-
I-cn-® "I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fp-sS I-Y' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-
Øns‚ c-N-bn-Xmhv.
_n¬ ss{_k¨
{]]-©-a-lm-IY
hnh¿Ø\w
hn. Sn. kt¥m-jvIp-am¿
Un kn _pIvkv
Malayalam Language
Original English Title
A Short History of Nearly Everything
Science/Knowledge
by Bill Bryson
Malayalam Title
Prapanchamahakatha
Translated by V. T. Santhosh Kumar
© D C Books/Rights Reserved
First edition November 2008
First e-book edition November 2010
Cover Design
B. Priyaranjanlal
Publishers
D C Books, Kottayam 686 001
Kerala State, India
website : www.dcbooks.com
e-mail : info@dcbooks.com
Although utmost care has been taken in the
preparation of this book, neither the publishers
nor the editors/compilers can accept any liability
for any consequence arising from the informa-
tion contained therein. The publisher will be
grateful for any information, which will assist
them in keeping future editions up to date.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,

or transmitted in any form or by any means,
without prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN 978-81-264-2203-6
D C BOOKS - The First Indian Book Publish-

ing House to get ISO Certification
taKWpw {Inkn\pw kzmKXw
ù-Xn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ entbm kn-em¿-Uv kp-

lr-Øv lm≥-kv s_-bv-‰-tbmSp ]d-™p: "Rm-
s\mcp Ub-dn ssIh-iw hbv-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®m-
tem-Nn-°p-I-bmWv. {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-\p-t±-in-°m-
Ø Ubdn. A-Xn¬ h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ F-gp-Xn hbv-
°pw, ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ A-dnhn-te-°m-bn.'
"A-t∏mƒ ssZ-h-Øn-\v h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ A-dn-

bns√∂m-tWm I-cp-Xp-∂Xv ?' s_-bv‰ tNm-Zn-®p.
"Xo¿-®-bm-bpw, ssZ-h-Øn-\v h-kv-Xp-X-I-f-dn-bmw',

kn-em¿-Uv ]-d™p: "]-t£ hkv-Xp-X-I-fpsS Cu-
sbmcp `mjyw A-dn-bn√-t√m.'
lm≥-kv {In-Ãy≥ shm¨ s_b¿,

"sS-bv-an-Mv Z B‰w'
D≈S-°w
h-enb tem-Iw, sNdnb a-\p-jy-¿
\μn
BapJw
H-∂v: {]-]-©-Øn¬ h-gn-b-dn-bm-sX

1. hn-iz-\n¿-Ωm-Ww
2. kzm-KXw, ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-te-°v
3. d-h-d‚ v C-hm≥-kn-s‚ {]-]-©w
c-≠v: `q-an-bp-sS h-en-∏w
1. tem-I-Øn-s‚ A-f-hp-Iƒ
2. ]md s]m-ń-®-h¿
3. im-kv{XØn-s‚ ]√pw \-Jhpw
4. aq-e-Ihn-ti-j-ßƒ
aq-∂v: ]p-Xp-bp-Kw ]n-d-°p-∂p
1. sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ {]]-©w
2. A-Wp-hn-s‚ i-‡n
3. Cu-bw ]p-d-tØ-°v
4. Ip-™p-I-W-ß-fp-sS \nKqVtem-Iw
5. `q-an-bp-sS k-©m-cw
\mev: A-]-I-S`qan
1. tTm...
2. D-≈n-se Xo
3. k¿-∏-ku-μcyw
A-©v: Po-h≥
1. G-Im-¥{K-lw
2. A-¥-co-£-Øn-te-°v
3. Po-hP-ew
4. Poh-s‚ DZ-bw
5. Ip™p-tem-Iw
6. Poh-s‚ ap-t∂-‰w
7. bm-{Xm-sam-gn
1. Po-h-k-ar-≤n
2. tIm-i-ßƒ
3. Um¿-hn-s‚ A-Xp-eymi-bw
4. Po-h-XØzw
B-dv: \-Ω-fn-te-°p-≈ ]m-X
1. a-™p-Im-ew
2. \nKq-V C-cp-Im-en
3. A-im-¥\m-b Bƒ-°pc-ßv
4. hnS
h-enb tem-Iw, sNdnb a-\p-jy-¿

c≠p X-c-°m-cmWv \-ΩpsS im-kv-{X-te-J-
I¿—]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpsShn-c-kk-¶o¿-WX A-e-
¶m-c-am-°n-b- `q-cn-]£w. tI-h-e-Iu-Xp-I-ßfn¬
A-`n-c-an-°p-∂ P-\-{]n-b \yq-\]£w. hm-b-\-°mc-
s\ A-º-c-∏n-°m\m-Wv C-cp-h¿-°pan-„w, \n-Kq-V-
XIƒ \o-°m-\√.
`q-an-bp-sS ]n-fi-sa-{X-sb-∂p Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-d-

™v \-sΩ- Ah¿ sRń°pw. ]-t£, `q-ansb Xq-
°n t\m-°n-b-sX-ß-s\sb-∂p ]d-™pXcn√. ]-c-
am-Wp-hn-s‚ D-≈-d-°-YIƒ a-t\m-l-cNn-{X-ß-fn-eq-
sS hn-i-ZoI-cn-°pw. AWp-hn-s‚ D-≈n-te°p IS-
∂psN√m≥ a-\p-jy-t\-{Xßƒ°mhn-s√-∂ Imcyw
a-d-®p-hbv°pw. ]-Xnhp im-kv-{Xkm-ln-Xy-Øns‚
c-lkym-fl-IX- s]m-fn-°p-Ibpw ¢n„ssi-en \n-
cm-I-cn°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv Cu ]p-kv-X-
I-Øn-s‚ {]-k‡n.
`q-an-bp-sS Np-‰-f-sh-{X-sb-∂p ]-d™p-t]m-hp-

Ib√, A-Xp I-≠p-]nSn°m≥ \-S-∂ kp-Zo¿L
km-l-k-Zu-Xy-ßƒ c-k-I-c-am-bn hn-h-cn-°p-I-bm-
Wv _n¬ ss{_-k¨ sN-øp-∂-Xv. `q-an-bp-sS {]m-
b-sa-{X-sb-∂p ÿm]n°p-∂Xne√, A-Xp \n¿-W-
bn-°p-∂-Xnse B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ßƒ sh-fn-s∏Sp-Øp-
∂-Xn-emWv A-t±-l-Øn-\p Xm¬]cyw. im-kv-{X-
⁄¿-°v A-dn-bm-hp∂-sX-s¥m-s°sb∂p hn-i-Zo-
I-cn-°p-∂Xn-s\m∏w F-ß-s\-bmW-X-dn-™sX-
∂p ]d-™pX-cn-I-bpw \-Ωp-sS A-dn-sh-{X ]-cn-an-
X-am-sW-∂p sh-fns∏-Sp-Øp-IbpwsN-øp-∂p A-t±-
lw.
Cu-sbm-cp Zu-Xy-Øn¬ im-kv-{Xm-t\z-jn-I-sf-

b√, hn-c-khn-j-b-sa∂p I-cp-Xn im-kv-{X-sØ ]m-
Xnh-gn-bn-ep-t]-£n-® km-[m-c-W-°m-sc-bm-Wv
ss{_-k¨ e-£yw hbv-°p-∂Xv. Cu ]p-kv-X-I-
Øn-s‚ A-km-[m-c-W hn-P-b-Øn-\p Im-c-W-hpa-
XpXs∂. I-Ym]p-kvX-Iwt]m-se Ip-ń-Ifpw ap-Xn¿-
∂-hcpw hm-bn-®pc-kn-® Cu im-kv-{X-{K-Ÿw Cw-•-
≠n¬ am{Xw aq∂p e-£-Øn-te-sd tIm-∏n-I-fm-Wp
hn-‰-gn-™-Xv. B-kzm-Z-I-cp-sS-bpw \n-cq-]I-cp-sSbpw
{]-iw-kbpw ]p-c-kv-Im-c-ßfpw B-thm-fw In-ń-bn-´p-
≠n-Xn\v.
im-kv-{X-⁄-\√ _n¬ ss{_k¨; im-kv-

{Xkm-ln-Xy-Im-c-\p-a√. ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬
XpS-ßn bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Øn-te°pw `m-jm-im-
kv{XØn-te°pw I-S-∂ Cu F-gp-Øp-Im-c≥ ]p-
kv-X-I-ßfpw im-kv-{X{]-kn≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw hm-
bn®pw im-kv-{X⁄-sc t\-cn¬°-≠v A-`n-ap-J-
ßƒ \-S-Øn-bpamW-v ]p-kv-X-Ic-N-\-bv°p th≠
hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-®Xvv.
Cu A-t\z-j-Wbm-{X-bn¬ im-kv-{XN-cn-{X-
Øn¬ C-Sw-]n-Sn-°m≥ `mKyan√m-sXt]m-b H-t´-sd
{]-Xn-`m-im-enI-sf A-t±-l-Øn-se ]-{X-{]-
h¿ØI≥ I-s≠-Øp-∂p. H∏w, {]-i-kv-X-cp-sS A-
{X {]-i-kv-X-a√m-Ø hn-Nn{Xco-Xn-Ifpw sh-fn-s∏-
SpØp∂p. Iu-Xp-I-ß-fp-sS A-Xn-{]k-cw kp{][m-
\ im-kv-{X-X-Øz-ßƒ-°v A¿-ln-°p-∂ {]m-[m\yw
\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p X-S- am-sb-∂ ]-cmXn Cu ]p-kv-X-
I-Øn-s\-Xn-scbpw h-t∂-°mw. \yq´-s‚ Indp°p-I-
sf∏-‰n hm-Nm-e-\m-Ip-∂ ss{_-k¨ Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-
j-W\n-b-a-Øn-\p \o-°n-hbv-°p∂Xv H-scm-‰ J-
fin-I- am-{X-amWv. Xm-]-K-Xn-Iw shdp-samcp A-Sn-
°p-dn∏n-em-W-t±-lsam-Xp-°p-∂Xv. hm-b-\m-£-a-X-
bv-°p ap≥K-W-\ \¬-Ip-∂Xp-sIm-≠p-≈ Cu
ssi-en kzo-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw im-kv-{X-XØz-ß-fp-sS
B-[n-Im-cn-IX tNm¿-∂pt]m-Ip-∂n-s√-∂v
ss{_k¨ D-d-∏p-h-cpØp-∂p≠v.
_n¬ ss{_ks‚ Cu ]p-kv-X-I-an-d-ßp-∂-Xv
2003-˛emWv. A-Xn-\ptijw im-kv{X-temI-Øv ]-
eXpw kw-`-hn®p. πq-t´m-bv-°v {K-l]Z-hn \„am-
bn, {]-]-t©mXv]-Øn-bp-sS c-l-ky-ßƒ tX-Sn
tk-Wn¬ I-Wn-Im ]-co£-Ww Xp-S-ßn-, a-\p-jy]-
cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ {i-t≤-bam-b \n-K-a-\-
ßƒ h∂p, a-\p-jyPn-t\m-an-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ D÷z-
e ]p-tcmK-Xn ssI-h-cn®p. C-°q-´-Øn¬ Nn-e Im-
cy-ßƒ A-\p-_‘°p-dn-∏p-I-fm-bn tN¿Øn-´p≠v.
F-∂m¬ F√mw Aß-s\ sN-dp-Ip-dn-∏p-I-fn-eq-sS
Im-en-I-am
°m≥ I-gn-bn√. ]t£, F√m hn-h-c-ßfpw ]p-

Xp-°n-bn-ń-s√∂Xv Cu ]pkvXI-Øn-s‚ ]p-Xp-a- \-
„-s∏-SpØp∂n√.
hn-hn-[ ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬\n∂pw tP-¿W-ep-I-

fn¬\n∂pw ISw-sIm≠ hn-h-c-ß-ƒ [m-cm-f-ap-≠n-
Xn¬. hn-hc-t{kmX v k-Xy-k-‘-ambn A-t±lw
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-ap≠v. a-‰n-S-ß-fn¬\n-∂p Inń-b
hn-h-c-ßƒ kz-¥-sa∂ `mh-Øn-e-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂
\-ap-°v ssh-c-ky-ap-f-hm-°p-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ Xp-
S¿®bmb D-≤-c-Wn-Iƒ Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn-se-¶n-epw
Im-Wmw. C-Xn-s\√mw ]pdta Hmtcm hn-h-c-Øn-
s‚bpw t{kmX- v A[ymbßƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ hn-i-
Zmw-i-ß-tfmsS \¬-In-bn-´pap-≠v.
im-kv-{X-K-th-j-W N-cn-{X-Øn-eqsS {]-]-©-Øn-

s‚ I-Y ]-d-bp-∂ ]p-kv-X-IØn\v "G-Xm-≠v k-
I-e-Xn-s‚bpw {l-kz-N-cn-{Xw' (A Short History of
Nearly Everything) F-∂m-Wv ss{_k¨ t]-cn-
´-Xv. B t]-cn-Sm-\p-≈ Imc-Ww A-t±-lw B-ap-
J-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p-ap≠v. ]-t£, ss{_-ksWtbm
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ co-Xn-Isftbm ]-cn-N-b-an√m-Ø a-
ebm-fhm-b-\-°m¿°v Cu t]-cv A-{X t_m-[n-°p-
sa-∂p tXm-∂p-∂n√. AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv a-ebmf hn-
h¿-Ø\Øn-\v "{]-]-©a-lmI-Y' F-∂p t]-cn-´Xv.
a-lm{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ almN-cn{Xw I-Y-]-d-bp-tºm-
se ]-d-bp-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn\v Cu t]-cv tbmPn°p-
sa-∂m-Wp hn-izm-kw.
hn. Sn. k-t¥m-jv-Ip-am¿
- \μn
-Chn-sS- Cu 2003˛s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ C-ß-s\-
bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ F-s‚ ap∂n¬ Ip-td F-gp-Øp-I-
fp≠v; A-ta-cn-°≥ ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nzd¬ ln-
Ã-dn-bn-se C-bm≥ Sm-‰¿tkm-fn-s‚ F-gp-ØpIƒ.
{]u-V-Kw-ò-cam-bn F-\n-°p t{]m-’ml-\w ]-I-cp-
∂, F-∂m¬ X-{¥-]q¿-hw Fs‚ sX-‰p-Iƒ Xn-cp-
Øp-∂, Ip-dn∏p-Iƒ. ]-e -Im-cy-ßƒ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-
®n-´p≠v, A-t±-lw. s]-cn-Kyq-Iv-kv ho-™p-≠m-°p-
∂ {]-tZ-ia√; Po-\-kn-s‚bpw kv-]o-jo-kn-s‚bpw
ap-I-fn-ep-≈ Po-hh¿-Khn`m-K-ß-sf-∏-‰n-sb-gp-Xp-
tºmƒ A-£-c-ßƒ sN-cn-s®-gp-Xp-∂-Xn¬ ]p-Xp-
a-bp-s≠-¶nepw A-X√ Io-gv h-g°w; A-Sp-Ø-bn-
sS k-μ¿-in-® H-tem¿-K-ssk-en F-∂ ÿ-e-t∏-cv
ÿncam-bn sX-‰n-®m-Wv Rm≥ F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv... A-
ß-s\-b-ß-s\. A-t±-l-Øns‚ ta-J-ebm-b B-
Zn-a-a-\p-jy-sc-∏-‰n-bp-≈ c-≠-v A[ym-b-ß-sf∏-‰n
F{Xtbm \n¿-t±-ißƒ.
C-Xpt]m-se-bp-≈ sX-‰p-Iƒ th-sd F-{X-bp≠v

Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ F-∂m¿-°-dnbmw. sX-‰p-Iƒ
s]-cp-In-s∏-cpIn \q-dp-I-W°n-\m-bn-s√-¶n¬ AXv
Sm‰¿-tkm-fn-s‚bpw Xp-S¿-∂p ]-d-bm≥-t]m-Ip-∂ a-
‰p ]-e-cp-sS-bpw k-lm-bw e`n-®Xp-sIm-≠mWv.
Cu ]p-kvX-Iw X-øm-dm-°m≥ F-s∂ klm-bn®-
h-tcm-Sp \-μn-]-d-bm≥ F-\n-°p hm-°p-I-fn√ F-
∂-Xm-Wp bm-Ym¿Yyw. ]-t£, F-s‚-sbm-cp tNm-
Zy-Øn-\v, £-an°-Ww A-sXm-∂p-IqSn hn-i-Zo-
Icn°mtam F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn\v, ho-tcm-Nn-Xam-b
£-a-tbm-sS a-dp]Sn ]-d-bm≥ X-øm-dmb-h-tcm-Sv {]-
tXy-Iw \-μn ]-d-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
Cw-•-≠n¬: e_-\nse Cw-]o-cn-b¬ tIm-f-Pn-se

tU-hn-Uv Im-]v-en≥, \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv‰-dn ayq-kn-b-
Ønse dn-®m¿Uv t^m¿-ń, se≥ F√n-kv, Im-Øn
th, e-≠≥ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n tImf-Pn-se am¿-ń≥
dm-^v, Hm-Iv-kv^-Un-se C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v Hm-^v _-tbm-
f-Pn-°¬ B-{¥-t∏m-f-Pn-bn-se tdmk-en≥-Uv lm¿-
UnMv, sh¬-Iw C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-ń-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ tUm.
temd≥-kv kvamtP, Z ssSw-kn-se Io-Øv ªmIv-
tam¿.
A-ta-cn-°-bn¬: \yq-tbm-¿-°n-se A-ta-cn-°≥

ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nzd¬ ln-Ã-dn-bn-se C-bm≥
Sm‰¿-tkmƒ, \yq- lmw-]v-jb¿ lm-t\m-h¿
Um¿SvaØv tIm-f-Pnse tPm¨ tXm¿-kv-s‰≥-k≥,
ta-cn sI. l-Uvk≥, tU-hn-Uv ªm-©v-^vf-h¿, se-
_-t\m-\n¬ Um¿-Sv-aØv—ln-®v-tIm-°v saUn°¬
sk‚-dnse tUm. hneyw A–p, tUm. {_-b≥
am¿jv, A-b-h kn‰n-bnse Abh Un∏m¿-´v-sa‚
v Hm-^v \m-Nz-d¬ dn-tkm-gv-k n-se td B≥ tU-
gvk¨, {_bm≥ hn-‰v-kvtI, s\{_m-kvI-bnse s\-
{_m-kv-I k¿hI-em-im-e-bp-sSbpw Hm¿®m¿Un\p
kao-]-ap≈ s\-{_mkv-I B-jv-t^mƒ t^m-kn¬
s_-Uv-kv kv-t‰-‰v ]m¿-°n-sebpw ssa-Iv hq¿-lnkv,
Abh kvt‰mw-te-°nse _yq-W-hn-Ã k¿-h-I-em-
im-e-bn-se NIv H-^≥-_¿K¿, \yq-lmw-sj-bdnse
tKm¿l-Øn-ep≈ au-≠v hm-jn-Mv-S¨ H-_v-k¿th-
‰dn dn-k¿-®v Ubd-Œ¿ sI≥ dm≥-tIm¿´v, sb-t√m-
kv-t‰m¨ \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°n-se Pntbm-f-Pnkv‰v
t]mƒ tUmkv, `m-cy sl-bvUn, _¿-°v-enbnse
Imen-t^m¿Wnb k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se {^m-¶v
Akm-tcm, \m-j-W¬ Pntbm-{Km-^n-Iv skmssk-
‰n-bn-se en≥ A-Un-k¨ H-en-h¿ s]-bv-≥, C≥-
Uym-\ ]yq¿Up k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se sP-bnw-kv
H. ^m¿-tem, tdm-Uv sF-e≥-Uv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-
se a-ssd≥ Pn-tbm-^n-kn-Iv-kv s{]m-^-k¿ tdm-P¿
F¬. em¿-k¨, t^m¿-Sv h¿-Øv kv-‰m¿ sS-en-{Kmw
]-{X-Øn-se sP-^v Kzn≥, sS-Iv-km-kv Um-ekn-se
sPdn Im-Ã≥ F-∂nh¿°pw tU tam-bn≥-knse
Abh ln-kv-‰-dn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bn-se Po-h-\-
°m¿-°pw.
Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬: \yq-ku-Øv sh-bn¬knse

lm-k¬-{_q-°n-ep-≈ dhd‚ v tdm-_¿-´v C-hm≥-kv,
Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ sa-‰tdmf-Pn _yq-tdmbnse tUm.
Pn¬ sI-bv\n, Im≥_-dbnse Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ \m-
j-W¬ k¿-h -I-em-im-e-bn-se hn-tŒmdn-b s_-∂-
‰pw A-e≥ tXmWpw, Im≥-_-d-bn-se eq-bn _yq¿-
°v, tPm¨ lu-en, kn-Uv-\n tam-Wn-Mv sl-dmƒ-
Un-se B-\n an¬t\, Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-
‰n Hm-^v sh-tÃ¨ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bnep-≠m-bn-cp-∂
C-bm≥ s\m-hmIv, ayq-kn-bw hn-tŒm-dn-b-bn-se
tXma-kv F®v. dn®v, A-U-sse-Un¬ kuØv Hm-
kv-t{S-en-b-≥ ayq-kn-bw U-bd-Œ¿ Snw ^v-fm-s\-dn,
slm-_m-¿-ńse tdm-b¬ Sm-kv-am-\n-b≥ s_m-´m-Wn-
°¬ Km¿U-\nse \-Sm-en ]m-]vh¿Øpw A-e≥ a-
Iv-^m-Un-tb\pw ]n-s∂ kn-Uv-\n \yq-kuØv sh-
bn¬-kv tÃ‰v sse-{_-dn-bn-se k-lm-b-{]n-bcmb
ap-gph≥ Po-h-\°mcpw.
a-‰p cm-Py-ß-fn¬: sh√n-Mv-S¨ aq-knbw Hm-^v

\yq-kn-e≥-Un-se C≥^¿-ta-j≥ sk‚¿ am-t\-P¿
kyq kq-∏¿-hns√, s\bv-tdm-_n sI-\n-b \m-j-
W¬ ayq-kn-b-Øn-se tUm. FΩm Fw_z, tUm.
tIm-b≥ a-tbkv, Pn-em-\n \-Km-e.
]-e-hn-[-Øn¬ I-S-∏m-Sp-≈-h¿ th-sd-bp-ap≠v:

]m-{Sn-Iv Pm≥-k¨ kvanØv, sP-dmƒ-Uv slm-hm¿-
Uv, am-cn-b≥ sh-¬-am-≥kv, A-en-k¨ Syp-se‰v,
Kn√n-b≥ tkm-a¿-kv-sI-bn¬kv, em-dn ^n≥-te, Ão-
hv dq-_n≥, sP-Uv am-s‰kv, I-tcmƒ lo-‰≥, Nmƒ-
kv F-en-b-‰v, tU-hn-Uv ss{_-k¨, s^-en-kn-‰n
ss{_-k¨, Um≥ a-Iveo≥, \n-°v k-tX¨, sP-
dmƒ-Uv F-bv-©¬-s{_‰v-k¨, ]m-{Sn-Iv K-em-K¿,
em-dn B-jv-saUv, ]n-s∂ \yqlmw-jb¿, lm-t\m-
hdnse tlm-hv sse{_dnbn-se D√m-k-`cn-Xcmb
F√m Po-h-\-°m-cpw.
F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn, Fs‚ {]n-b-s∏-´ £-am-io-

ebm-b A-Xp-eybmb {]nb -`m-cy kn-¥y-bv-°v A-
Km-[am-b \μn.
BapJw
-KXw; H-∏w A-`n-\-μ-\-ßfpw.

k-t¥m-j-ap-≠v, \n-ßƒ C-hn-Sw-h-scsb-Øn-b-
Xn¬. H´pw F-fp∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ B bm-{X-sb-∂v
F\n-°-dn-bmw. icn°pw {]-bm-k-ap-≈ IrXyw. \n-
ßƒ I-cp-Xp-∂-Xnepw F{Xtbm {]-bm-kw.
H-∂m-a-Xm-bn, \n-ß-ƒ°nß-s\ \n-ß-fmbn \n¬-

°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂Xv, H-gp-In-∏c-∂p In-S-°p∂ tIm-
Sm\p-tIm-Sn ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ k-¶o¿-Wam-b k-hn-ti-
j-co-Xn-bn¬ b-Ym-hn-[n k-tΩ-fn-®Xp-sIm≠m-Wv.
C-Xn-\p ap-sºmcn-°epw ]-co-£n-®n-´p-≈X√ B
k-hn-ti-j tNcp-h. C-\n th-sd-bp-≠mhp-I-bp-an√.
\n-ßƒ-s°m-cp tIm-´hpw ]-‰m-Xn-cn-°m≥, F√m-h¿-
°p-a-dnbp∂, F-∂m¬ C-\nbpw ]q¿-W-am-bn A-dn-
™n-ń√mØ, \n-ß-fpsS AkvXnXzw D-d-∏m-°m≥
tIm-Sm\p-tImSn AXn\n-]p-W k-lI-c-W]-≤XnI-
fn¬ ap-gp-In C-\n-bp-sa{Xtbm h¿-jw Cu Ip-™p-
I-W-ß-fßs\ {]h¿-Øn-®psIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw
(F-∂mWp {]-Xo-£).
]-c-am-Wp°ƒ F-¥n-\m-Wo s]-Sm-∏m-Sp-s]-Sp∂-

Xv F-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ DØ-cw ]-d-bm≥ _p-≤n-ap-
´mWv. Imc-Ww, \n-ß-sf-bnß-s\ \n-ß-fm-bn \n¿-
Øp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v AXn-\v {]-tXy-In-®p KpW-sam-
∂p-an√. A¿-∏n-X-a-\kv-I-cm-bn C-ß-s\-sb√mw
sN-øp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw \n-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ A-h-
bv-°p {]-tXy-In-®p {i-≤-bp-an√. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬
\n-ß-fn-hn-sS-bps≠∂p-t]mepw A-h¿-°-dn-bn√.
A-h-c-nhn-sS-bp-s≠∂pw Adn-bn√. Nn¥m-iq-\y-cm-
Wv B I-W-ß-ƒ. kz-¥w \n-e-bv-°-h¿-°v Po-h-\p-
an√ (\nßfpsS i-co-c-Øn-se Hmtcm ]-c-am-Wp-hn-
s\bpw Nh-W-sIm-≠n-dp-°n th¿s]Sp-Øn-h-®m¬
]-c-am-Wp-°-fpsS-sbm-cp Iq-ºm-c-am-Wp In-´p-I. H-
cp-Im-eØpw Po-h-\n√m-Xn-cp-∂ ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ, F-
∂m¬ H-cp Ime-Øv \n-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂ ]-c-am-Wp-
°ƒ). C-ßs\-sbm-s°-bm-Wp Im-cy-sa-¶nepw \n-
ß-fpsS `m-Kam-bn-cn-°p∂ Ime-Øv A-h¿-s°m-
scm-‰ e-£ytabp-≈q: \nß-sf-bnßs\ \n-ß-fm-
bn \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I.
]-t£, H-cp Ip-g-∏-ap≠v. ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ-°p \n-

ß-fn-ep-≈ Cu Xm¬]-cyw £Wn-I-amWv. \n-ßƒ-
°m-bp-≈ A-h-bp-sS \n-e-\n¬-∏pw ÿmbnb√.
kp-Zo¿-L a-\p-jym-bp- n-\pt]m-epw 6,50,000 a-Wn-°q-
dp-I-fp-sS ssZ¿Lyta-bp-≈q. B k-a-b-sa-Øp-
tºmƒ, A-s√-¶n¬ a-t‰-sX-¶nepw h-gnØn-cnsh-
Øp-tºmƒ, A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø F-s¥ms°tbm Im-
c-W-ß-fm¬ \nßfp-sS ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ \n-ß-fp-sS
A¥yw Ip-dn-°pw, F-∂n-´v \n-»–-am-bn \n-ß-sf-
bp-t]-£n-®v th¿-]n-cn-™pt]m-Ipw. ]ns∂, a-‰p ]-
e-Xn-s‚bpw `m-K-am-hpw. A-{X-tb-bp-≈q \n-ß-fp-sS
Im-cyw.
F-¶nepw C-ßs\-sbm-s° \-S-°p-∂p-ht√m F-

∂p k-am-[m-\n-°mw. Im-c-Ww, \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂n-S-
tØmfw, Cu {]-]-©-Øn¬ AX{X km-[m-c-W
kw-K-Xnb√. `q-an-bn¬ H-cp-an-®p tN¿-∂v Poh-\p
Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂ AtX ]-c-am-WpX-s∂ `q-an-°p
]pdØv Poh-\p Im-c-W-am-Im≥ hn-k-Ω-Xn-°p-w.
th-sd-s¥m-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw c-k-X-{¥-Øn-s‚
X-e-Øn¬ t\m-°nbm¬ Xn-I®pw ù-Xn-Iam-b kw-
K-Xn-bm-Wv Poh≥. Im¿_¨, ssl{UP≥, Hm-Iv-
kn-P≥, ss\-{S-P≥, H-cn-Øn-cn Im¬-kyhpw kƒ-
^dpw, ]ns∂ a-‰p Nn-e aq-e-I-ß-fp-sS s]m´pw
s]m-Snbpw (km-[m-c-W a-cp-∂pI-S-bn¬ Im-Wm-Ø
cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-sfm∂pw A-hn-sS Im-Wn√) A-{X-
tb th-≠q Poh\v. \n-ß-ƒ-°p Im-c-W-am-Im-hp-∂
]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ-°v H-scm-‰ {]-tXyI-X-tb-bp-≈q—A-
h \n-ßƒ-°p Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p, A-{XXs∂. A-
XpX-s∂-bm-Wv Poh-s‚ A-¤p-Xw.
{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ a-‰p tIm-Wp-I-fn¬ Po-h-\p-≠m-

°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Cs√¶nepw ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ a-‰p
]-e-Xp-ap-≠m-°p-∂p≠v. Po-h-s\m-gn-sI
_m°nsb√-mw D-≠m-°p-∂p-≠v F-∂p ]-d-bmw. ]-c-
am-Wp-°-fn√m-sX sh-≈ ap-≠m-In√, hm-bp-hp-≠m-
In√, a-Æpw ]m-d-bp-ap-≠m-In√, \-£-{X-ßfpw {K-
l-ß-fp-ap-≠m-In√, A-ßI-se ta-L-ß-fp-≠m-
In√, Np-‰n-°-d-ßp∂ s\_p-e-I-fp-≠m-In√. {]-
]©-sØ C-ßs\-sbm-cp c-knI≥ kw-K-Xn-bm°n
am-‰p-∂ H-∂p-ap-≠m-In√. Cß-s\ ]-c-am-Wp-°-
fn√m-sX H-∂p-ap-≠m -In-s√-∂Xp-sIm≠pw Ah b-
tY-„-ap-≈Xp-sIm≠pw b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ A-hb-
nßs\ D-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p \n¿_-‘-sam-∂p-
an√ F-∂ Imcyw \mw hn-kv-a-cn-°p∂p. {]-]-©w
sN-dp-I-W-ß-sf-s°m-≠p \n-d-™n-cn-°-Wsat∂m
{]Im-ihpw Kp-cp-Xz-_-e-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-
sat∂m \-Ωp-sS \ne\nev-]n-\v A\n-hm-cyam-b a-
t‰-sX-¶n-epw L-S-I-ßƒ C-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cn°-W-
sat∂m Hcp \n-b-ahpw \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-∂n√. A-Xp
am-{Xa√, Cu {]]-©wX-s∂ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-
∂p \n-b-a-sam-∂p-an√. F{X-tbm Im-etØ-°v {]-
]-©-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an√. A-∂n-hnsS ]-c-am-Wp-°-
fn√m-bn-cp∂p, ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ-°v H-gpIn\-S-°m≥ {]-
]-©-hp-an√m-bn-cp∂p. Np-cp-°-Øn¬ F-hn-sS-bpw H-
∂p-an√m-bn-cp∂p.
AXp-sIm≠v Cu ]-c-am-Wp-°-fp-≠m-b-Xn-\v \-
μn ]-d-bp-I. ]-t£, AXp-sIm-≠m-bn√. ]-c-am-Wp-
°-fp-≠m-b-Xpw A-h-sbm-cp k-hn-ti-jcoXnbn¬
k-tΩ-fn-®Xpw \n-ß-fp-sS A-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-s‚ H-cp
`m-K-ta-bm-Ip-∂p≈q. C-hn-sS-sb-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Cu
C-cp-]-sØm∂mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ Po-h-t\m-sS-bncn-°p-
∂-Xn\pw Aß-s\ Po-h-t\m-sS-bn-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂
Imcyw a-\- n-em°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ I-gn-hp e-`n-°p-∂-
Xn\pw Akm-[m-c-W Po-h-im-kv-{X ku-`m-Ky-wIq-
Sn e-`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Im-cWw, `q-an-bn¬
\ne-\n¬°pI-sb-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv {i-a-I-cam-b Im-
cy-am-Wv. Poh-s‚ D-Z-b-Øn-\ptijw tIm-Sm\p-tIm-
Sn Po-h-Pm-e-ßƒ C-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-´p≠v. A-Xn¬
`qcn`m-Khpw—99.99 i-X-am-\w F-∂m-Wv H-cp IW-
°v—C-∂p \-tΩm-sSm-∏-an√. {lkz-amWp `q-an-bn-
se Po-hn-Xw. \-Ωp-sS-bo {K-lw Po-h≥ \n-e-\n¿-
Øp∂ Imcy--Øn¬ am-{Xa√, \-in-∏n-°p-∂ Im-cy-
Ønepw tI-a-am-Wv.
`q-an-bn-se H-cp kv-]o-jo-kn-s‚ i-cmi-cn B-bp- v

\m¬]-Xp e-£w h¿-j-am-sW-∂m-Wv I-W-°m-°n-
bn-´p≈Xv. A-Xn-\p ]Icw tIm-Sm\p-tImSn h¿-jw
C-hn-sS-bnß-s\ I-gn-b-W-sa-∂ps≠¶n¬ \n-ßƒ
\nß-sf \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂ ]-c-am-Wp-°-sf-t∏m-se
N-]-e-cm-bn-cn-°Ww. B-Ir-Xn-bpw hen∏hpw \n-d-
hpw Po-h-Pm-Xn-bp-am-bp-≈ _-‘-hp-sa√mw am-dn-
s°m-t≠-bn-cn°Ww. ]-d-bp∂-{X F-fp-∏-a√ A-Xv.
Imc-Ww, H-cp {I-a-hp-an√m-sX-bm-Wv Cu am-‰w \-S-
°p-I. Po-h-{Z-hy-Øn-se {]m-Kv-I-e-bn-se ]-c-am-Wp-
hn¬ (Kn¬_¿-ń-s‚bpw k-≈n-h-s‚bpw {]-tbm-K-
am-Wn-Xv) \n-∂v \n-h¿-∂p \n¬-°p∂ a-\p-jy-\n-
se-Øp-∂-Xn-\v F{Xtbm Im-ew \o-≠ B-h¿-Øn-
®p≈ cq-] -]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂p. I-
gn-™ 380 tImSn h¿-j-Øn-\n-sS Hcp-Ime-Øv \n-
ßƒ Hm-Iv-kn-P-s\ sh-dp-Øp, ]n-s∂ Hm-Iv-kn-P-
\n√msX Po-hn-°m-\m-In-s√-∂ A-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn.
A-Xp -I-gn-™v sN-In-f-Ifpw ssIIm-ep-I-fpw sN-
dpNn-d-Ip-Ifpw apf®p. ap-´-bn-´v, ]nf¿-∂ \m-°p \o-
ń C-g™p. Ip-td-°mew an-\p-∏p-≈ i-co-c-hp-am-
bn \-S∂p, ]n-s∂ tcm-a-°p-∏m-ba-Wn™p. a-Æn-
\-S-nbn-se am-f-ß-fnepw a-c-Øn-\p ap-I-fn-epw Xm-
a-kn®p. am\n-t\m-fw h-ep-Xmbn, Np-s≠en-tbm-fw
sN-dp-Xm-bn. A-ß-s\-bß-s\ ]-eXpw sN-bvXp.
kp-Zo¿-Lamb Cu ]-cnWm-abm-{X-bn-se-hn-sS-sb-
¶nepw H-cn-Øncn h-gn-am-dn-t∏m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \n-ß-
ƒ°n-t∏mƒ H-cp]-t£, G-sX¶nepw Kplm-
`nØnbn¬ ]m-bepw \-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-t°-≠n-h-
t∂s\. As√¶n-semcp IS¬-∏-ip-hmbn A-e-k-am-
bn In-S-°p-Itbm -kzm-tZdn-b a-W¬hnc-sb AI-
Øm-°m≥ X-e-bv-°p ap-I-fn-se Zzm-c-Øn-eq-sS hm-
bp ]p-dØphn´p-sIm≠v I-S-en¬ Du-fn-bn-Sp-I-tbm
sN-tø≠nh-t∂s\.
A-\m-Zn-Im-e-ØpXs∂ sIm-≈m-hp-s∂m-cp ]-cn-

Wmairw-J-e-bp-sS `mKam-Im≥ I-gn-™p F-∂-
Xnep-sam-Xp-ßp-∂n√ \nß-sf \n-ß-fm°n-b
ku`mKyw. kz-¥w \n-e-bv-°p \-√ ]q¿-hn-I-cp-sS
]n≥-Km-an-bm-Im≥ Ign™XpsIm-≠p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
\n-ß-fn-hn-sS-sb-Øn-bXv. 380 tIm-Sn h¿-j-°m-e -
Øn-\n-S-bn¬ (`q-an-bn-se \-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw k-ap-{Z-ß-
fp-sSbpw {]m-b-Ønepw Iq-Sp-X¬ h-cp-w Cu Im-e-
b-fhv) A-Ω-h-gnbpw A-—≥h-gnbpw \n-ßƒ°p≈
]q¿-hn-I-cn¬ Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-¿-°pw C-W-sb e-`n-
°m≥-am{Xw B-I¿j-I-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xpw
A-h¿°v {]-Xyp¬-]mZ-\w \n¿-h-ln-°p∂-Xn-\p th-
≠ B-tcm-Ky-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw A-Xn-\p th≠-
{X ka-bw Pohn-®ncn-°m≥ th-≠ B-bp pw km-l-
N-cy-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂Xpw \nßfpsS t\-´-
am-Wv. ]n¬-°me-Øv \n-ß-fp-sS P-\-\-Øn-\p hgn-
sbmcp°pwhn[w P-\n-X-I]-Zm¿-Yw b-Ym¿-Y ]-¶m-
fn-°v b-Ym¿-Y k-ab-Øv \¬Ip∂-Xn-\papºv A-
h-cmcpw ]-ń-WnIn-S-∂p -a-cn®p-t]m-bn√, B¿°pw
Cc-bm-bn√. Cu ssI-am-‰w X-S- -s∏Spwhn[w Aw-
K-`w-K-sam∂pw h-∂n√. \n-ß-fp-sS \n-e-\n¬-]n-\p
Im-c-Wam-b k-hntij P-\n-X-Ik-Ωn-{i-Ww Cu
\o-≠ Im-e-b-f-hn-¬ H-cn-SØpw X-S- s∏-ń√. Np-
cp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ A-ß-s\-bß-s\ A-Xn-i-b-I-c-am-
bm-Wv B bm{X Im-e-{Ita-W \n-ß-fn-se-Øn-
t®¿∂Xv.
C-sXm-s° kw-`-hn®-Xv F-ß-s\-bm-sW∂mWv

Cu ]p-kvX-Iw ]-d-bp-∂Xv. H-∂p-an√m-bv-a-bn¬\n-
∂v Nn-e-sXm-s°-bp-≠v F-∂ A-h-ÿ-bn-te-
s°ØnbXv
F-ß-s\-sb∂pw A-hn-sS\n-∂v B Nne-Xv \-Ω-
fn-te-s°-Ønb-Xv F-ß-s\-sb∂pw A-Xn\nS-bnep-
≠mb-Xv F-s¥m-s°-bm-sW∂pw A-Xn\p ti-jw
kw-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂-Xv F-s¥m-s°-bm-
sW∂pw ]d-bm-\p≈ {i-a-am-WnXv. ]-d-bp-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ H-cp]m-Sp- ]-d-bm-\p≠v. AXp-sIm-≠pX-
s∂-bm-Wv A Short History of Nearly Everything
F∂v Cu ]p-kv-X-IØn-\p t]-cn-´Xv. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-
enXv k-I-e-Xn-s‚bpw N-cn{X-sam-∂p-a-√. Aßs\-
sbm-cp N-cn{Xw F-gp-Xm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bp-an√. F-¶n-
epw Cu ]pkvXIw hm-bn-®p I-gn-bp-tºmƒ C-X-ß-
s\-bm-sW-∂p \n-ßƒ-°p tXm∂pw.
Cu ]p-kv-X-Ic-N-\-bn-te-°v F-s∂ \-bn®Xv H-

cp ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-amWv. \memw ¢m- ntem A-©mw
¢m- ntem ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ In-ń-b Hcp imkv{X]p-
kv-X-Iw. 1950I-fn-se ]-Xn-hp ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sS
sI´pw a´pwXs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn\v. `b-¶-c I-ń-
bn¬ hn-h-c-ßƒ A-Sn-t®¬-]n-°p-∂, H-cn°epw \-
ap-°n-„-s∏-Sm-\m-Im-Ø ssien. ]p-kv-X-I-a-ßs\-
sbm-s°-bm-sW¶nepw A-Xn-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ I-
s≠m-cp Nn{Xw F-s‚ a-\- n¬ ]-Xn™p. `q-tKm-fw
tO-Zn-s®-Sp-Øv Dƒ-`m-K-ßƒ A-S-bm-f-s∏-SpØn-sb-
mcp Nn-{X-ambn-cp-∂p AXv. hen-sbm-cp I-Øn-sb-Sp-
Øv `q-tKm-fw sN-Øn Im¬`m-Kw h-cp-∂ No-fv F-Sp-
Øp am-‰n-bm-se-ß-s\-bp-≠m-Ipw, AXp-t]m-semcp
Nn{Xw.
A-Xn-\p ap-sºm-cn-°epw AØ-c-sam-cp Nn{Xw

Rm≥ I-≠n-´p-≠mhn√. AXp-sIm-≠mIWw B
Nn-{X-Øn¬ F-s‚ a-\- p-S-°n-°n-S-∂p. kXyw ]-d-
™m¬, A-Xp- I-≠-t∏mƒ BZyw F-s‚ a-\- n-¬
sX-fn-™p-h∂Xv A-ta-cn-°≥ Xm-gvh-c-bn-eq-sS In-
g-°≥Zn-°p em-°m-°n Ip-Xn-°p-∂ hm-l-\-ßƒ a-
[y A-ta-cn-°-bn¬\n-∂v D-Ø-c-{[p-hwh-sc \m-em-
bn-ca-Sn Db¿-∂pIn-S-°p∂ sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bn¬\n-∂v
A-{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn Xm-tg-°p Iq∏pIp-Øp-∂-Xns‚
Zr-iy-am-Wv. ]-t£, ]n-∂o-S,v ]-Xp-s° F-s‚ Nn-¥
Ip-td°q-Sn ssh-⁄m\n-Ikz-`m-h-am¿-Pn®p. `q-an-bp-
sS Dƒ-`mKw hy-Xn-cn-‡ ]m-fn-I-fm-bn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-
sW∂pw a-[y-`m-Kw C-cpºpw \n-°-ep-a-S-ßp-∂ sh-
ń-Øn-f-ßp∂ tKm-f-am-sW∂pw A-Xn-\v kq-cy-s‚
D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-s‚b{X Nq-Sp-s≠-∂pw Nn-{X-hn-h-c-W-
Øn¬\n-∂p Rm≥ a-\- n-em-°n. C-∏-d-™ hn-hc-
ß-tfm-fw F-s∂ A-º-c-∏n®-Xv Fß-s\-bm-W-h-cn-
sX√mw a-\- nem-°p-∂-sX-∂ kw-i-b-amWv.
B Nn-{X-Øn-¬]d-™ Im-cy-ß-fpsS B-[n-Im-

cn-I-X-bn¬ F-\n-s°mcp kw-i-b-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n√. A∂pw C∂pw im-kv-{X⁄-sc ]q¿-Æh-
nizmk am-sW-\n-°v. i-kv-{X-{In-bmhn-Z-Kv-[scbpw
πw-_¿-am-sc-bp-wt]mse, \nKq-Vhpw k-hn-ti-j-
hpam-b hn-h-c-ßƒ ssI-h-i-ap-≈ a-‰m-scbpwt]m-
se im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS {]-Jym-]-\-ßfpw Rm≥ hn-
iz-kn-°p-∂p. ]t£ Xmsg, B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p
ssa-ep-Iƒ Xmsg, a-\p-jy-s‚ I-Æp-Iƒt°m F-
Ivkvtdbvt°m IS-∂psN√m-\m-Im-Ø ÿ-ew F-
ß-s\-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw F¥p-sIm-≠p \n¿-an-°-
s∏-ń-cn-°p-s∂∂pw F-ß-s\-b-dn-bp-∂p-sh∂
kwibw F\n-°-S-°m≥ ]-‰n-bn√. hen-sbm-c-¤p-
X-am-bm-Wv F-\n°-Xp tXm-∂n-bXv. kb≥-kn-s‚
Im-cy-Øn¬ C-t∏mgpw F-\n-°p≈Xv Cu A-¤p-
XwX-s∂-bm-Wv.
B-sbm-cp A-¤p-Xm-th-i-Øn¬ Rm≥ B ]p-

kvX-Iw ho-ń¬ sIm≠ph∂p, `£-Ww I-gn°pw
ap-ºpX-s∂ A-Xp Xp-d∂p—A-Xn-i-b-s∏-´ AΩ
s\-‰n-bn¬ sXm-´p t\m-°n A-kp-J-sam-∂p-an√t√m
F-∂p tNm-Zn-®p ImWWw—F-∂n-´v B-Zy t]-Ppap-
X¬ hm-bn®p Xp-S-ßn.
A-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p Ip-g∏w. H´pw c-k-I-c-am-bn-

cp-∂n√ B ]p-kv-XIw, k-a-{K-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. A-
ßs\-sbmcp Nn{Xw Im-Wp-tºmƒ Nn-¥m-tijnbp-
≈ G-sXm-cm-fp-sS-bpw a-\ n-tem-Sn-sb-Øp-∂ Nne
kw-i-b-ß-fp-≠t√m, AXn-sem-∂n\pw B ]p-kv-
X-I-Øn¬ D-Ø-c-an√m-bn-cp∂p. \-Ωp-sS `q-anbp-sS
\-Sp-hn¬ H-cp kq-cy-\p-≠m-b-sX-ß-s\-bm-Wv? A-
Xn-s‚ Nq-Sn{X-bv°p-s≠-∂v \-Ωƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-sX-
ß-s\-bmWv? A-X-hn-sS-bß-s\ IØn÷z-en-®p
\n¬-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ C-hn-sS \-Ωp-sS Im¬ N-hn-
´p-tºm-sgt¥ s]m-≈n-t∏m-Im-Ø-Xv? `q-an-bp-sS D-
≈n-se a-‰p `m-K-ß-fpw D-cp-In-Ønf-®p In-S-°p-Ibm-
tWm? A-s√-¶n-e-sX¥p-sIm-≠m-Wßs\? F-
cn™p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂ \-Sp-`m-Kw I-Øn-Øo¿-∂p
t]m-bm¬ A-hn-Sw s]m-≈-bm-hnt√, A-t∏mƒ a-Æn-
Sn-™p ho-Wv hen-sbm-cp Ip-gn cq-]-s∏Sp-tam? F-
ß-s\-bmWn-sX√mw \-Ω-f-dn-bp-I? AY-hm F-ß-
s\-bm-Wn-sX√mw I-W-°pIq-ńsb-Sp-°pI?
- B ]p-kv-XI-Øn-s‚ I¿-Ømhv Cuh-I Im-

cy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-sb√mw au\w `-Pn®p. C-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-sb-
∂√, D≥-a-[y-a-S-°pIƒ, A-£-{`wiw, h-{I-kcWn
XpS-ßn Nn-e-Xn-s\∏-‰n ]-d-s™m-gn-®m¬ an-°- Im-
cy-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw At±lw \n»-–-\m-bn-cp∂p. \-ap-
°p a-\- n-em-Im-Ø hn-[-Øn¬ Im-cy-ß-f-h-X-cn∏n-
®v an-° hn-h-c-ßfpw \n-KqVam-bn kq-£n-°m-\m-
bn-cp-∂p A-bmƒ-°v Xm¬-]-cy-sa-∂p tXm-∂p∂p.
C-X-bm-fp-sS am{Xw {]-iv-\-a-s√-∂v h¿-jßƒ ]n-
∂n-´-t∏mƒ F-\n-°p a-\- n-embn. ssI-Imcyw sN-
øp-∂ hnj-bw ckI-c-am-b-h-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ]m-Sn-s√-
∂v ]mT-]p-kv-X-Ic-N-bn-Xm-°ƒ Hc-¥m-cm{„
KqVm-tem-N-\-bn-eqsS Xo-cp-am-\n-®p-d-∏n-´p-s≠-∂v
F-\n-°p tXm-∂n-Øp-Sßn.
c-k-I-c-am-bn, sX-fn-™ `m-j-bn-se-gp-Xp-∂ H-t´-

sd im-kv-{X-te-J-I¿ C-t∏m-gp-s≠-∂v F-\n-°-dn-
bmw. Xn-tam-Øn s^-cnkv, dn-®m¿-Uv t^m¿ń, Snw
^v-fm-s\-dn XpS-ßn ]-e-cp-≠v B Iq-´-Øn¬—A-
Xp-ey\m-b ]-tc-X\mb dn-®m¿-Uv s^-bn≥-am-s‚
Imcyw {]-tXy-Iw ]-d-tb-≠-Xn√—]-t£, \n¿`m-
Ky-h-im¬ C-h-cmcpw F-\n-°p-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-
s∂m-cp ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw F-gp-Xn-bn-ń√. Rm≥ ]Tn-
® ]p-kv-X-I-ß-sf-gp-Xn-b ]-fin-X-∑m¿ (A-sX, A-
h-sc√m-hcpw ]p-cp-j∑m¿X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p) I-cp-
Xnb-Xv kq-{X-hm-Iyß-fn-se-gp-Xn-bm-te k-b≥-kv
hy-‡-am-Iq F-∂mWv. a-\- n-s\-b-e-´p-∂ Ip-td tNm-
Zy-ßƒ _m-°n-sh-®m¬ Ip-ń-Iƒ-°-X-ßn-„-s∏-Sp-
sa-∂m-bn-cn°pw A-h¿ [-cn-®Xv. AXp-sIm-≠pX-
s∂ k-b≥-kv H-cp ap-jn-∏≥ hn-j-b-amsW∂ [m-
c-W-bn-em-Wp Rm≥ h-f¿-∂Xv. ]t£, A-tXm-
sSm-∏wXs∂ A-X-ß-s\ ap-jn-∏-\m-tI-≠ Im-cy-an-
s√∂pw F-\n-°p tXm-∂-nbn-cp∂p. F-¶nepw A-Xn-
s\-°p-dn-®v B-[n-I-am-tem-Nn°m-s\m∂pw t]m-bn√
Rm≥.
A-ß-s\-bn-cnt°, G-sd-°m-ew I-gn-

™v—\mtem At©m h¿-jw ap-ºm-sW-∂p tXm-
∂p-∂p—im-¥k-ap-{Z-Øn-\p ap-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ Zo¿-
L am-sbm-cp hn-am-\bm-{X-bn¬ \n-em-hp ]mIn-b
I-S-en-te°pw t\m-°n Aekam-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ A-
kz-ÿ-P-\-Iam-sbm-cp Nn-¥ F-s∂ Io-g-S-°n-. \-
ΩpsSCu `q-an-sb-∏-‰n, F-\n°p Po-hn-°m≥ B-
sI-°q-Sn e-`n-® Cu `q-an-sb∏‰n, Im-cyam-sbm∂pw
A-dn-bn-s√-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hv F-s∂ hn-j-an-∏n®p. Im-
cyamsbm∂pw A-dn-bn√ F-∂p-]-d-™m¬ {]m-Yan-
IIm-cy-ßƒt]mepa-dn-bn√ F-∂-Xm-Wp bm-
Ym¿Yyw. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v I-S-en-s\-t¥ D-∏p-c-k-
sa-∂-dnbn√. h-º≥ X-Sm-I-ß-fn¬ D-∏n√m-Ø-
sX¥p-sIm-s≠-∂-dn-bn√. I-S-ens‚ D-∏pc-kw Im-
ew sN√p-t¥mdpw Iq-Sn-h-cn-Ibm-tWm Ip-d-™p-h-
cn-IbmtWm F-∂-dn-bn√. IS-ense D-∏n-s‚ tXm-
Xv am-dn-bm¬ A-Xv G-sX-¶nepw XcØn¬ Fs∂
_m-[n°p-tam-sb-∂-dn-bn√ (H-∂p ]-db-s´ F-\n-°p
am-{Xa√, 1970 Iƒh-sc im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°pt]mepw
Cu tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°p-Ø-c-adn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. A-h-c-
Xv Dds° ]-d-bm-dn√ F-∂p am-{Xw).
I-S-en-s‚ D-∏p-c-k-Øn-s‚ Imcyw F-s‚ A-⁄-

X-bp-sS sNdn-sbmcp `m-Kw am-{X-ta-bm-Ip-∂p≈q.
t{]m-t´m¨ F-¥m-sW-∂v F-\n-°-dn-bn√m-bncp∂p.
t{]m-ó≥ F-¥m-sW-∂p-a-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p.
Izm¿°pw Izm-kmdpw XΩnep-≈ hy-Xym-k-a-dn-bn√.
Im-\y¨ `n-Øn-bn--se H-cp \n-c ]m-d- t\m-°n ùa-
im-kv-{X-⁄¿ A-Xn-s‚ {]m-bw \n-›-bn-°p-∂-sX-
ß-s\-sb-∂-dn-bn√. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ F-\n-°v H-
∂p-a-dn-bn√. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ Cuh-I -Im-cy-
ßƒ Aev]-sa-¶nepw a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂v F-
\n-°p tXm∂n. Fß-s\-bmWn-sXm-s° a-\- n-em-
°p-∂-sX-∂-dn-bm-\p-≈ B-{K-l-w Fs∂ Iogv-s∏-
SpØn. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ F-s∂ G-‰-hpw -AXn-i-
bn-∏n-®-Xv C-°mcyamWv. F-ß-s\-bm-Wv im-kv-{X-
⁄¿ C-sX√mw a-\- n-em-°p-∂Xv. `qans°-¥p `m-
c-ap-s≠-∂v I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\bmWv? `q-an-
bn-se ]m-d-I-fp-sS {]mbw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-sX-ß-
s\-bmWv? `q-an-bp-sS a-[y-`mK-Øv F-¥m-Wp-≈-sX-
∂p a-\- n-em-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? F-t∏mƒ F-
ß-s\bm-bn-cp-∂p {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ DXv-]-Øn-sb-∂v
a-\- n-em-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\bmWv? D-¤-hn-°p∂ k-
abØv {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ cq-]-sa-¥m-bn-cp-s∂∂v
a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv F-ß-s\-bmWv?
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚-bp-≈n¬ F-¥m-Wp \-S-°p-∂-sX-

∂v im-kv-{X-⁄¿ F-ß-s\-bm-W-dn-bp-∂-Xv? H-cp-
hn-[-Øn¬-s∏-´ F√m Im-cy-ß-fp-a-dn-bm-hp∂ im-
kv-{X-⁄¿-°v F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv `q-an-Ip-ep-°-ap-
≠m-hp∂-Xv ap≥-Iq-ńb-dn-bm≥ ]-‰mØXv? A-Sp-Ø
_p-[-\m-gv-N ]-¥-b-ÿ-e-tØ-°p t]m-Iptºmƒ
Ip-S-sb-Sp-t°-≠n-hcp-tam-sb-∂p ]-d-bm≥ A-h¿-
°p ]-‰mØ-Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv?
A-ß-s\-bm-Wv Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ H-cp `m-Kw—C-

t∏mƒ IW-°pIq-ń t\m-°p-tºmƒ aq-∂p h¿-
jw—]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw B-\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw hmb-
n°m\pw Akw-_‘tNm-Zy-ßƒ°p-t]m-epw £-
am-]q¿-hw DØ-cw \¬Im≥ X-øm-dp-≈ E-jn-Xp-
eycm-b hn-Z-Kv[-sc Im-Wm-\pw \o-°n-hbv-°m≥
Rm≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®Xv. im-kv-{Xt\-´-ß-sfbpw im-
kv-{X-Øn-s‚ A-¤p-Xß-sfbpw A-{X k-¶o¿-
Whpw km-t¶-Xn-Ihpa√m-Ø co-Xnbn¬, F-∂m¬
D]-cn-πham-bn-t∏m-ImØ hn-[-Øn¬, a-\- n-em-
°m\pw B-kz-Zn-°m\pw Ign-bptam F-∂ A-t\z-
j-W-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv.
Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ t]-Pp-I-fn¬ \n-ßƒ hm-bn-°m≥

t]m-Ip-∂ Cu ]p-kvXIsa-gp-Xp-tºmƒ F-s‚ a-
\- n-en-cn-∏v A-Xm-bn-cp∂p, {]-Xo-£ A-Xm-bncp-∂p.
]-t£, H-cp-]m-Sp Zq-c-ap-≠v k-©-cn-°m≥. ssI-h-
i-ap≈-Xv B-sIbp-≈ 6,50,000 a-Wn-°q-dp-I-fp-sS
sNdn-sbm-cw-i-hpw. AXp-sIm-≠v H´pw ka-bw I-f-
bm-sX \-ap-°p Xp-S-ßmw.
`mKw H∂v
{]-]-©-Øn¬ h-gn-b-dn-bmsX
"H-tc X-e-Øn¬, H-tc Zn-i-bn¬
A-h-bß-s\ Np-‰n-°-dßpI-bmWv.
hn-in-jvS-am-WXv, A-Xym-I¿-j-Iw.
G-d-°p-sd \n-Kq-Vhpw.'
tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ sP{^n am¿kn, ku-c-
bq-Y-sØ-∏-‰n
A-[ymbw 1
hniz\n¿-ΩmWw
{X {i-an-®mepw icn, F-{X-am{Xw sN-dpXm-

sWm-cp t{]m-t´m-¨ F∂ Imcyw -Dƒ-s°m-≈m-≥
\n-ß-ƒ-°m-hn√. A-{X-bv-°p sN-dp-Xm-WXv.
\n- m-ch-en-∏w am-{X-ap≈ ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ \-s∂

sNdn-sbm-cp `m-K-am-Wp t{]m-t´m-¨. Cw-•n-jn-¬
"sF' F-s∂-gp-Xn ap-I-fn-en-Sp∂ Ip-Øns‚ ÿ-e-
Øv 500,000,000,000 t{]m-t´m-Wp-I-ƒ hbv-°mw. A-
XmbXv A-©pe£w h-¿-j-Øn-ep≈ sk-°‚p-I-
fp-sS F-Æ-sØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ t{]mt´mWpI-sf
H-cp Ip-™pIpØnsem-Xp-°mw. A-{X-bv°p sN-dp-
XmWv, kq£v-am-¬ kq-£v-a-am-Wv t{]m-t´m-¨.1
C-\n ]-‰p-sa-¶n-¬ a-s‰m-cp Imcyw k-¶ev-]n-®p

t\m-°p-I. ]-‰n-s√-∂pd-∏mWv, F-¶nepw {i-an-
®pt\m-°pI. Cu t{]m-t´m-Wn-s\ A-Xns‚
\qdptIm-Snbn-sem-cw-iw am{Xw h-en-∏w h-cpwhn-[w
sR-°nsR-cp-°n A-{Xbpw sNdn-sbm-cp ÿ-e-
sØm-Xp-°p-I. Ip™p t{]m-t´m-Wn-\pX-s∂ ò-am-
Imcw tXm-∂n-°p-∂-{X sN-dp-Xm-Wv B ÿew. C-
\n B ÿe-Øv H-cu¨-kv {Zhyw Ip-Øn \n-d-
bv-°p-I.2 sIm-≈mw, Kw-òcw! H-cp {]-]-©-Øn-\p
XpS°w Ipdn°m≥ \n-ß-ƒ X-øm-dm-bn-°-gn™p.
hnI-kn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ {]-]-©-\n¿-am-W-
amWv \n-ß-fp-t±-in-°p-∂sX∂ [m-c-W-bn-em-Wn-∏-
d-™Xv. AX-√, Ipd-®p ]-g-©-\m-b km-[m-cW a-
lm-hnkv-t^m-S-\{]-]-©-am-Wv \n-¿-an°m-s\m-cp-ßp-
∂-sX-¶n-¬ th-sdbpw km-a-{Kn-I-ƒ ]-eXv H-cp-°q-
t´-≠nh-cpw. Ip-d-s®m-∂pa-√, {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ Hc-
‰wap-X-¬ a-t‰ A-‰wh-sc-bp-≈ k-I-e km-a-{Kn-
Ifpw H-cp-an-®p tN-¿°Ww. F-∂n-´-Xn-s\ sR-cp-
°n-b-a¿-Øn \o-fhpw ho-Xn-bp-sam-∂p-an-√mØ H-cp
_n-μp-hn-te-s°m-Xp-°-Ww. k-¿-h-k-a-\zn-Xamb
B _n-μp-hn-s\ kn¶pem-cn-‰n AY-hm G-Im-fl-
Icq-]-sa-∂p hn-fn-°mw.
c-≠m-bm-epw H-cp a-lmhnkv-t^m-S-\w D-d-∏m-Wv,
X-øm-dm-bn-cn°p-I. kp-c-£n-Xam-sbm-cp ÿ-e-tØ-
-°p am-dn-bn-cp-∂v kv-t^mS-\w ho-£n-°m-sa-∂m-Wv
a-\- n-en-cp-s∏-¶n-¬, \-S-∏n-√. Imc-Ww, A-ßs\-
sbm-cp ÿ-ean√. Cu G-Im-fl-I_n-μp-hn-\p ]pd-
Øv th-sdm-∂p-an-√. a-lm-kv-t^mS-\w I-gn-™v {]]-
©w hn-I-kn-°p-tºm-ƒ Cu _n-μp Np-‰p-ap-≈ a-
lmiq-\y-Xbn-te°p \n-d-bp-I-bpa-√. _n-μp-hn-\p
]pd-Øv ÿ-e-an-√, B-sI-bp-≈ ÿew A-Xp hn-I-
kn-®pt]m-Ip-tºm-ƒ kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ ÿ-e-amWv.
A-\-¥am-b C-cp-ń¬ H-∂p-an-√m-bv-a-bn-¬ ho¿-

Øp Xq-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂ _n-μp-hm-bmWv kn-¶p-em-cn-
‰n-sb k-¶-ev-]n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ A-hn-sSbpw \nßƒ-
°p sX-‰n. ÿ-e-an-s√∂-Xpt]m-se A-hnsS C-cp-
´p-an-√. kn-¶p-emcn-‰n F-∂ B _n-μp-hn-\p ]pd-Øv
H-∂pwX-s∂-bn-√. A-Xn-\p \n-¬-°m-≥ th-sd ÿ-
e-an-√, A-Xn-\pX-s∂bpw ÿ-e-an-√. B kn-¶p-em-
cn‰n F-{X t\-c-am-b-hn-sS-bnß-s\ \n-¬-°p-∂p F-
∂p tNm-Zn-°-cpXv. H-cp sh-fn-]mSp t]m-se s]m-
Sp∂-t\ D-≠m-bnh-∂XmtWm? AtXm C-ßs\-
sbmcp \nanjhpw Im-Øv ]-≠p-ap-X-te A-X-hn-sS-
D-≠m-bn-cp-t∂m? tNmZywX-s∂ A-{]-k-‡-amWv.
Imc-Ww, B k-abØv ka-bw F-∂ H-∂v C-√.
B _n-μp-hn\p IS-∂ph-cm-≥ H-cp `q-X-Im-e-hpan-√.
Aß-s\ H∂p-an-√m-bv-a-bn-¬\n-∂v \-Ωp-sS Cu

{]]-©w Xp-S-ßp∂p.
I-Æ-©n-∏n-°p-s∂m-cp an-Sn-∏n-¬, D-÷z-eam-sbm-

cp \n-an-j-Øn-¬, hnhc-Wm-Xo-Xam-b th-K-Øn-¬
kn-¶p-em-cn-‰n ò-am-Im-cw kzo-I-cn-°p∂p. hn`mh\w
sN-øm≥t]m-ep-am-Im-Ø hn-im-e-X-bn-te-°-Xp h-f-
cp∂p. BZy \nanj Øn-¬ (Cu \n-an-j-sØØ-
s∂ No-In-®o-In sN-dp-Xm-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv
{]-]-©XØzim-kv-{X-⁄-¿) X-s∂, ù-Xn-I-im-kv-
{X-Øn-s‚ \nb-{¥-Ww I-øm-fm≥t]m-∂ Kp-cp-Xzm-
I¿-j-Whpw a-‰p _-e-ßfpw \n-¿Ωn-°-s∏-´v H-cp an-
\n-‰mIpwap-ºpXs∂ {]]-©w tIm-Sm-\ptIm-Sn ssa-
¬ h-en-∏-am-¿-÷n-®p. ho-≠pw A-Xn-th-Kw h-f¿-
∂psIm-t≠-bn-cp∂p. C-t∏mg-Xn-\v ò-I-c Nq-Sp-
ap≠v. H-cp B-bn-cwtIm-Sn Un-{Kn. B-W-h{]-{Inb
\S∂v `m-cw Ip-d-™ aq-e-I-ß-ƒ—{]-[m-\-am-bpw
ssl-{U-P-\pw lo-en-bhpw, ]ns∂-sbm-cn-Øncn,
]Øp-tIm-Sn-bn-¬ H-cp ]-c-am-Wp F∂ tXm-Xn-¬,
enYnb-hpw—kr-„n-°-s∏-Sm≥t]m-∂ NqSv. aq-∂p an-
\n-‰psIm-≠v C-t∏m-gp≈, As√¶n-¬ F-°m-e-Øp-
am-bn D-≠m-Im≥t]m-Ip-∂ {Z-hy-Øn-s‚ 98 i-X-am-
\hpw -\n-¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´p. Aß-s\ \-ap-°v Cu {]]-
©w Inń. A-Xyp-÷z-eamb BÀmZP-\-Iam-b
A\¥km-[y-X-I-fp-≈ a-t\m-l-cam-b {]-]©w.
AXp-≠m°m≥ H-cp km≥-Uvhn-®p-≠m-°m≥ th-
≠ ka-bwt]mepw th-≠n-h∂n√.
F-t∏m-gm-bn-cp∂p, {]]-©\n¿-Ωn-Xn-bpsS Cu
ap-lq¿-Øw? X¿-° hn-j-b-am-WXv. B-bn-cwtIm-Sn
h¿-jw ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂-p AsX-∂p ]-d-bp∂ imkv-
{X-⁄-cp≠v. AX√, c-≠m-bn-cwtIm-Sn h¿-jw ap-
ºm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hm-Z-ap≠v. c≠n-\p-an-S-bn-em-sW-
∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v. G-Xm-≠v 1370 tImSn h¿-
jw ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂ Im-cy-Øn-em-Wv G-d-
°psd k-a-hm-bap-≈-Xv.3 A-{X F-fp-∏a√, Cu Im-
e-KW-\. A-Xns‚ _p-≤n-ap-´p-I-sf∏‰n ]n∂o-Sp ]-
d-bmw. C-t∏mƒ C-{X-am{Xw ]-d-bmw: A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-
Ø Ft¥m Im-c-W-Øm¬, h-f-sc-°m-ewap-ºv, im-
kv-{X-⁄¿ ]qPyw k-a-bw (t=0) F-∂p hn-fn-°p-
∂ H-cp ap-lq¿-Ø-ap-≠mbn.4 A-hn-sS-bm-Wv \-Ωƒ
XpSßp∂Xv.
C-Xn¬ \-ap-°v a-\- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-™n-ń√m-Ø,
A-dn-bm≥ I-gn-™nń√m-Ø, [m-cm-fw Im-cy-ß-
fp≠v. A-dn-bm-sa-∂p \-Ωƒ ]-≠p I-cp-Xn-bncp-∂
Im-cy-ßfpw A-dn-bn-s√-∂p Xn-cn-®-dn-™n-cp-∂ Im-
cy-ßfpw C-°q-´Øn¬s]-Spw. C-∏-d-™ a-lmhnkv-
t^m-S-\-sa-∂ B-i-b-Øn-\pt]mepw henb ]-g-°-
an√. _¬-Pn-bw-Im-c\mb tPm¿-Pv se-ams{X F-
∂ ]finX ]p-tcm-ln-X≥ 1920I-fn¬ Xm¬-Im-en-
I-am-bn ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®-Xp-ap-X¬ N¿®mhn-j-b-am-bn-
cps∂-¶n-epw 1960I-fp-sS a-[y-Øn-emWv {]-]-©hn-
⁄m-\ob-Øn¬ Cu B-i-b-Øn-\v kPo-h ]-cnK-
W-\ In-´p-∂Xv. c-≠p bp-him-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS B-
I-kv-an-I-hpw A-km-[m-c-W-hp-am-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-
amW-Xn-\p hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bXv.
B¿tWm s]≥-kn-bm-kv, tdm-_¿-´v hn¬-k¨

F-∂m-W-h-cp-sS t]cv. \yq-P-gv-kn-bn-se tlmw-sU-
en¬ s_¬ e-t_m-d-´-do-kn-s‚ Iq‰≥ hm¿Ømhn-
\n-a-b B‚n-\ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ ]-co-£-W-ß-fn-em-
bn-cp-∂p A-h¿. 1965˛em-Wv kw-`hw. bp-him-kv-
{X⁄-sc A-kz-ÿ-cm-°n-s°m-≠v ]-co£-tWm-]-
I-c-W-ß-fn¬ F-hn-sS\nt∂m H-c-]i-–w IS-∂p-
h∂p. ÿncamb, C-S¿-®-bn√m-Ø, \n-e-bv-°m-Ø
I-cIci–w. B-Im-i-Øn-s‚ F√m tIm-
Wn¬\n∂pw cm∏I-¬ hy-Xym-k-an-√msX, Im-emh-
ÿmt`-Z-an√m-sX h-∂psIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p B H®.
D-d-hn-Sw I-s≠Øn, A-Xn√m-Xm-°m≥ Hcp h¿-j-
°m-e-a-h¿ InW-™p {i-an®p. ssh-Zyp-tXm]-I-c-
W-ß-sf√mw ]cntim-[n-®p, h-b-dp-I-fp-sSbpw π-§p-
I-fp-sSbpw tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿-Øp. ]co£-Wkm-
a-{KnIƒ A-gn-®p]-WnXp. k¿-Iyq-´p-Iƒ hn-i-Z-am-
bn ]cn-tim[n®p. B‚n-\-bn-se ]m-Sp-Ifpw t]m-d-
ep-I-fp-sa√mw am-bv-®p.5 ]-£n-°mjvTh-Sp-°ƒ Xp-
S®p, s]m-Sn X-ń ip-Nn-bm°n. ]t£, Hcp Im-cy-hp-
ap-≠mbn√. ]-co-£-Wßƒ A-km-[y-am-°n-s°m-
≠v ho-≠pw AXm ]-›m-Øe-Øn¬ AtX A-
]i–w.
A-t∏mƒ, sh-dpw 50 In-temao-‰¿ am-{X-aI-se

{]n≥-kv-‰¨ k¿-h -I-em-im-ebn¬ a-s‰m-cp
KthjWw \-S-°p-∂ Imcyw Cu bp-him-kv-{X-
⁄¿°-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. C-hn-sS C-h¿ C√m-Xm-
°m≥ s]-Sm-∏m-Sps]-Sp∂ AtX kwK-Xn I-s≠-
Øm-\m-bn-cp∂p A-hnsS tdm-_¿-´v U-n°n-s‚ t\-
XrXzØnep-≈ K-th-j-I-cp-sS {i-aw. d-jy-bn¬ P-
\n® tPm¿-Pv K-m-tam-hv F-∂ JtKmf im-kv-{X-
⁄≥ 1940˛¬ ap-t∂m-´ph-® H-cp B-i-b-Øn-s‚
]n-∂m-se-bmbn-cp-∂p Ah¿. _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øn-s‚
B-g-ß-fn-te-°n-d-ßn-s®-∂m¬ almhnkv-t^m-S-\-
Øn-s‚ Nn-e ]-›m-Ø-ehnIn-c-W-ßƒ I-s≠-
Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p Km-tam-hn-s‚ A-`n-
{]mbw. {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ a-lm-Zqcw Xm-≠n B hn-
In-c-W-ßƒ `q-an-bn-se-Øp∂-Xv ssa-t{Imth-hv X-
cw-K-ßfm-bm-hp-sa∂pw A-t±-lw ]-d-™p. ]n-∂o-
sS-gp-Xn-b H-cp {]-_-‘-Øn¬ Cu X-cw-K-ßƒ I-
s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ D-]-I-c-Whpw A-t±-lw \n¿-
t±-in®n-cp-∂p.6 a-s‰m-∂pa√, tlmw-U-en-se s_¬
B‚-n\Xs∂. I-„-Im-eØn\v s]≥-kn-bmtkm
hn¬-ktWm {]n≥-kv-‰Wn-se K-thj-Itcm Kmtam-
hns‚ ]pXn-b {]-_-‘w hm-bn-®n-cp-∂n√.
Kmtam-hv ]d™ A-tX H-®-bm-Wv s]≥-kn-

bmkpw hn¬-kWpw tI´Xv. A-Xn-eqsSb-h¿ {]-
]-©-Øn-s‚ A-‰w Im-Wp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.7 {]-]-©-
Øns‚ A-‰-sa-∂p ]-d-™m¬ Zr-iyam-b A-‰w,
Hº-Xp tIm-Sn e-£w tIm-Sn ssaepIƒ-°-Ise.
A-h-¿ I≠Xv {]-]-©-Øn-se G-‰hpw ]p-cm-X-\am-
b {]Imiam-bn-cp-∂p AYhm t^m-t´m-Wp-I-fm-bn-
cp-∂p. Cu a-lm-Zq-c-hpw Im-ehpw Xm-≠n-sb-Øn-b-
t∏mƒ, Km-tam-hv {]-h-Nn®t]m-se t^m-t´m-WpIƒ
ssat{Imth-hv X-cw-K-ß-fm-bn cq-]w {]m-]n-®n-cp-
s∂-∂p am-{Xw. "hn-I-kn-°p∂ {]]-©w' F-∂ ]p-
kv-X-I-Øn¬ A-e≥ KpØv Cu Im-gvN-sb \-ap-°p
a\ n-em-Ip-∂ H-cp-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-
´p-≠v. `q-an-bn-en-cp-∂v {]]©-Øn-s‚ B-g-ß-fn-te-
°p t\m-°p-∂-Xn-s\ Fw-]-b¿ tÃ-‰v _n¬-Unßn-
s‚ \qdmw\n-e-bn¬ \n-∂p Xm-tg-°p t\m-°p-∂-
Xp-am-bm-W-t±lw Xmc-Xayw sN-øp-∂Xv. \qdmw\n-
e-bm-Wv C∂sØ Im-ew. A-hn-sS\n-∂v Aßp -
Xm-sg Im-Wp-∂ sX-cp-hv a-lmhnkv-t^m-S-\Imew.
s]≥-kn-bmkpw hn¬kWpw Cu I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw
\-S-Øp-∂ Im-e-Øv Adnbm-am-bn-cp∂ G‰hpw hn-
Zq-cam-b Km-e-Iv-kn ap-I-fn-¬\n-∂p t\m-°p-tºmƒ
A-dp-]Xmw \n-e-bnemWv. A-°me-Øp I-s≠-Øn-
b G-‰hpw hn-Zq-ch-kv-Xphm-b Izm-km-dpI-sf-∂ J-
tKm-f]n-fißƒ C-cp-]Xmw \n-e-bn-epw. hn¬-k-
s‚bpw s]≥kn-bm-kn-s‚bpw I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-tØm-
sS Zr-iy-{]-]-©-Øn-te-°p-≈ ImgvN XmgsØ \n-
e-bp-sS A-c C-©v ap-I-fn¬h-sc-sbØn.8
]t£, Xß-fo I-s≠-Øn-b-sX-s¥-∂v hn¬-k-

Wpw s]≥-kn-bmkn\pw a-\- n-em-bn√. A-h¿ {]n-
≥-Ã-Wn¬ Un-°n-\p t^m¨ sN-bv-Xv ]cnlm-c-am-
cm™p. tI-´-t∏mƒX-s∂, Un-°n-\p Im-cyw a-\- n-
embn. ""\Ωƒ tX-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp∂-Xv A-h-¿- X-ń-
sb-SpØp.'' t^m¨ Xm-sg-h®v A-t±-lw k-lK-
thj-I-tcm-Sv ]-d™p.
ssh-Im-sX, B-kv-t{Sm-^n-kn-°¬ tP-W-en-¬ c-

≠p {]-_-‘-ßƒ h∂p. X-ß-fp-sS ]-co£-Ww hn-
h-cn-®psIm-≠v hn¬-kWpw s]≥-knbmkpw F-gp-
Xn-bXm-sWm∂v. H∏w, A-Xn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hy-‡am°n-s°m-≠v Un°pw kw-Lhpw F-gpXn-
b te-J\hpw. s]≥-kn-bmkpw hn¬-kWpw {]m-
]©n-I ]›m-Ø-ehn-Inc-Ww A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bm-
bn-cp∂n√. Xß-fo I-s≠-Ønb-Xv A-Xm-sW-∂
Imcyw A-t∏m-g-pah¿-°-dnbn√mbn-cp-∂p. I-≠p-]n-
Sn-Ø-Øn-s‚ {]m-[m\yw hn-h-cn-®psIm-≠v Ah¿
{]_‘ß-sfm-∂pw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-an√. F-¶n-ep-
a-h¿°v 1978˛¬ ù-Xn-I-Øn-\p≈ t\m-_¬ k-
Ωm-\w In-ń. {]n≥-kv-‰-Wn-se K-th-j-I¿-°p Inń-
b-Xv k-lXm-]w am-{Xw. "tem¨-en lm¿´v Hm-^v
tImkvtamkv' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-IØn¬ sU-\nkv
Hmh¿ss_ ]-d-bp∂-Xv \y-qtbm¿°v ssSw-kn¬
h∂ dnt∏m¿´v hm-bn°pwh-sc X-ß-fp-sS I-≠p-
]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-s‚ {]m-[m\y-sa-s¥-∂pt]mepw hn¬-
kWpw s]≥-kn-bm-kn\pw A-dn-bn√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂mWv.
C-∏-d-™ {]m-]-©n-I ]-›m-Ø-ehn-IncWw \-

Ωp-sS-sb-√m-a-Sp-sØØp-∂p≠vv. sS-en-hn-j-\n-¬
Nm-\-sem∂pw In-´msX Syq¨ sN-bvXp-sIm≠n-cn-
°p-tºmƒ kv-{Io-\n-¬ IcI-c i-–-tØmsS \r-
ØwsN-øp-∂ IpØpI-fnt√, A-Xn¬ H-cp i-X-am-
\-Øn-s\-¶nepw Imc-Ww ]-g-b a-lmhnkvt^m-S-\-
Øn-s‚ A-h-in-„am-b Cu hn-In-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.9 C-
\n Sn.hn.bn¬ Nm-\-sem∂pw In-´p-∂n-s√-∂v ]-cm-Xn
]-dbpwapºv Hm¿-°p-I, In-´m-Ø Nm\¬ X-cp∂-Xv
{]-]-t©mXv]-Øn Im-Wm-\p-≈ A-h-kcam-Wv.
a-lm-kv-t^m-S-\-sa-∂m-Wp ]-d-bp-∂-sX-¶nepw \-
ap-°p ]-cn-N-b-ap-≈ km[mcW s]m-ń-sØdn-t]m-
em-bn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂p I-cp-X-cpXv. s]m-ń-sØ-dnsb-
∂-Xn-ep]cn A-Xnth-K-Øn-ep-≈ A-Xn-`b-¶-c hn-
Im-k-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-ß-s\-sb-¶n-¬ F-¥m-bn-
cn°pw A-Xn-\p Im-c-W-am-b-Xv?
C-∏-d-™ kn-¶p-em-cn‰n, X-I¿-∂ ]-g-sbm-cp {]-
]-©-Øn-s‚ ti-jn∏m-Im-sa-∂-Xm-Wv H-c-`n-{]m-bw.
Hcp Hm-Iv-kn-P≥b-{¥-Øn-s‚ ªm-U¿t]mse hn-
I-kn-°p-I-bpw X-I-cp-Ibpw sN-bvXp-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-
°p-∂ A\mZy-¥{]-]-©-ß-fn¬ H-∂p am-{X-amImw
\-Ωp-sS- Cu {]-]©w. thtd Nne¿ ]-d-bp-∂Xv
I-]-Siq\yX Ft∂m AZn-it£-{Xw F-t∂m iq-
t\ym-¿÷w - Ft∂m at‰m hn-fn-°m-hp-∂ H-cp ÿn-
Xn-hn-ti-j-am-Wv a-lmkv-t^m-S-\Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-
b-sX-∂m-Wv. C-∏-d-™ kwK-Xn H-∂p-an√mbv-a F-
∂ A-h-ÿ-bn¬ A-ÿn-c-X kr-„n®p, A-Xv a-
lmkv-t^m-S-\-Øn-\p Im-c-Wam-bn F-∂m-W-h-cp-
sS A-`n-{]m-bw. iq-\y-X-bn¬\n-∂v F-s¥-¶n-ep-ap-
≠m-Ip-I-sb∂-Xv A-km-[y-am-sW-∂p tXm-∂mw. H-
cn-°¬ H-∂p-an√m-bn-cp-∂p, C-∂o {]-]-©-ap-≠v F-
∂p ]-d-bp-tºm-ƒ iq-\y-X-bn-¬\n-∂p-≈ kr-„n
km[yam-sW-∂p h-cp∂p. hy-Xykv-Xam-\-ß-fn-
ep≈ hen-b hen-b F{Xtbm {]]-©-ß-fn-sem-
∂p am-{X-am-Imw \-Ωp-sS Cu {]-]©w. F-hn-sS-
sb-¶nepsam-s°-bm-bn F√mbv-t]mgpw a-lmkv-
t^m-S-\-ßƒ \-S∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂pap-≠m-Imw.
A-Xp-a-s√-¶n¬, a-lmkv-t^m-S-\-Øn-\pap-ºv k-a-b-
Øn\pw ÿ-e-Øn\pw A-ù-aam-b a-t‰-sX-¶nepw
cq-]-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. \-ap-°-dnbm-Ø H-cp cq-]-
Øn¬\n-∂v \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ C-t∏mg-sØ cq-]-
Øn-te°p≈ {]-]-©-]-cn-Wm-aL-´-amImw a-
lmhnkv-t^m-S-\w. kv-‰m≥-^-Un-se {]-]-©X-
Øzim-kv-{X⁄≥ tUm. B≥-t{U-bv en≥-tU ]-
d™-Xpt]mse Cu hn-j-b-Øn-¬\n∂v B-[ym-
fln-I{]-iv-\-ß-fn-te°p-≈ Zq-cw Ip-d-hmWv.10
a-lm-hnkv-t^m-S-\kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ a-lm-hnkv-
t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ Imcyw am-{X-a-√ D≈Xvv. A-Xn-
\pti-jw F-¥p \S-∂p F-∂p-a-Xn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p≠v.
A-Xn\pti-jw F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ Ipsd-°m-ew I-
gn-™p-≈ Im-cy-a-√. kvt^mS-\w \S∂v \-ap-°p k-
¶-ev-]n-°m-≥t]m-ep-am-ImØ-{X Ipd-®p kabw I-gn-
™p-≈ Im-cy-w. k-¶o¿-W-am-b K-Wn-X-{In-b-I-fn-eq-
sSbpw ]m¿-ń-°nƒ B-Iv-kn-e-td-‰-dp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-
Kn-®p-≈ ]-co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw {]]-©kr„nI-
gn-™v 10˛43* sk-°‚ v I-gn-™p-≈ ÿn-Xnhn-ti-
jw k¶ev-]n-s® -Sp-°m≥ im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°p I-
gn-™n-´p≠v. A-t∏mg-sØ {]-]©-sØ ImW-W-
sa-¶n¬ ssa-t{Imkv-tIm-∏v thWw. hm-b-\-bv°n-S-
bn¬ A-km[m-c-Wkw-Jy-Iƒ ap-∂n-se-Øp-tºmƒ
t_m-[wsI-´pho-gcpXvv. Nn-e Imcyßƒ Dƒ-s°m-
≈m≥ F-{X {]-bm-k-am-sW-∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥th-
≠nsb-¶nepw A-Ø-cw kw-JyIƒ a-\- n-em-°m≥
{i-an-°-Ww. 10˛43 F-∂p ]-d-™m¬
0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
sk°‚m-W.v A-Xmb-Xv H-cp sk-°‚n-s‚ tIm-Sn
e-£w tIm-Sn e£w- tImSn e£wtIm-Snbn-sem-cp
`mKw.*11
{]-]-t©mXv-]Øn-bp-sS B-Zy \n-an-j-ß-sf∏-‰n

\-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂, As√-¶n¬ A-dn-bm-sa-∂p [-cn-
°p-∂, Im-cy-ßƒ-°v I-S-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂-Xv
* im-kv-{XNn-”-ß-sf∏-‰n H-cp hm-°v. ò-

a≥kwJy-Iƒ F-gp-Xm≥ {]-bm-k-am-bXp-sIm≠pw
hmbn°m≥ Gd-°p-sd A-km-[y-am-bXp-sIm≠pw
im-kv-{X-⁄¿ H-cp Np-cp-s°-gp-Øv co-Xn B-hn-jv-
I-cn®n-´p≠v. ]-Øn-s‚ Lm-X-ß-fm-bn (AY-hm Kp-
Wn-X-ß-fm-bn) F-gpXp-I. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v
10,000,000,000 F-∂ kw-Jy-sb 1010 F-s∂-gp-Xpw.
6,500,000 Np-cp-°n-sb-gp-Xp-tºmƒ 6.5 x106 F-∂m-Ipw.
e-fn-X-am-WnXn-\p ]n-∂n-se X-Øzw. 10 x 10 s\ A-
Y-hm 100 s\ 102 F-s∂-gp-Xp-w. 10 x 10 x10 (A-Y-
hm 1000) 103 Fs∂-gp-Xpw. A-Xnß-s\ t]m-Ipw.
]-Øn-\p ap-I-fn-se-gp-Xp-∂ sN-dn-b A°w kq-Nn-
∏n-°p∂-Xv {][m-\kw-Jy I-gn-™v F-{X ]qPyw
h-cp-sa-∂m-Wv. ]-Øn-\p ap-I-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂ sNdn-
b kw-Jybv°p ap-∂n¬ \yq-\Nn-”w (˛˛) Im-Wp-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ kw-Jy \t∂ sN-dp-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv
A¿Yw. Zimwiw I-gn-™v F-{X ]q-Py-an-S-W-sa-∂m-
Wv \yq-\-Nn-”-Øn-\p ti-jw h-cp-∂ sNdn-b A-
°w
alm-hnIm-kkn-≤m-¥w (Inflation Theory) F-

∂ B-i-b-tØm-Sm-Wv. Ae≥ Kp-Øv F-∂ sN-dp-∏-
°m-c\m-b IWùXn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄-≥ 1979˛em-Wv
Cu Bi-bw ap-t∂m-´phbv-°p-∂Xv. A-∂v kv-‰m≥-
^-Un¬ (C-t∏mƒ Fw.sF.Sn-.bn¬) tPm-en t\m-
°p-I-bm-bncp-∂ Cu 32Im-c≥ A-Xn-\papºv im-
kv-{XK-th-j-W-Øn¬ {i-t≤-b kw-`m-h-\I-sf-s¥-
¶nepw \¬-In-bn´p-≈-bm-f√.12 a-lmhnkv-t^m-S-
\kn-≤m-¥-sØ∏-‰n km-£m¬ tdm-_¿´v Un-°v \-
SØn-b {]-`mj-Ww tI-ƒ-°m-\n-S-bm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-
¶n¬ H-cp]-t£, A-t±-lw C-ßs\-sbm-cp B-i-b-
Øn-te-s°-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂pan√. B {]`mjWw Kp-
Øn-s\ {]-]-©X-Øz-im-kv-{X-Øn-epw {]-]-t©mXv-
]-Øn-sb -∏-‰n-bp-≈ ]T-\-ß-fnepw B-Ir-„-
\m°n.13
A-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p a-lm-hnIm-kkn-≤m-

¥w. {]-]-©kr-„n Ign™v H-cp \n-an-j-Øn-s‚
sNdn-sbm-cw-iw I-gn-™-t∏mƒ {]]-©w \mSIob-
amb a-lm-hn-Im-k-Øn-\p hnt[b-am-sb-∂m-Wv B
kn-≤m-¥w ]-dbp∂Xv. H-cp sk-°‚n-s‚ 10˛34 sk-
°‚ v tXmdpw {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ hen∏w Cc-ń-®p-
sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p.14 10˛30 sk-°t‚ (A-Xmb-Xv sk-
°‚n-s‚ ]Øp e-£w tIm-Sn e-£w tIm-Sn-bn¬
H-cw-ita) A-Xp \o-≠p\n-∂p≈p. ]-t£, ssI°p-
ºnfn-sem-Xp-ßp-am-bn-cp-∂ {]-]©w B ka-
bwsIm-≠v 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Cc-ń h-
en-∏-am¿-Pn®p.15 Cu a-lm-{]-]©-Øn¬ Np-gn-Ifpw
a-e-cn-I-fp-sa√mw cq-]-s∏-´-Xv B a-lmhn-Im-k-Øn-
eq-sSbmWv. C-ßs\-sbm-cp hn-Im-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-
s√-¶n¬ {]-]-©-Øn¬ Xmcß-fpw BImitKm-f-
ßfp-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. D-≠m-hpI, H-
gpIn∏-c-°p-∂ hm-X-I-ßfpw A-h-km-\-an√m-Ø C-
cp´pw am-{X-w.
KpØn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥{]-Im-cw sk-°‚n-s‚ tIm-
Sn e-£w tIm-Sn e£w tIm-Sn e-£w tIm-Sn-bn¬
H-cw-iw I-gn-™-t∏mƒ Kp-cp-Xz-_-e-ap-≠mbn. A-
Xpt]m-se sNdn-sbm-cn-S-th-f-bv-°pti-jw hn-Zyp-
XvIm¥n-I_e (electromagnetic force)hpw
{]_e AWp-tI-{μ-_-ehpw (strong nuclear
force) ]cn-£oW AWp-tI{μ_-e-hpw (weak
nuclear force) D≠m-bn. ùXnI im-kv-{X-Øns‚
A-Snÿm\kw-K-Xn-I-fp-≠m-sb-∂¿Yw. ]n-s∂ A-
Snÿm\I-W-ß-fp-sS Nm-I-c h-∂p. H-∂p-an√m-bv-
a-bn¬\n-∂p s]m-Sp-∂t\ t^mt´mWp-I-fp-sSbpw
t{]m-t´m-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw Ce-t{Œm-Wp-I-fp-sS-bpw
\yq-t{SmWpI-fp-sSbpw a‰pw a-lmk-©-b-ap-≠mbn.
Ip-d-s®m-∂pa√ Hm-tcm-∂pw 1079 ap-X¬ 1089 h-sc-sb-
Æ-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂v a-lm-hnkv-t^m-S-\kn-≤m-¥w
]d-bp∂p.
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. (10-˛-4 F-s∂-gp-Xn-bm¬ 0.0001

F-∂m-W¿-Yw). D-÷z-e-am-Wo co-Xn-sb-∂p k-Ω-
Xnt® ]‰q. ]t£, 1.4 x109 km3 F-s∂-gp-Xn-bm¬
A-Xv 140 tIm-Sn L-\In-tem-ao-‰-dm-sW-∂p H-‰-b-
Sn°p hm-b-\-°mc≥ a-\- n-em-°n-s°m-≈p-sa-∂p hn-
iz-kn-°m≥ F-\n-°p {]-bm-k-am-Wv. F-∂n-´pw
km[mc-W-°m¿-°p-≈ ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬t]m-epw
140 tIm-Sn L-\In-tem-ao-‰-sd-s∂-gp-Xm-sX
BZysØ coXn-bn¬ F-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-s‚ bp-‡n a-\- n-
em-Ip-∂n√. ]-e hm-b-\-°mcpw F-s∂-t∏m-seX-
s∂ KWnX-Øn¬ A-⁄-cm-bn-cn°pw F-∂ [m-c-
W-bn¬ Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ AØ-cw Np-cp-s°-gp-
Øp-Iƒ ]c-amh-[n D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i-an-
®n-´p≠v. F-¶nepw Nn-e-t∏m-g-h th-≠nh-cpw; {]m-
]©n-I A-f-hp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p ]-d-bp-∂ A-[ym-b-ß-
fn¬ hn-ti-jn-®pw.
k-Ω-Xn®p, k-¶-ev]n-°m≥ ]-‰m-Ø-{Xbpw ò-

a≥kw-Jy-I-fm-Wn-h-. X¬-Imew C-{Xbpw a-\- n-em-
°n-bm¬ a-Xn, sRm-Sn-bn-S-bnepw F{Xtbm Ip-
d™ ka-bwsIm-≠v \-ap-°v H-cp B-bn-cw tIm-
Sn {]-Im-ih¿-j-sa-¶nepw hen∏ap-≈, H-cp]-t£,
A-\¥-X-tbm-fw \o-fp-∂, Cu {]-]-©w In-ń. Xm-
cßfpw Xm-cm-]-Y-ß-fp-sa√m-a-S-ßp-∂ k-¶o¿-
Wkw-hn-[m-\w kr„n-°-s∏Sm≥X-° co-Xn-bn-em-
bn-cp-∂p B \n¿-ΩnXn.16
A-Xn-\p]Icw H-cn-Øn-cn hy-Xym-k-tØm-sS-bm-
bn-cp∂p Cu {]]-© kr-„n-sb¶ntem? Kp-cp-Xz_-
e-Øn-\v C-Øn-cn i-‡n Iq-Sp-Xtem Ipdthm Bbn-
cp-s∂-¶n¬, a-lmhn-Im-kw C-Øn-cn ]-Xp-s°-tbm
Ip-sd-°qSn thK-Øntem B-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Fs∂-
bpw \n-ßsfbpw \-Ωƒ \n¬-°p-∂ Cu `q-an-
sbbp-sam-∂pw \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ th-≠ ÿn-c-X-bp≈
aq-e-I-ßƒ cq-]s∏-Sn√m-bn-cp-∂p. Kp-cp-Xz_-ew
Aev-]w Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Xm-ßn√msX sI-
ńs∏m°n-b Iq-Sm-cwt]m-se {]]-©w X-I¿-∂-Sn-bp-
am-bn-cp∂p. Kp-cp-Xz_-ew Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-s∂¶n-tem,
H∂pw H∂n-t\m-Sp tN-cm-sX Nn-X-dn°nS∂v {]]-
©w hn-c-kam-sbm-cp almiq-\y-ÿ-e-am-Ip-am-bn-
cp∂p.
a-lm-hnkv-t^m-S-\-ßƒ H∂pwc-≠pa√, tIm-

Sm\p-tIm-Sn \-S-∂n-cn-°msa-∂v Nn-e im-kv-{X-⁄¿
]-d-bp-∂-Xv C-°mcywIq-Sn I-W-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv.
A-\-¥-Im-e-am-bn Xp-S¿-∂psIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂ {]-
{In-b-bm-I-W-aXv. AXn\n-sS \-ap-°p ]‰n-b km-l-
N-cy-ß-fp-≈ H-cp {]-]-©-ap-≠m-bn, A-Xn-¬ \Ωfp-
≠m-bn. sIm-fw_n-b k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se F-
tUz¿-Uv ]n. {S-tbm¨ ]-d-™-Xpt]m-se "F-
¥psIm-≠n-Xp kw-`-hn-®p F-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬
F\n°p ]-d-bm-\p≈-Xv Im-emIm-e-ß-fm-bn C-hn-
sS kw-`-hn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ ]e Im-cy-ß-fn-¬
H-∂p am-{X-am-Wo {]-]-©w' F-∂mWv. "C-ßs\-
sbm-cp {]]©\n¿-Ωn-Xn A-km-[y-am-sW-∂pX-s∂
tXm-∂mw. ]t£, {S-tbm¨ ]d-™Xpt]m-se ]-
cm-P-b-s∏-´ {i-a-ßƒ B-cpw FÆn-t\m-°n-bn-
ń√t√m.'17 Kp-Øv Iq-ń-t®¿-°p∂p.
{_n-ó-jv tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ am¿-ń≥ dokn-

s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ {]-]-©ßƒ [m-cm-f-ap≠vv. H-
cp]-t£, A-kw-Jyw. hy-Xykv-X Kp-W hn-ti-j-
ß-fpw L-S-\-I-fp-ap≈ B {]-]-©-ß-fn¬ \-ap-°p
Po-hn-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Pyam-b H-∂n¬ \mw Po-hn-
°p-∂p. [m-cm-fw h-kv-{X-ß-fp-≈ hensbmcp Xp-
Wn-°-S-bn¬ \-Ωp-sS A-f-hn-\p tN-cp-∂ G-sX-
¶nep-samcp Ip∏mb-ap-≠m-Ipw18 F∂-Xpt]mse hy-
Xykv-X A-fhp-tIm-ep-Ifpw A-\p-]mX-ßfp-ap-≈
H-t´-sd {]-]-©-ß-fn¬ Poh-\v A\p-tbm-Pyam-b
A-f-hp-Ifpw tXmXp-I-fp-ap-≈ H-cp {]-]-©-ap-≠m-
Ipw. A-Xn-em-Wv \-Ωƒ.
Cu {]-]-©L-S-\ \n-b-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv B-
dpIq-´w kw-Jy-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-∂v
do-kv ]-d-bp∂p. A-Xn-te-sX-¶nep-sam-∂n-s‚ aqeyw
H-cn-Øn-cn am-dn-bm¬ Im-cy-ßƒ X-In-Sw a-dn-bpw.19
D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v H-cp {]-tXy-I A-\p-]m-X-Øn¬
ÿn-c-am-bn ssl-{U-P≥ lo-en-b-am-bn am-
dns°m≠n-cp-∂m-te {]-]©w \n-e\n¬°q. Ir-Xy-
am-bn-∏d-™m¬ ssl{U P-s‚ ]n-fi-Øn-s‚ 0.07
i-X-am\w `m-Kw Du¿-÷-am-bn am-dn-s°m-≠n-
cn°Ww. B tXm-Xv C-Øn-cn Ip-d-™m¬, 0.06 i-
X-am-\-am-bn Ip-d-™m¬,
Cu cq-]m-¥-co-Ic-Ww kw-`-hn-°n√. Aß-s\

h-∂m¬ {]-]-©-Øn¬ ssl-{U-P-\√m-sX a-s‰m-
∂p-ap-≠m-In√. C-Øncn Iq-Sn 0.08 i-X-am-\amb-
mtem? cq-]m¥-cw A-Xnth-K-Øn-em-bn ssl-{U-
P≥ F-t∂m Xo¿-∂pt]m-bn-´p≠mIpw. c-≠m-bm-
epw \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂, \-ap-°p th-≠, {]-]-©w C-
hnsS D-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
F√mw Ir-Xy-am-sW-∂p ]-d-™-Xn-\¿-Yw C-Xph-

sc A-ß-s\-bm-sW∂p am-{X-amWv. Ipsd-°-gn-™v
H-cp]t£, Kp-cp-Xz_-ew H-c-ev-]w Iq-Sn-bm¬ -A-
Xv X-I¿-∂v Np-cp-ßpw. Npcpßn20H-cp Znh-kw {]-]-
©hn-Im-kw \nebv-°pw.
®p-cp-ßn ho≠p-sam-cp kn-¶p-em-cn-‰n-bm-bn am-dpw.

]n-s∂ BZywap-X¬ ho-≠pw Xp-S-ßn-tb°pw. a-dn-
®v, Kp-cp-Xz_-ew Xo-sc Ipd-™ph∂m-tem? {]-]-
©-Øn-se h-kv-Xp-°-sf√mw A-I-∂pam-dn ]-c-kv-]-
c_-‘-an√m-Ø A-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øpw. AØ-c-sam-
cp {]]-©w A-Xnhn-im-e-am-bn-cn°pw. ]t£, iv-a-
im-\Xp-eyw hn-c-k-hpw A-e-k-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Kp-
cp-Xz_-ew Ir-Xy-ambn, im-kv-{X-⁄¿ k-μnKv-
[km-{μ-X (critical density) F-∂p hnfn°p-∂
Ah-ÿ-bn¬- Xp-S¿∂v Cu {]-]-©-Øn-se h-kv-Xp-
°-sf-sb√mw C-∂p ImWp∂ co-Xn-bn¬ H-cp-an-®p
tN¿-Øp\n-¿-Øn A-Xnß-s\ A-\¥am-bn Xp-S-cp-
I-sb-∂-XmWv aq-∂ma-sØ km-[y-X. F√mw i-cn-
bm-bn-cn°p-∂ Cu Ah-ÿsb im-kv-{X-⁄¿ X-
am-i-bv-°v tKmƒ-Un-tem-Iv-kv C^-Œv F-∂m-Wp hn-
fn-°p-∂Xv. BZyw ]-d-™ {]]©-sØ A-S-™
{]-]-©-sa∂pw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn-s\ Xp-d-∂ {]-]-©-
sa∂pw aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xns\ ]-c-∂ {]-]-©-sa∂pw
hn-fn-°mw.
C-\n F-√m-h-cp-sSbpw a-\- n¬ H-cn-°-se-¶nepw
XnIń h-∂n-´p-≠mIp∂ H-cp tNm-Zyw: \-Ω-fnß-s\
t]m-bn-t∏m-bn {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ A‰-Øp sN-∂v Xn-
c»o-e-bn-eqsS X-e-bn-Sp∂Xpt]m-se ]p-d-tØ--°p
t\m°n-bm¬ F-¥p-≠m-Ipw? {]-]-©-Øn-\p ]pd-
Øv F-hn-sS-bmIpw \n-ß-fp-sS X-e? F-¥m-bn-cn-
°p-a-hn-sS Im-Wp-I? A-Xn-\p-≈ DØ-cw ]t£,
\n-cm-is∏-SpØpw. Aß-s\ tem-I-Øn-s‚ A-‰-
sØ-Øm-≥ \nßƒ-°mhn√. Hcp]m-sSm-cp-]m-Sv k-
©-cn-t°-≠nhcpw F-∂Xp-sIm-≠p am-{X-a-√. A-
Xn-\p Xøm-dmbn hmin-tbm-sS A-\-¥-am-bß-s\
t\-¿h-gn-bn¬ k-©-cn-®p-sImt≠-bn-cp-∂m¬ \n-ß-
sf-Øn-t®cp-I {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ A-‰Ø√, ]p-d-s∏-´
ÿe-ØpX-s∂-bm-Wv. C-Xn-\p-≈ Imc-Ww sF≥-
ssÃ-s‚ B-t]-£nIXmkn-≤m-¥{]-Im-cw (A-
tX∏-‰n ]n-∂o-Sp ]-d-bmw) ÿew h-f-bp-∂p-sh-∂-
XmWv. Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ A-{X F-fp-∏-a-√ Cu
Bibw. hn-I-kn®p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ hen-sbm-cp
Ip-an-ft]m-se-bm-Wo {]]-©w F-∂-√ C-∏d™-
Xn∂¿-Yw. A-Xn¿-Øn-bn-s√-¶nepw A-\-¥w F-∂p
]-d-bm-≥ ]‰m-Ø hn[-Øn¬ ÿew h-{Io-I-cn-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂p am{Xw C-t∏mƒ a-\- n-em°pI.
ÿew hn-I-kn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F-∂p ]-d-bp-
∂Xpw A-{X icnb√. t\m-_¬k-Ωm-\tP-Xm-hm-
b ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ kv-‰o-h≥ shbv≥ _¿-
Kv ]-d™-Xpt]m-se ku-c-bq-Y-hpw Km-e-Iv-kn-Ifp-
sam∂pw hnI-kn°p∂n√, ÿehpw hn-I-kn-°p-
∂n√. a-dn-®v, Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ X-Ωn-e-I-ep-I-bmWv.21
hn`m-h-\w sN-øm≥ F-fp-∏-ap-≈ Im-cy-ßf√, C-h.
Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ sP._n.Fkv. lm¬-tU-\n-s‚
{]-ikv-XhN-\-tam¿-°pI: "\Ωp-sS-bo {]]©w \-
Ωƒ k-¶ev-]n-°p-∂-Xnepw hn-Nn-{X-am-Wv F-∂p ]-
d-bp∂Xv i-cn-b√. \-Ωƒ-°p k-¶ev-]n-°m≥ I-gn-
bp-∂-Xns\-°mƒ hn-Nn-{X-am-WXv.'
{]-]-©-Øn-s‚- Cu h{IX t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

]-d-bm-dp-≈ H-cp-Zml-c-W-ap≠v. ]-c-∂ {]-X-e-ßƒ
am-{X-ap-≈, temI-Øp\n-s∂m-cmsf, PohnX-Øn-en-
Xphsc H-cp tKm-fw I-≠n-t´-bn√m-Ø H-cm-sf, \-
Ωp-sS `q-anbn-te-°p sIm-≠p-h-cn-I. F-{X \-S-
∂mepw A-bmƒ-°v ]-c-∂p-In-S-°p-∂ Cu `qan-bp-
sS A-‰w I-s≠-Øm-\m-hn√. t\-tc \S-∂p\S-∂v
A-bmƒ ]p-ds∏´ ÿe-ØpX-s∂ Xn-cn-s®-Øn-bn-
´p-≠m-Ipw. ]t£, F¥p-sIm-≠nXp kw`-hn-°p-
∂p-sh-∂v tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-sb-s¥-∂-dn-bm-Ø A-bmƒ-
°p a-\- nem-hn√. {]-]-©h-{I-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬
\-Ωƒ-°p-≈ B-i-b-°pg-∏w ]-c∂-temI-Øp\n-
∂v `q-an-bn-seØn-b C-bmƒ-°p-≈ B-i-b-°p-g-∏-
Øn\p Xp-ey-amWv. A-s√-¶n¬ A-Xn-epw F{Xtbm
h-ep-Xm-Wv.
{]]-©-Øn-s‚ A-‰-sØ∏-‰n ]d™Xpt]m-

seX-s∂-bm-Wv A-Xn-s‚ a-[y-Øn-s‚bpw Im-cyw.
H-cn-S-Øp \n∂v C-Xm-Wv {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ a-[yw,
Chn-sS\n-∂m-sW√mw Xp-S-ßnb-Xv F∂v ]-d-bm-\m-
hn-√. \-Ω-sf√mw \n-¬°p∂-Xv {]-]-©a-[y-Øn-em-
sW-∂p th-W-sa-¶n-¬ A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-sa-¶nepw
A-°mcyw ÿm-]n-°m-\m-hn√. IW-°pIqń sX-fn-
bn-°m-\p-am-hn-√. \-Ωƒ {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ a-[yØn-
sem-∂p-a-√ F-∂m-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄-¿ ]-d-bp-∂Xv.22
{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ G-Xp tIm-Wn-¬ \n-¬-°p-∂-h-
¿°pw G-Xm-≠n-tX A-\p`hw X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-
°Ww.
D¤-hwapX¬ tIm-Sn-°-W-°n\p h¿-jwsIm-≠v

{]-Im-iw k-©-cn-® Zq-cwh-sc am-{X-am-Wv \-sΩ
kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu {]-]-©-ap-≈Xv. Cu Zr-
iy-{]]-©w, A-Xmb-Xv \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ {]-]-
©w23 e-£w tImSn e-£w tIm-Sn (A-Xm-bXv
1000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) ssa-¬ hn-kv-Xm-c-
Øn-¬ hym-]n-®pIn-S-°p-I-bmWv. F-∂m-¬ Nn-e kn-
≤m-¥-ß-f\p-k-cn-®v A-Xn-\p-a-∏p-d-Øp-≈ {]-
]©w, A-Xn-s\ A-XoX{]-]-©w F∂p hn-fn-°mw,
]n-s∂-bpw hn-im-e-am-Wv. Cu Im-WmØ A-
XoX{]-]-©-Øns‚ A-‰-tØ-°v F-{X {]Im-ih¿-
jw Zq-c-ap-s≠-s∂-gp-Xm≥24 \qdpw Bbn-chp-a-√ e-
£-°-W-°n-\p ]qPyw th-≠nhcp-sa-∂m-Wv do-kv
]-d-bp-∂-Xv. \ap°p k-¶-ev-]n-°m-≥ I-gn-bmØ-{X
hn-im-e-am-Wo {]]-©w F-∂-¿Yw.
A-Sp-Ø-Im-ewh-sc a-lmhnkv-t^m-S-\kn-≤m-¥-
Øn-¬ hn-i-Zo-I-c-Wan-√m-sØmcp hn-S-hp-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. \-Ω-ƒ Fß-s\ C-{X-bn-Swh-sc-sb-Øn F-
∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-≥ A-Xn-\p I-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√. {]-
]-©-Øn-se 98 i-Xam-\w {Z-hyhpw a-lm-hnkv-t^m-
S-\-tØm-sSX-s∂ kr-„n-°-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw A-
sX√mw lo-en-bw, ssl-{UP-≥, en-Yn-bw Xp-Sßn-
b `m-cw Ip-d-™ hmXIßfm-bn-cp∂p. \-Ωp-sS \n-
e\n-ev-]n-\v A-\n-hm-cyam-b Im-¿_-¨, ssl-{UP-
≥, Hm-Iv-kn-P-≥ Xp-Sßn-b `m-c-tadn-b kw-K-Xn-I-
sfm∂pw AXnep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. B-Zy-ap≠m-b aq-e-
I-ß-fn-¬\n-∂v C-h-bp-≠m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ a-lmhnkv-
t^m-S-\-Øn-\p k-am-\am-b NqSpw Du-¿-÷hpw th-
Ww. ]t£, almhnkv-t^mS-\w H-cn-°-te-bp-≠m-
bn-´p≈p. A-Xv C-∏-d-™ aq-e-I-ßƒs°m-∂pw P-
∑w \-¬-In-bn-´pan-√. ]n-s∂- A-h F-hn-sS\n-∂p h-
∂p? Cu tNm-Zy-am-Wv G-sd-°m-ew im-kv-{X⁄-
sc Ip-g-°n-bXv. C-Xn-\pØ-cw Is≠Øn-b im-kv-
{X-⁄-\mI-s´ a-lmhnkv-t^m-S-\kn-≤m¥-sØ-
Øs∂ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]-cnlm-kkz-c-Øn-e-
√msX a-lmhnkv-t^m-S-\-sa-∂ hm-°v A-t±-l-ap-]-
tbm-Kn-°m-dp-an√. B im-kv-{X-⁄-s‚-b-Sp-tØ-°v
\-ap-°p-S-≥ t]mImw. A-Xn-\p apºv, Fß-s\ \mw
C-hn-sS-sb-Øn F-∂p Nn-¥n°pw apºv, Cu C-hn-
sS F-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv F-hn-sS-bm-sW-∂v t\m-°m-≥
Aev-]ka-bw am-‰n-sh°mw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 A-{X-bv-°p sN-dp-Xm-Wp t{]m-t´m¨: s_m-Um-

\nkv, E=mc2, t]-Pv 111.
2 B ÿe-Øv H-cu¨-kv {Zhyw Ip-Øn\n-d-bv-

°p-I : KpØv, Z C≥-^vtf-j\-dn bq-\n-th-gv-kv, t]-Pv
254.
3 G-Xm-≠v 1370 tIm-Sn h¿-jw ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p A-

sX∂- Im-cy-Øn-em-Wv Gd-°psd k-a-hm-b-ap≈-Xv:
\yq-tbm¿°v ssSwkv, tImkv-tam-kv kn-‰v-kv t^m¿
G¿-en t]m¿-s{S-bv-‰v, Kn-hv-kv A-]v ko-{I´v-kv, 2003
s^{_p-h-cn 12, t]-Pv 1; bp.F-kv, \yqkv B≥-Uv
thƒ-Uv dn-t∏m¿´v, lu HmƒUv Cu-kv Z bq-\n-th-gv-
kv? 1997 B--vKk‰18˛25, t]-Pv 34˛36 4 im-kv-{X-⁄¿
]qPyw k-a-bw(t=0) F∂-p hn-fn-°p∂p- H-cp ap-lq¿-
Ø-ap-≠mbn, KpØv, Z C≥-^v-tf-j\-dn bq-\n-th-gv-
kv, t]-P,v 86.
5 B‚n-\-bn-se ]m-Sp-Ifpw t]m-d-ep-I-fp-sa√mw

am-bv-®p: tem-d≥-kv Fw t{Imkv, do-Un-kv-I-h-dn-Mv
{In-tbj≥, C≥ tjm¿ (F-Un) an-kv-‰-dokv Hm-^v
sse^v B≥Uv Z bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 50.
6 Cu X-cw-K-ßƒ I-s≠-Øp∂Xn-\p-≈ D-]-I-

c-Whpw A-t±-lw \n¿-t±-in-®ncp∂p, a-s‰m-∂pa√,
tlmw-U-en-se s_¬ B‚n-\Xs∂: Hmh¿-ss_,
temën lm¿-Svkv Hm-^v Z tImkvtamkv, t]-Pv
153.
7 A-Xn-eqsSb-h¿ {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ A-‰w Im-Wp-

I-bm-bn-cp∂-p, k-b‚n-^nIv Atacn°≥, F-t°m-
kv {^w Z _n-Kv-_m-Mv, 2001 P-\p-hcn, t]-Pv 38˛43.
8 hn¬-k-s‚bpw s]≥-kn-bm-kn-s‚bpw I-≠p-

]n-Sn-Ø-tØm-sS Zr-iy-{]-]-©-Ønte-°p-≈ Imgv-N
XmgsØ \n-e-bp-sS A-c C-©v ap-I-fn¬hsc
FØn : KpØv, Z C≥-^v-tf-j\-dn bq-\n-th-gv-kv,
t]-Pv 101.
9 A-Xn¬ H-cp i-X-am-\-Øn-s\-¶nepw Imc-Ww

]-g-b a-lm hnkv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ A-h-in-„am-b
Cu hn-In-c-W-ß-fm-Wv: {Kn-∫n≥, C≥ Z _n-Kn-
\nMv, t]-Pv 18.
10 Cu hn-j-b-Øn-¬\n∂v B-[ym-fln-I{]-iv-\-
ß-fn-te°p-≈ Zq-cw Ip-d-hm-Wv : \yq-tbm¿-Iv
ssSwkv, _n-t^m¿ Z _n-Kv _mMv, tZ¿ hm-
kv....hm´v? 2001 sa-bv 22, t]Pv, F^v 1.
11 A-Xmb-Xv H-cp sk-°‚n-s‚ tIm-Sn e-£w

tIm-Sn e£w- tIm-Sn e-£w- tImSnbnsem-cp `mKw:
A-e≥ sse-‰v-am≥, ^-Ãv _¿Øv, C≥ tjm¿ (F-
Un) ankv-‰dokv Hm-^v sse-^v B≥-Uv Z bq-\n-th-
gvvkv, t]-Pv 13.
12 Cu 32 Im-c≥ A-Xn-\pap-ºv im-kv-{X K-th-j-

W-Øn¬ {i-t≤-b kw-`m-h-\I-sfs¥-¶nepw \¬-
In-bn´p-≈-bm-f√ : Hmh¿-ss_, tem¨-en lm¿-Svkv
Hm-^v Z tImkvtamkv, t]-Pv 216.
13 B {]-`mj-Ww Kp-Øn-s\ {]-]-©X-Øz-im-

kv-{X-Øn-epw {]-]-t©mXv-]-Ønsb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ ]T-\-
ß-fnepw B-Ir-„-\m°n: KpØv, Z C≥-^vtf-j\-dn
bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 89.
14 10˛34 sk-°‚ v tXmdpw {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ h-
en-∏w C-cń-®psIm-t≠-bn-cp∂-p: Hmh¿ss_, tem-
ën lm¿-Svkv Hm-^v Z tImkvtamkv, t]-Pv 242.
15 ssI-°p-ºnfn-sem-Xp-ßp-am-bn-cp-∂ {]-]©w
B ka-bwsIm-≠v 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Cc-ń h-en-∏-am¿-Pn®p: \y q- k-b‚n-kv‰v, Z ^Ãv
kv-]v-fn-‰v sk-°≥-Uv, 2001 am¿-®v 31, t]-Pv 27˛30.
16 Xm-c-ß-fpw Xm-cm-]-Y-ß-fp-sa√m-a-S-ßp∂- k-
¶o¿-W kw-hn-[m-\w kr„n-°-s∏Sm≥X-° co-Xn-
bn-em-bn-cp∂-p B \n¿-Ωn-Xn: k-b‚n-^n-Iv A-ta-
cn°≥, Z ^Ãv Ãm¿-kv C≥ Z bq-\n-th-gv-kv, 2001
Un-kw_¿, t]-Pv 64˛71; \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSwkv, en-
k≥ t¢m-kven: {^w ssS-\n lw sIbnw _n-Kv
_mMv, 2001 G-{]n¬ 30, t]-Pv1.
17 ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´ {i-a-ßƒ, B-cpw FÆn-t\m-°n-

bnń√-t√m: KpØv, Z C≥-^v-tfj\dn bq-\n-th-gv-kv,
t]-Pv 14.
18 hen-sbm-cp Xp-Wn-°-S-bn¬ \-Ωp-sS A-f-hn-\p

tN-cp∂- G-sX-¶nep-samcp Ip∏mb-ap-≠m-Ipw F-
∂Xpt]m-se: Un-kv-Ih¿, sh Cu-kv tZ¿ sse-^v,
2000 \-hw-_¿, t]-Pv 66.
19 A-Xn-te-sX-¶nep-sam∂-n-s‚ aqeyw H-cn-Øn-cn

am-dn-bm¬: dokv, P-Ãv kn-Iv-kv \-tº-gv-kv, t]-Pv
147.
20 Ipsd-°-gn-™v H-cp]t£, Kp-cp-Xz_-ew H-c-ev-

]w Iq-Sn-bm¬ H-cp Znh-kw {]]© hn-Im-kw \n-
e-bv-°pw: ^n-\m≥-jy¬ ssSwkv, dn-Uv¬ Hm^v Z
^v-fm-‰v bq-\n-thgvv-kv, 2000 Pq-embv 1˛2; C-°-tWm-an-
Ãv, Z thƒUv Cu-kv ^v-fm-‰v B-^v-‰-tdmƒ, 20 sa-
bv 2000, t]-Pv 97.
21 Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ AIep-I-bm-Wv: sh-

bv≥-_¿-Kv, {Uowkv Hm-^v F ss^-\¬ Xn-bdn, t]-
Pv 26.
22 \-Ω-ƒ {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ a-[yØn-sem∂-p-a-√

F-∂m-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄-¿ ]-d-bp∂-Xv: tlm-°nMv,
F {_o-^v ln-Ãdn Hm-^v ssSw, t]-Pv 47.
23 Cu Zr-iy-{]]-©w, A-Xmb-Xv \-ap-°-dn-bmh-
p∂- {]-]-©w: tlm-°nMv, F {_o^v ln-Ãdn Hm-^v
ssSw, t]-Pv 13.
24 Cu Im-WmØ A-XoX {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ A-

‰-tØ°v F-{X {]Imih¿-jw Zqcap-s≠-s-∂gp-
Xm≥: dokv, P-Ãv kn-Iv-kv \-tº-gv-kv, t]-Pv 147.
A[ymbw 2
kzm-KXw, ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-te-°v
¤p-X-ßƒ-°p I-gn-hp≈hcmWv C∂-

sØ tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X⁄¿. N-{μ-\n¬ B-sc-
¶nepw Xo-s∏-ń-bp-c-®m¬ C-hn-sS-bn-cp-∂v Ah¿ B
\m-fw I-≠p]n-Sn-°pw. A-Xnhn-Zq-c-Øn-ep-≈ Ip-
™p\-£-{X-ß-fp-sS an-Sn-∏p ]cn-tim-[n®v1 A-Xn-
s‚ h-en-∏hpw k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw IW-°p-Iq´pw.
I-sÆ-ØmZq-sc, _-ln-cmIm-it]-S-I-Øn¬ A-
©pe-£w h¿-jw bm-{X sN-bv-sX-tØ-≠n-S-Øp≈
{K-l-ß-fn¬ P-\-hm-k-Øn-\p ]‰n-b km-l-Ncyß-
fpt≠m F-∂p K-Wn-s®-Sp°pw.
t\¿-Ø, A-XnZp¿-_-eamb hn-Inc-Wwt]mepw
]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°m≥ I-gnhp≈-Xm-Wv tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-
⁄-cp-sS tdUntbm sS-enkv-tIm∏v. F-{X-am{Xw
t\-cn-b-XmWv B hn-In-c-W-sa-∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥
Imƒ kmK-s‚ hm-°p-Iƒ I-S-sa-Sp-°mw: "kuc-bq-
Y-Øn-\p sh-fn-bn¬\n-∂v C-{X-\mƒ ti-J-cn® hn-
In-c-W-ß-fnse (ti-Jc-Ww Xp-S-ßn 1951 h-sc-bp-
≈ Im-e-am-W-t±-lw D-t±-in-®-Xv) Du¿-÷w sam-Ø-
Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ H-cp a-™pI-´ `q-an-bn¬ ]Xn-°p-
∂ Du¿-÷-Øn-epw Ip-d-hm-Ip-a-Xv.'2
Np-cp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-⁄¿
a\- ph-®m¬ Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-Xm-bn Cu {]-]-
©-Øn¬ A-[n-I-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-hn√. A-XpsIm≠m-
Wv πq-t´m-bv-°v H-cp N-{μ\p-s≠-∂ Im-cyw 1978\p
ap-ºv B-cpw I≠p]n-Sn-®n-s√∂-Xv hen-b A-Xn-i-
b-am-bXv. B h¿-jw ^v-fm-Kv-Ãm-^n-se tem-sh¬
H-_v-k¿-th-‰-dn-bn-se sP-bnw-kv {In-kv-‰n-sb-∂ bp-
h tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ πq-t´m-bp-sS Nn-{X-ß-sf-
Sp-Øv ]-Xn-hp \n-co£Ww \-SØpIbm-bn-cp-∂p.3
A-hy-‡-sa-¶nepw πq-t´m-sb-°q-Sm-sX a-s‰m-cp h-
kvXpIqSnNn-{X-Ønep-s≠-∂v A-t±-lw I≠p. tdm-
_¿-´v lm-cn-Mv-S¨ F-∂ k-l{]-h¿-Ø-I-\p-am-bn
Iq-Snbm-tem-Nn-® {In-Ãn A-sXm-cp-]-{K-lwX-s∂-
sb∂v ÿn-co-I-cn®p. shdp-sam-cp-]-{K-l-am-bn-cp-
∂n√ A-Xv. {K-l-Øn-s‚ h-en∏hpam-bn Xm-c-Xayw
sN-øp-tºmƒ ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰hpw henb D-
]-{Klw.
H-cp-]-{Klap-s≠∂ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw πq-t´m-bv-°v

]t£, t\-´-a√ D≠m°n-bXv. A-Xns‚, t\c-
tØX-s∂ Zp¿-_-e-am-bn-cp-∂ {K-l]-Z-hn-°v
]pXnsbm-cm-Lm-X-am-bn, AXv. πq-t´m-sbbpw D-]-{K-
l-sØbpw th¿-Xn-cn-®p ImWm≥ A-Xn-\p-ap-ºp I-
gn-™n-cp-∂n-s√-∂p ]-d-™m¬ A-Xn-\¿-Yw πqt´m
AXp-hsc I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ F{Xtbm
sN-dp-Xm-sW-∂mWv.4 _p-[-s\-°mƒ sN-dp-Xv. F-
¥n-\v \-Ωp-sS N-{μ-\pƒ-s∏-sS, ku-c-bq-Y-Ønse
G-gv D-]-{K-l-ßƒ°v πq-t´m-sb-°mƒ h-en-∏-ap-≠v.
Cu I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-sØ∏-‰n ]-d-bp-tºmƒ kzm-

`m-hn-I-ambpw H-cp tNmZyap-b-cpw. \-Ωp-sS kz-¥w
ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-ep≈ πq-t´m-bv-°v C-ßs\-sbm-cp]-
{K-l-ap-s≠-∂p I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ F¥p-sIm-≠n-
{Xbpw Im-e-sa-Sp-Øp?
Im-c-W-ß-ƒ ]eXp-≠-Xn\v. im-kv-{X-⁄¿ D-]-
I-c-W-ßƒ F-tßm-´p Nq-≠p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\ B-
{i-bn-®n-cn-°pw tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-Øn-se I-≠p]n-Sn-
Ø-ßƒ F-∂-Xm-Wv H-cp Imcyw. F-¥p I-≠p-
]n-Sn-°m-\m-Wv D-]-I-cW-ßƒ cq-]-Iev-]-\ sN-bvX-
Xv F-∂-Xn-s\bpw B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°paXv. shdpsam-
cp πq-t´m-bm-Wv \-ΩpsS hnjbw F-∂-Xm-Wv aq-
∂ma-sØ Im-cyw. {][m-\ Imcyw im-kv-{X-⁄-¿ D-
]-Ic-Ww Nq≠n-b Zn-iX-s∂. ¢m¿-Iv Nm-]v-am≥ ]-
d™-Xpt]m-se,5 "]-ecpw I-cp-Xp∂-Xv tPym-Xn»m-
kv-{X-⁄¿ cm{Xn hm-\\n-co-£-Wim-e-bv-°p ]p-
d-Ønd-ßn B-Im-iw A-cn-®p s]-dp°ns°m-≠n-
cn°p-I-bm-sW-∂m-Wv. A-Xp i-cnb√. A-ßI-se
B-Im-iØn-s‚ Zq-c-ß-fn¬ Izm-km-dp-Itfm X-tam-
K¿Ø-ßtfm at‰m I-s≠-Øm\m-bn IÆpw\-ń-cn-
°p-∂ hn-[-Øn-¬ cq-]-Iev-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xm-Wv A-h-
cpsS sS-enkv-tIm-∏p-I-tfsdbpw. B-Im-iw A-cn-®p
s]-dp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ sS-enkvtIm-∏v irw-J-eIƒ cq-
]-Iev-]-\ sN-øp-∂Xpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw
imkv{X-⁄c√, ]-´m-f-°m-cm-Wv.
I-em-Im-c-∑m¿ X-øm-dm°nb A-Xyp-÷zehy-‡-

X-bp-≈ a-t\m-l-c Nn-{X-ß-fpw tPym-Xn¿-tKm-f-ß-
sf∏-‰n ]-d-bp-tºmƒ \-sΩ sX-‰n-≤-c-n-∏n°pw. b-
Ym¿-Y tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-Øn¬ C-ßs\-sbm-cp hy-
‡-X I-≠p-In-´m-\mhn√. A-hy-‡-am-sbmcp J-
tKm-f[q-fn am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p {In-Ãn-bp-sS
t^mt´mbn-se πqt´m. A-Xn-s‚ D-]-{K-lw \m-j-
W¬ tPym-{K-^n-Iv s]-bn‚n-ßpI-fn¬ Im-Wp-tºm-
se Ir-Xyam-b {`-a-W-]-Y-Øn-eq-sS {Kl-sØ Np-
‰p-∂ a-t\m-lctKm-f-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Ip-td-°q-Sn A-
hy-‡am-sbm-cp s]m-Sn]S-ew am-{Xw. a-s‰m-cmƒIq-
Sn AXp I-≠v A-ßs\-sbm-∂p-s≠-∂v ÿn-co-I-
cn°m≥ ho≠p-sam-cp G-gp h¿-jw th-≠n-h∂p.6
F-{X-am{Xw A-hy-‡-ambn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂v C-
Xn¬\n-∂pXs∂ hy-‡-amhpw.
{In-kv-‰n-bp-sS I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-\v H-cp Iu-Xp-

IwIq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p— 1930˛¬ πq-t´m-sb B-Zyw
I-s≠Øn-b ^v-fm-Kv-Ãm-^n-¬ h-®p-X-s∂-bm-Wv A-
Xn-s‚ N-{μ-s\ I-s≠-Øn-bXpw F-∂-XmWXv.
tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-Ønse Cu auen-It\-´w s]-¿-kn-
h¬ sem-sh-¬ F-∂ tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄-\mWv
I-c-ÿ-am-°n-bXv. k-ºØpw ]m-c-º-cyhpw kz-¥w
t]cn-sem-cp hm-\ -\n-co-£-Wim-ebpap≈ semsh-
¬ ]t£, Hm-¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv hn-gp-ßm≥ {]-bm-
k-ap-≈ H-cp hn-izm-k-w h-®p-]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xns‚ t]-
cn-emWv. sNm-ΔbpsS D-]-cnX-ew \nd-sb Nm-ep-I-
fm-sW-∂pw A-Xv A-[zm-\io-ecmb
sNmΔm{Klhm-kn-I-ƒ P-e-k-ar-≤am-b {[p-h{]-tZ-
i-ß-fn-¬\n-∂v a-[y`mKsØ Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-fn-te°v
sh-≈-sa-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p shńb tXm-SpI-fm-sW-
∂p-am-bn-cp∂p A-t±-l-Øns‚ D-d-® hn-izmkw.
sNm-Δ-bn-¬ Po-h\pw \o-¿-®m-ep-I-fp-aps≠-∂p-d-

∏n® sem-sh-en-\v as‰mcp Im-cy-Ønepw D-d-∏p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p˛˛˛ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-¬ s\-]v-‰yq-Wn\p-a-∏p-dw
I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-sX In-S-°p-∂ H-º-Xm-a-sXm-cp
{K-lwIq-Snbp-≠v. bp-dm-\-kn-s‚bpw s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-
s‚bpw {`-a-W-]-Y-Øn-s‚ Ir-Xy-X-bn-√m-bv-a-bn-¬\n-
∂m-Wv C-ßs\-sbmcp \n-K-a-\-Øn-¬ A-
t±lsaØn-bXv. X-s‚ A-hkm-\\m-fp-Iƒ B A-
⁄m-X-{K-l-Øn-s‚ A-t\z-j-W-Øn\m-bn am-‰n-
h® sem-sh-¬ B ITn\]-cn-{i-aw Im-c-W-am-Imw,
1916˛¬ A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn a-c-W-Øn-\p Io-g-S-ßn.
sem-sh-en-s‚ A-\-¥-cm-hIm-in-Iƒ-°v K-thj-
Ww ap-t∂m-´p sIm-≠pt]m-Ip-∂Xn-s\-°m-ƒ Xm-
¬]cyw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ kz-Øv ssI-°-em-°p-∂-
Xn-em-bn-cp∂p. F-¶nepw 1929˛¬ sem-sh-¬ H-_v-k-
¿-th‰-dn U-bdŒ-¿-am-¿ K-thj-Ww ]p-\-cm-cw-`n°m-
≥ Xo-cp-am-\n®p. A-t∏mt-g-°pw hen-sbm-cp _m-[y-
X-bm-bn am-dn-bncp∂ sNm-Δm-a-\p-jy-°-Y-bn-¬\n-
∂p {i-≤ Xn-cn-°m-≥Iq-Sn th-≠n-bm-bncp-∂p AXv.
I-≥-kmkn-¬\n-∂p≈ ss¢-Uv tSmwt_m F-s∂m-
cp bphm-hns\-bm-W-h-¿ A-Xn-\m-bn I-s≠-Øn-
bXv.
tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-Øn¬ Hu-]-Nmcn-I ]-cn-io-e-\-

sam-∂p-w e-`n®-bm-fmbn-cp-∂n√, tSmw-t_m. Np-dp-Np-
dp°pw _p-≤nkm-a¿-Yy-hp-ap-≈ B- sN-dp-∏-°m-
c≥.]t£, H-cp h¿j-sØ Nn-´bm-b \n-co-£-
WØn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ AßIse \-£-{X-J-Nn-Xam-b
B-Im-i-Øn¬ A-hy-‡am-sbm-cp s]m-´pt]mse
πq-t´m-sb I-s≠Øn.7 A-Xn-i-b-I-cam-sbm-cp I-
≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. hen-b A-¤p-X-sa-
¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂ph-®m¬ πq-t´m-bp-sS AkvXn-Xz-
Øn\v semsh¬ \n-cØn-b \ym-b-ß-sf√mw sX-
‰m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw A-tXm-sSm∏w sX-fn-™p-sh-∂-
XmWv. sem-sh¬ ]d-™t]m-se ]-Sp-Iq-‰≥ hmX-
I-tKmfa√ ]pXn-b {K-l-sa-∂v tSmwt_m a-\- nem-
°n. sem-shen-\p ]-‰n-b ]nghp-Iƒ ]t£, ]pXn-
b {K-lw I-s≠-Øn-b hm¿-Ø-bp-sS B-th-i-Øn-
an¿∏n¬ B-cpw N¿-®sN-bv-Xn√. A-ta-cn-°-°m-c≥
I-s≠Øn-b B-Zy {K-l-am-Wv πqt´m. shdp-sam-cp
a-™pI-´-sb-∂p ]d-™v B I-≠p-]n-Sn-ØØn-s‚
hn-e-bn-Sn-°m\pw Bcpw X-øm-dm-bn-cp-∂n√. s]-¿-
kn-h¬ sem-shens‚ t]-cn-s‚ B-Zy-£-c-ßƒIq-
Sn tN¿-Øv ]p-Xnb {K-l-Øn-\v πqt´m F-∂p t]-
cn-´p. ac-Wm-\¥-cw sem-sh¬ A-Xyp-÷z-e {]-Xn-
`-bm-bn B-Z-cn-°s∏´p. tPymXn»m-kv-{X-⁄∑m-
cpsS Aw-Ko-Im-cw e-`n-s®-¶nepw tSmw-t_m Gd°p-
sd hn-kv-a-cn-°-s∏´p.
πq-t´m-bv-°p-a-∏pdw a-s‰m-c⁄m-X{K-lwIq-Sn-bp-
s≠-∂p I-cpXnb tPymXn»m-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]n-s∂-bp-
ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.8
- hym-g-Øn-s‚ ]-Ønc-ń h-en∏w h-cm-hp-∂ F-

∂m¬ I¨-sh´-Øp h-cm-Ø Hcp ò-a≥{Klw.
kqcy-\n¬ \n-∂-I-se-bmb-Xp Imc-Ww H-cn-Øn-cn
sh-fn®-ta A-Xn-\p In´q. {]-Xn-ên-∏n-°m≥ {]-
Im-i-an√m-ØXp-sIm-≠v A-Xv Im-Wm-\m-hn√.
hymgsØtbm i-\nsb-tbm-t]m-se km-[m-c-W{K-
l-amb√, \m-e-c e-£w tImSn ssa¬ AI-se G-
d-°p-sd kq-cy-s‚ Kmw-ò-cy-aps≈m-cp {K-l-am-
bmW-Xv k-¶ev]n-°-s∏-´Xv (Cu {]-]-©-Øn-se
an-° \-£-{X-ß-fpw C-c-´-I-fmWv. H-‰bm-\m-bn th-
dn-´p \n¬-°p-∂ kq-cy≥ AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ hy-
Xy-kv-X-\p-am-Wv).
C\n πqt´m-bp-sS Im-cy-am-sW-¶n¬ A-Xn-s\-{X

h-en-∏-ap-s≠-∂v- B¿°pa-dn-bn√, A-Xn-s‚ L-S-\-
sb-s¥-∂-dn-bn√, b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ A-sX-¥m-
sW∂pX-s∂-b-dn-bn√. A-sXm-cp {K-l-ta-b-√-,
ssI-∏¿ s_¬‰v-(Kuiper belt) F∂ {]-]-©m-h-in-
„Iq-ºm-c-Øn¬ I-s≠Øn-b G-‰hpw hen-b hk-
vXp am-{X-am-WXv F-∂p hen-sbm-cp hn-`m-Kw tPym-
Xn»m-kv-{X-⁄¿ I-cp-Xp∂p. F-^v.kn. en-tbm-
\m¿-Uv F-∂ tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄-\m-Wv 1930˛¬
ssI-∏¿ s_¬-‰v F-∂ Bi-bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®Xv.9
F-∂m¬ B Bi-bw hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø sP-dm¿-
Uv ssI-∏-dns‚ t]-cm-W-Xn-\p In-ń-bXv. Atacn-°-
bn¬ tPm-en t\m°n-b U-®v ]u-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p ssI-
∏¿. sNdn-b C-Sth-f-I-fn¬ G-Xm-≠p ÿn-c-am-sb-
Øp-∂ hm¬\-£-{X-ß-fp-sS D-d-hn-SamWv ssI-∏¿
s_¬‰v. lm-en [q-a-tI-Xp-hm-Wv- A°q-´-Øn¬ {]-
i-kvXw. Ip-td-°q-Sn h-en-b C-S-th-f-I-fn¬ h-cp-
∂ F-fp-∏w ]n-Sn-X-cm-Ø hm¬ \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS
(sl-bn¬˛t_m]v, ly-IpSsI [q-a-tI-Xp-°fm-Wv
C-°q´-Øn¬ G-‰hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ h-∂Xv) Xmh-fw
Iq-td-°q-Sn A-I-se-bp-≈ H¿-´v ta-L (Oort cloud
)-am-Wv.
G-Xm-bmepw a-‰p {K-l-ß-fn¬\n-∂p `n-∂-am-Wv

πqt´m F-∂p-d∏v. Ahy‡hpw sN-dp-Xp-am-Wv F∂-
XpsIm-≠pam-{X-a√ AXv. AXn-s‚ k©m-c-KXn
Ir-Xy-X-bn√m-Ø-XmWv. H-cp \q-‰m-≠n-\pti-jw
πqt´m F-hn-sS-bmIp-sa∂p ]-d-bm≥ B¿-°p-am-
hn√. a-‰p {K-l-ß-sf√mw G-Xm-s≠m-tc X-e-Øn¬
kq-cy-s\ {à-Ww sN-øp-tºmƒ πq-t´m-bp-sS {`-a-
W]-Yw sN-cn ®ph® sXm-∏nt]m-se 17 Un{Kn sN-
cn-™mWv. {`-a-W]-Y-Ønse Cu hyXn--{I-aw Imc-
Ww Nn-e Im-e-ß-fn¬ πqt´m s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-s‚ C-∏p-
d-sØ-Øpw. A-t∏mƒ s\-]v-‰yq-Wm-Ipw πq-t´m-sb-
°mƒ A-I-se-bp-≈ {K-lw. 1980I-fp-sS-bpw 1990I-
fp-sS-bpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-e-Øpw s\-]v-‰yq-Wm-bn-cp∂p
ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se G-‰hpw A-I-se-bp-≈ {K-lw.
1999 s^{_p-h-cn 11˛\mWv πq-t´m s\-]v-‰yq-Wn\pw
]p-d-Øp-≈ {`-a-W]-Y-Øn¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn-bXv.10
ASpØ 228 h¿-jw A-X-hn-sS Xp-S-cpw.
C\n πqt´m i-cn-°p-sam-cp {K-l-am-sW-
¶n¬Xs∂, A-sXm-cp H-‰-bm\m-Wv. \t∂ sN-dp-
Xm-W-Xv—\-Ωp-sS `q-an-bp-sS H-cp i-X-am-\-Øn-s‚
Im¬`mKw h-en∏w am-{Xw. πq-t´m-sb A-ta-cn-°-bv-
°p ap-I-fn¬ sIm-≠ph-®m¬ ]-Ip-Xn`m-Kwt]mepw
aq-Sn-t∏m-In√. A-Xn-s‚-b¿-Yw \-Ωp-sS ku-c-bq-Y-
Øn¬ ]md-°√p \nd™ \mep {Kl-ßfpw hmX-
I-ßƒsIm≠v BhcWw sNø-s∏´ \mep òa≥
{Kl-ßfpw H-cp Ip-™≥ a™p-tKm-f-hp-ap-s≠-
∂mWv. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ C-tX `mK-Øv C-Xnepw
hen-b a™p tKm-f-ßƒ I-s≠-Øm≥ km-[y-X-
bp-ap-≠v. {In-Ãn πq-t´m-bp-sS N-{μ-s\ I-s≠-Øn-b-
Xn-\pti-jw B-Im-i-Ønse B `m-K-ßƒ tPym-
Xn»m-kv-{X⁄-cp-sS \n-co-£-W-Øn-em-Wv. 2002
Un-kw-_-dn-\n-sS s\-]v‰yq-Wn-\p shfnbn-em-bn A-
dp-\q-dp h-kv-Xp°-sf11˛˛˛πqń-t\m-I-sf-∂m-Wh-sc
hn-fn-°p-∂Xv˛˛
-I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p≠v. C-Xn¬ h-cp-W-sb-∂p t]-cn-´

H-∂v πq-t´m-bp-sS N-{μt\mfwX-s∂ h-en-∏-ap-≈-Xm-
Wv. CØ-cw tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v h-kv-Xp-°ƒ th-sd-
bp-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv.
A-h-bn¬ ]-eXpw Xo¿Øpw C-cp-≠-Xm-sW-∂-Xp-
sIm≠m-Wv I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ hn-j-aw. an°Xn-
s‚bpw {]-Xn^-e-\ti-jn \m-ep- i-X-am-\w am-{X-
amWv. A-Xmb-Xv I¬°-cn-°-j-W-Øn-s‚ A-{X-
bpw am-{Xw.12 Cu I¬-°-cn-°-j-W-am-sW-¶n¬ 600
tIm-Sn-bn-tesd In-tem-ao-‰¿ A-I-se-bm-WpXm-\pw.
k-¶ev-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xn-ep-a-∏p-d-am-Wv Cu Zqcw. \-
Ω-fn-∏-d-bp-∂ _-ln-cm-Imiw h-ep-Xm-Wv. h-ep-sX-
∂p ]-d-™m¬ ò-am-Imcw. B h-en-∏w a-\- n-
em°m≥ \-Ω-sfm-cp _-ln-cmIm-it]-S-I-Øn¬
Ib-dn bm-{X-bm-hp-I-bm-sW∂p k-¶ev]n-°p-I. A-
[n-Iw Zq-c-sam∂pw \mw t]m-hp-∂n√. \-Ωp-sS ku-
cbqY-Øn-s‚ A-‰wh-sc am-{Xw.
bm-{X Xp-Sßpw ap-ºv H-cp hm°v. A-Øm-g-Øn-

\p ap-ºv Xn-cn-s®-Ømsa-∂p I-cp-tX-≠. {]Im-ith-
K-Øn-em-Wv (sk-°‚n¬ aq-∂p e-£w Intem-ao-
‰-¿) k-©m-c-sa-¶n¬ πq-t´m-bn-se-Øm≥ G-gp a-
Wn-°q-sd-Sp-°pw. ]-t£, {]-Im-ith-K-Øn¬ k-©-
cn-°m≥ \-ap-°m-hn√. C-∂p-≈ _-lncmIm-it]-
S-I-ß-fp-sS th-K-Øn¬ t]m-bm¬ bm{Xmka-bw
F{Xtbm \ofpw. a-\p-jy\n¿an-Xhm-l-\-ß-fn¬
G-‰hpw th-K-ap≈-Xv thm-tb-P¿ H∂pw thm-tb-P¿
c-≠p-amWv. a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 56,000 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-
Ønem-W-h \-Ω-fn¬\n-∂p-aI-∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv.13
thm-tb-P¿ B-Im-i-bm-\-ßƒ 1977 B-K-kv-

‰nepw sk-]v-Xw-_-dnepw X-s∂ hn-t£-]n-°m≥ Im-
c-W-ap≠v. hym-ghpw i-\nbpw bp-dm-\-kpw
s\]v‰yqWpw A-t∏m-sfm-cp A-]q¿-h hn-\ym-k-Øn-
em-bn-cp-∂p-. 175 h¿-jØnsem-cn-°¬ am{Xw kw-`-
hn-°p∂ hn-\ym-kw. B k-a-b-Øv hn-t£-]n-°p∂
hm-l-\-Øn-\v Cu BImitKm-f-ß-fp-sS Kp-cp-Xzm-
I¿j-Ww D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn ap-t∂m-´p Ip-Xn-
°m≥ I-gn-bpw. H-cp tKm-f-Øn-s‚ B-I¿-j-W_-
eØn-\v i-‡n Ip-d-bp-tºmƒ A-Sp-Ø-Xn-s‚ B-
I¿-j-Wh-e-b-Øn-seØpw, A-ß-s\-bß-s\ ap-
t∂m-´v. F-∂n-´pa-Xv bp-dm-\- n\-Sp-sØ-Øm≥
HºXp h¿-j-sa-SpØp. πq-t´m-bp-sS {`-a-W]Y-Øn-
se-Øm≥ 12 h¿jw. \m-kbpsS \yq slm-ssd-
k¨kv _-ln-cmIm-it]-S-Iw πq-t´m-sb e-£y-
am°n bm-{X ]p-d-s∏-Sp∂-Xph-sc Im-Øn-cp-∂m¬*
km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-sS hn-Imk-Øn-s‚ Kp-WwIq-Sn
D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn Aev-]wIq-Sn th-K-am¿-Pn-°m≥
]-‰pw. A-t∏mƒ H-cp ]-Øp h¿-jwsIm-≠p πq-t´m-
bn-se-Øm≥ ]-‰n-tb°pw. ]t£, Xn-cn-s®-Øm≥
A-Xn-e-[n-Iw ka-bw th-≠n-hcpw. F-¥mbm-epw
hf-sc \o-≠ bm-{X-bm-Ip-aXv.
CØ-c-sam-cp bm-{X-bn¬ B-Zyw \-ap°p t_m-

[y-s∏-Sp-I, _-ln-cmIm-iw kz-—hpw \n-cm-i-s∏-
SpØpwhn-[w hn-c-k-hp-am-sW-∂ h-kv-Xp-XbmWv.
tIm-Sm-\ptIm-Sn ssa-ep-I-tfm-fw \o-fp-∂-Xm-Wv \-
Ωp-sS ku-c-bqYw. ]-t£, Im-gv-N-bm-I¿-jn-°p-∂
kq-cy-\pw {K-l-ß-fpw D-]-{K-l-ßfpw tImSn°-W-
°n-\p £p-{Z{K-l-ßfpw hm¬-\-£{X-ßfpw F-
√mw Iq-Snt®-cp-∂ `m-Kw ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ e-£w
tIm-Snbn-sem-∂pt]m-epw h-cn√.14 C-ßs\sbm-cp
bm-{X-bn¬ a-s‰m-cp ImcywIq-Sn a-\- n-em-Ipw. ku-c-
bq-Y-Øn-s‚ \Ω-ƒ Im-Wp-∂ am-∏p-I-sfm∂pw hn-
Zq-c-am-bn-t∏mepw tXm-sXm-∏n-®p h-c®-h-b-√. ¢m-kv
ap-dn-I-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂ Nm¿-´p-I-fn¬ H-∂n-\p ]nd-
sI H-∂mbn Ir-Xy-am-b C-S-th-f-I-fn-em-Wv {K-l-
ßƒ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. hen-b {Klß-ƒ ]p-d-
Øp-≈-h-bn¬ \n-g¬ ho-gv-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-t∏mepw Nn-
e-t∏mƒ Nn{XoI-cn-°m-dp≠v. F√m {K-l-ß-sfbpw
H-cp I-S-em- n-sem-Xp-°m≥th-≠nbp-≈ sNdn-sbmcp
X-ń-∏m-WnXv. hym-g-Øn¬\n-∂v C-Øn-cn A-I-∂√
s\]v‰yq¨; h-f-sc-b-I-∂m-W-Xv. `q-an-bn¬\n-∂p
hym-g-Øn-te-°p-≈ Zq-c-Øns‚ A-©n-c-ń- Zqcap-≠v
hym-g-Øn¬\n-∂p s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-te-°v. Cu AI-ew
Imc-Ww hym-g-Øn-\p In-´p-∂ kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øn-s‚
aq-∂p i-X-am-\w am{Xta s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-\p In-´p-
∂p≈p.
hnh¿Ø-Is‚ Ipdn∏v : * \yq slm-ssd-k¨-

kv t]-S-Iw 2006 P-\-ph-cn 19˛\v bm-{X Xp-Sßn. C-
Xphsc hn-t£-]n-®n´-p≈-Xn¬ G-‰hpw th-K-ap-≈
_-ln-cmIm-i-hm-l\am-W-Xv. a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 58,356
Intem-ao-‰-¿ th-Kw. 2007 s^{_p-h-cn 28˛\v A-
Xv hymg-sØ a-dn-I-S-∂p. 2008 Pq¨ F-ń-\v i-
\n-bp-sS {à-W]-Yw ap-dn-®pI-S∂p. 2015 Pqsse
14˛\v A-Xv πq-t´m-bv-°p k-ao-]-sa-Øp-sa-∂m-Wv I-
W-°m°p∂Xv. ]n-s∂ ssI∏¿ s_¬-‰v e-£y-am-
°n \o-ßpw.
hfsc h-ep-Xm-Wo Zqcw. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s\ tXm-

sXm-∏n-®p Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°p∂-Xv A-km-[y-am°pwhn-
[w h-epXv. aS-°nhbv-°m-hp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ \o-f-
tadn-b I-S-em-kp-]-tbm-Kn-®mepw i-cn \n-ß-fp-sS
]mT-]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ ku-c-bqY-sØ B-\p-]mXn-I
h-en-∏-Øn¬ h-c-bv-°m-\m-hn√. t]m-kv-‰¿ t]-∏¿
tN¿-sØm-ń-®mepw {]-tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-hn√. h-en-∏-
Øn\pw Zq-c-Øn\pw B-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn ku-c-bq-
Y-Øn-s‚ Nn{Xw X-øm-dm-°p-I-bm-sW-∂p hbv°p-
I. `q-an-sb H-c-∏-Øn-s‚ h-en-∏-Øn-te-°p sN-dp-
Xm-°p-I. A-t∏mƒ hym-g-Øn-te--°v 300 ao-‰¿ Zq-
cw h-cpw. πqt´m c-≠-c In-tem-ao-‰¿ A-I-sebm-
bn-cn-°pw. F-∂m-ep-a-Xv Im-Wm≥ ]-‰n√. Imc-Ww,
AXn-s\m-cp PohmWphn-s‚ h-en-∏-ta-bp-≠mIq.
Cu tXm-X-\p-k-cn-®v t{]m-Iv-kn-am sk‚q-dnsb-∂
\-Ωp-sS G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Ø \-£-{Xw 16,000 In-tem-ao-
‰¿ A-I-se-bm-bncn-°pw. C-\n ho≠pw sN-dp-Xm-°n
hymgsØ Cu h-cn-bp-sS A-h-km-\ap≈ Ip-Øm-
°n am-‰nbm-tem? A-t∏mƒ πq-t´m-bv-°v H-cp X-∑m-
{X-bp-sS hen-∏-ta-bp-≠mIq. A-t∏m-gp-a-Xn-te-°v 10
ao-‰¿ A-I-e-ap≠m-Ipw.
AsX, ò-am-Im-c-am-Wv ku-c-bqYw. C-\n \-Ωƒ

πq-t´m-bn-se-Ønsb∂p hbv-°p-I. \-Ωp-sS kq-cy-
\v—sh-bnepw NqSpw \¬-Ip-∂, Po-hZmXm-hm-b \-
Ωp-sS kq-cy-\v—A-hn-sS\n-∂p t\m-°p-tºmƒ H-cp
sam-´pkqNn-Ø-e-∏n-s‚ h-en∏-ta h-cq. B-Im-i-
Øn¬ Xn-f-ßp-∂ A-kwJyw \£{X-ßfn-sem-∂p-
am-{X-am-Ip-aXv. πq-t´m-bp-sS N-{μ-s\ I-s≠-Øm≥
C-{Xbpw ssh-In-b-sX-s¥-∂v A-t∏mƒ \-ap°p a-
\- n-em-Ipw. πq-t´m-bp-sS am{Xw Im-cya√, C-Xv. thm-
tb-P¿ ZuXyw Xp-S-ßp∂-Xph-sc s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-\v
c≠p N-{μ-∑m-cm-Wp-≈-sX-∂m-bn-cp-∂p [mc-W.
thm-tb-P¿ B-dp N-{μ-∑m-sc-°qSn I-s≠-Øn. ku-
c-bq-Y-Øn¬ 30 N-{μ-∑m-cps≠-∂m-bn-cp-∂p F-s‚
Ip-ń°m-e-Øv ]Tn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv sXm-Æq-
sd-Æ-ap-s≠-∂m-Wv C-t∏mgsØ A-dnhv.15 C-Xn¬
aq∂n-sem-∂pw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xv I-gn-™
]Øph¿jwsIm-≠mWv. {]-]-©-sØ∏-‰n ]Tn-
°m≥ Xp-S-ßpwap-ºv a-\- n-emt°-≠ H-cp Im-cyw,
\-Ωp-sS-bo ku-c-bq-YØn¬ F-s¥m-s°-bp-
s≠∂pt]mepw \-ap-°-dn-bn√ F-∂-XmWv.
C-t∏mƒ \-Ωƒ πq-t´m-sb IS-∂pt]m-hp-I-

bmWv. AY-hm πq-t´m-sb IS-∂pt]m-Ip-∂tX-
bp≈q. \-Ωp-sS bm-{X ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ A-‰-
tØ°m-bn-cp∂p. e-£y-Øn-\-Sp-sØm-∂pw \-Ω-sf-
Øn-bn-ń√. kv-Iq-fn¬ I≠p ]-cn-N-bn-® Nn-{X-ß-
fn¬ ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ A-‰-Øm-Wv πq-t´m. ]-t£,
ku-c-bq-Yw A-hn-sS A-h-km-\n-°p-∂n√. F-∂p ]-
d-™m¬ t]m-c, -AXn¿Øn-bp-sS A-Sp-sØm-∂p-sa-
Øn-bn-ń√ \Ωƒ. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ A-tßb-‰-
sØ-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ H¿-´v ta-Lw IS-∂pt]m-IWw.
Aù-ahn-im-e-Xbn¬ H-gp-In-∏-c-°p-∂ [q-a-tI-Xp-
°-fp-sS Iq-´-am-WXv. ]-t£, A-hn-sS-sbØ-W-sa-
¶n¬, £-an-°Ww, H-cp ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw h¿-jwIq-
Sn th-≠n-h-cpw.16 ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fnse Nn-{X-ßƒ
ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ A-tß-b-‰-sa-∂ ań¬ Im-Wn-®
πq-t´m-bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ \-Ωƒ ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚
A-‰-tØ-°p≈ bm-{X-bp-sS A-º-Xn-\m-bn-cØn-
sem-∂p `m-Kw am-{X-ta Xm-≠n-bn-´p≈q F∂¿Yw.
CØ-c-sam-cp bm-{X \-S-Øm-\p-≈ ti-jn G-Xm-
bmepw \-ap-°n√. N{μ\n-te-°p-≈ 3,86,000 In-tem-
ao-‰¿ bm-{XX-s∂ \-sΩ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
hf-sc h-ep-Xm-Wv. sNm-Δ-bn-te-°v B-sf-bn-d-°p-
sa-∂v A-ta-cn-°≥ {]knU‚m-bn-cp-∂ _p-jv
th≠-{X B-tem-N-\-bn√m-sX Hcp {]-Jym-]-\w \-
SØn-bn-cp∂p. A-ßs\-sbm-cp bm-{X-bv-°v 45000
tIm-Sn tUm-f¿ sNe-hp h-cp-sa∂pw an-°-hmdpw
bm-{Xn-I-sc√mw a-c-W-a-S-bp-sa-∂pw17 (D∂-X
Du¿÷w h-ln-°p-∂ ku-cI-W-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-≈
B-Lm-XwsIm-≠v A-h-cpsS P-\n-X-
I{Zhywt]mepw Nn-∂n-®n-X-dn-t∏mIpw) Nq-≠n-°m-
Wn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw AXp ]n≥-h-en®p.
\n-e-hn¬ \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂Xpw k-¶ev-]n-°m-hp-

∂-Xpam-b Im-cy-ßƒh®p ]-d-bm-hp∂-Xv ku-c-bq-
Y-Øn-s‚ A-‰-sØ-Øm≥ \-ap-°v H-cn-°epw I-gn-
bn√ F-∂-XmWv. A-{X-bv-°p Zq-sc-bm-WXv. l-
_vƒ sS-enkv-tIm-∏vh®p t\m-°n-bm¬t]mepw H¿-
´v ta-Lw Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bn√. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂
A-ßs\-sbm-∂-hn-sS-bpt≠m F-∂pt]mepw D-d-
∏n√. A-ßs\-sbm∂p-≠m-Im≥ km-[y-X-bp≠v,
A-Xp Xn-I®pw km-¶ev]n-I-am-Im\pw km[yX-
bp≠v.*
H¿-´v ta-L-sØ∏-‰n G-d-°p-sd D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm-

hp-∂-Xn-{X-tb D≈q. πqt´m I-gn-™v F-hn-sS\n-
t∂m A-Xp Xp-S-ßp∂p. ]n-s∂ {]-]-©-Øn -te-
°v c-≠p {]Im-ih-¿-j-tØm-fw \o-≠p In-S-°p∂p.
ku-c-bq-Y-Øn¬ Zq-c-Øn-s‚ A-Snÿm-\ GI-Iw
B-kv-t{Sm-W-an-°¬ bq-Wn-‰v AY-hm
F.bp.(AU)hmWv. kq-cy-\n¬\n-∂p \-Ωp-sS `q-an-
bn-te°p-≈ Zq-c-am-Wv Hcp F.bp. πqt´m \-Ωn¬
\n-∂v 40 F.bp. A-I-se-bmWv. H¿-´v ta-L-Øn-s‚
lr-Z-b-`m-K-tØ--°p≈-Xv A-º-Xn-\m-bn-cw F.bp-
.hpw. H-‰-hm-°n¬ ]-d™m¬ AXnhn-Zq-c-am-WXv.
A-ßs\-sbm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw \-Ω-f-hn-sS-sb-
Øn-sb-∂v `m-hn-°p-I. Xn-I®pw im-¥-am-Whn-Sw
F-∂ Im-cy-amWv B-Zyw {i-≤-bn-se-ØpI.
F√m‰n¬-\n∂pw F{Xtbm A-I-se-bm-Wn-t∏mƒ
\-Ωƒ. A-hn-sS\n-∂p t\m°ptºmƒ \-Ωp-sS kq-
cy≥ G-‰hpw Xn-f-°-ap-≈ \-£{Xwt]m-ep-a√. C-
{Xb-I-se-°n-S-°p∂ B sIm-®p\-£-{X-Øn-\v
Cu [q-a-tI-Xp-°-sf-sb√mw B-I¿-jn-®p {`-a-W-]-
Y-Øn¬ \n¿-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ A-¤p-
Xw tXm-∂p-a-t∏mƒ. A-{X i-‡am-sbm-cp _‘-
\-sam-∂pa√, AXv, AXp* Hm]n-Iv H¿-´v ta-Lw
(Opik- Oort cloud) F-∂m-W-Xn-s‚ ap-gp-h≥ t]-
cv. 1932˛¬ A-ßs\-sbm-∂ns‚ km-[y-X hn-`mh-
\w sNbvX G-W-Ãv Hm-]n-Iv F-∂ F-tÃm-Wn-b≥
tPymXn»m-kv-{X-⁄-s‚bpw ]-Xn-s\-´p h¿-j-Øn-
\pti-jw A-Xn-s‚ K-Wn-X-{In-b-Iƒ kv-^p-Sw sN-
bv-sX-Sp-Ø U-®v tPym-Xn-»mkv-{X-⁄≥ bm≥ H¿-
ń-s‚bpw t]-cm-W-Xn-\p \¬-In-bXv.
sIm-≠v Cu [q-a-tI-Xp-°ƒ ]-Xp-s° a-Wn-°q-
dn¬ 220 ssa¬ th-K-ØnemWv N-en-°p-∂-Xv.18
a-s‰m-cp \-£{Xw A-cn-In-eq-sS t]m-Ip-tºmtgm
at‰m Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W_-e-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ Nm-
©m-´wsIm-≠v Nn-e G-Im¥-hm¬\-£-{Xßƒ
Cu {`-a-W]-Y-Øn¬\n-∂v ]pd-Øp Nm-Spw. A-Xn¬
Nne-Xv _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øn-s‚ iq-\y-X-bn-te-°v H-cn-
°epw Xn-cn-®ph-cm-ØhÆw ]p-d-s∏-Spw. a-‰p Nne-
Xv Zo¿-L {`-a-W]-Y-Øn-eq-sS kq-cy-s\ Np‰pw.
AXn¬ Nne-Xv˛˛˛h¿-j-Øn¬ aqt∂m \mtem F-
Æw˛˛˛ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ A-IØ-f-ß-fn-te-s°-
Øpw. Nne-Xv `q-an-sb-t∏m-se D-d-∏p-≈ F-¥n-
se¶nepw sN∂n-Sn-°pw. A-XpsIm-≠m-Wv \-Ω-fn-
t∏mƒ C-hn-sS-sb-Øn-b-Xv. C-hn-sS \mw I-≠ [q-
a-tI-Xp ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ D-≈n-te-°p-≈ A-Km[
am-sbm-cp ]X\w Xp-S-ßn-°-gn-™p. A-ta-cn-°-
bn¬ A-tbm-h-bn-se am≥k-tWm at‰m e£y-am-
°n-bm-W-Xn-s‚ {]-bmWw. ]-t£, A-X-hn-sS-
sbØm≥ Ip-td-°m-ew ]n-Sn-°pw, Np-cp-ßnb-Xv ap-
∏tXm \m-ev-]tXm e-£w h¿jw. AXp-sIm-≠v
C-t∏mƒ \-ap-°-°mcyw hn-Smw. Ip-td-°-gn-™v
AXnte--°p Xn-cn-s®-Ømw.
A-t∏m-fn-Xm-Wv \n-ß-fp-sS ku-c-bqYw. A-Xp I-
gn™mtem? ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-\-∏p-d-sa-¥m-Wp-≈-Xv?
H-∂p-an-s√-∂p th-W-sa-¶n¬ ]-d-bmw. As√¶n¬
]-e-Xp-ap-s≠-∂pw ]-dbmw. Im-cyß-sf Fß-s\
t\m-°n-°m-Wp∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\ B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-a-
Xv.
H-∂p-an√ F-∂m-Wv F-fp-∏-Øn-¬ \¬Im-hp-∂ D-

Øcw. a-\p-jy≥ C∂p-h-sc kr-„n-®n-´p-≈ G-‰-hpw
i-‡n-tbdn-b iq\y-Xt]mepw19 \-£{X-ßƒ-°n-S-
bn-se iq-\y-X-bp-sSb-{X iq-\ya√. A-Sp-Ø h-kv-
Xp-hn-seØpwhsc-bßs\ \o-≠p ]-c-∂p In-S-°p-
I-bmWv Cu iq-\yX. \-tΩm-Sv G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Øp In-S-
°p-∂ \-£-{X-am-b t{]m-Ivkn-a sk‚qdn20 (B¬-
^m sk‚qdn-sb-∂ aq∂w-K \£-{Xk-aq-l-Øn-se
Aw-K-am-W-Xv) 4.3 {]Im-ih¿jw A-I-se-bmWv.
{]m-]©n-I A-fhp-tIm-eph-®p t\m-°p-tºmƒ
\n- m-c-sa¶nepw N-{μ-\n-te-°p-≈ Zq-c-Øns‚ ]-Øp
tIm-Sn a-S-ßph-cp-aXv. _-lncm-Im-i-bm-\-Øn¬ A-
hn-sS-sb-Øm≥ Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv 25,000 h¿-j-w thWw.
A-ßs\-sbm-cp bm-{X km-[n-®m¬X-s∂ A-Xn-hn-
im-eam-b H-∂p-an√m-bva-bv°n-S-bn-se H-cp \-£-{X-
°q-´-Øn-e√m-sX F-hn-sS-bp-sa-Øn√ \mw. kndnb-
kv F∂ A-Sp-Ø \m-gn-I-°√n-se-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬
4.6 {]Imih¿-jw Iq-Sn k-©-cn-°Ww. A-ß-s\
\-£-{X-ß-fn¬\n-∂p \-£-{X-Øn-te-°p Nm-Sn \-
Ωp-sS Km-e-Iv-kn-bp-sS tI-{μ-Øn-se-Ø-W-sa¶n-
tem? \-Ω-fp-≠mbn C-hn-sS-sb-Øm-s\-Sp-Ø-Xn-s\-
°mƒ Im-ew ]n-Sn-°p-a-Xn\v.
AXp-sIm-≠v H-∂p-Iq-Sn B-h¿-Øn-°s´, _-ln-

cm-Im-iw ò-am-Im-camWv. \-£-{X-ßƒ-°n-S-bnse
i-cmi-cn AIew21 30 e-£w tIm-Sn Intemao-‰-
dn-te-sd-h-cpw. {]Im-ith-KØn-s\m-∏w k-©-cn-°m-
\m-bm¬t]mepw Akm-[yZq-c-am-WnXv. A-t∏mƒ C-
ßp `q-an-bn-se Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ shdpsX X-am-i-
bv-°v A-S-bm-f-ßƒ Xo¿-°m-\m-bn A-\y{K-lPo-
hn-Iƒ C∏-d™ tIm-Sm-\ptIm-Sn ssa-ep-Iƒ bm-
{X sN-øm≥ ap-Xncptam? Acn-tkm-W-bnse G-Im-
¥]m-X-bn-eq-sS bm-{X sN-øp-∂ G-sX-¶nepw {S-
°v ss{U-h-sd t]Sn∏n°p-tam? C-sXm-s° km-[y-
amWv, ]-t£, A-kw-`-hy-am-Im-\m-Wn-S. F¶nepw
ÿn-Xn-hn-h-c-im-kv-{X-°W-°p{]-Imcw A-ßp Zq-
sc-sb-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epw Nn¥m-ti-jn-bp-≈ Po-hn-I-fp-
≠m-Im≥ km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn \√ km-[y-Xbp≠v.
BIm-iKw-K-bn¬ F-{X \-£-{X-ß-fp-s≠-
∂pt]mepw \-ap-°-dn-bn√. ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm-Sn ap-
X¬ \m¬-∏-Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm-Sn h-sc-bm-Im-sa-
∂mWv I-W-°v. ]-Xn∂m-em-bn-cw tImSntbm at‰m
h-cp-∂ Km-e-Iv-kn-I-fn¬ H-∂p am-{X-am-Wv \-Ωp-sS
B-Im-iKw-K. Cu Km-e-Iv-knIƒ ]-e-Xpw BIm-i
Kw-Ksb-°mƒ h-ep-Xp-amWv. A-t∏mƒ A-Xn-te-Xn-
se-¶nepw Po-h-\p-≠mbncn-°m-\p-≈ km-[y-X-tbm?
1960I-fn¬ tIm¿-W-en-se {^m-¶v s{U-bv-Iv F-∂
s{]m-^- ¿ A-Xn-s‚ kw-`mhy-X I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-
≈ H-cp kq{XhmIyw B-hn-jv-I-cn®p.
s{U-bv-°n-s‚ k-ao-I-c-W-{]-Im-cw {]-]-©-Øn-

s‚ G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp `m-K-Øv Po-h-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°m-
\p-≈ km[y-X I-s≠-Øm≥ A-hn-sS-bp-≈ \-£-
{X-ß-fp-sS FÆ-sØ {K-l-ß-fp-≠m-Im≥ km-[y-
X-bp-≈ \-£-{Xß-fp-sS F-Æ-wsIm-≠v l-cn-
°Ww. F-∂n-´-Xn-s\ Poh-\p \n-e-\n¬-°mhp-∂
km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈ {K-
l-ß-fp-sS FÆwsIm-≠v l-cn-°Ww. A-Xn-s\ a-
\p-jy-s\-t∏m-se D-b¿-∂ \n-e-hm-c-Ønep-≈ Po-
hn-I-fp-≠m-Im-\p-≈ km[y-XsIm-≠v ho≠pw l-cn-
°Ww. Cßs\ Hmtcm X-h-W l-cn-°p-tºmgpw
kw-Jy-Iƒ IpØ-s\ Ip-d-™ph-cpw. F-
∂m¬t]mepw BIm-iKw-K-bn¬ am{Xw -e-£-°-
W-°n-\v \m-K-cn-I-X-I-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°m-sa-∂m-Wv
s{U-bv-°n-s‚ kq-{X-hm-Iy-a-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ I-W-°v.
F-s¥m-cp c-kn-I≥ B-i-b-am-W-Xv. e-£-°-W-

°n-\v \m-Kcn-Ik-aqlß-fn¬ H-∂p-am-{X-am-Wv \-
Ωƒ `q-an-bn-se a-\p-jy¿ F-∂p h-cnI. ]t£ H-
cp Ip-g-∏-ap≠v. Cu {]]-©w hf-sc h-ep-Xm-bXp-
sIm-≠v C-ß-s\-bp≈ c-≠p \m-K-cn-I-X-Iƒ X-
Ωn-ep-≈ i-cmi-cn AI-ew Np-cp-ßnb-Xv C-cp\q-dp
{]-Im-ih¿-jw -hcpw. C-cp-\qdp {]Im-ih¿-jw F-
∂Xv tIƒ-°ptºmƒ tXm-∂p∂-{X e-fn-X-a√. C-
∏-d-™ A-\y{K-lPo-hn-Iƒ-°v \-Ωfn-hn-sS-bp-s≠-
∂v A-dn-bm-sa-∂p I-cp-Xp-I. sS-enkv-tIm-∏n-eq-sS
A-h¿ \sΩ ImWp-∂p-s≠∂pw I-cp-Xp-I. ]t£,
A-h-cn-t∏mƒ Im-Wp∂-Xv C-cp-\qdp h¿-jw ap-ºv `q-
an-bn¬\n∂p Xn-cn-® {]-Im-i-amWv. A-Xm-b-Xv A-
h¿ ImWp∂Xv F-s∂bpw \n-ß-sfbp-sam-∂pa√,
{^-©v hn-π-h-am-bn-cn-°pw. tXmakv sP-t^-gv-k-sW-
bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]-´p-Im-ep-d-Ifpw \n-dw ]n-Sn-∏n-® Ir-
{Xn-aap-Sn-Ifpw [-cn-®-bm-fp-I-sf-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]-c-am-
Wp-sh-¥m-sWt∂m Po-\p-I-sf¥m-sWt∂m Adn-
bm-Ø, Xp-Wn-bn¬ Zfip-sIm-≠pc-kn ssh-Zyp-Xn-
bp≠m-°p-∂ a-\p-jy-sc. A-h¿ \-ap-°-b-bv°p-∂
k-tμ-iw C∂-sØ `mjmssi-en-bn-em-hn√, Ip-Xn-
c-bp-sS `w-Kn-bpsSbpw Xn-anw-K-e F-Æ-bp-sS
{]tbmK-Øn-s‚-bpw t]-cn-em-hp-a-h¿ \-sΩ A\p-
tam-Zn-°p-I. C-cp-\q-dp {]-Imih¿j-sa-∂p ]-d-
bp∂-Xv \-Ωn¬\n∂pw A-{X-bv-°-I-se-bmWv; hf-
sc h-f-scb-Ise.
A-Xm-bXv, Cu {]-]-©-Øn¬ b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ -\-

Ωƒ X-\n-®√ F∂p h-cn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬IqSn, {]m-
tbmKn-IX-e-Øn¬ \-Ωƒ X-\n-®m-bn-cn-°pw.
Imƒ kmK-s‚ I-W-°-\p-k-cn®v Cu {]-]-©-

Øn-ep-≠m-Im-≥ km-[y-Xbp-≈ {K-l-ß-fp-sS F-
Æw tIm-Sn e-£w tIm-Sn h-cpw. k-¶ev-]n-°m-hp∂-
Xnepw hen-b kw-Jy-bm-WnXv. F-∂m¬ C-{Xbpw
{K-l-ßƒ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ ÿ-e-tam A-Xv H´pw
k-¶ev-]n-°m-\m-hn√. "\nß-sf I-d-°n-°p-Øn {]-]-
©-Øn-te-°n-Sp-I-bm-sW-∂p hbv-°p-I.'22 km-K≥
]-d-bp-∂p: "GsX¶nep-sam-cp {K-lØntem A-Xn-
\p k-ao-]-tam sN-∂p ho-gm-\p-≈ km-[yX \q-dp
tIm-Sn e-£w tIm-Sn e-£w tIm-Snbn-sem-∂p am-{X-
amWv. H-∂p I-gn™v 33 ]q-Py-an-´m¬ In-´p-∂ kw-
Jy-bm-Wn-Xv 1033. A-{X-bv-°-aq-ey-am-Wo temIw.'
πqt´m H-cp {K-l-am-sW-∂v C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ B-

kv-t{Sm-W-an-°¬ bqWnb≥ 1999 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬
hn-[n Iev-]n-®-t∏mƒ \-Ωƒ k-t¥m-jn®Xv AXp-
sIm-≠mWv. A-Xn-hn-im-ehpw G-Im-¥-hp-am-Wo
{]]-©w. A-Xn¬ H-c-b¬-°m-c-s\-°q-Sn In-´p∂-Xv
k-t¥m-j-ap-≈ ImcywXs∂.*
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 A-Xnhn-Zq-c-Øn-ep-≈ Ip-™p\-£-{X-ß-fp-sS
an-Sn-∏p ]cn-tim-[n®v: \yq tbm¿°¿, "F-tam-Mv πm-
s\-‰v-kv', 1996 Un-kw_¿ 9, t]-Pv 84. 2 H-cp a-
™pI-´ `q-an-bn¬ ]-Xn-°p-∂ Du¿-÷-Øn-epw Ip-
d-hm-Ip-a-Xv: km-K≥, tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 261.
3 sP-bnw-kv {In-kv-‰n F-∂ bp-h tPym-Xn-»m-kv-

{X-⁄≥ πq-t´m-bp-sS Nn-{X-ß-sf-Sp-Øv ]-Xn-hp\n-
co£Ww \-S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p: A-ta-cn-°≥ t\-
h¬ H-_v-k¿th-‰-dn-bp-sS ]-{X-°p-dn-∏v, sSz‚o≥-Xv
B-\n-th-gvkdn Hm-^v Z Un-kv-Ihdn Hm^v πqt´mkv
aq¨ Nmtcm¨, 1998 Pq¨ 22.
4 A-Xn-\¿-Yw πqt´m A-Xph-sc I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-

Xn-s\-°mƒ F{Xtbm sN-dp-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv: A-‰v-
em‚n-Iv a-¥ven, sh≥ Cu-kv F πm-s\-‰v t\m-´v F
πm-s\-‰v, 1998 s^-{_p-hcn, t]-Pv 22˛34.
5 ¢m¿-Iv Nm-]v-am≥ ]-d™-Xpt]m-se: ]n._n.F-

kv. t\m-h, "Uqw-kv-tU B-kv-‰tdm-bvUv', BZyw {]-
t£]-Ww sN-bv-X-Xv 1997 G-{]n¬ 29.
6 ÿn-co-I-cn-°m≥ ho≠p-sam-cp G-gp h¿-jw

th-≠n-h∂p: A-ta-cn-°≥ t\-h¬ H-_v-k¿-th-‰-dn-
bp-sS ]-{X-°p-dn-∏v, sSz‚o≥-Xv B-\n-th-gvkdn
Hm^v Z Un-kv-Ihdn Hm-^v πq-t´m-kv aq¨
Nmtcm¨, 1998 Pq¨ 22.
hnh¿Ø-Is‚ Ipdn∏v : * Gsd-°m-ew \o-≠

X¿-°-Øn-\pti-jw H-Sp-hn¬ πq-t´m-bv-°v {K-l]Z-
hn \-„-amhp-IX-s∂sN-bv-Xp. A-¥m-cm-{„ B-kv-
t{Sm-W-an-°¬ bq-Wn-b≥ ( sF. F. bp.) 2006
B-K-kv-Xv 24˛\v πq-t´m-bp-sS {K-l-]Z-hn d-±m-°n.
sF.F.bp. Aw-Ko-I-cn-® ]pXn-b {K-l\n¿h-N-\a-
\p-k-cn-®m-Wv πqt´m ÿm-\-{`-„-\m-b-Xv. C-X-
\pkcn®v kq-cy-s\ {]-Z-£n-Ww hbv°p-∂Xn-t\m-
sSm-∏w {`-a-W]-Y ]-cn-kc-Øv A-\y-h-kv-Xp°-sf
A-\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw tKm-fm-Ir-Xn {]m-]n-°-
Ø-°-hn-[w Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W_-e-ap-≠m-hp-I-bpw
sN-bvXmte H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn-\v {K-l-]Z-hn e-`n-°q.
C-S-bv°n-sS s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-s‚ {`-a-W]-Yw ap-dn-®p I-S-
°p-∂-Xpw ssI∏¿ s_¬-‰n¬ πq-t´m-bv-s°m-∏tam
A-Xnepw heptXm B-b ]pXn-b h-kvXp °-sf I-
s≠-Øn-bXpw πq-t´m-bv-°p hn-\-bmbn. Ip-≈≥{K-
l-ß-fp-sS ]-ń-I-bn-emWv πq-t´m-sb s]SpØn-bn-cp-
∂-sX-¶nepw 2008 Pq-¨ 11\v sF. F. bp. AXn-
s\m-cp B-izm-kÿm-\-°b-‰w \¬In. πqt´m-sb-
t∏m-ep≈ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ C-\n πq-t´m-bvUv (plut-
oid) F-∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-I. πq-t´m-bv-°p ]pdsa C-
dn-km-Wv Ct∏mƒ πq-t´m-bv-Up-I-fp-sS ]-ń-I-bn-
ep≈Xv.
7 H-cp h¿j-sØ Nn´bm-b \n-co-£-WØn-s\m-

Sp-hn¬ A-ßI-se \£-{X-J-NnXam-b B-Im-i-
Øn¬ A-hy-‡am-sbm-cp s]m-´pt]m-se πqt´msb
I-s≠Øn: tSmw-t_m t]∏¿, H-ºXmw {Kl-sØ
I-s≠-Øm-\p≈ t]mcm´w, \m-k sh_vssk-
‰n¬\n-∂v.
8 πq-t´m-bv-°p-a-∏pdw a-s‰m-c⁄m-X {K-lwIq-Sn-

bp-s≠-∂p I-cpXnb tPym-Xn-»mkv-{X-⁄¿ ]n-s∂-
bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p: C-°-tWm-an-kv‰v, F-Iv-kv am¿-Iv-
kv Z kvt]m´v, 1999 H-tŒm-_¿ 16, t]-Pv 83.
9 F-^v.kn. en-tbm-\m¿-Uv F-∂ tPym-Xn-»m-kv-

{X-⁄-\m-Wv 1930˛¬ ssI-∏¿ s_¬‰v F-∂ Bi-
bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®Xv: t\®¿, Hmƒ-tam-kv-‰v πm-\-‰v
F-Iv-kv, 2003 sa-bv 24, t]-Pv 423.
10 1999 s^-{_p-h-cn 11˛\m-Wv πq-t´m s\-]v-‰yq-

Wn\pw ]p-d-Øp-≈ {`-a-W]-Y-Øn¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn-b-
Xv: C-°-tWm-an-kv‰v, πq-t´m Hu-´v C≥ Z tImƒUv,
1999 s^-{_p-hcn 6, t]-Pv 85.
11 2002 Un-kw-_-dn-\n-sS s\-]v‰yq-Wn-\p sh-fn-bn-

em-bn A-dp-\q-dp h-kv-Xp°-sf I≠p: t\®¿, ko-
bn-Mv U-_vƒ C≥ Z ssI-∏¿ s_¬-‰v, 2002 Un-kw-
_¿ 12, t]-Pv 618.
12 A-Xmb-Xv I-¬-°-cn-°-j-W-Øn-s‚ A-{X-bpw
am-{Xw: t\®¿, Hmƒ-tam-kv-‰v πm-\-‰v F-Iv-kv, 2001
sa-bv 24, t]-Pv 423.
13 a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 56,000 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-Øn-em-

W-h \-Ω-fn¬\n-∂v AI-∂psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv:
]n._n.F-kv. \yq-kvA-h¿ ]-I¿-∏v, 2002 B-K-kv-Xv
20.
14 ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ e-£w tIm-Snbn-sem-

∂pt]m-epw h-cn√: \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ãdn, _n-‰v-ho≥ Z
πm-\-‰v-kv, 2001 H-tŒm-_¿, t]-Pv 20.
15 Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv sXm-Æq-sd-Æ-ap-s≠-∂m-Wv C-
t∏mg-sØ A-dn-hv: \yq k-b‚n-Ãv sa-\n aq¨-kv,
2001 am¿-®v 17, t]-Pv 39; C-°-tWm-an-kv‰v, F tdm-Uv
am-]v t^m¿ πm\-‰v l-≠n-Mv, 2000 G-{]n¬ 8, t]-Pv
87.
16 ]t£, A-hn-sS-sb-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬, £-an-

°Ww, H-cp ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw h¿jwIq
Sn th-≠n-h-cpw: km-K\pw {Up-bm-\pw, tIm-a‰v,
t]-Pv 198.
17 an-°-hmdpw bm-{Xn-I-sc√mw a-c-W-a-S-bp-sa-

∂pw: \yq-tbm¿°¿, sa-Un-kn≥ Hm¨ am¿-kv, 2000
s^-{_p-h-cn 14, t]-Pv 39.
18 AXp-sIm-≠o [q-a-tI-Xp-°ƒ ]-Xp-s° a-Wn-

°q-dn¬ 220 ssa¬ thK-Øn-emWv N-en-°p-∂-Xv:
km-K\pw {Up-bm-\pw, tIm-a‰v, t]-Pv 195.
19 a-\p-jy≥ C-∂ph-sc kr-„n-®n-´p-≈ G-‰-hpw

i-‡n-tbdn-b iq\y-X t]mepw: t_mƒ, H2O, t]-
Pv 15.
20 \-tΩm-Sv G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Øp In-S-°p-∂ \-£-{X-am-

b t{]m-Ivkn-a sk‚qdn: KpØv, Z C≥-^v-tf-j\-dn
bq-\n-th-gv-kv, t]-Pv 1; tlm-°nMv, F {_o-^v ln-
Ãdn Hm-^v ssSw, t]-Pv 39.
21 \-£-{X-ßƒ-°n-S-bnse i-cmi-cn A-Iew:

ssUk¨, Un-tÃ¿-_nMv Z bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv
251.
22 "\nß-sf I-d-°n-°p-Øn {]-]-©-Øn-te°n-Sp-
I-bm-sW-∂p sh-°p-I', kmK≥ FgpXn: kmK≥,
tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 5.
A[ymbw 3
dh-d‚ v C-hm≥-kn-s‚ {]]©w
em-hp Ip-d-™ sX-fn-™ cm-{Xn-I-fn¬ d-

h-d‚ v tdm-_¿-´v Chm≥kv hen-sbm-cp Zq-c-Z¿-i-
n\nbpw Xm-ßn ho-Sn-s‚ X-ń≥-]pdØp I-bdpw. `q-
X-Im-e-Ønte-°p I-Æp ]m-bn-°pw. F-∂n-´v, \-£-
{X-ß-fp-sS ac-Ww Im-Wpw.
`q-X-Im-e-tØ°p t\m-°p-I-sb∂-Xv A-{X {]-

bm-k-ap-≈ Im-cya√. cm-{Xn-bn¬ sh-dpsX am-\-
tØ°p t\m-°p-tºmƒ \n-ßƒ-°p ap-∂n¬ Zr-iy-
am-Ip∂Xvv `q-X-Im-e-amWv, N-cn-{X-am-Wv. \-£-{X-
ßƒ C-t∏mƒ Fßs\-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂√, ]-≠v
F-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂m-Wv \nßƒ ImWp-∂-
Xv. h¿-j-ßƒ-°p ap-ºv, {]-Im-iw A-hn-sS\n-∂p
bm-{X ]p-d-s∏-´ k-ab-Øv B \-£-{Xßfp-sS A-
h-ÿ-sb-¥m-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv C-t∏mƒ \-Ωf-dn-bp-
∂Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v \-Ωp-sS {]n-b Iq-´p-Im-c≥
{[p-h\-£-{Xw, I-gn-™ P-\-ph-cn-bn¬, A-s√-¶n¬
1854˛¬ A-Xp-a-s√-¶n¬ 14˛mw \q-‰m≠ns‚ B-Zy]m-
Z-Øn-\pti-jw F-t∏m-sg-¶nepw I-Øn-Øo¿-∂n-´p-
≠m-Imw. B hm¿Ø C-Xph-sc C-hn-sS-sb-Øn-bn-
ń-s√-∂p am-{Xw. \-ap-°p-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm-hp∂-Xv C-
{X-tb-bp-≈p, 680 h¿-jw apºv Cu Znh-kw A-Xv
I-Øns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F-∂pw, F-
t∏m-gpw, F-hn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-am-bn \-£-{X-ßƒ a-cn®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. B-Im-i-Øn-s‚ B-g-ß-fn¬
\S°p-∂ Cu hn-S-hm-ß¬ I-s≠-Øp-I-sb-∂ A-
km-[m-c-W Zu-Xy-am-Wv Chm≥-kn-t‚Xv.
Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bnse kn-Uv-\n-bn¬\n-∂v 80 In-

tem-ao-‰¿ AI-se ªq au-≠≥-kn-se ho-ń¬ I-gn-
bp∂ tdm-_¿-´v C-hm≥-kv im-¥-\m-sbm-cp a\p-jy-
\m-Wv, Du¿-÷-kz-e-\p-am-Wv. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se
bp-ss\-‰n-Mv N¿-®n-se ]p-tcm-ln-X\mb C-hm≥-kv
19˛mw \q-‰m-≠n-se a-X{]-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS N-cn{X-
sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ K-th-j-W-hp-am-bmWv ]-I¬ka-
bw sN-e-h-gn-°p∂Xv. cm-{Xn-bn¬ ]t£, A-t±-lw
hy-Xy-kv-X-\mWv; B-Im-i-ß-fp-sS A-[n-]\mWv. H-
®-∏mSpw _-l-fhp-sam-∂p-an√m-sX A-t∏mg-t±-lw
kq-∏¿t\m-h-Isf tX-Sn-bn-d-ßpw.
hen-b \-£-{Xßƒ, \-Ωp-sS kq-cy-s\-°mƒ

F{Xtbm hen-b \£{X-ßƒ, X-I¿-∂v I-Æ-©n-
∏n°pwhn-[w s]m-ń-®n-X-dp-tºm-gm-Wv kq∏¿t\m-h-
I-fp-≠m-hp-∂-Xv. ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm-Sn kq-cy-∑m-
cpsS Du¿-÷w han®psIm-≠v,1 Km-e-Iv-kn-bn-se ap-
gph≥ \-£-{X-ßfpw H-cp-an-®p tN-¿-∂m-ep≈Xn-s\-
°mƒ {]-Im-iw ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn®p-sIm-≠m-Wv B kv-
t^m-S\w. "e-£w tIm-Sn ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_p-
Iƒ H-cp-an-®p s]m-ń-®n-X-dp-∂Xp-t]m-se-bmWXv.'2
C-hm≥-kv ]-d-bp∂p. A-™q-dp {]-Im-ih¿-j-a-
Ise-sbm-cp kq∏¿t\m-h kv-t^m-S-\-ap-≠m-bm¬
]n-s∂ \-Ω-fmcpw _m-°n-bp-≠m-hn√. ]-t£, t]-Sn-
°m-\n√. Cu {]]-©w hf-sc h-ep-Xm-Wv. kq∏¿-
t\m-h-I-fp≠m-Ip∂Xv \-ap-°p ò-j-Wn-bmImØ-
{X A-I-e-ß-fn-emWv. h-f-sc-b-Isebmb-Xp Imc-
Ww sNdn-sbm-cp an-∂m´w am-{X-am-bm-Wv A-h-bn-
te-sd-bpw \-ap°p Zr-iy-am-Ip∂Xv. B-Im-i-Øv A-
Xn-\p ap-ºv iq-\y-am-bn-°n-S -s∂m-cp tIm-Wn-emhpw
H-cp am-k-°m-e-tam at‰m \o-≠p\n¬-°p∂
kq∏¿t\m-hIƒ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I. a-‰p \-£-{X-ß-
fn¬\n-∂h-sb th¿-Xn-cn-®dn-bp-∂Xpw A-ß-s\-
bmWv. BIm-ita-em-∏n¬ hm-cn-hn-Xdn-b \-£-
{X°q-´-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ h√-t∏mgpw {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-
∂ Cu an-∂n-Ønf°a-mWv d-h-d‚ v C-hm≥-kv tX-
Sn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xv.
F-{X henb km-l-k-amW-sX-∂p t_m-[y-s∏-

Sm≥ C-\n-∏-d-bp-∂ Imcy-sam-∂p a-\- n¬ ImWpI.
ho-ń-se Xo≥-ta-i-bp-sS h-en-∏-ap-≈ tai I-dp-Ø
Xp-Wn-bn-´p aq-Sn-bn-cn-°p∂p. A-Xnt∑-¬ H-cp ]n-
Sn D-∏p hm-cnhn-Xdp-I. C-sXm-cp Km-e-Iv-kn-bmWv.
CXp-t]m-se B-bn-c-Ø-™q-dp ta-i-Ifp≠v. hcnh-
cn-bm-bnh-®m¬ c-≠p ssa¬ \o-fw h-cp-a-Xn\v.
F√m-‰n-epw CXpt]m-se D-∏p hm-cn hn-X-dn-bn-´p≠v.
C-\n A-Xn-te-Xn-se-¶nep-sam-∂n¬ F-hn-sS-sb-
¶nepw H-cp X-cn D-∏pIq-Sn h-bv-°p-I. H-scm‰ t\m-
´wsIm-≠v Chm≥-kv ]pXn-b D-∏n≥X-cn Xn-cn-®-dn-
bpw. Cu X-cn-bm-Wv kq∏¿-t\m-h.
A-Xy-]q¿-h-am-Wv C-hm≥-kn-s‚- Cu kn≤n.

AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ Hen-h¿ km-Iv-kn-s‚ "G≥
B-{¥-s∏m-tfm-Pn-kv‰v Hm¨ am-gv-kv' F-∂ ]p-
kvXI-Øn-¬ _p-≤n-{`-a-ap-≈ ⁄m-\n-I-sf-°p-dn-
®p≈ A-[ym-b-Øn-s‚ Hcp `m-Kw ap-gph≥3 C-hm≥-
kn-\m-bn \o-°n-h-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. _p-≤n-{`-a-
sam∂p-an√ C-hm≥-kn\v F-∂ ap-J-hp-c-tbm-sSbm-
Wv C-hm≥-kn-s\ I-≠n-´pIq-Sn-bn√mØ km-Iv-kv
A-t±-l-sØ-∏-‰n-sb-gp-Xp-∂-Xv. "F-\n°p _p-≤n{`-
aan-√. Rm-s\mcp ⁄m-\n-bpa√.' C-hm≥-kv Nn-cn-
°p∂p. ]t£, kq∏¿t\m-hI-sf I-s≠-Øm-\p-≈
Cu A-Xy-]q¿ΔI-gn-hv F-hn-sS\n-∂p In-ńsb-∂p
tNm-Zn-®m¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\p a-dp-]-Sn-bn√.
""\-£-{X-°q-´-ß-fp-sS BImiNn-{X-ßƒ a-\- n-

ep-d-∏n-°m-s\-\n°mhpw.'' {]-IrXna-t\m-l-c-am-b
lm-k¬-{_q-°n-se ho-ń¬ A-t\z-jn®p sN-∂ F-
t∂m-Sv sX-s√mcp £-am-]-Wkz-c-Øn-¬ C-hm≥-kv
]d™p: ""F∂m¬ a-‰p ]-e-Xnepw Rm≥ tam-i-
amWv. t]-cpIƒ Hm¿-Øphbv-°m≥t]mepw {]-bm-
k-amWv.''
""km-[-\-ßƒ h-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-sW∂pw Hm¿-a-bp-

≠m-hn√.'' A-Sp-°-fbn¬\n-∂p `m-cy F-e-bv≥ Iq-
ń-t®¿Øp.
`m-cy ]-d™-Xv i-cn-sb-∂p X-e-Ip-ep°n, C-
hm≥-kv Nn-cn®p. F-∂n-´v X-s‚ sS-enkv-tIm-∏v Im-
Wm≥ F-s∂ £-Wn®p. ho-Sn-s‚ ]n-∂m-ºpdØv C-
hm≥kn-s\m-cp hm-\\n-co-£-Wim-e-bp-≠m-Ip-sa-
∂m-Wv Rm≥ I-cp-XnbXv. \nc-°n am-‰m-hp-∂ ta¬-
°q-cbpw b-{¥h¬IrX N-{I-°-tk-c-bpsa√m-ambn
au-≠v hn¬-ks‚tbm ]m-e-a-dns‚tbm sIm-®p]-
Xn-∏v. F-∂m¬ ho-ń-\p ]p-d-tØ--°√, AI-Øv A-
Sp-°-f-bp-sS ]-e-Nc-°pap-dnbn-te-°mW-t±-l-sa-
s∂ sIm≠p-t]m-bXv. A-hn-sS ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-
sSbpw I-S-emkp-I-fp-sS-bp-sa√m-an-S-bn¬ Xn-cn-°m-
hp∂ ssπ-hp-Uv X-ń¬, ho-Sp
I-fn-se hm-´¿Sm-¶n-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-≈ sh-≈\n-d-

ap-≈ Ip-g-¬. A-Xm-W-t±-lØn-s‚ sS-enkv-tIm∏v.
\n-co-£-W-Øn-\p k-a-b-am-hp-tºmƒ A-Xpw
Xmßnb-t±-lw A-Sp-°-f-bv-°p ]n-∂n-se X-ń≥-]p-
d-tØ-°p t]m-Ipw. H-‰-b-Sn°p sIm-≠pt]m-Im-\m-
hm-ØXp-sIm-≠v c-≠p I-j-W-ß-fm-bmWv sS-en
kv-tIm∏v Npas∂Øn-°p-I. ho-Sn-s‚ ta¬-°q-c-bv-
°pw bq-°m-en-]v‰-kv ac-Ø-e-∏p-Iƒ°pw ap-I-fnte-
°p sS-enkv-tIm-∏v Nq-≠p-tºmƒ B-Im-iØns‚-
sbm-cp N-Xpc°j-Ww Zr-iy-am-Ipw. C-hm≥-kn-\v
A-Xp-a-Xn. Aßs\, A-hn-sSbn-cp∂v, \n-em-hp Ip-
d-™, sX-fn-™ cm-{Xn-I-fn¬ At±-lw kq∏¿t\m-
h I-s≠-Øpw.
kq-∏¿t\m-h-sb-∂ t]cv {^n-‰v-kv kzn-°n-sb-∂

H-‰-bm\m-b J-tKm-f ùXnIim-kv-{X-⁄≥ 1930I-
fn-¬ kw-`m-h-\ sN-bv-X-XmWv. _ƒ-tK-dn-b-bn¬ P-
\n-®v kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Un¬ h-f¿-∂ kzn°n 1920I-fn-
emWv Imen-t^m¿-Wnb C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v Hm-^v sSIv-
t\m-f-Pn-bn-se-Øp∂Xv. h-{I-_p-≤nbpw ]-cp-°-\p-
sa-∂- \n-e-bnem-bn-cp∂p A-hn-sS-b-t±-l-Øn-s‚
{]ikvXn. kln°m≥ ]-‰mØ tIm-am-fn-sb-∂v k-
l-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ A-t±-l-sØ ]-gn®p. sa-bv-°-cp-Øv
h¿-[n-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ _-≤-{i-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂ B
im-kv{X⁄≥ i-co-c_-e-Øns‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ B-
sc-¶nepw kwi-bw {]-I-Sn∏n-®m¬, A-t∏mƒX-s∂
X-d-bn¬ I-a-gv-∂pInS-∂v H-‰-ss° Ip-Øn ]pjv A-
∏v F-Sp-Øv kwi-bw Xo¿-Øp sIm-Sp-°pw. I-cp-
Ø≥ am-{Xa√, A]ISIm-cn-bmwhn-[w A-{I-am-k-
‡\pw Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p ]-e-t∏m-gp-a-t±lw.
hmƒ´¿ _mUv F-∂ ku-ay\m-b sN-dp-∏-°m-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂p kzn-°n-bpsS G-‰hp-a-Sp-Ø k-l-{]-h¿-
Ø-I≥. a-‰m-cp-an√m-Ø-t∏mƒ kzn-°ns°m-∏w I-gn-
bm≥ `-b-am-bn-cp-∂p B bp-hmhn\v.5 P¿-a≥-Im-c\m-
b _mUv \m-kn-bmsW-∂p kzn-°n- [-cn-®p-h®p.
au-≠v hn¬-k¨ hm-\-\n-co-£-WtI-{μ-Øn¬ {]-
h¿-Øn-® B bp-hm-hv C\n Im¬-sS-°n¬ I-m-epIp-
Øn-bm¬ sIm-∂p I-f-bp-sa-∂ph-sc H-cn-°¬
kzn°n òj-Wn ap-g-°n.6
kz-`mhw C-ßs\-sbm-s°-sW¶n-epw kzn-°n-bp-

sS Dƒ-°mgvN A-Xni-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. G-
sd-°m-e-am-bn im-kv-{X⁄-sc Ip-g-°n-s°m≠n-cp-
∂ H-cp {]-iv-\-Øn-te-°v 1930I-fn¬ A-t±-lw {i-≤
Xn-cn-®p. ]pXnb \-£-{X-ß-sf-t∂m-Ww, B-Im-i-
Øn¬ h√-t∏mgpw {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂ Zpcql {]Im-
iI-W-ß-fp-sS s]m-cpƒ tX-Sn-bp≈ A-t\z-j-W-
Øn-s‚ XpS°-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cw-•-≠n¬ sP-bnw-
kv Nm-Uvhn-Iv \yq-t{Sm¨ I-≠p]n-Sn-® k-a-b-w. \yq-
t{Sm-Wn-s\∏-‰n F-¥p ]-d-™m-epaXv ]p-Xp-a-bm-bn
Icp-Xp-∂ Imew. B-Im-i-Øn¬ {]-Xy-£-am-Ip∂
Cu {]Im-iI-Wß-ƒ°p ]n-∂nepw \yq-t{Sm-Wm-
bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v kzn-°n-°p tXm-∂n. H-cp \£{Xw
s]m-ń-b-a¿-∂v, ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ D-≈-d-bn-se km-{μ-
X-bv-s°m-∏-sa-Øn-bm¬ k-¶ev-]n-°m≥t]m-ep-am-
Im-Øhn-[w sR-cp-ßn-b-Xmhpw A-Xn-s‚ A-
I°mºv. ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ sR-cp-ßn-b-a-cp-tºmƒ7
Ce-t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ \yq-¢nbkn-te-°-Sp°pw.
Aßs\b-hbpw \yq-t{Sm-Wp-I-fm-bn am-dpw. A-
t∏mƒ \aps°m-cp \yq-t{Sm¨ \-£{Xw In-´pw. ]-
Øpe-£w h-º≥ ]o-c-¶n-bp-≠Iƒ tN¿-Ø-a¿-Øn
H-cp tKm-en-bp-sS h-en-∏-Øn-te-°p Np-cp-°n-bm-se-
ß- s\-bp-≠m-Ipw? \yq-t{Sm¨ \-£-{X-Øn-s‚
km{μ-X A-Xn-ep-ta-sd-bmWv. A-Xns‚ A-I-°m-
ºn¬\n-s∂m-cp kv-]q¨ {Z-hy-sa-Sp-Øp Xq-°n t\m-
°nbm¬ 9,000 In-tem-{Kmw `m-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. C-{Xbpw
km-{μ-X-bp≈ \-£{Xw X-I-cp-tºmƒ h≥-tXm-
Xn¬ Du¿-÷w ]p-d-Øp-h-cp-sa-∂v kzn-°n- a-\- n-em-
°n, {]-]-©-Øn-se G-‰hpw hen-b kv-t^m-S-\-ap-
≠m-°m≥ t]m∂ Du¿÷w.8 Cu kv-t^m-S\-sØ
A-t±-lw kq∏¿-t\m-h-sb-∂v hn-fn-®p. kr„n-bn-se
G-‰hpw hen-b kw-`-h-ß-fmbn-cn-°pan-h-sb-∂v A-
t±-lw ]d™p. Aß-s\-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv.
C-°m-cy-ßƒ hn-i-Z-am°n Ãm≥^-Uv k¿-h-I-

em-im-e-bn¬ kzn-°nbpw _mUpw \-SØn-b {]-
_-‘m-h-X-c-W-Øn-s‚ kw-{K-lw H-cp am-k-
Øn\ptijw 1934 P-\p-h-cn 15˛\v "^n-kn-°¬
dnhyq' F-∂ tP-W¬ {]-kn-≤o-Icn®p. C-cp-]-Øn-
\m-ep h-cn-I-fn-embn H-‰ ]m-c-{Km-^p-am-{X-ap-≈ \-
s∂ sNdnb B Ip-dn-∏n-e-Sßnb ]p-Ø≥ im-kv-
{Xhn-⁄m-\-w H´pw sN-dpX√mbn-cp∂p. kq∏¿-t\m-
h-bpw \yq-t{Sm¨ \-£-{X-ß-fpw B-Zyw ]-cma¿-
in°s∏-Sp∂-Xv B {]-_-‘-kw-{K-l-Øn-emWv.-
\yq-t{Sm¨ \-£-{X-ß-fp-≠mIp-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂pw A-Xn-s‚ kv-t^m-S-Iti-jn F-{X-bm-bn-cn-
°psa∂pw Ir-Xy-am-bnØ-s∂ A-Xp hn-h-cn-®p.
tIm-kv-an-Ivc-iv-an-I-sf-∂ ]pXn-b Zpcql {]-Xn-`m-
k-Øn-\p ]n-∂n¬ kq∏¿-t\m-h kv-t^m-S-\-am-sW-
∂ A[nIhn-hc-hp-w AXp \¬-In. H-‰-hm-°n¬ hn-
ti-jn-∏n-®m¬ hn-π-hm-Xv-aI-am-bn-cp∂p Cu B-i-
bßƒ. Cu Ip-dn-∏p {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®v ap∏Øn-\m-
ep h¿-jw th≠nh∂p \yq-t{Sm¨ \-£-{X-ß-fp-
sS A-kv-XnXzw sX-fn-bn-°-s∏-Sm≥. tImkvan-Ivc-
iv-an-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ kzn-°n-bp-sS \n-Ka-\w sX-fn-
bn-°m≥ CXp-hsc-bm-bn-´p-an√.9 Im¬-sS-°n-se J-
tKm-f ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ In-]v Fk.v tXm-Wn-
s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ "ù-Xn-Iim-kv-{X-Øn-
s‚bpw tPymXn »m-kv-{X-Øn-s‚bpw N-cn-{X-Øn-se
G-‰hpw Zo¿-L-Z¿-inbm-b tcJ-Ifnsem-∂m-bn-cp-
∂p' Cu {]-_-‘kw-{Klw.10
Im-cy-ßƒ `w-Kn-bm-bn hn-h-cn-s®-¶nepw F¥p-
sIm-≠n-ß-s\-sbm-s° kw-`-hn-°p-∂psh-∂p hn-i-
Zo-I-cn-°m≥ kzn-°n-°m-bn√. A-h ÿm-]n-s®-Sp-
°m≥am{Xw ù-Xn-I-\n-b-a]-cn-⁄m-\w A-t±-l-
Øn\n√m-bn-cp∂p.11 henb Im-cy-ß-fn¬am-{X-am-bn-
cp-∂p kzn-°n-°p Xm¬-]-cyw. A-h-bv-°p-th≠
KWn-X{In-b-Ifpw a‰pw X-øm-dm-°p-∂ ]-Wn _m-
Uns\t∏m-ep-≈-h-cp-sS X-e-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.
Km-e-Iv-knI-sf H-cp-an-®p \n¿-Øm≥ th≠{X {Z-

hyw- Zr-iy-ambn Cu {]-]-©-Øn-en√ F-∂m-Zy-am-
bn Xn-cn-®-dn™-Xv kzn-°nbmWv. Km-e-Iv-kn-Isf H-
∂n-®p \n¿-Øp∂-Xv Ft¥m Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W kzm-
[o-\ambn-cn°psa-∂v A-t±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. A-
Xn-s\-bm-Wp \mw iyma{Z-hyw (dark matter) F-
∂p hn-fn-°p-∂Xv. ]-t£, H-cp Imcyw ]-d-bm≥ A-
t±-lw hn´pt]m-bn. \yq-t{Sm¨ \-£-{Xw ho-≠pw
Np-cpßn, ]n-s∂bpw km-{μ-X-tb-dn, A-Xn-s‚ Kp-cp-
Xzm-I¿-j-W-Øn¬\n-∂v {]-Im-i-Øn-\pt]m-epw c-
£-s∏-Sm\m-Im-sØm-cp ÿn-Xn-bn-se-Øp-sa-∂ Im-
cyw A-t±-lw ]-d-™n√. A-XmWv X-tam-K¿Øw
(black hole). \n¿-`m-Ky-h-im¬ Xn-I-™ A-h-⁄-
tbm-sS-bm-Wv k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ kzn-°n-sb I-≠n-
cp-∂Xv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ B-ib-ßƒ-°v Bcpw hn-
e-Iev-]n-®n√. A-©p- h¿-jw I-gn™v km-£m¬
Hm∏¨-ssl-a¿ \yq-t{Sm¨ \-£-{X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-
≈ K-th-j-Ww Xp-SßpI-bpw B ta-J-e-bn¬ \m-
gn-I-°√m-bn I-W-°m-°p∂ H-cp {]_-‘w {]kn-
≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ sXm-´p Xmg-sØ
\n-e-bnse Hm-ôkn-en-cp-∂v I-gn-™- ]-Øp- h¿-
j-am-bn C-tX {]-iv-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ Kthj-W-
Øn¬ ap-gp-In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂ kzn-°n-sb-°p-
dn-s®m-cp hm°pt]mep-w A-Xn-epƒ-s∏-Sp-Ønbn√.
C-cp-≠{Z-hy-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ kzn-°n-bpsS -B-i-b-
Øn-te-°v ]n-s∂bp-sam-cp \m¬]-Xp sIm√-tØ--
°v B-cpw {i≤ Xn-cn-®pan√.12 C-°me-Øv kzn-°n
Ip-td-b-[n-Iw ]p-jv˛A-]v sN-bv-Xn-cn-°Ww.
C-∏-d-™ hen-b {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ Xo-sc-s®dn-

sbm-cp `m-K-ta sh-dpsX apI-fnte°p t\m-°n-
bm¬ \-ap-°p Im-Wm-\m-Iq. `q-an-bn¬\n-∂p
shdpwIÆpsIm-≠p t\m-°n-bm¬ Im-Wm-\m-Ip∂-
Xv B-dm-bn-cw \-£-{X-ßƒ am-{Xam-Wv.13 A-XpX-
s∂ H-‰-b-Sn°p Im-Wm-\m-In√. G-sX-¶nepw H-cp
ÿeØp \n-∂m¬ c-≠m-bn-cw \-£-{Xß-tf Im-
Wm≥ I-gnbq. ss_-t\m-°pe¿ h®p-t\m-°n-bm¬
H-cnS-Øp\n-∂p Im-Wm-\m-Ip-∂ \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS
F-Æw A-º-Xn-\m-bn-c-am-bn D-b-cpw. sNdn-b c-≠n-
©p sS-enkv-tIm-∏v- D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ aq-∂p e-£w
Xm-cß-sf Im-Wmw. C-hm≥-kn-t‚-Xpt]m-sem-cp
]Xn-\mdn©v sS-enkv-tIm-∏v- D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ \-£-
{X-ß-sfb√, Km-e-Iv-kn-I-sf-Øs∂ FÆmw. ho-
ń-s‚ X-ń≥-]p-d-Øn-cp-∂v A-º-Xn-\m-bn-cwap-X¬ H-
cp e£whsc Km-e-Iv-knI-sf Im-Wm-dp-s≠-∂m-Wv
Chm≥kv ]-d-bp-∂Xv. Hm-tcm∂nepw tIm-Sm\p-tIm-
Sn \-£-{Xßƒ. C-{X-tb-sd \-£-{X-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-
ep≈ kq∏¿-t\m-h-I-tfm? A-Xy-]q¿-h-hpw. tIm-Sn-
°-W-°n-\p h¿-jw F-cn-™p\n¬-°p-∂ \-£{Xw
H-cn-°-te a-cn-°p-I-bp≈p. AXpw h-f-sc-s∏-s´∂v.
a-cn-°p-∂ \-£-{X-ß-fn¬ Np-cp-°w Nn-e-Xp-am-{X-am-
Wv s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p∂Xv. an-°Xpw im-¥-am-bn Xo-
\m-f-a-Wbpwt]m-se A-W-™p Xo-cpw. icmicn ]-
Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm-Sn \-£-{X-ß-fp-≈ Km-e-Iv-kn-bn¬
C-cp\qtdm ap∂qtdm h¿-jw Iq-Sp-tºm-fm-Wv
kq∏¿-t\m-h D-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. A-{X-bv-°]q¿-hamb
kq∏¿-t\mhsb I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ C-hn-sS\n∂p {i-
an-°p-∂tXm? Fw-]b¿ tÃ-‰v _n¬-Un-ßn-s‚ ap-
I-fn¬ sS-enkv-tIm-∏p-am-bn I-bdn, am≥l-´-\nse
sI-ń-S-ß-fn-se P-\-ep-I-fn-te-°p t\m°n, B-sc-
¶n-epw 21˛mw P-∑-Zn-\-Øn\v tI-°n-\p ap-I-fn¬ sa-
gp-Ip-Xn-cn I-Øn-°p-∂p-t≠m F-∂t\z-
jn°pwt]mse-bm ´m≥ hen-b {]-bmkw.
kq∏¿-t\m-hI-sf I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ k-lm-b-Iam-

b Nm¿-´p-I-sf-s¥¶n-ep-ap-t≠m F-∂p tNm-Zn-®v ar-
Zp-`m-jnbm-sbm-cp ]p-tcm-ln-X≥ h-∂-t∏mƒ A-bm-
fp-sS X-e-bv-s°t¥m Ip-g-∏-ap-s≠-∂v tPym-Xn»m-
kv-{Xk-aq-lw Icp-Xn-b-Xv AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂-
bmWv. A-t∏mƒ H-cp ]-Øn-©p sS-enkv-tIm∏m-
Wv C-hm≥-kn-s‚ ssI-h-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. km-[m-
c-W hm-\\n-co£Isc kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw
hen-sbm-cp ImcywX-s∂-bm-WXv. F∂m¬ {]-]-
©-LS\m-im-kv-{XK-th-j-W-Øn-\v Xn-I®pw A-]-
cym-]vXw. Cu sSenkv-tIm-∏v sh-®m-Wv C-hm≥-kv
A-]q¿-h-ß-fn¬ A-Xy-]q¿-ham-b {]-Xn`mkw
WXv. I ≠p In - -tX-Sn-bn-d-ßn-b-Xv. 1980I-fn¬ C-
hm≥-kv cw-K-Øp h-cp∂Xph-sc-bp-≈ tPymXn»m-
kv-{XN-cn-{X-Øn¬ A-dp-]-Xn¬ Xm-sg kq-∏¿-t\m-h-
I-sf am-{Xta Is≠Øn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-ffp. F-
∂m¬ 2001 B-K-kv-‰n¬ Rm≥ sN√p-tºmƒ C-
hm≥-kv ap-∏-Øn-\mema-sØ kq-∏¿-t\mh-sb I-
s≠-Øn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. aq-∂p-am-kw I-gn-™-
t∏mƒ ap-∏-Ø-©m-a-tØ-Xp I-≠p. 2003˛¬ ap-∏-
Ømdm-a-tØ-Xpw.
Cu A-t\z-j-W-Øn¬ C-hm≥-kn-\v ta¬ss°

\¬-Ip-∂ Nn-e L-SI-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Iq-Sp-X-em-
fp-I-fp-≈ D-Ø-cm¿-≤tKm-f-Øn-em-Wv IqSp-X¬ hm-
\-\n-co-£-I-cp-ap-≈Xv. Z-£n-Wm¿≤tKm-f-Øn-ep-
≈ C-hm≥-kn\v AXp-sIm-≠v kz-¥-am-bn Ip-td
B-Im-iw Inń. A-km[y Hm¿-a-i-‡nbpw th-K-hp-
am-bn-cp-∂p C-hm≥-kn-\p-≈ th-sdmcp A-\pIq-eL-
SIw. tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS hen-b sS-enkv-
tIm-∏p-Iƒ sIm-≠p\-S-°m≥ {]-bm-k-am-Wv. D-t±-
in-® ÿ-e-tØ-°v Xn-cn-®p-h-®v \n-co£-Ww Xp-S-
ß-W-sa-¶n¬ ka-bw Ip-td thWw. F-∂m¬ X-
s‚ ]-Xn-\m-dn-©p sS-enkv-tIm-∏v Xn-cn®p-h-®p \n-
co£-Ww Xp-S-ßm≥ C-hm≥-kn-\v \n-an-j-ßƒ
aXn. AXpsIm≠pX-s∂ tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄¿ h-
º≥ sS-enkv-tIm-∏v- D]-tbm-Kn-®v H-cp cm{Xn A-
ºtXm A-dp-]-tXm Km-e-Iv-kn-I-fm-Wp \n-co-£n-°p-
∂-sX¶n¬, C-hm≥-kn-\v B ka-bwsIm-≠v \m-\q-
dp Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ \n-co-£n°m≥ I-gn-bpw.
kq-∏¿-t\mh-sb tX-Sn-bp-≈ Cu A-t\z-j-W-
Øn¬ I-s≠-Ø-en-s\°mƒ F{Xtbm Iq-Sp-X-em-
bn-cn°pw I-s≠-Øm-Xn-cn-°-¬. 1980 ap-X¬ 1996 h-
sc-bp-≈ Ime-Øv A-t±-lw h¿-j-Øn¬ i-cmicn
c-s≠∂ tXmXn¬ kq∏¿-t\m-h-Iƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn®p.
\q-dp-I-W-°n-\p cm-{Xn-I-fn¬ B-Im-itØ°p
IÆpw\-ń-cp-∂-Xn-s‚ {]-Xn-^-e-am-Wn-sX-t∂m¿-°-
Ww. H-cn-°¬ ]Xn-\-©p Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ aq-
s∂-Æw Im-Wm-\p-≈ `m-Ky-ap-≠mbn. as‰mcn-°¬
aq-∂p h¿-jw \n-co-£n-®n´pw H∂pw Im-Wm-\m-b-Xp-
an√.
"Cßs\ I-s≠-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A-Xn-

t‚Xm-b {]m-[m-\y-ap≠v.' C-hm≥-kv ]-d-bp∂p. "Km-
e-Iv-kn-Iƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚ tXm-Xp I-W-
°m°m≥ A-Xv im-kv-{X⁄-sc k-lm-bn°pw.
sX-fn-hp In-ń-bn-s√∂XpXs∂ sX-fn-hm-bn am-dp-∂
km-l-N-cy-am-W-Xv.'
Zq-c-Z¿-in-\nbpw ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw a-‰pwh-® X-

ń¬\n-∂p Nn-e t^m-t´m-IsfSp-Øv C-hm≥-kv F-
s∂ Im-Wn-®p. P-\-{]n-b tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X]p-kvXI-
ßƒ a-dn-®p t\m-°n-bn-´p-≈-h¿ A-Xn-se a-t\m-
l-cNn-{X-ßƒ I-≠n-´p≠m-Ipw. A-Xn-hn-ZqcX-bn-ep-
≈ s\-_p-e-I-fp-sSbpw a‰pw h¿-W∏-In´p≈ Nn-{X-
ßƒ. sh¨-a-bm¿∂ ta-L-]m-fn-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-eqsS
A-ù-a-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ sh-ń-Øn-f-ßp-∂ Xm-cm-K-
Wßƒ. ]t£, C-hm≥-kn-s‚ Nn{Xßƒ A-Ø-c-
Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. A-hn-S-hn-sS sIm-®p {]-`m-
h-e-b-ßfp-≈ aßn-b ªm-Iv B≥-Uv ssh-‰v Nn-
{X-ßƒ. AXn-sem-cp Nn-{X-Øn¬ I-≠ \-£-{X-
°q-´-Øn-\nS-bn¬ A-hy-‡am-sbm-cp sh-´-ap≈-Xv
th¿ -Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Nn{Xw A-Sp-Øp]n-Sn-®p t\m-
t°-≠n-h∂p. F≥.Pn.kn. 1365 F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂
(CØ-cw Im-cy-ßƒ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ \yq P-\-
d¬ Iym‰tem-Kn-s‚ Np-cp-°-am-Wv F≥.Pn.kn. U-
ªn-\n-em-cptStbm ]T-\-ap-dn-bnep≠m-bn-cp-∂ Cu
]p-kvX-Iw C-s∂m-cp B-[n-Imcn-Itc-J-bm-Wv.) Km-
eIv-kn-bn¬-s∏´ t^m-¿-\m-Iv-kv F-∂ Xm-cm-K-W-
Øn-se \-£-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂v C-hm≥-kv ]d-
™pX∂p. Cu \-£-{X-Øn-s‚ a-c-W-k-ab-Øp
]p-d-s∏-´ {]-Im-iw Bdp-tIm-Sn- h¿-j-°m-ew k-
©-cn-®p k-©-cn®v cm{Xn hm\n-sem-cp s]m-Sn-sh-
´-ambn 2001 B-K-kv-‰n¬ `q-an-bn-seØn. bq-°m-
en]v‰kv a-W-ap-≈ a-e-tbmc-sØ ho-ń-s‚ X-ń≥-
]p-d-Øn-cp-∂ C-hm≥-kns‚ IÆn¬ X-s∂b-Xp
s]-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
"_-ln-cm-Im-i-Øn-eqsS e-£-°-W-°n-\p h¿-

jw k-©-cn-®p {]-Imiw `q-an-bn-se-Øp-∂ A-tX
\n-an-jw B-sc-¶nepw B-Im-i-tØ-°p t\m°pI,
B {]-Im-iw A-h-cp-sS I-Æn¬ ]-Xn°pI; C-
{Xbpw hen-sbm-cp Im-cyw I-≠n-cn-t°≠-XpX-s∂-
bmWv.' C-hm≥-kv ]-d-bp∂p.
]t£, shdp-sam-c-Xn-i-b-°m-gv-Nb√ kq∏¿-t\m-

h. tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-Øn¬ A-Xn-\p {]m-[m-\y-ta-sd-
bmWv. ]-eX-cw kq∏¿-t\m-h-I-fp-≈-Xn¬ (AXn-
sem-∂v C-hm≥-kn-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-Wv) ssS∏v
h¨ F kq∏¿t\m-h-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ H-∂n-\p
im-kv-{X-⁄¿ k-hnti-j{]m-[m\yw Iev]n-
°p∂p. H-tc Im¥n-I{Z-hy-am-\-ap-≈, H-tc co-Xn-
bn¬ s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p∂ C-h-bv°v kq∏¿-t\m-h-
I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ H-cp G-I-I-Øn-s‚
ÿm-\-ap≠v. a-‰p \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS {]-Im-i-am-\hpw
A-h-bn-te--°p-≈ Xmc-Xay A-I-e-hpw \n¿-W-bn-
°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Cu G-IIw G-Xp \n-c-°n-emWv
{]]-©w hn-I-kn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p I-W-
°pIq-´p-∂-Xn\pw k-lmbn-°p-∂p.
Cu K-th-j-W-ßƒ°v sh-dp-sX t\m-°p-tºmƒ

I-Æn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ h¨ F kq∏¿t\mhIƒ t]m-sc-
∂p h∂-t∏mƒ Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn¬ temd≥kv
_¿-°v-en e-t_m-d-´-dn-bn-se kzmƒ t]ƒ-a-‰¿
1987˛¬ kq-∏¿t\m-h th-´-bv°v Hcp b-{¥kw-hn-[m-
\w B-hn-jv-I-cn®p.14 A-Xym-[p\n-I I-ºyq´dp-Ifpw
Nm¿-Pv I-∏nƒ-Uv Un-ssh-kp-I-fpw(CCD) tN¿-∂
A-Xv ^-e-Øn¬ \-s√m-cp Un-Pn-‰¬ Iym-a-d-bm-bn-
cp∂p. t]ƒ-a-‰-dn-s‚ D-]-Ic-Ww kq∏¿t\m-hth´-
sb b-{¥-h¬-I-cn®p. C-∂v sS-enkv-tIm-∏p-Iƒ-°v
B-Im-i-Øns‚ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p Nn-{X-ß-sf-Sp-
°m≥ km-[n-°pw. I-ºyq-´¿ AXp ]cn-tim-[n-®v
kq∏¿-t\m-h kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ Zr-iy-a-Xn-ep-t≠m
F-∂p I≠p]n-Sn-°pw. t]ƒ-a-‰dpw kp-lr-Øp-°-fp-
am-hn-jv-I-cn-® am¿-K-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v s_¿-°v-en-bn¬
A-©p -h¿-jwsIm-≠v 42 kq∏¿-t\m-h-I-sf I-
s≠Øn. kn.kn.Un.-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v km-[m-c-W-
hm-\\n-co£I¿°pw kq∏¿t\m-hsb I-≠p-]n-Sn-
°m≥ ]-‰pw. "kn.kn.Un. B-Im-i-tØ-°p Xn-cn-®p
h-®v \n-ßƒ-°p sS-en-hn-j≥ Im-Wm≥ t]m-Imw.
kq∏¿-t\m-hb-t\z-j-WØn-s‚ ssh-Im-cn-Imw-i-
amWv Cu b-{¥-h¬-I-c-W-tØmsS
tNm¿∂pt]mbXv.' sX√p \n-cm-i-tbm-sS C-hm≥-kv
]-d™p.
"]pXn-b hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂p tXm-∂n-bn-

´p-t≠m?' C-hm≥knt\m-Sp Rm≥ tNm-Zn®p. "C√,
F-\n-°n-„w F-s‚ co-XnXs-∂-bmWv. am{Xa√,..'
]pXn-b kq∏¿-t\m-h-bp-sS Nn-{X-sa-Sp-Øv H-cp ]p-
©ncn-tbm-sS C-hm≥-kv ]-d™p: "C-S-bv-s°m-s°
Ah-sc tXm¬-]n-°m≥ F-\n-°n-t∏mgp-am-Ip-∂p-
≠v.'
C-{Xbpw hm-bn-°p-tºmƒ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bp-b-cp-

∂ H-cp tNm-Zy-ap-≠v: \-ΩpsS A-bev]°-Øv H-
cp kq∏¿-t\m-h kv-t^m-S-\-ap-≠m-bm¬ F-¥p kw-
`hn°pw? kq-cy≥ I-gn-™m¬ \-ap°v G-‰hpw A-
Sp-Øp-≈ \-£{Xw B¬^ sk‚q-dn-bm-Wv. 4.3
{]-Im-i-h¿-j-am-W-Xn-te-°p≈ A-Iew. A-sXm-cp
kq-∏¿-t\m-h-bmbn s]m-ń-sØ-dn-®m¬ A·n-tKm-
fw h-∂v B-Imi-sØ hn-gp-ßp-∂ Zriyw Im-Wm≥
\-ap-°p 4.3 h¿-j-w In-´p-sa-∂v Rm≥ `m-h-\bn¬
I-≠p. H-gn-hm-°m-\m-Im-Ø H-cp Zpc-¥w h-∂v \-
sΩ Z-ln-∏n-®pI-fbp-sa-∂v \m-ep h¿-j-hpw \m-ep-
am-khpw ap-º-dn-™m¬ F-¥m-bn-cn°pw \m-´p-Im-
cp-sS {]-Xn-Ic-Ww? P\w tPm-en°p- t]mIptam?
I¿jI¿ hn-fhnd°ptam? hn-f-sh-Sp-Ø DXv]∂w
B-sc-¶n-epw N-¥-bn-se-Øn-°p-tam?
B-gv-N-Iƒ-°p-ti-jw Xm-a-k-ÿ-eam-b \yq-lmw-

]v-j-b-dn-se-Øn-bt∏mƒ Rm-\o tNm-Zy-ßƒ Um¿-
Sv-a-Xv tImf-Pn-se _-ln-cmIm-i im-kv-{X⁄≥
tPm¨ tXm¿-Sv-kv-s‰≥-k-s‚ ap-∂n-e-h-X-cn-∏n®p.
"A-ß-s\b√, Im-cyßƒ,' A-t±-lw Nn-cn®p: "A-
ßs\-sbm-cp kv-t^mS-\w \-S-∂m¬ B hm¿-Ø-
bpw A-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈ \m-ihpw {]-Im-i-th-K-Øn¬
k-©-cn®v Hcp-an-®m-hp-sa-Øp-I.15 kv-t^mS\hn-h-c-
a-dn-bp-∂ \n-an-jwX-s∂ kv-t^mS\w \nß-sf
sIm√pw. ]t£, t]-Sn-t°-≠. A-ßs\-sbm-∂p
kw-`-hn-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂n√.'
kq∏¿-t\m-hkv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ B-Lm-X-Øn-\v
\n-ß-sf sIm√m-\p≈ ti-jn-bp-≠mIW-sa-¶n¬
A-Xp hf-sc A-Sp-Ø-m-bn-cn-°Ww. ASp-sØ∂p
]-d-™m¬ H-cp ]-Øp {]-Im-i-h¿-j-sa-¶nepw A-
SpØv. AØ-c-sam-cp kv-t^m-S-\-ap-≠m-bm¬ A-]I-
Sw ]-e- cq-]-Øn¬ h-cpw. A-Xyp÷ze h¿W-]m-
fn-I-fpw A-Xn-`b-¶-c {]-Im-ihpwsIm-≠v B-Im-iw
\n-d-bpw. ]t£, A-Xp I-≠p c-kn-°m-sa-∂p I-cp-
tX≠. C-{X-bpw D-÷z-eam-sbmcp Zriyw kr-„n-
°m≥ ti-jn-bp-≈ Du¿-÷-{]-hm-lw A-¥-co-£-
Ønse ams·t‰mkv-^n-b-dn-s\ X-I¿-sØ-dn-bpw.
Aƒ-{Sm-h-be-‰v c-iv-an-I-sfbpw A-]I-S-am-b a-‰p
{]m-]©n-I hn-In-c-W-ß-sfbpw sN-dp-Øv `q-an-sb
kw-c-£n°p∂-Xv am-s·-t‰m-kv-^n-b-dmWv. am-s·-
t‰m-kv-^n-b-dn-s‚ kw-c-£-W-an√msX, ]p-d-Øp sh-
bn-en-end-ßn B-Imi-sØ {]-Im-i-°mgv-N Im-
Wm≥ B-sc-¶nepw Xp-\n-™m¬, sRm-Sn-bn-S-sIm-
≠-bmƒ sh-¥p-I-cn-™ ]o-‰vkbpsS cq-]-Øn-em-
Ipw.
CØ-c-sam-cp kw`-hw \-Ωp-sS A-bev]-°-Øp-

≠m-hn-s√-∂v G-d-°psd D-d-∏n-°m≥ Im-c-W-ßƒ
]-e-Xp-s≠-∂v tXm¿Sv-kv-s‰≥-k≥ ]-d™p. Nne
{]-tXy-IX-cw \-£-{Xß-tf kq∏¿-t\m-h-bm-Iq F-
∂-Xm-Wv {][m-\ Imcyw. AØ-c-sam-cp \-£-{X-
Øn-\v kq-cy-s‚ ]-tØm C-cp-]tXm Cc-ń ]n-fiw
thWw. A-ßs\sbm-cp \-£{Xw \-Ωp-sS A-
bev]-°-ßfn-sem-∂p-an√. {]]-©w A-Xn-hn-im-e-
am-bXp-sIm-≠p-≈ {]-tbm-P-\-am-Wn-Xv. \-Ωp-sS-b-
Sp-Øv kq∏¿-t\m-h-bm-Im≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈ \-
£{Xw Xn-cp-hmXn-c F∂ _o-‰v¬Pyq-kv B-Wv.
h¿-j-ß-fm-bn s]m-épw No-‰epw \-S-°p∂ B
\£{Xw Gd-°p-sd A-ÿn-c-am-sW-∂m-Wv kqN-
\. ]t£-, A-Xv AºXn\m-bn-cw {]-Im-i-h¿-jw
A-I-se-bmWv.
kq∏¿-t\m-h kv-t^m-S-\-ß-fp-sS F-gp-X-s∏-ń-´p-

≈ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ shdpw IÆp-sIm-≠p Im-Wm-hp-
∂-h-bm-bn B-sd-Æw am-{X-ta-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≈p.16
AXn-sem∂v 1054˛¬ B-bn-cp-∂p. B kv-t^m-S-\-
Øn-em-Wv I¿-°n-S-I ({Im_v) s\-_p-e-bp-≠m-b-Xv.
1604˛ep≠m-b a-s‰m-cp kq∏¿-t\m-h ]I¬t]mepw
Im-Wm-hp-∂ \-£-{X-am-bn aq-∂mgv-N B-Imi-Øp
sX-fn™p. C-°q-´-Øn¬ G-‰hpw ]p-Xnb-Xv
1987˛em-bn-cp-∂p. em¿-Pv sa-Km-e-\n-Iv ¢uUv F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ `m-K-Øp≠m-b Cu kv-t^mS-\w `m-
Kn-I-am-tb Zr-iy-ambn-cp-∂p≈p; AXpw Z-£n-
Wm¿≤tKm-f-Øn¬-am-{X-w. A-]-I-S-ap-≠m-°mhp-∂-
Xn-\p-a-∏pdw 1,69,000 {]-Im-i-h¿-jw A-I-se-bm-bn-
cp-∂p AXv.
kq∏¿-t\m-h-bv-°p \-sΩ -kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw
a-s‰m-cp \n¿-Wm-b-I-{]m[m-\ywIq-Sn-bp-≠v. Cu
kq∏¿-t\m-h-I-fn√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \-Ω-fp-≠m-hpam-
bn-cp-∂n√. {]-]-©-im-kv{X-Øn-se H-cp {]-tl-fn-I-
b-h-X-cn-∏n®p-sIm≠mWv \mw B-ZyA-[ym-bw A-
h-km-\n-∏n-®-sX-t∂m¿-Ω-bnt√? a-lm-hnkvt^m-S-\-
Øn¬ kr-„n-°-s∏´Xv `m-cw Ip-d-™ aq-e-Ißƒ
am{X-amWv. `m-c-tadn-b aq-e-I-ßƒ h∂-Xv ]n-s∂-
bp-ta-sd-°m-ew I-gn-™mWv. G-sd sshIn F-ß-
s\-b-h h-∂p F-∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v G-sd-°m-e-
tØ°v D-Ø-cap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. \-Ωp-sS A-kv-Xn-Xz-
Øn-\v A-\n-hm-cyam-b Im¿-_Wpw C-cpºpw t]m-
ep-≈ aq-e-I-ßƒ kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v
sImSpwNq-Sv th-Wam-bn-cp∂p, G-‰hpw Nq-Sp-≈ \-
£-{X-ß-fp-sS A-I-°m-ºn-ep-≈-Xnepw IqSnb
NqSv. A-sX-hn-sS\n-∂ph-∂p F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\p-
Ø-cw sIm-≠ph∂Xv kq∏¿-t\m-h-bm-Wv. B
DØ-cw X-ømdm-°nb-Xv Hcp Cw-•njv tImkv-
tamfPn-kv-‰pw. t\c-tØ I-≠ {^n-‰v-kv kzn--°n-sb-
t∏mse H-‰-bm\pw hy-XykvX-\p-am-sbm-cp im-kv-
{X⁄≥.
tbm¿-Ivsj-b-dn¬\n-∂p≈ B im-kv-{X⁄-s‚
t]-cv s{^-Uv tlm-bv¬. {]-]-©-X-Øz-im-kv-{X-
⁄\pw hn-hm-Z-]p-cp-j-\p-sa-∂m-Wv17 2001˛¬ tlm-
bv-¬ a-cn-®-t∏mƒ N-c-a-°p-dn-∏n¬ t\-®¿ amkn-I
\¬In-b hntijWw. B hn-ti-j-W-Øn¬ sX-
‰n√m-bn-cp∂p, A-Xp c-≠p-am-bn-cp∂p A-t±lw. Po-
hn-X-Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ tlm-bv¬ hn-hm-Z-ß-fp-sS ]n-
∂m-se t]mbn. H-cm-h-iy-hp-an√m-Ø A-kw-_-‘-
ß-fn-en-S-s]-´p. \m-®p-d¬ ln-Ã-dn ayqknbw A-aq-
ey\n[n-t]m-se kq-£n-®n-cp-∂ B¿°n-tbm-]v-s‰-dn-
Iv-kv F∂ {]mNo\]-£n-bp-sS t^m-kn¬ hym-P-
am-sW∂v H-cp sX-fnhpw Iq-Sm-sX A-t±lw B-
tcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-®p. ayq-kn-b-Øn-se ]p-cm-h-kv-XpK-
th-j-I¿°v hen-b X-e-th-Z-\-bm-bn am-dn B B-
tcm]Ww. tem-I-Øn-s‚ \m-\m-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pap-≈
]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS t^m¨-hn-fn-°v a-dp-]-Sn- \¬-
Im-t\ Ip-td Zn-hk-tØ-°v A-h¿-°p k-a-b-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p≈p. `q-an-bn¬ Poh≥ am-{Xa√, tcm-K-
ßfpw _-ln-cm-Imi-Øp\n-∂p h-cp-∂-Xm-sW-∂
hn-izm-khpw tlmbven-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. C≥-^vfp-
h≥-k-bp-sS-bpw _yq-t_m-WnIv tπ-Kn-s‚bpw a‰pw
tcm-K-_o-P-ßƒ B-Im-i-Øp \n-∂p s]-bv-Xn-d-ßp-
I-bm-sW-∂-t±-lw I-cpXn. Cß-s\ ho-gp∂ tcm-
Km-Wp-°ƒ AI-Øp I-S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\m-Wv a-
\p-jy-s‚ aq-°ns‚ Zzm-cw Xm-tg°p h-cp-∂ coXn-
bn¬ ]-cn-W-an-®sX∂p-t]mepw18 A-t±-lw H-cp L-
´-Øn¬ hm-Zn®p.
Cß-s\ Nn-e A-kw-_-‘hn-izm-k-ß-fp-am-bn

\-S∂ tlm-bv¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv a-lm-hnkv-t^m-S-\-sa-
∂ ]-Zw kr-„n-®-Xv. 1952˛¬ H-cp tdUntbm {]-t£-
]-W-Øn-\n-sS A-[n-Iam-tem-Nn-°m-sX G-d-°p-sd
X-am-i-bm-bmbmWv tlm-bv¬ a-lm-hnkv-t^m-S-\-sa-
∂p {]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. Cu {]-]-©-Ønse k-I-eam-
\ h-kv-Xp-°fpw H-cp _n-μp-hn¬ H-cp-°qSn-bti-
jw s]mSp∂t\ \m-S-Io-b-am-bn hn-I-kn-°m≥ Im-
c-W-sa-s¥-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ \-Ωp-sS ù-Xn-I-
im-kv-{Xhn-⁄m-\w h-®p I-gn-bn-s√-∂v A-t±-lw ]-
d-™p. {]]-©w ÿn-c-am-bn hn-I-kn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-
cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw Aß-s\ hn-I-kn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-tºmƒ ]pXn-b {Z-hyw kr-„n®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-
°pI-bm-sW-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p19 A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]-
£w. \-£-{X-ßƒ X-I¿-∂a-cp-tºmƒ h≥tXm-
Xn¬ (G-Xm-≠p ]Øp-tIm-Sn Un-{Kn)20 Xm-]w ]p-
dØphn-Sp-sa-∂v A-t±-lw a-\- n-em°n. Cu
sImSpwNq-Sv \yq¢ntbm kn-¥-knkv F-∂ {]-Xn-
`m-k-Øn-\p h-gn-hbv°pw, A-Xn-eq-sS L-\aq-e-I-
ßƒ kr-„n°-s∏-Spw. kq∏¿-t\m-hkv-t^m-S-\-Øn-
eq-sS L-\aq-e-I-ßƒ kr-„n-°-s∏Sp-sa-∂v 1957˛¬
a-‰p Nn-e-cp-am-bn tN¿-∂p \-SØn-b K-th-j-W-Øn-
eqsS tlm-bv¬ sX-fn-bn®p. Cu K-thj-Ww tlm-
bv-en-s‚ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-Icnsem-cmfm-b
Uªyp.F.û-f¿-°v t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-
s°m-SpØp. I-„-sa-∂√m-sX-¥p ]-d-bm≥! tlm-bv-
en-\v t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w Inń-bpan√.
tlm-bv-en-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-{]-Im-cw \-£{Xw s]m-

ń-sØ-dn-°p-tºm-gp-≠mIp-∂ Xm-]w ]pXn-b aq-e-
Iß-sf kr-„n-°pw. F-∂n-´-Xn-s\ ]p-d-tØ-°p
sX-dn-∏n-°pw. A-hn-sSb-Xv \-£-{Xm-¥-cam-[y-aw
F-∂p hn-fn-°m-hp∂ hmXIta-L-ß-fm-bn- am-dpw.
A-h kw-tbm-Pn-®p ]pXn-b ku-c-bq-Y-ß-fp-
≠mIpw. \m-an-hn-sS-sb-Øn-b-sX-ß-s\-sb∂ tNm-
Zy-Øn-\v G-d-°p-sd Xr-]v-Xn-I-camsbm-cp a-dp]-Sn
\¬-Im≥ Cu kn-≤m-¥-ß-sf√m-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p I-
gn-bpw. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ \-ap-°-dn-bm-sa-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂
Im-cyß-sf G-Xm-≠nß-s\ kw-{K-ln-°mw:
{]-]-©-Øns‚ Cu `m-K-Øv G-Xm-≠v 460 tIm-
Sn h¿-jw ap-ºv GXm≠v 2,400 tIm-Sn In-tem-ao-‰¿
hn-kv-Xm-c-Øn¬ hm-X-I-ß-fp-sSbpw s]m-Sn-]-S-eß-
fp-sSbpw H-cp a-lmNpg-en D-S-se-SpØp. X-Ωn¬ Iq-
Sn-t®¿-∂v A-Xp hf¿∂p. Cu [q-fo-{]-hm-l-w G-
Xm-≠v ]q¿-W-am-bn-Ø-s∂, 99.9 i-X-am-\hpw, kq-
cy-s‚ \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´p.21 H-gp-In\-
S-∂ {Z-hy-IWß-fn¬ _m-°n-h-∂- A-Xn-kq-£v-a-X-
cn-I-fn¬ c-s≠-Æw ssh-Zyp-XIm¥nIi-‡n-bm¬
H-cp-an®p. \-Ωp-sS `q-an-bp-sS _o-Pm-hm-]-am-bn-cp-∂p
A-Xv. cq-]w {]m-]n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ ku-c-bq-Y-
Øn-s‚ F√m tIm-Wp-I-fn-epw k-am-\am-b Iq-Sn-
t®-c-ep-Iƒ kw-`-hn®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Iq-ń-bn-Sn-®v H-
ń-t®¿∂ [q-fn-Iƒ h-ep-Xm-bn- h-ep-Xmbn sIm-®p-
{K-l-ß-sf-∂p hn-fn-°m-hp-∂ coXnbn-te-°-p h-f¿-
∂p. Iq-ń-ap-ńbpw X-Ωn-en-Sn®pw s]m-ń-Ø-I¿-∂pw
H-cp-an-®p tN¿-∂pw A-h N-en®p. Hmtcm kw-L-´-
\-Ønepw Hmtcm hn-P-bn-I-fp-≠mbn-cp-∂p. {`-a-W]-
Y-Øn¬ k-©-cn®p-sIm-≠n-cn°-th Ah Iq-Sp-X¬
IqSp-X¬ h-f¿∂p.
A-Xn-th-K-Øn-em-Wn-sX√mw kw-`-hn-®-Xv. sN-dp-

X-cn-I-fp-sS Iq-´w \qtdm B-bn-ctam In-tem-ao-‰¿
hym-k-ap≈ Ip-™p-{K-l-am-bn- am-dm-s\-SpØ-Xv ]-
Øp \m-ev]-Xv B-bn-cw h¿-jw am-{Xw. `q-an cq-]-s∏-
Sm≥ C-cp]-Xp tImSnbn¬ Xm-sg h¿j-ta th-≠n-
h-∂p≈q.22 ]t£, A-t∏mgpw D-cp-In-Ønf-®v B-
Im-i-Øp\n-∂p ]-Xn-°p-∂ A-h-in-„-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-
≈ B-Lm-X-ßtf-‰p- I-gn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
Cu k-ab-Øv G-Xm-≠v 440 tIm-Sn h¿-jw ap-

ºv sNm-Δ-bp-sS h-en-∏ap-s≈m-cp h-kv-Xp `q-an-bn¬
h-∂n-Sn-®p. B C-Sn-bp-sS B-Lm-X-Øn¬ `qanbp-
sS hen-sbm-cp-`m-Kw sX-dn®v a-s‰m-cp tKm-f-am-bn -
amdn. A-Xm-Wv N-{μ≥. Nn-∂n-®n-X-dn-b {Z-hyw B-gv-
N-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬ kw-tbm-Pn-®v H-scm-‰ h-kv-Xphmbn.
H-cp h-¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bp-s≈mcp ]m-
d-°√m-bn A-Xp cq-]-s∏´p. `q-an-bpsS A-I-°m-
ºn¬\n-∂√ ]p-dw-]m-fn-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv N{μ≥ kr-
„n-°-s∏-´Xv.23 `q-an-bn¬ [m-cm-fw C-cp-ºp-s≠-
¶nepw N-{μ-\n¬ A-Xns‚Af-hv \t∂ Ip-d™p-
t]mb-Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. C-∏-d-™ Im-cy-ßs-
f√mw ]pXn-sbm-cp kn-≤m-¥w F-∂ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv
A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Smdv. 1940I-fn¬X-s∂ lm¿-hm-Un-
se sd-Pn-\mƒ-Uv Um-en Cu kn-≤m¥ahX-h-X-cn-
∏n-®n-cp-∂p.24 \ma-Xv {i-≤n-®pXp-S-ßnb-Xv A-Sp-Ø-
Im-e-Øm-sW∂p am-{Xw.
`q-an-°v C-∂p-≈-Xn-s‚ aq∂n-sem-∂p h-en-∏-sa-

Øn-b-t∏mƒX-s∂ A¥co-£w cq-]-s∏-´pXp-S-ßn-
bn-cp∂p. Im¿-_¨ ssU HmIv-sskUpw
ss\{SP\pw ao-tY-\pw kƒ-^dp-sam-s°-bm-bn-cp-
∂p A-¥-co-£-Øn-se ap-Jy L-S-I-ßƒ. C-∂p
\-Ωƒ {]mW-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-bn-°-cp-Xp∂sXm-
∂pan√m-Xn-cp-∂n-´pw Cu hn-j-°q-ń¬\n-∂p Poh-
s‚ ap-Ip-fw D-S-se-SpØp. l-cnXKr-lhm-X-I-am-Wv
Im¿-_¨ ssU HmIv-sskUv. A-Xp \-∂mbn.
A∂v C{X i-‡n-bn√m-Xn-cp-∂ kq-cy-s‚ Nq-Sn-s\
]n-Sn-®p\n¿-Øm≥ Ign™-Xv Im¿-_¨ ssU HmIv-
ssk-Up-≈Xp-sIm-≠mWv. A-s√-¶n¬ `q-an F-∂-
t∂°p-am-bn, H-cn-°epw Poh-\p ]-‰m-Ø-hÆw, X-
Wp-Øpd-™pt]mIpam-bn-cp∂p.25 ]t£, F-
ßs\-sbms°tbm `q-an-bn¬ Po-h-\p-≠mbn.
sN-dp-{]m-b-Øn-ep-≈ `q-an-bn¬ ]ns∂-sbm-cp 50

tIm-Sn h¿-j-tØ-°v hm¬\-£-{X-ß-fpw D¬-°-
Ifpw {]m-]-©n-Im-h-in-„-ßfpw h-∂p ]-Xn®psIm-
t≠-bn-cp∂p. A-h-bm-Wv `q-an-bn¬ sh-≈-hpw Po-h-
≥ cq-]-s∏-Sm≥ th≠ -hkv-Xp-°-fp-sa-Øn-®Xv. Xn-
I®pw A-]-I-S-Im-cnbm-b A-¥-co-£am-bn-cp-∂p
AXv. F-∂n-´p-a-hn-sS Po-h≥ D-S-se-Sp-Øp. cm-kkw-
bp-‡-ßfp-sS sIm-®pIq-ºm-c-Øn-\v s]m-Sp∂-t\
A\-°wh®p. A-h N-en-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. Aß-s\
\-Ω-fo {]-bm-Ww Xp-Sßn.
\m-\q-dp tIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ-°ptijw, F-ß-s\,

C-sXm-s° kw-`-hns®-t∂m¿-Øv P-\w A-¤p-
XwsIm-≈p∂p. A-tX-∏-‰n-bm-Wv C\n.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm-Sn kq-cy-∑m-cpsS Du¿-÷w h-

an®p-sIm-≠v: s^-dnkv, Z Hmƒ sj-_mMv, t]-Pv 37.
2 e-£w tIm-Sn ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_p-Iƒ H-cp-

an-®p s]m-ń-®n-X-dp-∂Xp-t]m-se-bm-WXv: Hm-kv-t{S-
en-b-bn-se lm-k¬{_q-°n¬ sh-®v tdm-_¿-´v C-
hm≥-kp-ambn \-SØn-b A-`n-ap-Jw, 2001 sk-]v-
‰w_¿ 2.
3 _p-≤n-{`-a-ap-≈ ⁄m-\n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ A-
[ym-b-Øn-s‚ H-cp `mKw ap-gph≥: G≥ B-{¥-s∏m-
tfm-Pn-kv‰v Hm¨ am-gv-kv, t]-Pv 189.
4 k-ln-°m≥ ]-‰mØ tIm-am-fn-sb-∂v k-l-{]-

h¿-Ø-I¿ A-t±-l-sØ ]-gn-®p:
tXm¨, ªm-Iv tlmƒ-kv B≥-Uv ssSw hm¿-

]vkv, t]-Pv 164.
5 a-‰m-cp-an√m-Ø-t∏mƒ kzn-°ns°m-∏w I-gn-bm≥

`-b-am-bn-cp-∂p B bp-hm-hn\v: s^-dnkv, Z Hmƒ
sj-_mMv, t]-Pv 125.
6 sIm∂pI-f-bp-sa-∂ph-sc H-cn-°¬ kzn°n

òj-Wn ap-g-°n: Hmh¿-ss_, tem¨-en lm¿-Svkv
Hm-^v Z tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 18.
7 ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ sR-cp-ßn-b-a-cp-tºmƒ : t\®¿,

Szn-¶vƒ Szn-¶vƒ \yq-t{Sm¨ kv‰m¿, 2002 \-hw_¿ 7,
t]-Pv 31.
8 {]-]-©-Øn-se G-‰hpw hen-b kv-t^m-S-\-ap-
≠m-°m≥ t]m-∂ Du¿÷w: tXm¨, ªm-Iv
tlmƒ-kv B≥-Uv ssSw hm¿-]vkv, t]-Pv 171.
9 tIm-kv-an-Iv c-iv-an-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ kzn-°n-bp-

sS \n-Ka-\w sX-fn-bn-°m≥ C-Xp-hsc-bm-bn-´p-an√:
tXm¨, ªm-Iv tlmƒ-kv B≥-Uv ssSw hm¿-]vkv,
t]-Pv 174.
10 N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰hpw Zo¿-L-Z¿-inbm-b tc-

J-Ifn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p Cu {]-_‘ kw-{Klw:
tXm¨, ªm-Iv tlmƒ-kv B≥-Uv ssSw hm¿-]vkv,
t]-Pv 174.
11 ù-Xn-I-\n-b-a ]-cn-⁄m-\w A-t±-l-Øn\n√m-

bn-cp∂p: tXm¨, ªmIv tlmƒkv B≥-Uv ssSw
hm¿-]vkv, t]-Pv 175.
12 ]n-s∂bp-sam-cp \m¬]-Xp sIm√-tØ--°v B-

cpw {i-≤ Xn-cn-®pan√: Hmh¿-ss_, tem¨-en lm¿-
Svkv Hm-^v Z tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 18.
13 sh-dpw IÆp-sIm-≠p t\m-°n-bm¬ Im-Wm-\m-
Ip∂-Xv B-dm-bn-cw \£-{X-ßƒ am-{X-am-Wv: lm-
cnk¨, Um¿-Iv-s\-kv A-‰v ss\‰v, t]Pv 3.
14 kzmƒ t]ƒ-a-‰¿ 1987˛¬ kq-∏¿t\m-h th-

´-bv°v Hcp b-{¥kw-hn-[m-\w B-hnjv-I-cn®p:
_n._n.kn. slm-ssd-k¨ tUm-Iyp-sa‚-dn, {^w
ln-b¿ Sp C≥-^n\n-‰n, 1999 s^-{_p-h-cn 28˛\v
BZyw kw-t{]£-Ww sN-bv-X-Xn-s‚ ]-I¿-∏v.
15 B hm¿-Ø-bpw A-Xp-sIm-≠p-≈ \m-ihpw

{]-Im-i-th-K-Øn¬ k-©-cn-®v H-cpan-®m-hp-sa-Øp-
I: \yq-lmw-]v-j-b-dn-¬ tPm¨ tXm¿-Sv-kv-s‰≥-k-\p-
am-bn \-SØnb A-`n-ap-Jw, 2001 Un-kw-_¿ 5.
16 shdpw IÆp-sIm-≠p Im-Wm-hp-∂-h-bm-bn

B-sd-Æw am-{X-ta-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≈p: C-hm≥-kn-s‚
Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ, 2002 Un-kw_¿ 3.
17 {]-]-©-X-Øz-im-kv-{X-⁄\pw hn-hm-Z-]p-cp-j-
\p-sa-∂m-Wv... t\-®¿ amkn-I \¬In-b hn-
tijWw: t\®¿, s{^-Uv tlm-bv¬(1915˛2001),
2001 sk-]v-‰w-_¿ 17, t]-Pv 270.
18 Cß-s\ ho-gp∂ tcm-Km-Wp-°ƒ AI-Øp
I-S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv a-\p-jys‚ aq-°v Zzm-cw
Xm-tg-°p h-cp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ ]-cn-W-an-®-sX∂p-t]m-
epw: {Kn_n\pw sj¿-^m-kpw, Z ^-Ãv Nn-ºm≥-kn,
t]-Pv 190.
19 hn-I-kn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]pXn-b {Z-hyw

kr-„n®p-sIm-t≠-bncn-°p-I-bmsW-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p:
dokv, P-Ãv kn-Iv-kv \-tº-gv-kv, t]-Pv 75.
20 G-Xm-≠p ]Øp-tIm-Sn Un-{Kn: s_m-Um-\nkv,

E=mc2, t]-Pv 187.
21 99.9 i-X-am-\-hpw kq-cy-s‚ \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-\p-

]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´p, Akn-tamhv, B‰w, t]-Pv 294.
22 `q-an cq-]-s∏-Sm≥ C-cp]-Xp tIm-Sn-bn¬ Xm-sg

h¿j-ta th-≠n-h-∂p≈q: Ãoh≥-kv, Z sN-bv-©v
C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 6.
23 `q-an-bpsS A-I-°m-ºn¬\n-∂√ ]p-dw-]m-fn-

bn¬\n-∂m-Wv N-{μ≥ kr-„n-°-s∏´Xv: \yq- k-
b‚n-Ãv k-πn-sa‚v, ^-b¿_¿-Øv, 1999 B-K-kvXv 7.
24 1940I-fn¬X-s∂ lm¿-hm-Un-se sd-Pn-\mƒ-
Uv Um-en Cu kn-≤m¥ah-X-cn-∏n®n-cp-∂p: ]h¬,
ss\-‰v Iw-kv Sp Z {In-t‰-jykv, t]Pv 38.
25 H-cn-°epw Poh-\p ]-‰m-Ø-hÆw, X-Wp-Øpd-

™p t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p: {Uyqdn, sÃ-∏n-Mv
tÃm¨kv, t]-Pv 144.
`mKw c≠v
`q-an-bp-sS h-en∏w
{]Ir-Xnbpw {]-Ir-Xn\n-b-a-ßfpw
C-cpfn-sem-fn-™p In-S-∂p;
ssZ-hw ]d-™p, \yq-´-\p-≠mIs´!

Fßpw {]-Im-iw ]-c∂p.
A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ t]m∏v,
" k¿ sFkIv \yq-´-s\m-cp N-c-a-°p-dn∏v '
A[ymbw 4
tem-I-Øn-s‚ A-f-hpIƒ
g-hp-I-fn¬\n-∂p ]n-g-hp-I-fn-te-°p k-©-

cn®v Zp¿-L-S-ß-fn¬ XńØ-I¿∂ im-kv-{X]-cy-th-
£-W-ß-fn¬ G-‰hpw tam-i-am-b-Xn-s‚ ]-ń-I X-
øm-dm-°n-bm¬ {^-©v tdm-b¬ A-°mZan Hm-^v k-
b≥-k-kn-s‚ 1735˛se s]-dp ]-cy-th-£-W-w ap≥-
\n-c-bn-¬-Øs∂bp-≠m-Ipw. ]nb-dn _q-sK¿ F-∂
P-e-im-kv-{Xhn-Z-Kv[s‚bpw Nmƒ-kv ta-cn Un em
-sIm≥U-an≥ F-∂ K-Wn-X-⁄\m-b ssk-\n-I-
s‚bpw t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p im-kv-{X-⁄cpw
km-l-kn-I-cp-a-S-ßp-∂ k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS B bm-{X.
s]dp-hn-se-Øn B≥-Un-kn-eq-sS-bp-≈ Zqcw {Xn-
tIm-W-am]\w (triangulation) h-gn A-f°pIbm-
bn-cp-∂p A-h-cpsS ZuXyw.*
`q-an-sb a-\- n-em-°m-\p≈ A-`n-\n-th-iw P-\-ß-
fn-em-th-in-® k-abam-bn-cp-∂p AXv. `q-an-s°-{X
{]m-b-ap-s≠-∂p I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I, A-Xn-s\{X ]n-
fi-ap-s≠-∂p I-s≠-Øp-I, A-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv Xq-
ßn-°nS°p∂sX-∂-dn-bp-I, A-sX-ß-s\-bhn-sS-
sb-Øn-sb-∂-dn-bp-I. A-ß-s\-bß-s\ `q-an-sb a-
\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I. C-Xn¬ `q-an-bp-sS Np-‰f-hv I-
s≠-Øp-Isb-∂- Zu-Xy-am-Wv Cu {^-©pkw-L-
ta-s‰-Sp-ØXv. {[p-hß-sf _-‘n-∏n°p-∂ tc-Jmw-
itc-Jbp-sS H-cp Un-{Kn-°v F-{X h-en-∏-ap-s≠-∂p
I-s≠Øp-I. AY-hm `q-an-bp-sS Np-‰-f-hn-s‚
360˛¬ H-cp `m-Kw F{X-sb-∂p Is≠-Øp-I. Aß-
s\ `q-anbpsS h-en-∏-a-dn-bpI. A-Xn-\m-bn Izn-t‰m-
bv°-Sp-Øv bm-tcm-Jzn-bn¬\n-∂v C∂-sØ CIz-
tUm-dn-ep-≈ Iyp-sh≥-kbn-te-°v F-{X Zq-c-ap-s≠-
∂v A-f-°m-\m-Wh¿ bm-{X Xn-cn-®Xv.
*Zq-cw K-Wn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Pym-anXo-bhn-Zy-

bm-Wv {Xn-tIm-W-am-]-\w. {Xn-tIm-W-Øn-s‚ H-cph-
i-Øn-s‚ \o-fhpw B h-i-Øn¬\n-∂p-≈ c-≠p
tIm-Wp-Ifpw F-{X-sb-∂-dn-bm-sa-¶n¬ a-‰p c-≠p
h-i-ß-fp-sa-{X-sb-∂p I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-sa-∂-Xm-Wv
{Xn-tIm-W-am-]-\-Øn-\v A-Sn-ÿm-\w. D-
ZmlcWØn-\v N-{μ-\n-te-°p-≈ Zq-cw I-≠p-]n-Sn-
°m≥ \n-ßfpw Rm\pw Xo-cp-am-\n-s®-∂p hbv-°p-
I. \Ωƒ \n›n-X A-Ie-Øv \n-e-bp-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-
Wv BZyw th-≠Xv. Rm≥ tamkv-tIm-bnepw
\nßƒ ]m-co-kn-ep-am-Wv \n¬-°p-∂-sX-∂p
hbv°p-I. F-∂n-´v H-tcka-bw N-{μ-s\ t\m-°p-I.
C-t∏mƒ Fs∂bpw \n-ß-sfbpw N-{μ-s\bpw _-
‘n-∏n®p-sIm-≠v H-cp {Xn-tIm-Ww k-¶ev]n-°mw.
F-\n°pw \n-ßƒ-°p-an-S-bn-se Zq-cw t\¿ tc-J-bn-
e-f∂vv \m-an-cp-hcpw N-{μ-s\-°m-Wp∂ tImWpw I-
W-°m°n-bm¬ {Xn-tIm-W-Øn-s‚ a-t‰ h-i-ßƒ
F-{X-sb-∂-dn-bmw. A-Xm-Wv N-{μ-\n-te-°p-≈ Zqcw.
{Xn-tIm-W-Øn-se aq-∂p tIm-Wp-I-fp-sS Xp-I 180
Un-{Kn-bm-hp-sa-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v c-≠p tIm-Wp-I-sf{X-
sb-∂-dn-™m¬ aq-∂ma-sØ tIm-sW-{X-sb-∂p a-
\- n-em°mw. aq-∂p tIm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw H-cp h-i-Øn-
s‚bpw A-f-h-dn-™m¬ {Xn-tIm-W-Øn-s‚ cq-]w
hy-‡-am-Ipw. a-‰p h-i-ß-fp-sS A-fhpw In-´pw.
_n.kn. 150˛¬ {Ko-°v tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ ss\-
kn-tb-bn-se ln-∏m¿°kv N-{μ-\n-te°p≈ Zq-cw
I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ A-h-ew-_n-® am¿-K-am-WnXv. `q-an-
bn-se A-I-e-ßƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xpw C-tX XØzwXs∂. C-hn-sS {Xn-tIm-Ww
B-Im-i-tØ°p \o-fp-∂-Xn-\p ]Icw, `q-]-S-
Øn¬X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-am-{Xw. H-cp Un{Kn
tc-Jmw-i-Øn-s‚ A-f-h-dn-bm≥ CØ-cw Ht´sd {Xn-
tIm-W-ßƒ tN¿-Øp-hbv-t°-≠n-h-cpw.
bm-{X Xp-S-ß-nb-bp-S≥ Ip-g-∏-ßfpw Xp-Sßn.

Iznt‰m-bn¬, F-t¥m Im-c-W-Øm¬ {]-tIm-]-
nXcmb \m-´p-Im¿ k-μ¿-iI-sc I-s√-dn-t™m-Sn®p.
H-cp kv{Xohn-j-b-Øn¬ sX-‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-´v kw-L-
Øn-se tUm-Œ¿ sIm√s∏-´p. k-ky-im-kv-{X⁄-
s‚ a-t\m\n-e sX-‰n. {]m-bwsIm-≠v kw-L-Øn¬
aq∂mw ÿm-\-ap-≈ gm-Mv tImƒ-Un≥ F-∂-bmƒ
H-cp ]-Xn-aq-∂pIm-cn-s°m-∏w H-fn-t®m-Sn.
k-μ¿-i-\m-\p-a-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´p-≈ Nn-e

{]-iv-\-ßƒ Xo¿-°m≥ em- sIm≥-U-an≥ en-a-bn-
te-°p t]m-b-t∏mƒ F-´p-am-k-°m-e-tØ-°v
kwLØn-s‚ {]-h¿Ø-\w ]q¿-W-am-bn \n¿-Øn-
hbv-t°-≠nh∂p. ]n-s∂-∏ns∂ em -sIm≥-U-an\pw
]n-b-dn-bpw I-≠m¬ an≠m-Xmbn. H-cp-an-®p {]-h¿-
Øn°m-Xmbn. sN√p∂n-S-sØ√mw \m-´p-Imcpw
DtZym-K-ÿ-cpw kw-i-b-Zr„ntbm-sS-bm-Wnh-sc ho-
£n-®Xv. {^m≥-kn¬\n-∂p `q-an-bpsS ]mXn Xm-
≠n C-h-sc-Ønb-Xv `q-tKm-f-Øn-s‚ A-f-sh-Sp-°m-
\m-sW-∂v Bcpw hn-iz-kn®n√. Xn-I®pw A-kw-
_-‘-a-t√ AXv? A-c\q-‰m-≠n-\pti-jw C-t∏mƒ
t\m-°p-tºmgpw Cu kwi-bw \ym-b-am-sW-∂p ]d-
tb-≠nh-cpw. Cß-s\ s]-Sm-∏m-Sps]-´v B≥-Uo-kn-
te-°p t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p]Icw Cu {^-
©vkwLØn-\v {^m≥-kn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ A-f-sh-Sp-
Øm¬ t]m-cm-bn-cpt∂m?
]-Xn-s\´mw \q-‰m-≠n-se im-kv-{X-⁄¿, {]-tXy-

In®pw {^-©p-Im¿, F-fp-∏h-gn-°v H-∂pw sN-øm-
dn-s√-∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp-Øcw. A-kw_‘-
P-Sn-eam-b h-f-™ h-gn th-sd-bp-s≠-¶n¬ A-hc-
tX kzo-I-cn°q. s]dphn-te-°p-≈ Cu h-f-™ h-
gn kzo-I-cn-°m≥ {^-©vkw-Lw Xp-\n™Xn\p th-
sdbpw Im-c-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cw-•-≠n¬\n-∂p-≈
tPym-Xn-»mkv-{X-⁄≥ F-Uva-≠v lm-en t\-cn-´ Nn-
e {]m-tbmKn-I{]-iv-\-ß-fm-WXn-\-h¿-°p t{]-c-W-
bm-bXv. ]n-b-dnbpw em- sIm≥-U-an\pw C-ßs\-sb-
mcp bm-{X-sb-°p-dn-®p kz-]v-\wt]mepw ImWpwap-
ºm-bn-cp-∂p lm-en-bp-sS K-th-jWw.
H-c-]q¿-hhy-‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p, lm-en.1 {In-bm-fl-
Iam-b kp-Zo¿-LPo-hnXØn-\n-S-bn¬ A-t±-lw I-
∏n-Øm-\m-bn-cp-∂p, Im-¿-t´m-{Km-^-dm-bn-cp∂p, Hm-Iv-
kv^-Uv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ Pym-an-Xn s{]m-^-k-
dm-bn-cp-∂p, cm-PyØn-s‚ \m-W-b-°-Ω-´-Øn-s‚
sU-]yq-ń I¨-t{Sm-f-dm-bn-cp∂p, Bÿm\ tPym-
Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂p. I-S-en-\-Sn-bn¬ sN√p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ ssUhnMv s_¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv lm-
enbm-Wv. Im-¥n-I-X-sb-∏-‰nbpw th-en-tb-‰-sØ∏-
‰nbpw {K-l-ß-fp-sS N-e-\-sØ-∏-‰nbpw B-[n-Im-cn-
I-am-sb-gpXn-b At±lw ab-°pa-cp∂mb I-dp-∏v i-
co-c-Øn-ep-≠m-°p-∂ am-‰-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw F-gpXnbn-
´p-≠v. a-c-W\n-c-°pw km-[y-Xbpw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-≈ B-Iv-Nq-dnb≥ tS-_nfpw Im-emh-ÿm`q-]-
Shpw I-≠p-]n-Sn®- lm-en- `q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw \n¿W-
bn-°m\pw kq-cy-\n¬\n-∂p-≈ AI-ew I-s≠-Øm-
\p-ap-≈ am¿-Kßfpw \n¿-tZ-in®p. F-¥n-\v ao≥
tI-Sp-Iq-Sm-sX kq-£n-°m-\p-≈ hnZy-t]mepw
A-t±-lw I-≠p-]n-Sn®p. ]t£, Xm≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-

®n-ń√m-Ø H-∂n-\mWv lmenbp-sS t]-cp e-`n-®-Xv.
lm-en-sb∂ hm¬\-£-{Xw I-≠p-]nSn-®Xv lm-en-
b√. A-t±-lw B-sI sN-bv-X-Xv, 1682˛¬ Xm≥ I-
≠ hm¬\-£-{Xw 1456˛epw 1531˛epw 1607˛epw a-‰p-
≈-h¿ I-≠ A-tX hm¬-\-£-{X-am-sW-∂p Xn-cn-®-
dnbp-I am-{X-am-Wv. 1758˛¬ lm-en a-cn-®v ]n-s∂bpw
]-Xn-\m-dp h¿-jw Ign™m-Wv B [q-a-tI-Xp-hn-\v
lm-en-bp-sS t]-cp In-ń-bXv.
Cu t\-´-ßsf√mw ssI-h-cn-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw am-

\-hhn-⁄m-\-Øn\v lm-en-bp-sS G-‰hpw hen-b
kw-`m-h-\ e-`n®-Xv th-sdm-cp cq-]-Øn-emWv. H-cp
im-kv-{X]-¥-b-Øns‚ cq-]-Øn¬. A∂-sØ a-‰p
c-≠p tbm-Ky-cmbn-cp-∂p ]-¥-b-Øn-se a-‰p ]-¶m-
fn-Iƒ˛˛˛tIm-i-Øn-s‚ L-S-\ hn-h-cn-® B-Zy-sØ-
bmƒ F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ C-t∂m¿-an-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ tdm-
_¿-´v lp°pw C-∂-ßs\ Hm¿-Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-
¶n-epw tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-⁄\pw hm-kvXp im-kv-{X-
⁄-\p-am-bn-cp-∂ k¿ {In-kv-‰-^¿ sd∂pw. 1683˛¬
H-cp Znh-kw e-≠-\n¬ H-cp-an®v A-Øm-gw I-gn®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°-th- lm-en-bp-sS-bpw lp°ns‚bpw
sd∂n-s‚bpw kw-km-cw B-ImitKm-f-ß-sf-∏-‰n-
bm-bn. {K-l-ßƒ kq-cy-s\ -Np-‰p∂-Xv F-en-]v-kv
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ {]-tXy-IX-cw Zo¿-L-hrØ {`-a-
W-]-Y-Øn-em-sW-∂v A-∂-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. dn-®m¿-
Uv s^-bn≥-am-s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ Ir-Xy-
X-bm¿-∂ k-hnti-jh-{I-am-Wv F-en-]vkv.2 {K-l-
ß-fp-sS {`-a-W]-Yw F-en-]v-kv B-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW-
∂-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-s∂¶nepw F¥p-sIm-≠m-W-Xv A-
ß-s\-bmb-Xv F∂-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. A-Xp I-≠p-
]n-Sn-°p-∂-h¿-°v \m¬]-Xp jn√n-Mv hm-Kv-Zm-\w
sN-bv-Xp sd≥. A∂sØ \n-e-bv-°v B-gvN-I-tfm-
fw tPm-en sNø-Ww A-{X-bpw Xp-I In´Wsa-
¶n¬.
a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS B-i-b-ßƒ kz-¥-sa-∂ `m-h-Øn-

e-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ a-Sn-Im-Wn-°m-Ø-bm-sf-∂
No-Ø-t∏cp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈ lp-Iv C-Xn-s‚ DØ-cw X-
\n-°-dn-bm-sa-∂v A-t∏mƒØs∂ A-h-Im-i-s∏´p.3
]t£, A-Xp- shfns∏-Sp-Øm≥ A-t±-lw X-øm-dm-
bn√. kz-¥-am-bn D-Ø-c-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\v a-‰p-≈-
h¿-°v A-hk-cw e-`n-t®m-s´ F∂p I-cp-Xn-bm-bn-
cp-∂s{X AXv. Ipd-®p\mƒIq-Sn AXp c-l-ky-am-
bnh-®v a-‰p-≈-h¿-°-Xn-s‚ aqeyw t_m[yam-b-Xn-
\pti-jw DØ-cw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂pw A-t±-lw
{]-Jym-]n®p. F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-\- n-
en-cn-s∏-∂p \-ap-°-dn-bn√. A-Xn-s‚ kq-N\-I-sfm-
∂p-a-t±-lw \¬-In-bp-an√. ]t£, lm-en C-°m-cyw
Ku-c-h-Øn-se-SpØp. A-Xn-\pØ-cw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-
\p-≈ {i-a-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn A-Sp-Ø h¿-j-a-t±-lw
tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn¬ t]mbn. A-hn-sS K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X
s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp-∂ k¿ sFk-Iv \yq´-s\ sN-∂p
I≠p. \yq´-\v C°mcy-Øn¬ k-lm-bn-°m-\m-Ip-
sa-∂v \ym-b-ambpw A-t±-lw I-cp-Xn.
A-Xy-]q¿-h hy-‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p \yq-´≥. A-Xn-cp-

I-fn-√m-Ø {]-Xn-`. A-tX-ka-bw k-Zm tim-I-`m-h-
Øn-en-cn-°p∂ G-Im-In-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw. Nn-
Ø-{`-a-Øn-s‚ h-t°m-f-saØpwhn-[w ]-cp°≥ s]-
cp-am‰w. H-∂n¬\n∂p a-s‰m-∂n-te-°v F-fp-∏w Nn-X-
dn-t∏m-Ip-∂ Nn-¥ (cm-hn-se D-W¿-s∂-Wo°ptºm-
gmIpw Nn-e-t∏mƒ ]pXn-sbm-cp Nn-¥ \yq´-s‚ a-
\- n-se-Øp-I. AtXmsS a-s‰√mw a-d-°p∂ B
{]Xn` a-Wn-°q-dp-I-tfm-fw In-S-°-∏m-bn¬ A-\-
°an√m-sX- H-‰-bn-cn-∏n-cn-°pw). a\- v ]-e -Im-cy-ß-fn-
te-°pw Nm-©m-Sp-sa-¶nepw Xo-cp-am-\n-®p-d-∏n-® Im-
cy-ßƒ-°pth-≠n G-X-Xn-cp-h-scbpw t]m-Im≥
aSnbn√m-Ø-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p \yq´≥. kz-¥-am-bn K-
th-jWim-e ]-Wn-X B im-kv-{X⁄≥ hn-Nn-
{Xam-b ]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬ ap-gpIn. H-cn-°¬ Xp-I¬
Xp-∂m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ hen-b kqNn-t]m-ep≈
tem-lZ-sfi-Sp-Øv \yq´≥ I¨-Ip-gn-bn¬ I-b‰n.
I-Æn-\pw I-Æn-\p ]n-d-In-se A-ÿn-°p-gn-°p-an-
Sbn-ep-≈ ÿ-e-Øv A-Xv Dc-knt\m°n. F-¥p
kw-`-hn-°p-a-∂-dn-bp-I-bmbn-cp-∂p D-t±-iyw. F-∂n´-
¥p kw-`-hn®p?4 `m-Ky-Øn-\v H∂pw kw-`-hn-®n√. h-
en-b {]-iv-\-sam-∂p-an√m-sX c-£-s∏-´p A-t±-lw.
kq-cy-\p t\tc I-gnbm-hp-∂-{X t\-cw Xp-dn-®pt\m-
°n\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p a-s‰m-cp ]-co£-Ww. ImgvN i-
‡n-sb AsXß-s\ _m-[n-°p-sa-∂p a-\- n-
em°pIbm-bn-cp-∂p Dt±iyw. I-Æn-s‚ A-kz-ÿ-
X am-dm≥ Ipd-®p Znh-kw C-cp-´p-ap-dn-bn¬ I-gn-
tb≠nhs∂-¶nepw hen-b Ip-g-∏-sam∂pw Iq-Sm-sX
C-Ø-h-W-bp-a-t±-lw c-£-s∏´p.
Cß-s\ Nne hn-Nn-{Xco-Xn-I-fpw hn-izm-k-ßfpw

am-‰n-h-®m¬ H-cp alm{]Xn-`X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p
\yq´≥. km-[m-c-W tPm-en-I-fn¬-t∏mepw A-t±l-
Øns‚ {]-Xn-`map-{Z ]-Xn™p. hn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn-cn-
°p-tºm-ƒ, ]-c-º-cm -K-X K-Wn-X-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-an-
Xn-I-f-n¬ a-\wa-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ \yq-´¨ ]pXn-sbmcp
KWn-Xim-JX-s∂ I-≠p-]n-Sn®p. A-XmWv Im¬-
°p-e-kv (Ie-\w). Cu I-≠p-]n-SnØw 27 h¿-j-
°m-e-tØ-°v B-tcmSpw ]-d-bm-sX A-t±lw cl-
ky-am-°nh-®p.5 {]Im-iim-kv-{Xcw-K-Ø-t±-lw
\¬In-b kw-`m-h-\ I-fp-sS Im-cy-hpa-XpXs∂. {]-
Im-i-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈ \-Ωp-sS [m-c-W-Iƒ am‰n-a-dn-
°p-Ibpw kv-s]-t{Œmkv-tIm-∏n-sb-∂ ]T-\im-J-bv-
°v A-Sn-Ø-dbn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX \yq-´-¨ B K-th-
j-W^-e-ßƒ aq-∂p ]-Xn-‰m-≠p Im-e-tØ-°v B-
scbpw A-dn-bn-®n√.
Cu a-lm-{]-Xn-`-bp-sS k-a-b-a-[n-Ihpw A-]-l-

cn®-Xv b-Ym¿-Y im-kv{Xam-bn-cp-∂n√ F-∂-Xm-Wv
hen-b k¶Sw. c-km-b-\hn-Zy-bv°pw A-\m-hiy a-
Xm-t\z-j-W-ßƒ-°p-am-bm-W-t±-lw Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚
]m-Xnbpw \o°n-h®Xv. sh-dpw X-am-i-bm-bn-cp-∂n√,
Ku-c-h]q¿-Wam-b ap-gph≥ k-a-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-
bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. B-]¬-°-camwhn-[w a-X-\n-μm-P-\-
I-am-bn {]h¿-Øn-® B-cy-\n-k-sa-∂ Kq-Vkw-L-
Øn-s‚ A-Sn-bp-d-® A-\p-bm-bnbm-bn-cp-∂p \yq´≥.
{In-kv-Xo-b hn-izm-k-{]-Im-c-ap-≈ hn-ip-≤ {Xn-Xzw
({Sn\n‰n) C√ F-∂-h¿ hn-iz-kn®p. (tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn-
se {Sn-\n-‰n tIm-f-Pn-embn-cp-∂p \yq-´-s\∂-Xv th-
sd -Im-cyw). P-dp-k-te-an¬ tkm-f-a≥ cm-Pm-hns‚
tZ-hm-e-b-Øn-s‚ cq-]-Iev-]-\ ]Tn-°m≥ A-t±-lw
a-Wn-°q-dp-Iƒ sN-e-hn´p. A-Xn-\m-bn b-Ym¿-Ytc-
J-Iƒ t\-cn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ lo{_q`mj ]Tn-
®p. Cu cq-]Nn-{XØn¬ {In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ c-≠mwh-
c-hns‚ Xo-b-Xn-sb°p-dn-®p-≈ KWnXkq-N-\-I-ƒ
AS-°w sN-bv-Xn´p-s≠-∂m-bncp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-
s‚ hn-izmkw. c≠mw h-c-sh-∂p ]-d-™m¬ tem-
Im-hkm-\wXs∂. \yq´\v c-km-b-\hn-Zy-bn-ep-≈
Xm¬-]-cyhpw A-{XX-s∂ B-flm¿-Y-am-bn-cp-∂p.
1936˛¬ tPm¨ sa-bv-\m¿-Uv sI-bv≥-kv F-∂
kmºØn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ \yq´-s‚ I-S-em-kp-I-f-
S-ßp-∂ s]-ń te-e-Øn¬ ]n-Sn®p. Xpd-∂p t\m-°n-
b-t∏mƒ {]-Im-i-sØ-∏‰ntbm {K-lN-e-\-ß-sf∏-
‰n-tbm D-≈ ]T-\tc-J-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√ A-h-bn-¬
I≠Xv. hn-e Ip-d™ tem-l-ß-ƒ kz¿-W-am-°n
am-‰p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ c-km-b-\hn-Zy hn-I-kn-∏n-°m≥ G-
Im-{K-Nn-Ø-\m-bn \-SØn-b K-th-j-W-Øn-s‚ hn-h-
c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p AXn¬ \ndsb. \yq´-s‚ H-cp ap-
Sn-\m-cn-g 1930˛¬ ]-co-£-W-Øn-\p hnt[bam-°n-b-
t∏mƒ km-[m-c-W ap-Sn-bn-ep-≈-Xn-s‚ \mev]-Xnc-
ń sa¿-°p-dnbp-sS Aw-iw I-s≠Øn. c-km-b-\hn-
Zy-°m¿°pw sX¿-tam-ao-‰¿ \n¿ΩmXm-°ƒ-°p-a√m-
sX th-sd-bm¿°pw Xm¬-]-cy-an√mØ tem-l-am-Wv
sa¿°pdn. cm-hn-se D-W¿-s∂-gp-t∂¬-°m≥ A-t±-
lw ad-∂pt]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ A-¤p-X-an√.
F-¥p {]-Xo-£n-®m-Wv 1684 B-K-kv-Xn¬ \yq-´-
sW -Im-Wm≥ lmen FØn-b-sX-∂-v Du-ln-°p-
Iam-{X-ta X-c-ap≈p. ]-t£, im-kv-{XN-cn-{X-
Ønse Cu kp-{][m-\ Iq-Sn-°m-gv-N-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈
hn-h-c-ßƒ e-`y-amWv. \yq´s‚ hn-iz-kv-X-\m-bn-cp-
∂ A-{_lmw sUtamhv A-tX-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnbn-´p-
≠v:
1684 ¬ tUm. lm-en tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn-se-Øn. A-I-

e-Øn-s‚ h¿-K-Øn-\v hn]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-Øn-em-bn-
cn°pw B-I¿-j-W_-e-sa-¶n¬ G-Xp X-cw {`-a-W-
]-Y-Øn-emhpw {K-l-ßƒ kq-cy-s\- Np-‰p-I-sb-∂v
Aev]ka-bw H-cp-an-®p I-gn-®p-Iqń-bti-jw tUm-
Œ¿ A-t±-l-tØm-Sp tNm-Zn®p.
C≥-th-gv-kv kv-Iz-b¿ tem F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂

KWn-X\n-b-a-amWv Cu tNmZyØn-\p ]n-∂n¬. hy-
‡am-sbm-cp [m-c-W-bn√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw Cu \n-
b-aØn-\v lm-en a-\- n¬ A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´pI-gn-™n-
cp∂p.
k¿ sFk-Iv D-S≥ a-dp]-Sn \¬In: "A-sXm-

cp F-en-]v-kv B-bn-cn-°pw.' A¤p-X]-c-X-{¥\mb
tUm-Œ¿ A-sX-ß-s\-b-dn-bm-sa-∂v B-cm™p.
"]ns∂¥m, Rm\-Xp IW-°pIq-ń I-≠p-]n-Sn-®n-´p-
≠v' F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-dp-]Sn. B
I-W-s°m-∂p Im-W-s´-sb-∂m-bn tUmŒ¿. k¿
sFk-Iv X-s‚ I-S-em-kp-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ Xn-c™p,
]t£ A-Xp Is≠Øm-\m-bn√.
hn-kv-a-bm-h-l-am-WXv. Iym≥-k-dn-\p-≈ a-cp-∂p

I-s≠Øn, ]t£ B Ip-dn-∏-Sn-sb-hn-sSh-s®∂v
Hm¿-a-bn√ F-∂p ]-d-bp-tºm-se. G-Xm-bm-epw H-
∂p-Iq-Sn IW-°pIq-ń A-sXm-cp {]-_-‘-am-b-h-X-
cn-∏n-°m-sa-∂v lm-en\n¿_-‘n-®-t∏mƒ \yq-´≥
kΩXn®p. A-t±-lw hm-°p ]m-en®p. ]t£, A-
sXm-cp {]-_-‘-Øneh-km-\n-®n√. c-≠p h¿j-
sØ \n-Xm-¥]-cn-{i-aØns\m-Sp-hn¬ \yq-´≥ B a-
lZv{K-Ÿ-Øn-\p P-∑w \¬In. ^n-tem-k^n-b \m-
®p-dm-en-kv {]n≥-kn∏n-b am-Ø-am-‰n-°. AY-hm {]-
Ir-Xn-im-kv-{X-Øns‚ K-WnXo-bX-Øz-ßƒ
(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy).
Np-cp-°-Øn¬ "{]n≥-kn-∏n-b'.
Nn-e-t∏mƒ, A-Xy-]q¿-h-am-bn Xn-I-®pw A-{]-Xo-

£n-Xhpw A-Xy-Km[-hpam-b Nn-¥m[m-c a-\p-jya-
\- n-epZ-bwsIm-≈pw. B-i-b-am-tWm AXn\p P-∑w
sIm-Sp-Ø a-\- m-tWm a-l-Ø-c-sa-∂p Xo-cp-am-\n-
°m-\m-hm-sX \mw Ip-g-ßpw. {]n≥-kn-∏n-b-bp-sS
]nd-hn N-cn-{X-Øn-se CØ-cw A-Xy-]q¿-h \n-an-
j-ßfn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p. {]n≥-kn-∏n-b h-∂-tXm-sS
\yq-´¨ {]-i-kvXn-bp-sS D-®-tIm-Sn-bn-seØn. _-
lp-a-Xn-IƒsIm-≠p \n-d-bv-°-s∏-´p At±lØn-s‚
]n¬°m-ePo-hnXw. im-kv-{Xt\-´-ß-fp-sS t]-cn¬
{_n-´-\n¬ - {]-`p]Z-hn e-`n-® B-Zy-sØ-bmƒ F-
∂ _-lp-a-Xn-bp-a-t±-lw kz-¥-am°n. \yq´-Wp ap-
ºp-≈ K-Wn-Xhn-⁄m-\w sam-Ø-Øn-se-Sp-Øme-
Xv \yq´-s‚ K-Wn-Xt\-´-Øn-s\m-∏-ta h-cq F-∂m-
Wv hn-Jym-X P¿-a≥ K-Wn-X-⁄≥ tKm-´v-{ô-Uv
sse-_v-\n-‰v-kv A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv.6 Im¬-°pe-kv
BZyw I≠p]n-Sn-®-Xm-sc-∂-Xn-s\-s®m√n sse-_v-
\n-‰v-kp-am-bn hen-b h-g-°n¬ ap-gp-InbBfm-bn-cp-
∂p \yq-´-s\-t∂m¿°-Ww. \-Ωƒ \-iz-c¿-°v F-
Øn-s∏-Sm-\m-hm-Øh-Æw ssZ-h-Øn-\p sXm-´-Sp-Øv
ÿm-\w e-`n-®-bm-fm-Wv \yq-´≥ F∂v lm-en F-gp-
Xn. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ k-a-Im-en-I¿ AXn-t\m-Sp tbm-
Pn®p. ]n≥-Km-an-I-fn¬ an-°-h-cpw A-tX A-`n-{]m-
bw {]-I-Sn-∏n®p.
F-°m-e-tØbpw G-‰hpw Zp¿{K-l ]p-kv-X-I-
ßfn-sem-∂v7 (A-\mhiy tNm-Zy-ß-fp-am-sb-Øp-∂
A-ev]K-Wn-X-⁄-sc H-gn-hm-°m≥ \yq-´¨ t_m[-
-]q¿-hw kzo-I-cn-®-Xm-Wo Zp¿-{K-lssi-en) F∂
hn-tij-Ww IqSnbp-s≠-¶nepw hm-bn-®p a-\- n-em-
°m≥ I-gn-™-h¿-°v h-gn-Im-ńbm-b {]Imi_nw-
_-am-bn-cp-∂p "{]n≥-kn∏nb'. BImitKm-f-ß-fp-
sS {`-a-W]Y-sØ K-WnXo-bco-Xnbn¬ hn-h-cn°p-
I am-{Xa√, A-Xp sN-bv-XXv. B N-e-\Øn\p
Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂ B-I¿-j-W-_-esØ˛˛˛Kp-cp-Xz-
_esØ Xn-cn-®-dnbpIIqSn sN-bv-Xp B ]p-
kvXIw. s]m-Sp∂-t\ tem-I-Ønse F√m N-e\-
ßƒ°pw ]pXn-sbm-c¿-Y-ap-≠mbn.
\yq´-s‚ aq-∂p N-e-\\n-b-a-ßfpw km-am-\y Kp-

cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W\n-bahp-am-Wv {]n≥-kn-∏n-b-bp-sS
Im-X¬. N-en-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp ]pdta \n-
∂p _-e-sam∂pw {]-tbm-Kn-°m-Ø Im-e-tØm-fw
t\¿tc-J-bn¬ AtX Zn-i-bnepw th-K-Ønepw N-
en®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw G-sXm-cp {]-
hrØn°pw Xp-eyhpw hn-]-co-X-hpam-b F-Xn¿{]-
h¿-Ø-\-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°psa-∂pw \yq´-s‚ N-e-
\\n-b-aß-sf Np-cp-°n-∏-d-bmw. {]-]-©-Øn-ep-≈
hkvXp°-sf√mw a-‰p h-kv-Xp°-sf X-ß-fn-te-°p
]n-Sn-®p h-en-°p-∂-Xpt]mse B-I¿-j-W_-ew
sN-ep-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂m-Wv \yq´-s‚
KpcpXzm-I¿-j-W\nb-aw ]-d-bp-∂Xv. A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂n-s√-¶n-epw C-hn-sS-bn-ßs\-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw \n-
ßƒ Np-‰p-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°sf˛˛˛ho-Sn-s‚ Np-h-cp-
Isfbpw ta¬-°q-c-sbbpw hn-f-°p-I-sfbpw ]q-®-
sb-bp-sa√mw˛˛˛\n-ß-fp-sS sN-dnb (hf-sc sN-
dnb) Kp-cp-Xz_-ewsIm-≠v \n-ß-fn-te-°m-I¿-jn®p-
sIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. Cu h-kv-Xp-°-sf√mw \n-ß-
sf-bpw ]n-Sn-®ph-en-°p∂p≠v. Cß-s\ c-≠p h-
kv-Xp-°ƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ B-I¿-j-W_-ew c-≠p h-
kv-Xp°-fp--sSbpw ]n-fi-Øn-\v B-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-
sW∂pw A-h-bv-°n-S-bn-ep-≈ ZqcØn-s‚ h¿-K-Øn-
\v hn-]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-Øn-ep-am-sW-∂p8 Xn-cn-®-
dn™-Xv \yq-´-WmWv. th-sdm-cp hn-[-Øn¬ ]-d-
™m¬ c-≠p h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°n-S-bnse Zq-cw C-c-ń-
bm-bm¬ A-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ B-I¿-j-W_-ew \men-
sem-∂mbn Ip-d-bpw. C-Xns\-sbm-cp kq-{X-hm-Iy-am-
bn C-ß-s\-b-gpXmw:
Cu-sbm-cp kq-{X-hmIywsIm-≠v \-Ωn¬ an-°-
h¿°pw {]m-tbmKn-I {]tbmP-\-sam-∂p-an-s√∂-Xp
i-cnXs-∂, ]t£ A-tßb-‰w H-Xp-°-ap-≈-XmWn-
sX-∂p ]-d-bm-sX h-ø. sNdn-b c-≠p KpW-\w, H-
cp l-cWw. Xo¿∂p. FhnsS s®-∂mepw \-Ωp-sS
Kp-cp-Xz-_-e-Øn-s‚ A-h-ÿ-sb-s¥-∂v C-Xp-h®p
IW-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-°mw. a-\p-jya-\- n¬\n-∂p P-∑-
sa-Sp-Ø B-Zy-sØ km¿h-euIn-I {]-Ir-Xn\n-b-a-
am-bn-cp-∂p CXv. sh-dp-sXb√, \yq-´¨ C-{X-tbsd
B-Z-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
\m-SIo-b kw-`-h-ßƒ \n-d-™-XmWv {]n≥-kn-

∏n-b-bp-sS {]-km-[-\N-cn-{X-hpw. A-Xn-s‚ ]-Wn-tb-
Xm-≠p Xo-cm-dm-b-t∏m-ƒ C≥-th-gv-kv kv-Izb¿tem-
sb-s®m√n \yq-´Wpw lp°pw X-Ωn¬ X¿-°-ap-S-
se-SpØp. Ip-]nX\m-b \yq-´¨ {]n≥-kn-∏n-b-bp-sS
\n¿-Wm-b-I aq∂mwhmeyw {]-kn-≤oI-cn-t°-s≠-
∂p Xo-cp-am-\n®p. aq∂mw`m-K-an-d-ßn-bn-s√-¶n¬ B-
Zy c-≠p `m-K-ßƒ-°p ]q¿-W-X e-`n-°n√. {]-iw-
kmh-N-\-ßfpw k-Ω¿-±X-{¥-ßfpap-]-tbm-Kn-®v
lm-en \-S-Øn-b \-bX-{¥\o-°-ßƒ-s°m-Sp-hn-em-
Wv \yq´≥ A-h-km-\-`m-Kw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-sa-∂p
k-Ω-Xn-®Xv.
]t£, lm-en-bp-sS {]-iv-\-ßƒ A-hnSw-sIm-≠-

h-km-\n-®n√. tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bm-Wv ]p-kvX-
Iw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-sa-t∂-‰n-cp-∂Xv. A-hkm\
\n-an-jw km-ºØn-I{]-iv-\-ßƒ ]d-™v A-h¿
]n-∑m-dn. sXm-´p ap≥-h¿jw G-sd ]-Ww sN-e-
hn-ń-d-°n-b "a-’y-ß-fp-sS N-cn{Xw' h≥ ]-cm-P-
b-am-bncp-∂p. KWn-XX-Øz-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p-∂ ]p-
kv-X-I-Øn-\v A-{Xt]mepw kzoIm cy-X In-ń-s√-
∂v A-h¿ kw-i-bn-®p. k-m-ºØn-Iÿn-Xn A-{X
sa®-sam∂p-a√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw lm-en {]-km-[-\-®p-a-
X-e-tb‰p. kz-¥w Io-i-bn¬-\n∂p ]-W-sa-Sp-Øp
\¬In. \yq-´-\mIs´ X-s‚ co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®v
A©p-ss]k ap-S-°n-b-Xp-an√.9 lm-en-bp-sS {]-iv-
\w AXp-sIm≠pw Xo¿-∂n√. Cu kabØv tdm-
b¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bn¬ Kp-a-kv-X∏-Wn-bp-≠mbn-cp-
∂p lm-en°v. {]-Xn-h¿ji-º-f-w 50 ]u-≠v F-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p hm-Kv-Zm\w. F-∂m¬ Cu ]Ww \¬-
Im-hp-∂ A-h-ÿ-bn-e√ X-ß-sf-∂p skm-ssk-‰n
lmensb A-dn-bn-®p. ]-W-Øn-\p ]I-cw "a-’yN-
cn-{X-'Øn-s‚ tIm-∏n {]-Xn-^-eambn \¬-Im-sa-∂p
hm-Kv-Zm-\hpw \¬In.10
C-∏-d™-Xp Iq-Sm-sX a-‰p ]-e-Xn-s‚bpw hn-i-

Zo-IcWw \yq´-s‚ \nb-aØn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. I-S-
en-se th-en-tb-‰hpw th-enbn-d-°hpw F-ß-s\bp-
≠m-Ip∂p? {K-l-ß-fp-sS N-e\w Cu \n-e-bn¬-Ø-
s∂-bm-b-sX¥psIm≠v? ]o-c-¶n-bn¬\n-∂p sXm-Sp-
°p∂ D-≠ `q-an-bn¬ ]-Xn°pwapºv k-hnti-j]m-
X-bn¬ k-©-cn-°p-∂-sX¥p-sIm≠v? \-Ωp-sS
Im¬-°o-gnep-≈ `q-an \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p In-tem-ao-‰¿
th-K-Øn¬ I-d-ßp-tºmgpw * \Ωƒ B-Im-i-tØ-
-°p sX-dn-®pt]m-Im-Ø-sX¥p-sIm-≠v? XpS-ßn ]-
e kwi-bßƒ-°p-ap-≈ DØ-cw A-tX-In. ]t£,
C-sX√mw t_m-[ys∏-´ph-cm≥ ka-bw Ip-td-sb-
SpØp. F-∂m¬ \yq-´¨ ]d-™ H-cp Im-cyw D-S\-
Sn h≥ hn-hm-Z-ambn.
* Cu I-d-°-Øn-s‚ th-K-sa-{X-sb∂-Xv \n-ß-

sf-hn-sS \n¬-°p-∂p F-∂-Xn-s\ B-{i-bn-®n-cn-
°pw. `q-a-[ytc-J-bne-Xv a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 1,600 In-tem-
ao-‰-dn-te-sd-bm-Wv. {[p-h-ß-fn¬ ]q-Py-hpw e-≠-
\ne-Xv G-Xm-≠v a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 998 In-tem-ao-‰-
dpamWv.
`qan-sbm-cp ]q¿-W-tKm-f-a-s√-∂ \yq´-s‚ \n-K-a-

\-am-Wv hn-hm-Z-Øn-\p hgn-sbm-cp°nb-Xv. Id-°waq-
e-ap-≈ A-]-tI-{μ_-ew (centrifugal force) {[p-h-
{]-tZ-i-ßƒ Aev-]w ]-c-°m\pw a-[y-`m-Kw No¿-
°m\pw Im-c-W-amIp-sa-∂v A-t±-lw kn-≤m-¥n®p.
H-cp Un{Kn tc-Jmw-i-Øn-s‚ \o-fw C-‰-en-bnepw
kv-tIm-Sv-e‚nepw Xp-ey-am-In-s√-∂¿-Yw. {[p-h-{]-tZ-
i-Øp-\n∂v A-I-epwtXm-dpw \o-fw Ip-d-™p-h-cpw.
`qan-sbm-cp b-Ym¿YtKm-f-am-sW∂ I-W-°p-Iq-´-
en¬ A-Xn-s‚ Np-‰-f-sh-Sp-°m≥ ]p-d-s∏-´-h¿-°v
kzm-`m-hn-Iambpw Cu I-s≠-Ø¬ C-„-s∏-ń√.
G-Xm-≠-v Ac\q-‰m-≠pIm-e-am-bn `q-an-bp-sS A-

f-sh-Sp-°m-\p-≈ {i-aØn-em-bn-cp-∂p A∂sØ P-
\ßƒ. In-dp-Ir-Xy A-fhp-tIm-ep-I-fp-]-tbmKn-®m-
bn-cp-∂p an-°-h-cp-sSbpw A-f-sh-Sp∏v. dn-®m¿-Uv
t\m¿-hp-Uv F-∂ Cw•njv K-Wn-X-⁄-\m-Wv C-
°m-cy-Øn¬ ap≥-Kman. lm-en I-≠p-]n-Sn®Xpt]m-
sem-cp ssU-hn-Mv s_√p-am-bn Cu sN-dp-∏-°m-c≥
_¿-ap-U-bn-te-°p t]mbXv I-S-en¬ ap-ßn ap-sØ-
Sp-Øv ]-W-ap-≠m-°m-sa-∂ I-W-°p-Iq-´-en-emWv.
]t£, ]≤-Xn \-S-∂n√. Imc-Ww, _¿-ap-U-bn¬
ap-Øn√m-bncp∂p. t\m¿-hp-Un-s‚ s_¬ {]-h¿-
Øn-®p-an√. ]t£, Aß-s\ hn´psIm-Sp-°m≥
Xøm-d√m-bn-cp∂ B K-Wn-X-⁄≥ ]pXn-sbm-cp
ta-J-e-bnte-°p I-S∂p. I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ {]-bm-k-
ap-≈ ÿ-e-sa-∂ \n-e-bn-em-Wv I-∏n-Øm-∑m-cp-sS-
bn-S-bn¬ A-°me-Øv _¿ap-U A-dn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-
Xv. ImcWw, I-S¬ hf-sc h-ep-XmWv; _¿-ap-U
Xo-sc sN-dp-Xpw. A-∂-sØ I-∏¬K-Xm-K-X D-]-I-
c-W-ßƒ-°p IrXy-X Ip-d-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. H-cp t\m-
ń°¬ ssa¬ F{X-bm-sW-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬t]m-epw
G-Im-`n-{]m-b-an√m-bncp-∂p. hen-b k-ap{Z-Øn¬
sNdn-sbm-cp I-W-°p ]n-g h-∂m¬X-s∂
I∏epIƒ _¿-ap-Usb-t∏m-ep-≈ ÿ-e-ßƒ a-dn-
IS-∂p s]m-bv-t∏m-Ipw. {XntIm-W-an-Xn-bp-sS-bpw
tIm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw C-„-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂ t\m¿-hp-
Uv I-∏¬ K-Xm-K-X-°W-°p-I-fn¬ IrXyX sIm-
≠p-h-cm≥ Xo-cp-am\n®p; A-Xp h-gn H-cp Un{Kn tc-
Jmw-i-Øn-s‚ A-f-sh-Sp-°m-\pw.
e-≠≥ S-h-dn-\p ]n-¥n-cn-™v t\m¿-hp-Uv 208

ssa¬ AI-se tbm¿°n-te-°p \-S-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn.
ssI-h-i-ap-≈ N-ß-e \n-h¿-Øn I-b-‰-hp-and-°-hp-
sa√mw am‰n Ir-Xyamb A-f-sh-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈
B bm{X c-≠ph¿-jw \o≠p. e-≠-\n¬ A-f-hp
Xp-Sßn-b ÿe-Øp\n∂v A-t±-lw kq-cy-\n-te-°p-
≈ ho£WtIm-¨ A-f∂p. A-Sp-Ø h¿-jw A-
tX Znhkw A-tXka-bw tbm¿-°n¬\n∂pw kq-cy-
s‚ tIm¨ Af∂p. CXn¬-\n∂pw Hcp Un{Kn tc-
Jmw-i-Øn-s‚ \o-f-a-f-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂pw Aß-s\
`q-an-bp-sS Np-‰-f-hp Im-Wm-sa∂pw A-t±-lw a-\- n-
em-°n. \n m-c Zu-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv. tIm¨ A-
f-°p-tºmƒ H-cp Un-{Kn-bp-sS sNdn-sbm-cw-iw sX-
‰n-t∏mbm¬ A-f-hn¬ ssa-ep-I-fp-sS hy-Xym-kw h-
cpw. F-∂m¬ G-d-°p-sd Ir-Xy-am-bn˛˛˛Ir-Xy-am-bn-
∏-d-™m¬ 600 hm-c-bp-sS hy-Xym-k-Øn-
\v˛˛˛˛Afsh-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-™-Xm-bn A-t±-lw {]-
Jym-]n®p.11 A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-W°-\p-k-cn®v `q-an-
bp-sS H-cp Un-{Kn Nm-]-Øn-s‚ \o-fw sa-{Sn-Iv kw-
hn-[m-\Øn-te-°p am-‰n-bm¬ 110.72 In-tem-ao-‰¿ h-
cpw.
I-∏¬ K-Xm-K-X-hn-h-c-ß-fp-am-bn t\m¿-hp-Un-s‚

hn-Jym-XIr-Xn "Z koam-≥-kv {]m-Œo-kv' 1637˛¬
]p-d-Øp-h-∂p. h≥ h-c-thev]p e-`n-® ]p-kv-X-I-
Øn\p 17 ]-Xn-∏p-I-fp-≠mbn. t\m¿-hp-Uv a-c-W-a-S-
™v 25 h¿jw I-gn-™n´pw B ]p-kvX-Iw A-®-Sn-
®n-d-ßn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Ip-Spw-_-k-taXw _¿-ap-U-
bn¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn tXm-ápSabmbn Ir-jn sN-bv-Xp
Po-hn-®-t∏mgpw A-t±lw hn-P-b-am-h¿-Øn®p. H-gn-
hpka-bw A-t±-lw {]n-b-hn-j-bam-b {Xn-tIm-W-an-
Xn-°p-th-≠n am-‰n-h®p. A-hn-sS \o-≠ ap-∏-Øn-\m-
ep sIm√wIq-Sn Po-hn® t\m¿-hp-Uv in-„-Im-ew B-
Àm-Z-`-cn-X\m-bn I-gn-™p F-s∂-gp-Xn Ip-dn-∏v A-h-
km-\n-∏n-°m-\m-sb-¶n¬ \-∂m-bn-cp∂p. ]-t£, A-
ß-s\-b√- D-≠m-bXv. Cw-•-≠n¬\n-∂p-≈ bm-{X-bv-
°n-sS I-∏-en¬ t\m¿-hp-Un-s‚ c-≠m¨-a-°ƒ d-
h-d-‚ v \-Ym-\n-b¬ ssh-‰v F-∂ ]ptcmln-X-s‚
Im-_n-\n-em-Wv I-gn-™Xv. B bm-{X-bv°n-S-bn¬
Ip-ń-I-fp-sS hn-Ir-Xn-bn¬ {]-tIm-]n-X\m-b bp-hhn-
Im-cn X-s‚ in-„-Im-ew t\m¿-hpUn-s\ th-´-bm-Sm-
≥ hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p. G-sX-¶nepw \n- m-cIm-cyw-sIm-
≠mbmepw t\m¿-hp-Un-s\ ]o-Un-∏n-°m≥ A-hk-
cw In-ń-bm¬ hn-Im-cn AXp]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØp-IX-
s∂sN-bvXp.
hn-hm-lPo-hn-X-Øn¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏´ c-≠p s]¨-

a-°fpw t\m¿-hp-Un\v th-Z-\- k-Ωm-\n®p. AXn-
sem-cm-fp-sS `¿-Øm-hv hn-Im-cn-bp-sS t{]-c-W-bmem-
sW-∂p tXm-∂p∂p, t\m¿-hp-Un-s\Xn-sc A-Sn°-
Sn tIkpw Iq-´-hp-amsbØn. tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-Øn
sam-gn \¬-Im-\m-bn t\m¿-hp-Un-\v F{Xtbm h-
´w _¿-ap-U I-S-t°-≠nh-∂p. 1650I-fn¬ a-{¥hm-
Zhn-Nm-c-W-Iƒ _¿-ap-U-bn-epsa-Øn. {Xn-tIm-W-an-
Xn {K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se hn-Nn-{XNn-”-ßƒ Zp-„ i-‡n-
I-fp-am-bn B-i-b-hn-\na-bw \-S-Øm-\p-≈ \nKq-
Vkw⁄-I-fm-bn hym-Jym-\n-®v a-{¥-hm-Zn-bm-bn
ap-{Z-Ip-Øn X-s∂ h-[n°p-tam-sb-∂ `-bØnem-W-
t±-lw A-hkm-\\m-fp-Iƒ I-gn-®p-Iq-ń-b-Xv. t\m¿-
hp-Un-s‚ A-hkm\\m-fp-I-sf∏-‰n A-[n-Iw hnh-
cw e-`ya√, A-h H´pw B-Àm-Z-P-\-I-am-bn-cp∂n-s√-
∂p-d∏v.
`q-an-bp-sS Np-‰-f-sh-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ B-th-iw

A-t∏m-tg-°pw {^m≥kn-te-°p ]-S¿-∂n-cp∂p. A-
hn-sS gm-Mv ]n-Im¿-Uv F-∂ tPym-Xn-»m-kv{X⁄≥
tIm-W-f-hpw hnXm-\hpw Ir-Xy-am-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v
Izm-{U≥-Uvkv, sk-\n-Øv skŒ¿ Xp-Sßn-b D-]-
I-c-W-ß-fp-w hym-g-Øn-s‚ D-]-{K-lßsf \n-co-£n-
°m≥ Zq-c-Z¿-in-\nbpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v A-Xnk-¶o¿-
Wam¿-K-ß-fn-eqsS H-cp Un{Kn Nm-]-Øn-s‚ \o-f-a-
f-∂p. c-≠p h¿-j-tØm-fw Im-ew {^m≥kn-¬ A-
tßm-f-an-tßm-fw \-S-∂v {Xn-tIm-W-am]-\w \S-Øn
Iptd-°q-Sn IrXy-am-b 110.46 In-tem-ao-‰¿ F-∂ A-
f-hn¬ A-t±-l-sa-Øn. {^-©v- P-\X-bv°v A-`nam-
\\n-an-j-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. ]t£, `qan-sbm-cp b-
Ym¿YtKm-fam-sW∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv A-t±lw
Cu I-W-°n-se-Øn-bXv. A-Xp icnb-s√∂m-Wn-
t∏mƒ \yq-´¨ ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
hnj-bw k-¶o¿-W-am-°p-∂ a-s‰m-cp kw-`-h-hp-ap-

≠mbn. ]n-Im¿-Uns‚ a-c-W-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v Pn-tbm-
hm-∂n Im-kn-\nbpw a-I≥ jm-Iv Im-kn-\n-bpw tN¿-
∂v ]n-Im¿-Un-s‚ ]-co-£-Ww Ip-td-°q-Sn hnim-
eam-b ÿe-Øv Bh¿Øn®p. A-h-scØn-b \n-
Ka-\w `q-an-°p X-Sn-tb-sd-bp≈-Xv `qa-[ytc-Jb-
ne√, {[p-h-ß-fn-em-Wv F-∂mWv. F-∂p-h-®m¬ \yq-
´¨ ]-d™-Xv A∏msS sX-‰m-sW-∂¿Yw. C-Xm-
Wv ]pXn-b A-f-shSp-°m≥ _q-sK¿, sIm≥-U-an≥
kw-L-sØ sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-te-°-b-bv°m≥
A-°mZan Hm^v k-b≥-k-kn-s\ t{]-cn-∏n-®-Xv.
`qa-[ytc-Jm{]-tZi-Øp\n-∂pX-s∂ A-f-sh-Sp-
°p-∂-Xn-\pth-≠nbmWv C-h¿ B≥-Un-kvX-s∂
Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. A-Xphgn {[p-h-ß-fnepw `qa-
[ytc-J-bn-epw A-f-hn¬ hy-Xym-k-apt≠m F-∂-
dn-bm-sa∂pw A-h¿ I-cpXn. ]¿-h-Xta-J-e-bm-hp-
tºmƒ Zq-c-°mgv-N In-´p-sa-∂ I-W-°pIqépw
B≥-Un-kv bm-{X-bv-°p ]n-∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
]t£, an-°-t∏mgpw ta-Lßƒ aq-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv s]-
dp-hn-se ]¿-h-Xßƒ. taL-ß-sfm-gn-™v H-cp
aWn-°q¿ t\-c-sa-¶n-epw k¿-sh \-S-Øm-\m-bn ]-e-
t∏m-gp-a-h¿-°v B-gvNI-tfm-fw Im-Øp\n¬-t°-≠n-
h∂p. A-Xn-s\√mw ]pd-ta `q-an-bn-se G‰hpw Zp¿-
L-Sam-b `q-`m-K-ßfn-sem-∂m-W-h¿ Xn-c-s™-Sp-
ØXv. ap-bv B-Iv-knsU-t‚m (A]-I-StaJe) F-
∂m-Wv s]-dp \n-hm-kn-Iƒ X-ß-fp-sS `q{]tZ-i-
sØ hn-fn-°p-∂Xv. B hn-tij-Ww ]q¿-W-ambpw
i-cn-bm-WpXm-\pw. G-‰-hpw Zp¿-K-aam-b ]¿-h-X\n-
c-I-fm-Wv {^-©vkw-L-Øn-\p I-b-td-≠n h-∂Xv;
H-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ tIm-h¿I-gp-X-Iƒ-°pIq-Sn sh√p-
hn-fnbm-b ]¿h-Xßƒ. Cu ]¿-h-X-ßƒ-°-Sp-sØ-
Øm-\-h¿-°v A-]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifm-b \-Zn-I-ƒ Xc-Ww
sN-tø-≠nh-∂p. sIm-SpwIm-Sv ap-dn-®p I-S-t°-≠n-
h∂p, ssaep-Iƒ \o-fp-∂ ]m-d-°√p-Iƒ \nd™
a-cp-`q-an-Iƒ Xm-t≠-≠nh∂p. Ahiykm-[-\-
ßƒt]mepw In-´m-Ø, hnZq-c{]-tZ-i-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p
C-h-sb√mw. Xo-cp-am-\n-®p-d-∏n-® Im-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p
]n-∑m-dp-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂n√, _q-sKdpw sIm≥-U-
an\pw. sImSpwsh-bn-en¬ \o-≠ Hº-X-c h¿-jw
Ah-co ]-≤-Xn
bp-am-bn ap-t∂m´p-t]m-bn. I-W-s°-Sp-∏v G-Xm-

≠p ]q¿-Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ hm¿ØsbØn, kv-Im≥-
Un-t\-hn-bbn¬ t]m-b c-≠ma-sØ {^-©vkw-Lw
(]pX™pt]m-Ip-∂ N-Xp-∏p-Ifpw A-]-I-S-Im-cn-I-
fm-b ln-am-\n-Ifpw Xm≠n-bp-≈ A-h-cp-sS bm-
{Xbpw C-{XX-s∂ ITn-\-am-bn-cp∂p) e£yw t\-
Sn°-gn™p. \yq-´¨ ]-d-™-Xm-Wv i-cn-sb-∂-h¿
I-s≠Øn. {[p-h-Øn-\-Sp-Øv Un-{Kn-°v \o-fw Iq-
Sp-X-emWv. `qa-[ytc-J Np-‰n-b-f-∂m¬ `q-an-°v {[p-
h-{]-tZ-iw Np-‰n-bm-bp-≈ A-f-hns\-°mƒ 43 In-
temao-‰¿ X-Sn Iq-Sp-X-emWv.12
X-ßƒ-°p th-≠m-Ø H-cp I-s≠-Ø-en-\m-bm-

Wv H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-t≠mfw Im-ew ]-Wn-s∏-´-sX-∂v
_q-sKdpw sIm≥-U-an\pw hn-j-a-tØm-sS a-\- n-em-
°n. H∏w C-°mcyw I-s≠-Øp-∂ B-Zykw-L-sa-
∂ _-lp-a-Xnbpw \„-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. F-ß-s\-
sbm-s°tbm Ah¿ k¿-sh ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n. B-
Zykw-L-Øn-s‚ \n-K-a-\-Øn¬X-s∂ A-h-sc-Øn-
t®¿∂p. A-t∏mgpw X-Ωn¬ an-≠m-Ø _q-sKdpw
sIm≥-U-an\pw sh-tΔ-sd I-∏-ep-I-fn¬ Ibdn \m-
ń-te-°p ]p-d-s∏-´p.
{]n≥-kn-∏n-b-bn¬ \yq-´¨ a-s‰m-cp Im-cywIq-Sn

]-d-™n-cp-∂p: H-cp ae-bp-sS-b-cn-In¬ H-cp \q-ev A-
‰-sØm-cp I√p-sI-ń Xq-°n-bn-´m¬ B \qev a-ebp-
sS `m-K-tØ-°v H-cn-Øncn Nm-bp-sa∂v. a-e-bp-
sSbpw `q-an-bp-sSbpw Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-Ww Im-c-W-am-
Wn-Xv. sh-dp-sam-cp Iu-Xp-I-°m-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n√
AXv. Cu hy-Xn-Ne-\w Ir-Xy-am-b-f-°m≥ ]-‰n-
bm¬, F-∂n-´v a-e-bp-sS `m-cw I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-
°m≥ ]-‰n-bm¬, A-Xn¬\n-∂v km¿-h-euIn-I Kp-
cp-Xzÿn-cm-¶w˛˛˛A-Xmb-Xv Kp-cp-Xz_-e-Øn-s‚
A-Snÿm\-aqeyw (G)˛˛˛ IW-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-°mw.
A-Xn¬\n-∂v `q-an-bp-sS ]n-fihpw Is≠-Ømw.
s]-dp-hn-se Nn-ºdmtkm a-e-bn¬h-®v C-Xp I-

W-°pIq-´m≥ _q-sKdpw sIm≥-U-an\pw {i-an®p.
]t£, km-t¶Xn-I{]-iv-\-ßfpw X-Ωn-e-Snbpw Im-
cWw A-h-¿-°-Xn¬ hn-P-bn-°m-\m-bn√. ]ns∂-
sbm-cp ap-∏Xp- sIm√tØ-°v B-cp-a-Xn-s‚ ]n-∂m-
se t]m-bn√. Cw•-≠n¬ A-kv-t{Sm-W-a¿ tdm-b-em-
bn-cp-∂ s\-hn¬ am-kv-I-en≥ B Bi-bw ]p-\-cp-
÷o-hn-∏n-®p. Um-hm tkm-_-en-s‚ {]-ikv-X ]p-
kv-X-Iamb "temw-Kn-‰yq-Un¬' tPm¨ lm-cn-k¨
F-∂ L-SnIm-c\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s‚ {]Xn-` Aw-Ko-I-cn-
°m≥ a-Sn® hn-Uv-Vnbpw hn√-\p-am-bm-Wv s\-hn¬
A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv. A-sXm-cp]t£ i-cn-bm-bn-cn-
°mw. F-∂m¬ B ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ ]-d-™n-ń√m-
Ø a‰p ]-eXn-\pw \m-a-t±-l-tØm-Sv I-S-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂p. `q-an-bp-sS Xq-°-a-dnbm-\p-≈ hn-P-b-I-cam-
b ]≤-Xn A-Xn-¬-s∏-Sp∂p.
Cu ]≤-Xn hn-P-bn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ BZyw th≠-

Xv ]n-fiw I-W-°m°m≥ ]‰n-b cq-]-L-S-\-bp-≈
]¿h-Xw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂v A-t±lw a-\- n-
em°n. AØ-c-sam-cp a-e I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p-≈ bm-
{X-bv-°m-bn H-cp {]ap-J hy-‡n-sb \n-tbm-Kn-°-W-
sa-∂ am-kv-I-en-s‚ A-`y¿-Y-\ tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-
‰n Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. Cu Zu-Xy-Øn-\p ]-‰n-b-sbm-cm-
sf a-mkv-Ien\vAdn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p—tPym-Xn-»m-kv-
{X-⁄-\pw k¿-sh-b-dpam-b Nmƒ-kv tak¨.
]Xn-s\m-∂p h¿-jw ap-ºv H-cp kp-{][m-\ tPym-Xn-
»m-kv-{X{]Xn`m-kw \nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS-bm-Wv
a-kv-I-en\pw ta-k-Wpw X-Ωn¬ A-Sp°p-∂Xv.
kqcy-\p ap-ºn-eq-sS ip-{I≥ I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ kw-
`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ip{I k¥cWw F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂ Cu tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X{]-Xn-`m-kw tem-I-
Øns‚ hy-Xykv-X `m-K-ß-fn¬\n-∂p \n-co-£n-
®m¬ {Xn-tIm-Wam]-\w h-gn `q-an-bn¬--\n-∂p kq-cy-
\n-te-°p-≈ Zq-chpw A-Xph-gn a-‰p {Klß-fnte-
°p-≈ Zq-chpw I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-°m-sa-∂v km-
£m¬ F-Uva-≠v lm-en h¿-jßƒ-°p ap-tº A-
`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.
]-t£, ip-{I-k¥c-Ww {I-a-cln-X C-S-th-f-I-

fnem-Wv kw-`-hn-°p∂Xv. H-∂p-≠m-bn F-´p -h¿-jw
I-gn-bp-tºmƒ A-SpØ-Xp h-cpw. ]]n∂tØXv hcn-
I H-cp \q-‰m-≠n-te-sd I-gn-™mWv. \n¿-`m-Ky-h-
im¬ lmen-bp-sS Pohn-X-Ime-Øv A-Xp-≠m-bn√.*
]t£, Cu Bi-bw Aßs\ D-d-™p-Iq-Sn-°n-
S-∂p. lm-en a-cn-®v c-≠p ]-Xn-‰m-≠p I-gn™v,
1761˛¬, A-Sp-Ø ip-{Ik¥-c-W-Øn-s‚ k-a-b-am-
b-t∏m-tg-°p im-kv{Xtem-Iw kp-k-÷-am-bn-cp-∂p.
as‰mcp tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X{]-Xn-`m-k-Øn-s‚bpw Im-
cy-Øn-se-Sp-Øn-ń√m-Ø X-øm-sd-Sp-∏p-I-fm-Wv im-
kv-{Xk-aq-lw A-Xn\p-th-≠n \-S-Øn-bXv.
*G‰hp-sam-Sp-hne-sØ ip-{I-k¥c-Ww 2004
Pq¨ F-ń-\m-bn-cp∂p. A-Sp-Ø-Xv 2012 em-bn-cn-
°pw. C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ ip-{Ik¥-c-W-ap-≠m-
bn-ń√. t£, B Im-e-Øn-s‚ ap-J-ap-{Z-bm-bn-cp∂
bm-X-\-I-tf-‰p-hm-ßm-\p-≈ B¥-cn-IZm-l-Øm-se-
∂h-Æw tem-I-Øn-s‚ \m\m-tIm-Wp-I-fn-ep-≈ \q-
dnte-sd—ssk-_o-cn-b, ssN-\, Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°,
C≥-sUm-\o-jy XpS-ßn hn-kv-I¨-kn-\n-se Im-Sp-
Iƒh-scbp-≈—tI-{μ-ß-fn-te-°v im-kv-{X-Pv-R¿
bm-{X-Xn-cn®p. {^m≥-kv 32 \n-co-£-I-sc-b-b®p.
{_n-´-≥ 18 t]-sc IqSpXeb-®p. kzo-U≥, djy,
C-‰en, P¿-Ω\n, A-b¿-e‚ v F-∂n-hn-S-ß-
fn¬\n∂p≈ kw-L-ßƒ th-sd-bpw.
N-cn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-sØ G-tIm]n-X A-¥m-cm-{„

im-kv-{XZu-Xy-am-bncp-∂p CXv. an-°-hmdpw F√m-
bn-S-Øpa-Xv {]-iv-\-k-¶o¿W-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
bp-≤-ß-fpw I-∏¬-t®-Xhpw A-kp-J-ßfpw Imc-
Ww an-° \n-co-£-Icpw h-gn-bn¬ Ip-Sp-ßn. e-£y-
Øn-seØn-b Nn-e-cmI-s´ s]-ń Xpd-∂p t\m-°n-b-
t∏mƒ s]m-ń-Ø-I¿-∂ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wp I-≠Xv.
Nne-Xv NqSpsIm-≠v hf-™p ]pf-™pt]m-bn-
cp∂p. C-hn-sS-bpw G-‰hpw \n¿-`mKyw \n-d-™ ]-
cy-th-£I-sc kw-`m-h-\-sN-øm-\p-≈ `m-Kyw {^m≥-
kn-\m-Wp≠m-bXv. I-c-bnepw I-S-enepw a-™p]m-
X-bn-ep-am-bn am-k-ßƒ \o-≠ bm-{X-bm-Wv gm-Mv
jm∏v \-S-Øn-b-Xv. Ip-gn-bn¬ Nm-Sp-tºmgpw h-c-ºn-
ep-cpfp-tºmgpw X-s‚ kq£v-tam-]-I-c-W-ßƒ tI-
Sp-h-cm-sX A-t±lw {i-≤n®p. ]-t£, \n¿-Wm-b-
Iam-b A-h-km-\L-´-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ bm-{X
apSßn. a-e-sh-≈w s]m-ßn \-Zn I-c -I-hn-™v
am¿-Kw ap-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. A-Im-e-Øn¬ s]-bv-X
a-g-bv-°p Imc-Ww GtXm hn-Nn-t{Xm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ
B-Im-i-tØ--°p Nq-≠n-sbØn-b Cu a-dp-\m-´p-Im-
c-\m-sW-∂v \m-´p-Im¿ I-cpXn. A-h-cp-sS tcm-j-
Øn¬\n-∂p h√ hn-t[-\bpw Po-h-t\m-sS c-£s∏-
s´-¶n-epw ip-{Ik¥c-W-Øn-s‚ {]-tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-
b A-f-sh-Sp-°m≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\p I-gn-™n√.
A-Xnepw \n¿-`m-Ky-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p Ko-tlmw se

sP‚ v¬13 A-t±-l-Øns‚ hn-Nn-{Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ Xn-
tam-Øn s^-dnkv "I-anMv Hm-^v F-bv-Pv C≥ Z an¬-
°n th' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ a-t\m-l-c-am-b-h-X-
cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. ip-{Ik¥c-Ww C-¥y-bn¬\n-∂p \n-
co-£n-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p Ko-tlm-ans‚ ]-≤Xn. C-Xn-
\m-b-t±-lw H-cp h¿-jw ap-ºpX-s∂ bm-{X ]p-d-s∏-
´p. ]t£, ]-ehn-[ am¿-KX-S- -ßƒ Imc-Ww A-
t±-l-Øn-\v k-a-b-Øn-s\-Øm-\mbn√. ip-{Ik¥c-
Ww \-S-°p-∂ Znh-kw A-t±-lw I-∏-en¬ \-Sp-°-S-
enem-bn-cp∂p. C-fin-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ I-∏en¬\n-
∂v Ir-Xy-am-b \n-co£Ww Fß-s\ ]-‰pw.
]t-£, Aß-s\ hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ X-øm-d√m-bn-

cp-∂p Ko-tlmw. C¥ybn-te-°p≈ bm-{X A-t±lw
Xp-S¿∂p. F-´p h¿-jw I-gn-™p-≈ A-SpØ ip-
{Ik¥c-Ww \n-co-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p e-£yw.
\o-≠ F-´p h¿-jsa-Sp-Øv A-t±-lw \n-co-£-WtI-
{μw k-÷-am°n. D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ ho≠pw ho-≠pw
]cn-tim-[n-®v an-\p°n-sbm-cp-°nh-®p. 1769 Pq¨
\mev. c-≠masØ ip-{Ik¥-c-WZn-h-k-saØn. a-
t\m-l-cam-b B {]-`m-X-Øn¬ k¿-h k-÷\m-
b Ko-tlmw D-]-I-cW-ß-sfm-cp-°n am-\-tØ-°p
IÆpw\-ń-cp-∂p. F-∂m¬, ip-{I≥ ap-∂n-se-Ønb
B \n-an-jw H-cp ta-Lw h-∂p kq-cy-s\ ad-®p. ip-
{I≥ I-S∂p-t]m-Im-s\-Sp-Ø aq-∂p a-Wn-°q¿ ]-Xn-
∂m-ev an-\n-‰v G-gp sk-°≥-Uv t\-cw Imgv-N a-d®p-
sIm-≠v ta-Lw A-hn-sSØ-s∂ \n∂p.
th-Z-\ ]p-d-Ø-dn-bn-°m-sX Ko-tlmw sI´pw `m-
fihpw ap-dp-°n a-S°-bm-{X-bv-°m-bn A-Sp-Ø Xp-d-
ap-J-tØ-°p Xn-cn-®p. ]t£, A-Xn-kmcw ]n-Sn-s]-
´v h-gn-bn¬ Ip-Spßn. A-h-i-\m-b A-t±-l-Øn\v
H-cp h¿-j-tØmfw I-gn-™m-Wv I-∏¬ I-b-dm-\m-
bXv. B I-∏¬ B-{^n-°≥ Xo-c-Øp-h®v sIm-Sp-
¶m-‰n¬s]-´p X-I¿-∂pt]m-Ip-sa-∂ ÿn-Xn h∂p.
bm-{X XpS-ßn ]Xn-s\m-∂-c h¿-jw I-gn™v sh-
dpwssI-tbm-sS Xn-cn-s®Øn-b B KthjI-s\
\m-ń¬ Im-Øn-cp-∂Xpw \√ hm¿-Ø-bm-bn-cp-∂n√.
Ko-tlmw se sP-‚ v¬ a-cn-®pt]m-sb-∂p {]-Jym-
]n-®v kz-Øph-I-Iƒ _-‘p-°ƒ I-tø-dn-°-gn-™n-
cp∂p.
C-Xp-h-®p t\m-°p-tºmƒ ]-eh-gn-°p Xn-cn-® ]-

Xn-s\´wK {_n-ó-jv Kth-j-Icp-sS \n-cm-i A-{X
ITn-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√. sP-dn-an-b Un-Ivk¨ F∂ bp-
h\n-co-£-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p Cu Zu-Xy-Øn¬ tak-s‚
]-¶m-fn. H-cp kpZrV Iq-´p-sI-ń-s‚ Xp-S-°-am-bn-cp-
∂p AXv. kp-am-{X-bn¬ t]m-bn ip-{I-k¥cWw
\n-co-£n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p A-h¿-°p Inń-b \n¿-t±-
iw. ]-t£, IS¬bm-{X H-cp cm{Xn ]n-∂n-´-t∏mƒX-
s∂ A-h-cp-sS I-∏-en-\p t\-tc {^-©v bp-≤-°-∏-
en-s‚ B-{I-a-W-ap-≠m-bn (im-kv-{X-⁄¿ A-¥m-
cm-{„ k-lI-c-W-Øn-s‚ ]m-X-bn-em-bn-cp-s∂-
¶nepw cm-{„-ßƒ i-{Xp-X sh-Sn-™ncp-∂n√). I-
S¬bm-{X A-]-I-S-am-sW∂pw Cu ]-≤-XnX-s∂ D-
t]-£n-°p∂-Xm-Wv _p-≤n-sb∂pw Im-Wn-®v ta-
k\pw Un-Iv-kWpw tdm-b¬ skmssk-‰n-°p k-
tμ-i-a-b-®p.14 Cu \n¿-t±-iw \n-cm-I-cn®p-sIm-≠p-
≈ a-dp ]-Sn H´pw ssh-Im-sX Inń. Zu-Xy-Øn-\p-
≈ {]-Xn^-ew \¬-In-°-gn-™XmsW-∂pw cm-jv-
{Shpw im-kv-{Xk-aq-lhpw A-Xp \n-co-£n-°p-∂p-
s≠-∂pw A-Xp ]m-Xn-h-gn-bn-e-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-\m-hn-
s√∂pw tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰n Adnbn®p. ]n-¥n-
cn-bm-\m-hn-s√∂ Im-cy-apƒ-s°m≠v A-h¿ bm-{X
Xp-S¿∂p. ]t£, ]m-Xnh-gn-bn¬ A-h¿-s°m-cp k-
tμ-iw e-`n®p. kp-am-{X {^m≥kn-s‚ Io-gn-em-bn-
°-gn-™p. A-tßm-´p t]m-Im≥ ]-‰n√. ]I-cw,Kp-
Uvtlm∏v ap-\-ºn-end-ßn A-hn-sS-bn-cp-∂-h¿ ip-
{Ik¥c-Ww \n-co-£n®p. A-]q¿W-am-bn-cp-∂p \n-
co-£-Wêw. a-S-°-bm-{X-bn-e-h¿ A-‰v-em‚n-Iv k-
ap-{Z-Øn¬ X-e-bp-b¿-Øn \n¬-°p-∂ sk-bv‚ v
sl-e-\-sb-∂ G-Im-¥ ]m-ds°-ń-en-dßn. a-gta-
L-ßƒ Im-gv-N -a-d-®-Xn-s‚ hn-j-a-Øn-en-cn-°p∂
amkvI-en-s\ A-hn-sS-sh-®h¿ ]-cn-N-b-s∏´p. ta-
kWpw am-kv-I-en\pw X-Ωnep≈ kpZr-V Iq-´p-
sI-ń-s‚ Xp-S-°-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. Ip-d-s®m-s° D-
]Im-c-{]-Zhpw G-sd B-Àm-Z-I-c-hpam-b th-en-tb-
‰ \n-co-£-W-Øn¬ apgpIn G-Xm-\p-am-gv-N-b-h¿ A-
hnsS sN-e-hn´p.
am-kv-I-en≥ Cw-•-≠n-te-°p aS-ßn. A-hn-sS-b-

t±lw A-kv-t{Sm-W-a¿ tdm-b-embn. ta-kWpw Un-
Iv-kWpw \m-ep h¿-jw \o-≠ a-s‰m-cp ITn\ bm-
{X-bv-°p ]p-d-s∏-´p; hneyw s]∂pw _mƒń-tam¿
{]-`phpw X-Ωn-¬ AhcpsS s]≥-kn¬-hm-\n-b˛˛ta-
cn-e≥-Uv tIm-f-\n-I-fn-se tXm-´-ß-sf-s®m√n-
bp≠mb A-Xn¿-Øn-Ø¿-°w ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥. A-
ta-cn-°-bn-se A-]-I-SIm-cnbmb h-\y-ta-J-e-I-fn-
eq-sS 244 ssa¬ \o-≠ bm-{X-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. {]-
i-kv-Xam-b ta-k¨˛Un-Iv-k¨ tc-J-bp-sS P\-\w
A-ß-s\-bmWv. ASnata-J-e-sbbpw kzX-{¥kw-
ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂ tc-J-sb-∂ \n-e-
bn¬ {]-Xo-Im-fl-I{]m-[m-\yw ssIh-∂p A-Xn\v
(Cu A-Xn¿-Øn \n¿-W-b-am-bn-cp-∂p ap-JyZu-Xy-
sa-¶nepw H-t´-sd tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X\n-co-£W-
ßfpw A-h-cn-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ \-S-Øn. H-cp Un{Kn sa-
do-Unb-s‚ B \q-‰m≠n-se G‰-hpw Ir-Xyam-b I-
W-s°-SpØ-Xv A-Xn-sem-∂mWv. X-Ωn-e-Sn® c-≠p
{]-am-Wn-am-cp-sS A-Xn¿-Øn-Ø¿-°w Xo¿-Ø-Xn-s\-
°mƒ Cu t\-´-am-Wv Cw-•-≠n¬ A-h¿-°p ssIb-
Sn t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv).
A-t∏mƒ bq-tdm-∏n¬ am-kv-I-en\pw {^m≥-

knepw P¿-a-\n-bn-ep-w\n∂p≈ a-‰p Zu-Xy-Ø-e-h-
∑mcpw thZ-\-tbm-sS H-cp bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn-se-Øn-
t®¿∂p. 1761˛se ip{Ik¥-c-W\n-co£-Ww A-
Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn ]-cm-P-b-am-bncp∂p. ssh-cp-[y-sa-
s¥-∂ph-®m¬ \n-co-£-W-ß-fp-sS F-Æ-ta-dn-t∏m-
bXmbn-cp-∂p ]-cm-P-b-Øn-\v H-cp Im-cWw. hnhn-
[ tI-{μ-ß-fn¬\n-∂p e-`n-® ]-c-kv-]-c hn-cp-≤ \n-
co-£-W^-e-ßƒ H-cp-an-∏n-°p-I-sb∂-Xv A-km-[y
am-bn-cp-∂p. ip-{I-k¥-c-W-w hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn tc-J-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b-bmƒ F-∂ _-lpa-Xn I-c-ÿ-am-°n-
bXv A-[n-I-am-cp-a-dn-bm-Ø sP-bnw-kv Ip-°v F∂
tbm¿-°v-sj-b-dp-Im-c\m-b I-∏n-Øm-\m-Wv. Xm-
lnXnbn-se H-cp Ip-∂n≥]p-d-Øn-cp-∂v 1769˛¬ ip-
{I-k¥c-Ww I-≠p tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b Ip-°v
AXn\pti-jw {_n-ó-jv cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\pth-
≠n Hm-kv-t{Sen-b A-f-∂-h-Imis∏-Sm≥ t]mbn.
A-t±-lw Xn-cn-s®-Øn-b-t∏m-tg-°pw kq-cy-\n-te-°p-
≈ i-cmi-cn Zq-cw I-W-°m-°m≥ th-≠ hn-h-c-
ßƒ {^-©v tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X⁄≥ tPmk-^v em-
em-μn\p e-`n-®n-cp-∂p. `q-an-bn¬\n-∂p kq-cy-\n-
te°p-≈ Zq-cw 150 aney¨ In-tem-ao-‰-dnepw
Aev]w A-I-se-bm-sW-∂m-Wv At±-lw I-W-°m-
°n-b-Xv (19˛mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ c-≠p ip-{Ik¥-c-W-
ßƒ-IqSn \n-co-£n-® im-kv-{X-⁄¿ H-∂pIq-Sn Ir-
Xyam-b I-W°n-se-Ønt®¿-∂p. 149.59 aney¨ In-
tem-ao-‰¿. Cu I-W-°n-\m-Wv Nn-c-{]-XnjvT ssI-
h-∂-Xv. Ir-Xyam-b Zq-cw 149.597870691 aney¨ In-
temao-‰-dm-sW-∂v C∂p \-Ωƒ-°-dn-bmw). Aßs\
Cu {]-]-©-Øn¬ `q-an-bp-sS ÿm-\w A-S-bm-f-s∏-
Sp-Ø-s∏´p.
ta-k-Wpw Un-Iv-kWpw im-kv-{X\m-b-I-cm-bn

Cw-•-≠n¬ Xn-cn-s®Øn. ]ns∂ GtXm A⁄m-
XIm-c-W-Øm¬ h-gn-]n-cn™p. ]-Xn-s\´mw \q-
‰m≠n-se kp-{][m-\ imkv-{Xt\-´-ß-fn¬ ]-¶m-fn-
I-fm-b C-cp-h-cp-sSbpw ]n¬°m-e Po-hn-X-sØ-∏-
‰n, ]t£, A-[n-Iw hnh-c-sam-∂pw e`ya√. e-`yam-
b G-Xm\pw tc-J-I-fn-se hn-h-c-ßƒ-°p s]m-cp-
Ø-hp-an√. Un-Ivk¨ P-\n-®phoW-Xv I¬°-cnJ-
\n-bn-em-sW-∂ Iu-Xp-I-I-cam-b
hnhcw15UnIvjWdn Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-tbm-{K-
^n-bn-ep-≠v. A-Xn-s‚ ]-›mØew hmb\-°mc≥
Du-ln-s®-SpØp-sIm-≈-Ww. 1777˛¬ U-d-an¬h-®m-
bn-cp∂p a-c-W-sa-∂ hn-h-chpw A-Xn-ep-≠v. Iq-Sp-X-
sem-∂p-an√.
tak-s‚ Im-cy-hpw G-Xm-≠Xp-t]m-seXs∂.

1772˛¬ am-kv-I-en-s‚ \n¿-t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®mWv16 Kp-
cp-Xz_-ewaq-e-ap-≈ hy-Xn-N-e-\-a-f-°m≥ ]‰nb
]¿-Δ-X-a-t\z-jn-°m-\p-≈ ZuXyw A-t±-lw G-s‰-
Sp-sØ-∂v \-ap-°-dn-bmw. a[y kv-tIm-ń-jv ssl-
em≥-Uv-kn¬ tem-®v tSbv-°p k-ao-]w jn-lm-en-
b≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]¿-h-X-am-Wv C-Xn-\p ]-‰n-
b-sX-∂v tak¨ I-s≠Øn. F∂m¬ B th-\-
en¬ a-e-b-f-°m-\p-≈ ZuXyw G-s‰-Sp-°m≥ A-t±-
lw X-øm-dm-bn√. A-tßm-´-t±lw Xn-cn-s®-Øn-bp-
an√. Xn-I®pw Zpcq-lkm-lN-cy-Øn¬ A-{]-Xo-£n-
X-am-bn \n-cm-{i-b\pw \n-cm-ew-_-\p-am-bn 1786˛¬
^n-em-U¬-^n-b-bn-em-W-t±l-sØ ]n-∂o-Sp Im-Wp-
∂Xv. `m-cybpw F-´p a-°fpw Iq-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
]-Xn-s\-´p h-¿-jw ap-ºv k¿-th \-S-Øn-btijw
A-t±-lw A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ t]m-bn-ń√m-bn-cp-∂p. kzo-
I-cn-°m≥ kplrØp-°fpw _-‘p-°fp-sam-∂p-
an√m-Xn-cp-∂ tak-Wv ]n-s∂-b-hn-sS t]mtI≠ Im-
cy-hp-an√m-bn-cp∂p. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´v
G-Xm-\p-am-gv-N-Iƒ°Iw A-t±-lw a-c-W-a-S™p.
a-e-b-f-°p∂ tPm-en ta-k¨ \n-c-kn-®-t∏mƒ

B Npa-X-e am-kv-Ien-s‚ Np-a-en¬Ø-s∂ hoWp.
A-ß-s\ 1774˛se th-\¬-°me-Øv \mep am-k-
°m-ew A-t±-lw kv-tIm-Sv-e≥-Un-se B hnZq-c a-e-
tbm-c-sØ IpSnen¬ I-gn-™v k¿sh kw-L-Øn-
\p t\-Xr-Xzw \¬In. km-[yam-b ÿm-\-ßfn¬\n-
s∂√mw A-h¿ \q-dp-I-W-°n-\v A-f-hp-I-sf-SpØp.
Cu A-f-hp-Ifn¬\n-∂v a-e-bp-sS ]n-fiw I-W-°m-
°p-∂-Xn-\v {i-a-I-cam-b I-W-°pIq-´-ep-Iƒ [m-cm-
fw- th-W-am-bn-cp∂p. A-Xn-\m-bn Nmƒ-kv l-´≥ F-
∂ KWn-X-⁄-s\-bm-Wp \n-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. hy-Xykv-
Xh-i-ß-fn¬ a-e-bp-sS Db¿® tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn I-
W-°p-I-f-Sßn-b tc-JmNn-{Xhpw A-h¿ X-øm-dm-
°n-bncp∂p. B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap≠m°pwhn-[w A-°-
ß-fp-sS I-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-Xp ]-cn-l-cn-
°m≥ l-´≥ H-cp Imcyw sN-bv-Xp. H-tc D-∂-Xn-bp-
≈ `m-Kß-sf-sb√mw s]≥-kn¬sIm-≠p tbm-Pn-
∏n-®p. A-t∏mƒ I-W-°n-\v H-cSp°pw Nn-´-bp-sa√mw
h-∂p. a-e-bp-sS cq-]-hpw sN-cn-hp-sa√mw H‰ t\m-´-
Øn¬ a-\- n-em-°m≥ hgn-sbm-cp-ßn. `q-]-S-Øn¬ H-
tc D-∂-Xn-bp-≈ ÿe-ß-sf tbm-Pn-∏n-°p∂ tIm-
≠q¿tc-J-I-fp-sS I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
jn-lm-enb≥ a-e-bn-se A-f-hp-I-fn¬\n-∂v l-

´≥ `q-an-bp-sS ]n-fiw I-W-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-
Øp—5,000 aney¨ aney¨ S¨. kq-cy-\pƒ-s∏-
sS-bp≈ tKm-f-ß-fp-sS ]n-fiw A-Xn¬\n-∂p I-
W-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-°mw. Aßs\ Cu-sbm-‰ ]-co-£-
W-Øn¬\n-∂v `q-an-bp-sSbpw kq-cy-s‚bpw N-{μ-
s‚bpw a-‰p {K-l-ß-fp-sSbpw A-h-cp-sS N-{μ-∑m-cp-
sSbpw ]n-fiw \-ap-°p Inń, H∏w tIm-≠q¿tc-
Jbpw Inń. H-cp th-\-en-se tPm-en-sIm-≠v C-
{Xbpw Im-cy-ßƒ In-´p-I-sb-∂p ]-d-™m¬ \n- m-c-
a√.
]t£, Cu I-W-°n¬ F√m-hcpw Xr-]v-X-cm-bn-

cp-∂n√. Ir-Xyam-b IW-°p In-´-W-sa-¶n¬ a-e-bp-
sS km-{μ-X-b-dn-bWw. km-[m-c-W I√ns‚ km-{μ-
X—P-e-Øn-s‚ c-≠-c C-cń—X-s∂-bmhpw ]¿-h-X-
Øn\pw F∂mWv l-´≥ k-¶ev-]n-®Xv.17 _p-≤n-]-
cam-sbmcp Du-lw am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.
tXm¨-ln√n-se tbm¿-Ivsj-b-dn-ep≈ tPm¨
an-®¬ F-∂ {KmaoW≥ Cu hn-j-b-Øn¬ {i-≤
tI-{μo-I-cn®p. hn-Zq-c-{Km-a-Øn¬ km-[mcW Np-‰p-
]m-Sn-em-Wv I-gn-™-sX-¶n-epw ]-Xn-s\´mw \q-‰m-
≠n-se im-kv{XNn-¥-I-cn¬ {]-ap-J-\m-bn-cp-∂p an-
®¬.
Im-¥n-I-X-sbbpw `q-Kp-cp-Xz-sØbpw]-‰n auen-

IK-th-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-b an-®¬ `q-I-º-ßƒ-°p
Xcw-Kkam-\kz-`m-h-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂p a-\- n-em-°n.
F-¥n-\v, X-tam-K¿-Ø-ß-fp-≠m-Im-\p-≈ km-[y-X-
sb-°p-dn®p a-‰m-sc-¶nepw ]-d-bp-∂-Xn\v C-cp-∂q-dp
h¿-jw ap-ºv, \yq´-\pt]mepw I-gnbm-Xn-cp-∂ co-
Xn-bn¬ {]-h-Nn®p. P¿-Ω-\n-bn¬ P-\n-® hneyw
sl¿j¬ F-∂ kw-Ko-X-⁄≥ tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-
Øn-te-°p Xn-cn-bm≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®t∏mƒ sS-enkv-
tIm-∏v- D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v an-®-en-s‚ D-]-tZ-i-am-Wp
tX-Sn-bXv.18 A-Xn-\v J-tKm-fim-kv{Xw F-s∂-
t∂°pw A-t±-lØn-t\m-Sp I-S-s∏-ń-cn°p∂p.*
]t£, A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fn¬ G-

‰-hpw -D-÷z-ew `q-anbp-sS ]n-fiw \n¿-W-bn-°m-
\p≈ b-{¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, A-Xp-]-tbmKn-®v ]-
co£-Ww \-S-Øpw-ap-ºv an-®¬ a-c-W-a-S™p. Cu
B-i-bhpw AXn\p-≈ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw {]-Xn-`m-
im-enbm-b F-∂m¬ hn-c-an-°m≥ H-cp-ßp∂
e≠≥ im-kv-{X⁄-s‚ ssI-h-i-saØn. A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ t]-cv sl≥dn Im-h≥-Unjv.
hen-sbmcp kw-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p Im-h≥-Un-jv. D-{K-

{]-Xm-]n-I-fp-sS kº∂Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬˛˛˛sU-h¨-
j-b-dn-sebpw sI‚n-sebpw {]-`p-°-fmbn-cp-∂p ap-
Ø-—-∑m¿˛˛˛˛P-\n-® Im-h≥-Un-jv Cw-•-≠n¬ A-
°me-sØ G‰hpw {]-Xn-`m-im-enbm-b im-kv-{X-
⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p. A-{XX-s∂ hn-Nn{X kz-`m-hn-bpw
Xn-I-™ e-÷m-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw. H-cp Po-h-
N-cn-{XImc-s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]d-™m¬ a-t\m-tcm-
K-Øn-s‚ h-t°m-f-sa-Øp-∂ e-÷.19 a-‰p-≈-h-cp-am-
bn C-S-t]-S-≠ km-l-N-cyw h-∂m¬ Im-h≥-Unjv
Akz-ÿX-sIm≠v ]p-fbpw.
H-cn-°¬ hm-Xn¬ Xp-d-∂ Im-h≥-Un-jv I≠-Xv

ap-∂n-se ]-Sn-bn¬ \n¬--°p-∂ H-cm-cm-[-I-s\-bm-
Wv. Hm-kv-{Snbbn-se hn-b-∂-bn¬\n-∂v
At∏msgØn-b-tX-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p A-bmƒ.
B-th-iw aq-Ø k-μ¿-i-I≥ {]iwkmh-N-\-ßƒ
Xp-S-ßn. C-cp-ºphSn-sIm-≠p X-e-bv-t°¬-°p∂
ASn- kln°p∂-Xpt]mse Aev-]t\-cw ]n-Sn-
®p\n∂ Im-h-≥-Un-jv A-Sp-Ø \n-anjw k-ln-°m-
\m-Im-sX hm-Xn-¬ a-e-¿s°-Øp-d-∂n-´v ]p-d-tØ--
t°mSn. a-Wn-°qdp-Iƒ ]-Wn-s∏-´mWv A-t±l-w ho-
ń¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn-®-Xv. Imh≥-Un-jns\ ho-´p-th-e-
°m¿ A-Xymh-iyIm-cy-ß-f-dn-bn®Xv F-gp-Øn-eq-
sS-bm-bn-cp∂p.
A-]q¿-h-am-sb-¶n-epw Im-h≥-Un-jv s]m-Xp]-cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ-s°-Øm-dp≠v. A-t∏mƒ At±lhp-am-bn
kw-km-cn-°m≥ sN√-cp-sX∂pw t\-tc
t\m°pIt]mepw sN-ø-cp-sX∂pw a-‰v A-Xn-Yn-Iƒ-
°p ap≥-Iq-ń \n¿-t±-iw e-`n-®n-´p≠m-Ipw. Po-h-im-
kv{X-⁄≥ tPmk-^v _m-¶v-kn-s‚ {]-Xn-hm-c km-
bm”hn-cp-∂m-bn-cp-∂p Im-h≥-Un-jn-s‚ C-„k-
t¶-Xw. Im-h≥-Unjn-t\m-sSs¥-¶nepw tNm-Zn-°-W-
sa-∂p-≈-h¿ A-e-k-am-bn Ae-™pXn-cn-™v
bmZr—n-I-sa-t∂m-Ww A-Sp-sØ-ØWw. F-∂n-´v
apJ-Øp t\m-°m-sX, Ai-cocn-sb∂t]mse
20
kwi-bw tNm-Zn°Ww. tNm-Zy-Øn-\v im-kv-{Xo-b-
am-sbs¥-¶nepw aq-ey-ap-s≠-∂p tXm-∂n-bm¬ A-
hy-‡ a-{¥kz-c-Øn¬ DØcw
* Hc]q¿h_-lpa-Xn-°¿-l-\m-Wv sl¿-j¬.
B-[p\n-IIme-Øv {K-lw I-s≠Øn-b B-Zy
hy‡nbm-W-t±-lw. 1781-˛em-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ]pXn-b
{K-l-Øn\v {_n-ó-jv N-{I-h¿-Øn tPm¿-Pn-s‚ t]-
cn-Sm\m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-\p Xm¬-]-cyw. ]-t£,
bp-dm\-kv F-∂mW-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-´Xv.
In-ń-tb-°pw. ]t£, an-°-t∏mgpw F-en I-

cbpwt]m-ep-s≈m-cp aq-f-emhpw a-dp-]-Sn-. tNm-ZyI¿-
Øm-hv X-e-bp-b¿-Øn t\m-°p-tºmƒ ap-∂n-em-fp-
≠mhn√. Ip-td-°q-Sn kz-ÿam-sbm-cp tIm-Wp tX-
Sn Im-h≥Un-jv t]m-bn-´p≠m-Ipw.
k-ºØpw G-Im-¥-Xbpw th-≠p-thm-f-ap-≈Xp-

sIm-≠v ¢m-^m-an-se hen-b ho-Sv H-cp ]-co£W-
im-e-bm-°n -am-‰m≥ Im-h≥-Un-jn-\p ]‰n.
BcptSbpw i-ey-an√m-sX ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-Øn-s‚
k-a-{K-ta-J-e-I-fn-epw I-bdn-bn-d-ßm≥ A-t±-l-Øn-
\p Ig™p. A-Snÿm-\ kw-K-Xn-I-fp-sS ùXnI
k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-\p-≈ Xm¬-]-cyw D-®-
ÿm-bn-bn-seØn-b k-abam-bn-cp-∂p ]-Xn-s\´mw
\q-‰m-≠n-s‚ c≠mw]mXn. ssh-Zyp-Xnbpw hm-X-
Iß-fp-am-W-h-cp-sS {i-≤-bm-I¿-jn-®-Xv. AXp-sIm-
s≠-s¥m-s° sN-øm-sa∂ B-th-tim÷z-e A-
t\z-j-W-Øn¬ ]-e-t∏mgpw Pn-⁄m-k hn-thI-
sØ I-S-Øn-shń. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ _-©-an≥ {^m-
¶v-en≥ C-Sn-an-∂-ep-≈-t∏mƒ ]-´w ]d-Øn Po-h≥X-
s∂ A-]-I-S-Øn-em-°pwhn-[w \-SØn-b ]-
co£Ww {]-i-kv-X-am-Wv. {^m≥-kn¬ ]n-ems{X
Un tdm-knb¿ F-∂ c-k-X-{¥⁄≥ ssl-{UP-
s‚ Pz-e-\-ti-jn ]-co-£n®-Xv hm-bn¬ ssl-{U-
P≥ \nd-®v Xo-Pzm-e-bn-te-°v Du-Xn-s°m-≠mWv.
Cu ]-co-£-W-Øn¬ A-t±l-Øn-\v c-≠p Im-
cyßƒ a-\- n-embn: ssl-{U-P≥ I-Øp-∂ hm-XI-
amsW∂pw I¨-]p-cn-I-ßƒ apJ-Øv F-t∏m-gp-ap-
≠m-h-W-sa-∂n-s√-∂pw. Imh≥-Un-jmI-s´ kz-bw
ssh-Zyp-Xm-Lm-X-taev]n-®m-Wv ]-co£-Ww \-S-Øn
bXv. sN-dn-b A-f-hn¬ XpSßn A-ev-]mev-]w h¿[n-
∏n-®p h¿-[n-∏n-®p sshZyp-Xm-Lm-X-taev]n-®v A-Xn-
s‚ th-Z-\ \n-co-£n®p, t_m-[w \-„-amIp-sa∂
L-´wh-sc A-Xp Xp-S-¿∂p.
X-s‚ kp-Zo¿-Lam-b Po-hn-X-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ Im-

h≥-Un-jv ]-e kp-{][m-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßfpw \-
SØn. ssl-{U-P≥ hmX-Iw B-Zy-am-bn th¿-Xn-cn-
s®-SpØ-Xv Im-h≥-Un-jmWv. ssl-{U-P\pw Hm-Iv-
kn-P-\pw kw-tbmPn-∏n-®p P-e-ap-≠m-°n-bXpw A-
t±-lwX-s∂. ]t£, A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I≠p]n-Sn-Ø-
ßƒ°pw hn-Nn-{Xkz-`m-h-Øn-s‚ ]p-I-a-d-bn¬\n-
∂p tam-N-\-ap-≠mbn√. K-th-jW^-e-ßƒ {]-kn-
≤o-I-cn-°m≥ A-t±-lw sa-\-s°-ń√. ]eXpw B-
tcmSpw ]-d-™-Xp-an√. Cu c-l-kym-fl-I-X-bn¬
A-t±-lw \yq-´-s\m∏am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p ]-d-™m¬ a-
Xn-bmhn√, \yq´-s\ I-h-®p-h-®p F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-
Xm-Wv icn. ssh-Zyp-Xn-hm-l-\i-‡n (electrical
conductivity) sb∏‰n A-t±-lw \-SØn-b ]T-\-
ßƒ Im-ew sX-‰n H-cp \q-‰m-≠p ap-ºm-bn-t∏mbn.
B \q-‰m-≠p I-gnbpwh-sc A-Xv B-cp-a-dn-bm-sX
In-S-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚
A-h-km-\w tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn-se ùXn-I imk-
v{X⁄≥ P-bnw-kv ¢m¿-°v am-Iv-kvsh¬, Im-h≥-
Un-jn-s‚ I-S-em-kp-Iƒ I-s≠-Sp-Øv F-Un-‰v- sN-
bv-X-t∏m-gmWv Cu I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ ]pdwtem-I-
a-dn-™Xv. A-t∏m-tg-°pw a-‰p ]-e-cpw A-tX I-≠p-
]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-iw kz-¥-am-°n-bn-cp∂p.
B-sc-bp-a-dn-bn-°m-sX c-l-ky-am-bn sh® Im-

h≥-Un-jns‚ I-≠p]nSn-Ø-ß-fn¬ Du¿-÷kw-c-
£-W\n-baw, Hmw \n-b-aw, Bwin-Ia¿ZsØ (par-
tial pressure)∏-‰n-bp-≈ Umƒ-´≥ \n-baw, hyp¬-{I-
am-\p-]m-X-sØ-∏‰nbp-≈ dn-Œ¿ \nbaw (Richter's
Law of Reciprocal Proportions), hm-X-Ißsf∏-‰n-
bp-≈ Nmƒ-kv \nbaw (Charles's Law of Gases),
ssh-Zyp-Xo-hm-l-\ X-Øzßƒ XpS-ßn ]-e-Xp-apƒ-
s∏-Sp-∂p. im-kv-{XN-cn-{X-Im-c≥ sP.Pn.
{IuXdns‚ A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ `q-an-bp-sS I-d-°-
sØbpw th-en-tb‰ tZm-e\-ß-sfbpw]-‰n sI¬-
hn\pw Pn. F-®v. Um¿-hn\pw \-SØn-b K-th-j-
Wß-fpw21 A-¥-co-£-Øn-se io-Xo-I-c-W-sØ∏-
‰n 1915˛¬ em¿-a¿ \-SØnb I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßfpw
an-{in-X-ßƒ X-Wp-Øp-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n ]n-s°-
dnMv \-SØn-b K-th-j-Whpw `n-∂m-fl-I k-a-Xp-
e-\m-hÿsb°p-dn-®v dqkv_qw \-SØn-b K-th-j-
Whpw F{Xtbm ap-ºv Im-h≥-Un-jv Xp-S-ßn-h-®n-
cp-∂p. D¬-Ir-„hm-X-Ißƒ (noble gases) F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ aq-e-I-ß-ƒ I-s≠Øp-∂-Xn-te-°p \-
bn-® kq-N-\ \¬-Inb-Xv Im-h≥-Un-jmWv. ]nSn-
sIm-Sp°m-sX H-gn-™p\-S-°p-∂-h-cmWv Cu hm-
X-I-ßƒ. C-°q-´-Øn-e-h-km\tØ-Xn-s\ I-s≠-
Øm≥ 1962 h-sc Im-t°-≠n-h-∂p. C-sXm-∂p-a√
At±lw G-‰hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ \-S-Øn-b-sX-∂p I-cp-
Xp-∂ ]-co£W-Øn-em-Wv \-Ωfn-t∏mƒ {i-≤n-°p-
∂-Xv. 1797˛¬ A-dp-]-tØgmw h-b- n-em-Wv im-kv-{X
K-th-j-W-tØm-Sp-≈ _-lp-am-\w H∂p-sIm-≠p am-
{Xw tPm¨ an-®¬ Im-gvNh-® Cu D-]-I-c-W-ß-fn-
te-°v A-t±-lw {i-≤ Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
an-®-en-s‚ D-]-Ic-Ww Iq-ń-t®¿-Øm¬ hym-bm-

a-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ t\m-ń-e-kn-s‚ `m-tcm-Zz-l-
\ D-]-I-c-W-sØ-t∏m-se-bn-cn-°pw. Xq-°-°-ńI-fpw
tZm-e-Ihpw Z-fipw Np-cp-f≥I-ºn-bp-sa√m-a-S-ßp-
∂ Cu D-]-I-c-WØn-s‚ {]-[m-\-`m-Kw22 350 ]u-
≠v `m-c-ap-≈ c≠v Cu-b-°-ń-I-fm-Wv. c≠p sNdp-
tKm-f-ßƒ-s°m-∏w CXpw sI-ń Rm-Øn-bn-ń-´p-
≠m-Ipw. h-en-b tKmfØn-s‚ Kp-cp-Xz-_-ew aq-ew
sNdnb tKm-f-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ hy-Xn-N-e-\-a-f°p-I-
bm-Wv e-£yw. A-Xn¬\n-∂v Kp-cp-Xzÿn-cm-¶w I-
s≠-Ømw. Aßs\ `q-an-bp-sS `m-cw (Ir-Xy-am-bn
]-d-™m¬ ]n-fiw)* I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-°mw.
{K-lß-sf {`-a-W]-Y-Øn¬ ]n-Sn-®p\n¿-Øp-

∂Xp-sIm≠pw ap-I-fn¬\n∂p ho-gp-∂ h-kv-Xp-
°ƒ tTm—sb-∂v \n-ew-]-Xn-°p-∂Xp-sIm≠pw
Cu Kp-cp-Xz_-ew A-Xn-i-‡n-im-en-bm-sW-∂mhpw
[mc-W. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ A-Xn\-{X i‡n-sbm-∂p-
an√. kq-cy-s\-t∏m-se hf-sc h-en-∏-tadn-sbm-cp h-
kv-Xp `q-an-sb-t∏m-se h-en-∏-ap-≈ a-s‰m-cp h-kv-Xp-
hn-s\ B-I¿-jn-®p \n¿-Øp-tºmƒ H-cp Iq-´p_-
ew F-∂ \n-e-bv-°v A-Xp i-‡n-a-Øm-hp∂p. F-
∂m¬ km-[m-c-W \n-e-bn¬ Kp-cp-Xz-sa∂-Xv G-d-
°p-sd Zp¿-_-e-amWv. ta-i-∏p-d-Øp\n-s∂m-cp ]p-
kvX-Iw F-Sp-Øp-b¿-Øp-tºmgpw \ne-Øp hoW
\mW-bw Ip-\n-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw `q-an-sb-∂ hen-
b {K-l-Øn-s‚ Kp-cpXzm-I¿-j-W_-e-sØ-bm-Wv
\n-ßƒ A-\m-bm-kw a-dn-I-S-°p-∂Xv. Cu
* ùXn-Iim-kv-{X⁄-s\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-
fw Xn-I®pw hy-Xy-kv-X- kw-K-Xn-I-fmWv `m-chpw
]nfi-hpw. \n-ß-sf-hn-sS-t∏m-bmepw ]n-fi-Øn¬
am-‰-ap-≠m-In√. F-∂m¬ {K-l-ß-sf-t∏mse
]nfita-sd-bp-≈ H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ tI-{μ-
Øn¬\n-∂p-≈ AI-ew hy-Xym-k-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\-\p-
k-cn-®v \n-ßfp-sS `m-cw am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. N-
{μ-\n¬ sN-∂m¬ \n-ß-fp-sS `m-cw Ip-dbpw; F-
∂m¬ ]n-fiw Ip-d-bn√. `q-an-bn¬ km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-
bn¬ `m-chpw ]n-fi-hpw X-Ωn¬ hy-Xym-k-sam-∂p-
an√. ¢mkv ap-dn-°p ]pd-sØ Im-cy-am-Wv- ]-d-™-
Xv. ¢m n-se-Øn-bm¬ `m-cw th-sd, ]n-fiw thsd.
sbm-cp Xq-h¬-kv-]¿-ii-‡n-am-{X-ap-≈ `q-Kp-cp-

Xz-a-f-°m-\m-Wv Im-h≥-Unjv {i-an-®Xv.
A-tßb-‰w kq-£va-X-tbm-sS sN-tø-≠ ]-co-£-

W-am-WXv. D-]-I-cW-ßƒ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ ap-dn-
bn¬ t\cn-sbm-cnf-°wt]m-ep-ap-≠m-Im≥ ]m-Sn√.
AXp-sIm-≠v a-s‰m-cp ap-dn-bn-en-cp-∂v Np-h-cn-se Zzm-
c-Øn¬ ]n-Sn∏n-® Zq-c-Z¿-in-\n-bn¬Iq-Sn-bm-Wv Im-
h≥-Un-jv A-f-hp-I-sf-Sp-ØXv. ]-ckv-]-c_-‘-ap-
≈ ]-Xn-t\-gv kq-£v-aam-b I-W-°p-I-sf-Sp-°m≥ H-
cp h¿jw \o-≠ \n-co£-Ww th-≠n h-∂p F-∂-
Xn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ F-{X-am{Xw kq£va-am-bn-cp-∂p
B ]-co-£-W-sa-∂p a-\- n-em-°mw. I-W-°p-Iq-´-ep-
Isf√mw I-gn-™-t∏mƒ Im-h≥-Un-jv {]-Jym-
]n®p˛˛˛`q-an-bp-sS `m-cw 13,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
dmØ¬ B-Wv. B-[p\n-I A-fhp-tIm-ep-]tbmKn-
®p ]-d-™m¬ A-dp-\qdp-tIm-Sn -e£w -tIm-Sn sa-
{Sn-Iv S¨23 (H-cp sa{SnIv S¨ AY-hm S¨ B-bn-
cw In-tem-{Km-amWv. A-Y-hm 2205 dm-Ø¬.)
C-∂v kq-£v-am-Wp-hn-s‚t]mepw `m-c-sa-Sp-°m≥
]‰n-b A-Xn-kq£va D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ im-kv-{X⁄-
cpsS ssI-bn-ep≠v. F-gp-]-Ø-©-Sn-bIse\n∂v
B-sc-¶nepw tIm-´p-hm-bn-´m¬ B Ne-\wt]m-epw
A-f-hn-s\ _m[n°p∂ A-{X-bpw kq-£v-a-X-bp-≈
D-]-I-c-Wßƒ. F-∂n´pw `q-an-bp-sS `mc-Øns‚ Im-
cy-Øn¬ 1797˛¬ Im-h≥-Un-jv ]-d-™ I-W-
°n¬\n-∂v A[nIw apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im≥ A-h¿-°p
I-gn-™n-ń√. C-∂-sØ G-‰hpw Ir-Xyam-b I-W-
°-\p-k-cn-®v `q-an-bp-sS `m-cw 5.9725 _ney¨
{Sney¨ SÆmWv. Im-h≥-Un-jn-s‚ I-W-°n¬\n-
∂v C-Xn-\p-≈ hy-Xym-kw H-cp iX-am-\w am-{Xw.
Im-h≥-Un-jn-\pw 110 h¿-jw ap-ºv H-cp ]-co-£-
Whpw \-S-Øm-sX \yq-´≥ X-øm-dm°n-b IW-°p
i-cn-hbv-°p-∂-Xm-Wn-sX√mw F-∂-Xm-Wv G-‰hpw
hen-b A-¤pXw.
G-Xm-bmepw ]-Xn-s\´mw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-

\-am-b-tXm-sS `q-an-bpsS i-cnbm-b B-Ir-Xn-sb-
s¥∂pw kq-cy-\n¬\n∂pw a-‰p {K-l-ß-fn¬\n-∂pw
`q-an-bn-te-°p-≈ Zq-c-sa-s¥∂pw im-kv-{X-⁄¿ a-
\- n-em°n. C-t∏m-gnXm ap-dn-hn-ń-dßpIt]mepw sN-
øm-sX Im-h≥-Un-jv `q-an-bp-sS `m-c-hpw Is≠Øn.
C-\n-bp≈-Xv `q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-am-Wv. `m-chpw Zq-c-hp-
sa√mw Is≠Øn-b \n-e-bv°p {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-
°p∂Xv h-f-sc-sb-fp-∏-am-sW-∂mhpw \n-ßƒ I-cp-
Xp-I. A-Xn-\m-h-iyam-b km-[-\-ß-sf√mw \-Ωp-sS
Im¬°o-gn¬X-s∂-bp-≠pXm-\pw. ]-t£, AX-{X
F-fp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√. ]-c-amWp-hn-s\ hn-`-Pn-®n´pw
sS-en-hn-j\pw ss\-temWpw C≥-kv‰‚ v tIm^n-
bpw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®n´pw kz-¥w `q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw I-
≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ a\p-jy\p Ign™n-cp-∂n√.
Cu Im-e-Xm-a-k-Øn-\p Imc-Ww I-≠p-]n-Sn-

°m≥ kv-tIm-Sv-e≥-Uv hsc bm-{X sN-øWw. A-
km-am-\y-_p-≤n-im-enbpw Z-bm-ep-hpam-b H-cp sN-
dp-∏°mc-s\ ]-cn-N-b-s∏-SWw. A-[n-I-am¿-°p-a-dn-
bmØ B sN-dp-∏-°m-c-\mWv `q-hn-⁄m-\o-bw
(geology ) F-∂ im-kv{Xw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 H-c-]q¿-h hy-‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p, lm-en. {In-bm-fl-

Iam-b kp-Zo¿-L Po-hn-X-Øn-\nS-bn¬ A-t±-lw ...:
km-K≥, tIm-a-‰v, t]-Pv 52.
2 Ir-Xy-X-bm¿-∂ k-hnti-j h-{I-am-Wv F-en-]v-

kv: s^-bn≥-am≥, knIvkv Cu-kn ]o-kkv, t]-Pv 90.
3 lp-Iv... C-Xn-s‚ DØ-cw X-\n-°-dn-bm-sa-∂v A-

t∏mƒXs∂ A-h-Im-i-s∏´p: sP¿-Ã≥, Z ¢m-kn-
Ivkv Hm-^v k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 219.
4 I-Æn-\pw I-Æn-\p ]n-d-In-se A-ÿn-°p-gn-°p-an-

S-bn-ep-≈ ÿ-e-Øv A-Xv Dckn t\m-°n: s^-dnkv,
I-anMv Hm-^v F-bv-Pv C≥ Z an¬-In th, t]-Pv 106.
5 Cu I-≠p-]n-SnØw 27 h¿-j-°m-e-tØ-°v B-
tcmSpw ]-d-bm-sX A-t±lw c-lky-am-°n sh-®p:
Uyq-d‚ v, Z F-bv-Pv Hm-^v eq-bn XIV, t]Pv 538.
6 hn-Jym-X P¿-a≥ K-Wn-X-⁄≥ tKm-´v-{ô-Uv
shm¨ sse-_v-\n-kv A-`n-{]m-bs∏-´-Xv: Uyq-d‚ v, Z
F-bv-Pv Hm-^v eq-bn XIV, t]-Pv 546.
7 F-°m-e-tØbpw G-‰hpw Zp¿{K-l ]p-kv-X-I-

ßfn-sem-∂v: t{Im∏¿, t{K-‰v ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv
31.
8 B-I¿-j-W_-ew c-≠p h-kv-Xp-°-fp--sSbpw ]n-

fi-Øn-\v B-\p-]m-Xn-I-am -sW∂pw A-h-bv-°n-S-
bn-ep-≈ Zq-c-Øn-s‚ h¿-K-Øn-\v hn-]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-
Øn-epam-sW-∂pw: s^-bn≥-am≥, kn-Ivkv Cu-kn
]o-kkv, t]-Pv 69.
9 \yq-´-\mIs´ X-s‚ co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®v A©p-

ss]-k ap-S-°n-b-Xp-an√: Imƒ-U¿, Z tIma‰v Cu-
kv I-anMv, t]-Pv 39.
10 ]-W-Øn-\p ]I-cw "Z lnÃdn Hm^v ^njkn-'-

s‚ tIm-∏n {]-Xn-^-e-am-bn \¬Im-sa-∂p hm-Kv-Zm-
\hpw \¬In: Pm¿-ssU≥, C≥-Po-\nbkv ]¿-kyq-
Svkv, t]-Pv 36
11 F-∂m¬ Gd-°p-sd Ir-Xy-am-bn... A-f-sh-Sp-
°m≥ I-gn-™-Xm-bn A-t±-lw {]-Jym-]n®p: hn¬-
Ûv, Z am-]v ta-t°-gvkv, t]-Pv 98
12 `qa-[ytc-J Np-‰n-b-f-∂m¬ `q-an-°v {[p-h-{]-tZ-

iw Np-‰n-bm-bp-≈ A-f-hn-s\-°mƒ 43 In-tem-ao-‰¿
X-Sn Iq-Sp-X-emWv: Akn-tamhv, F-Iv-kv]v-tfm-dn-Mv Z
F¿-Øv B≥-Uv tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 86.
13 A-Xnepw \n¿-`m-Ky-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p Ko-tlmw

se sP‚ v¬ : s^-dnkv, I-anMv Hm^v F-bv-Pv C≥
Z an¬-In th, t]-Pv 134.
14 ta-k\pw Un-Iv-kWpw tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰n-

°p k-tμ-i-a-b-®p: Pm¿-ssU≥, C≥-Po-\nb-kv ]¿-
kyq-Svkv, t]-Pv 141.
15 Un-Iv-k¨ P-\n-®p hoW-Xv I¬°-cn J-\n-bn-

em-sW-∂ Iu-Xp-I-I-cam-b hnhcw: UnIvjvWdn
Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-tbm-{K-^n-, hm-eyw 12, t]Pv
1302.
16 1772˛¬ a-kv-I-en-s‚ \n¿-t±-i-a-\p-k-cn®v: A-
ta-cn-°≥ sl-dn-t‰Pv, tak≥ B≥-Uv Un-Ivk¨:
sZ-b¿ sse≥ B≥-Uv se-P‚ v, s^-{_-ph-cn 1964,
t]-Pv 23˛29.
17 km-[m-c-W I√n-s‚ km-{μ-XX-s∂bmhpw ]¿-

h-X-Øn\pw F∂mWv l-´≥ k-¶ev-]n-®Xv: P-Mv-\n-
°¬ B≥-Uv a-Iv-tIm-¿-amXv, Im-h≥-Unjv, t]-Pv
449.
18 sS-enkv-tIm-∏v- D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v an-®-en-s‚ D-

]-tZ-i-am-Wp tX-Sn-bXv: Imƒ-U¿, Z tIma‰v Cu-kv
I-anMv, t]-Pv 71.
19 a-t\m-tcm-K-Øn-s‚ h-t°m-f-sa-Øp-∂ e-÷:

P-Mv-\n-°¬ B≥-Uv aIvv-tIm-¿-amXv, Im-h≥-Unjv,
t]-Pv 306.
20 A-i-co-cn-sb∂t]mse kwi-bw tNm-

Zn°Ww: P-Mv-\n-°¬ B≥-Uv a-Iv-tIm-¿-amXv, Im-
h≥-Unjv, t]-Pv 305.
21 sI¬-hn\pw Pn.F-®v. Um¿-hn\pw \-SØn-b K-
th-j-W-ß-fpw: {Iu-X¿, k-b‚nÃvkv Hm-^v Z C≥-
U-kv-{Sn-b¬ sd-h-eqj≥, t]-Pv 214˛15.
22 Cu D-]-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\-`m-Kw 350 ]u-

≠v `m-c-ap-≈ c≠v Cu-b-°-ń-IfmWv: Un-IvjvWdn
Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-tbm-{K^n, hmeyw 3, t]Pv
1261.
23 A-dp-\qdp-tIm-Sn- e£w-tIm-Sn sa-{Sn-Iv S¨: C-

°-tWm-an-kv‰v, Pn hn-kv, 2000 sabv 6, t]-Pv 82.
- A-[ym-bw 5
]md s]m-ń-®h¿
≠\n¬ sl≥dn Im-h≥-Un-jv Cu ]-co-£-W-

ßƒ ]q¿-Øn-bm-°petºmƒ \m-\q-dp ssa¬ AI-
se F-Un≥-_-d-bn¬ a-s‰m-cp \n¿-Wm-b-I kw-`-
h-ap-≠mbn—sP-bnw-kv l´-s‚ a-c-Ww. ZpxJP\-
IwX-s∂-bmWv B a-cWw. ]-t£, im-kv-{XtemI-
sØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw AsXmcp \√ Xp-S-
°-am-bn-cp∂p. Imc-Ww, l´-s‚ {]-_-‘-ßƒ kz-
ÿ-am-bn am‰nsb-gp-Xm≥ tPm¨ tπ-s^-b-dn-\p ap-
∂n¬ A-tXm-sS hgn-sbm-cpßn.
\n- m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂n√ sP-bnw-kv l´≥. Dƒ-°m-gv-N-

bp-≈- hen-sbm-cp a-\p-jy-≥. k-c-k-am-bn kw-km-
cn-°p-∂, kulr-Zk-Z- pI-sf k-º-∂-am°p-∂- hy-
‡n-Xz-Øn-\pSa.1 \-Ωp-sS-bo `q-an cq-]-s∏-´-sX-ßs-
\-sb-∂-Xns\°pdn-®p-≈ A-dn-hn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬
A-ZznXob≥. ]-t£, I-„-sa-∂√msX-¥p ]-d-bm≥,
C-°m-cy-ßƒ a-‰p-≈-h¿-°p a-\- n-em-Ip-∂ `m-j-
bn¬ F-gp-Xm≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. te-
J-\]mS-hw F-s∂m-∂v At±lsØ sXm-´pXo-≠n-
bn-ń√m-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv2 H-cp Po-h-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ s\-
Spho¿-t∏m-sS A-`n-{]m-b-s∏´Xv. l´-s‚ {]-_-‘-
ß-fnse Hmtcm h-cn-Ifpw hm-b-\-°m-c\v D-d-°-Øn-
te-°p-≈ £-W-]-{X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. `q-an-sb-°pdn-
s®m-cp kn-≤m¥w—sX-fn-hp-Ifpw Nn-{X-ßfpw k-
ln-Xw (A Theory of the Earth with Proofs and
Illustrations) F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ A-t±-lw
Ft¥m Imcyw hn-h-cn-°m≥ {i-an-°p∂sX-ß-s\-
bm-sW∂p t\m-°p-I:
\Ω-fo Xm-a-kn-°p-∂ tem-Iw \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂-Xv, h¿-Øam-\ImesØ `q-an-bp-sS sXm-´-Sp-
Ø ap≥-Km-anbmb `q-an-bn¬\n-∂p-≈ h-kv-
Xp°ƒsIm≠√, a-dn-®v, C∂-sØ \-Ωp-sS I-c I-
S-en-\Sn-bn-em-bn-cp∂, k-ap-{Z\n-c-∏n¬\n-∂p-b¿-∂
I-c-sb A-t{K-K-an-°p-∂, aq-∂m-a-tØ-sX∂p \mw
I-cp-Xp-∂ H-cp `q-an-bn-se h-kv-Xp-°ƒsIm-≠m-Wv.
F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv C-ßs\-sbm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw G-
Xm-s≠m-‰-bv-°v, A-Xn{]Kev`-am-bn A-t±-lw Pn-
tbm-f-Pn-sb-∂ im-kv-{X-im-J-bv-°p P-∑w sIm-Sp-
Øp, `q-an-sb∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ [m-c-WIƒ
s]m-fn-s®-gpXn.
k-º-∂ kv-tIm-ń-jv Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ 1726˛¬ P-

\n-® l-´-\v ]-W-Øn\p _p-≤n-ap-ń√m-ØXp-sIm-
≠v \n mctPm-en-Iƒ sN-bv-Xv Iq-Sp-X¬ ka-bw
_u≤n-Ihym-bm-a-ßƒ°mbn \o-°n-hbv-°m≥
]‰n. ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-am-Wt±-lw ]Tn-®-Xv. A-X√
X-\n-°p ]‰n-b ta-J-e-sb-∂p tXm-∂n-b-t∏mƒ
Irjn-bn-te-°p am-dn. s_¿-hn-Ivsj-b-dn-se X-d-
hm´phI tXm-´-Øn¬ imkv{Xob am¿-K-ß-f-h-ew-
_n-®v B-kz-Zn®v Ipd-®pIm-ew Ir-jn \-SØn.
AXp a-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ 1768˛¬ F-Un≥-_-d-bn-te-
°p t]mbn. A-hn-sS I¬°-cn-®m-c-Øn¬\n-∂v \-h-
kmcw \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂ hy-h-km-bw Xp-Sßn, H-∏w H-
t´-sd im-kv-{X K-th-j-W-ßfpw Xp-S-ßn. _u≤n-
Ihym-]m-c-ß-fpsS {]`mh-tI-{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p A-∂v
F-Un≥_-d, A-Xn-s‚ km-≤y-X-Iƒ l-´-≥
icn°pw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn. Hm-bn-kv-‰¿ ¢-∫v F-
∂ _p-≤nPo-hnkw-L-Ønse {][m\ Aw-K-am-bn
amdn-b l´≥3 km-bm-”-ßƒ sN-e-h-gn®-Xv km-
ºØn-I imkv-{X-⁄≥ B-Uwkv-an-Øn\pw c-k-
X-{¥-⁄≥ tPmk^v ªmen-s\bpw sPbnwkv hm-
ń-s\bpw t]m-se-bp-≈ {]-Kev-`cpw C-S-bv-°n-sS
¢∫v k-μ¿-i-\-Øn-s\Øn.
A∂-sØ k-{º-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn-®v B-fl-hn-Zyap-

X¬ [m-Xphn-⁄m-\whsc k-I-e hn-j-b-ß-fnepw
l-´≥ ssI-h®p. cm-kh-kv-Xp-°-fp-]-tbm-Kn®p ]-
co£-Ww \-SØn, I¬°-cnJ-\-\-Øn-\pw tXm-
Sp\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-\p-ap≈ am¿-K-ßƒ ]-co-£n®p, D-
∏p]m-S-ß-ƒ k-μ¿-in®p, ]m-cº-cyL-S-I-ß-sf∏-‰n
]Tn®p, t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ ti-J-cn-®p, a-g-sb-∏-‰nbpw
hm-bp-hn-s‚ L-S-\sb-∏-‰nbpw N-e-\\n-b-a-ß-sf-∏-
‰nbpw kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ ap-t∂m-´ph-®p. Cßs\ an-
° ta-J-e-I-fnepw Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cps∂¶nepw
`q-hn-⁄m-\am-bn-cp∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ {]n-bhn-
jbw.
hn⁄m-\Xz-c {`m-¥-am-bn B-th-in-®n-cp∂ B

Ime-Øv A-t\z-jWIp-Xp-In-I-fp-sS k-hnti-j{i-
≤-bm-I¿-jn-®n-cp∂ tNm-Zy-ßfn-sem-∂v CXmbn-cp-
∂p˛˛˛]p-cm-X-\ \-Ø-bv°tØm-Sp-Ifpw a-‰p I-
S¬Po-hn-I-fp-sS t^m-kn-ep-Ifpw F-ß-s\ ]¿-h-
Xin-J-c-ß-fn-¬ hcp∂p? I-S-en-\Sn-bn¬ In-S-t°-
≠ Cu km-[-\-ß-sfß-s\ I-c-bn¬ a-e-ap-I-fn-
seØn? C-Xn-s‚ D-Ø-c-a-dn-bm-sa-∂p I-cp-Xn-b-h¿
c-≠p X-´p-I-fn-em-bn- \n-e-sIm≠p. B-Zy Iq-´¿ s\-
]v-‰yq-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ F-∂-dn-b-s∏´p. `q-an-bn-se k-I-e
Im-cy-ß-sfbpw k-ap-{Z-\nc-∏v D-b-cp-∂-Xn-s\bpw
Xm-gp-∂-Xn-s\bpw _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn hn-iZo-I-cn-°m-
sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS ]£w. ]¿-h-X-ßƒ°pw
a-e-\n-c-Iƒ°pw `q-an-tbm-fwX-s∂ {]m-b-ap-
s≠∂pw C-S-bv-s°-s¥-¶nepw am-‰w h-cp-∂p-
s≠¶ne-Xv C-S-bv°n-sS {]-f-b-ap-≠m-bn k-ap-{ZP-e-
ap-b¿-∂v a-eI-sf aq-Sp-tºmgm-sW∂pw A-h¿ I-
cpXn.
C-Xn-s\ F-Xn¿-°p-∂-h¿ πq-t´m-Wn-kv-‰p-I-sf-∂-
dn-b-s∏´p. A-·n]¿h-X-ßfpw `q-I-º-ß-fpwt]m-ep-
≈ kPo-h {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ aq-ew `q-anbp-sS ap-
J—m-b am-dn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw A-
Xn¬ {]-f-bP-eØn-\v ]-s¶m-∂p-an-s√∂pw A-h¿
hm-Zn-®p. {]-f-bP-e-am-Wv I-S¬Po-hnIsf ]¿-h-X-
ap-I-fn-se-Øn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ {]-f-b-an√m-Ø-t∏mƒ
B sh-≈-sa√mw F-hn-sS-t∏m-Ips∂-∂ Ip-gbv-
°p∂ tNm-Zyhpw A-h¿ D-∂-bn-®p. {]-f-b k-ab-
Øv B¬-]v-kv ]¿h-Xw aq-Sm≥am{Xw sh-≈-ap-≠m-
Ip-sa-¶n¬ {]fbw Xo-cp-tºmƒ Cu sh-≈-sa√mw
F-hn-sS-sbm-Xpßpw? B-`y-¥-chpw _mlyhpam-b
]-ehn-[ i-‡n-I-fp-sS k-Ω¿-±-Øn-em-Wv `q-an-sb-
∂v A-h¿ hn-izkn®p. C-ßs\-sbm-s° ]-d-s™-
¶nepw IS-ense \-Ø-bv-°tØm-Sv aeapI-fn-se-
Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂p hn-iz-k-\o-bamwhn[w hn-
i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ πqt´m-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ°v I-gn-™n√. -
°n\pwXØzNn-¥-I≥ tU-hn-Uv lyq-an\p-sam-∏-
amWv. _-©-an≥ {^m¶vCu B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ßƒ-°n-
S-bn-te-°m-Wv k-hnti-j Dƒ-°m-gv-N-bpam-bn l-
´≥ cwK-Øph-∂-Xv. kz-¥w Ir-jn-bn-S-Øn-se ta¬-
a-Æp t\m-°nbn-cn-s° A-t±-lw Nn-¥n®p: "]m-d-
Iƒ s]m-Sn-s™m-en-®p h-∂m-Wo ta¬a-Æp-≠m-
bXv. Cu a-ÆpX-s∂ A-cp-hn-Ifpw \-Zn-Ifpw
ho≠p-sam-gp-°n-s°m≠pt]m-Ipw. F-∂n´v th-sd-
sb-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw \n-t£-]n-°pw. Cu {]-{Inb
Cß-s\ Xp-S¿-∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂m¬ Ip-s∂√mw
C-Sn-™v `qan ]c-∂p \nc-∂p In-S-°-Ww.' ]t£,
Np‰pw t\m-°n-b l-´≥ I-≠-Xv ]-c-∂ `qanb√, X-
e-bp-b¿-Øn \n¬-°p∂ a-e-\n-c-I-fmWv. A-Xn-s‚-
b¿-Yw H-en-®pt]mIp∂ a-Æn-\p ]-I-c-w thsd a-
Æp \¬-In a-eI-sf D-b¿-Øn\n¿-Øp-∂ F-t¥m
{]-{In-b `q-an-bn¬ \-S∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-
∂mWv. Aßs\ Cu N{Iw Xp-S¿∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-
cn-°pw. a-eap-I-fn¬ I-≠ I-S¬Po-hn-I-fp-sS tXm-Sv
{]-f-bP-eØn-sem-gp-In-sb-Øn-bX√, ]¿-h-X-tØm-
sSm-∏wX-s∂ D-b¿-∂ph∂-Xm-Wv F-∂-t±-lw Xo-cp-
am-\n-®p. ]m-d-I-fp-sS-bpw `q-J-fi-ß-fp-sS-bpsa√mw
kr-„n-°p Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂-Xpw a-e-\n-c-I-fp-≠m-°p-
∂Xpw `q-K¿-`Øn-se Xm]am-sW∂pw A-t±lw
Du-ln®p. A-Xnhn-in-„-am-bn-cp∂p Cu \n-K-a-\-
ßƒ. c-≠p \q-‰m-≠p I-gn-™v H-Sp-hn¬ ^-e-IN-
e-\kn-≤m-¥Øn (Plate tectonics)\p P-∑w sIm-Sp-
°p∂-Xph-sc Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°v CXns‚ {]m-
[m\yw ]q¿-W-am-bn a-\- n-em-°m-\m-bn√. l´s‚
Cu kn-≤m-¥-ßfn¬\n-∂p a-s‰m-cp ImcywIq-Sn
sh-fn-s∏´p. \-Ωp-sS-bo `q-an C-∂-sØ \nebn¬ cq-
]-s∏´-Xv H-cp]m-SpIm-ew sIm-≠m-Wv, A-{X \mƒ
I-cp-Xn-b-Xnepw F{Xtbm A-[n-Iw Im-ew-sIm-≠v.
`q-an-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ A-dn-hp-Iƒ am-‰na-dn°m≥ ]-cym-
]v-X-am-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ B-ibßƒ.
Cu B-i-b-ß-sf√mw tN¿-Øv 1785˛¬ l-´≥

H-cp kp-Zo¿-L {]-_‘Øn-\p cq-]w \¬In. F-
Un≥-_-d-bn-se tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS
ASpØ tbm-K-Øn¬X-s∂ A-Xv A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-
IbpwsN-bvXp. ]t£, k-Z- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cn¬
H-cmƒt]mepw l´-s‚ B-i-b-ßƒ {i-≤n-®n√.
AXns‚ Im-c-Ww a-\- n-em-°m≥ B {]-_-‘-Øn-
s‚ H-cp `m-Kw hmbn®p t\m°n-bm¬ aXn:
H-cp hn-[-Øn¬ cq-]-h¬I-c-WImc-Ww, th¿-

s]´p-t]m-b h-kv-XpX-s∂bmWv. ImcWw, Du-jv-
am-hpsIm-≠v D-tØ-Pn-Xamb B h-kv-Xp, A-Xnse
X-s∂ {Z-hy-Øn-s‚ {]-Xn-{]-h¿-Ø-\-^-e-am-bm-Wv
AKm-[K¿-Ø-ßƒ-°pw hn-≈-ep-Iƒ°pw kv-X-c-
ßƒ°pw h-gn-hbv-°p-∂-Xv. a-s‰m-cp hn-[-Øn¬
Cu K¿-Øw cq-]-h¬-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv, _m-lyk-
Ω¿-±-ß-fpsS ^-e-ambmWv. C-Xn¬ hnkv-t^m-S-
Iß-fm-b {`w-i-ßfpw ]n-f¿-∏p-I-fp-ap-≠m-Ipw,
]t£, A-sX-ß-s\ kw-`-hn-°p-∂p-sh∂v C-\nbpw
A-t\z-jn-®-dn-tb≠-Xm-bn-´m-Wp-≈Xv. Im-c-Ww, A-
h [m-Xq-kv-X-c-ß-fne√ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. `q-an-bp-sS
F√m hn-≈-ep-I-fnepw {`w-i-ßfnepw [m-Xp-°tfm
[m-Xq -kv-Xc-ßtfm Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂n√.
l-´≥ ]d-™ph-cp-∂-sX-¥m-sW-∂v k-Z- y-cn-

em¿-°pw ]n-Sn-In-ń-bn-s√-∂v {]-tXy-Iw ]-d-tb-≠-
Xn√-t√m. Aev-]-sa-¶nepw hy-‡-X e-`n-°p-sa-∂
{]Xo£-bn¬ kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ t{]-c-W sN-ep-Øn-
b-t∏mƒ A-t±-lw X-s‚ {]_‘w hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-
∂ ZuXyw Xp-Sßn. A-ß-s\ \o-≠ ]-Øp h¿j-
sa-Sp-Øv l-´≥ X-s‚ a-lm{K-Ÿw ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n.
1795˛¬ c-≠p hm-eyßfn-em-bn A-Xp {]-kn-≤o-I-
cn®p.
c≠pwIq-Sn tN¿-Øm¬ B-bn-c-tØm-fw t]-Pp-I-

fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p l´s‚ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn\v. ]-t£, G-
‰hpw tZm-ssjI-Zr-°p-Ifm-b kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ I-cp-
Xn-b-Xnepw tam-i-am-bn-cp-∂p B cN-\. t]m-cm-Ø-
Xn\v Cu ]p-kv-X-IØn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xnbpw {^-©v {K-
Ÿ-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-≈ D-≤-c-Wn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.4 ]-cn-`m-
j-s∏-Sp-ØmsX {^-©n¬-Ø-s∂ -At±l-w Ah
\¬-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ-°p
aq∂pw \mepw hm-ey-ßƒ Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
Bcpw hm-ßm-\n-S-bn-s√∂-XpsIm-≠v \o-≠p \o-
≠p t]mbn aq∂mw hmeyw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn®Xv
1899˛emWv.5 A-t∏m-tg-°pw l-´≥ a-cn-®v H-cp \q-
‰m-≠p I-gn-™n-cp∂p. \m-em-a-tØ-Xpw A-h-km-\-
tØ-Xpam-b hmeyw ]p-d-Øn-dßn-b-tX-bn√. G-
‰hpw Ipd-®p hm-bn-°-s∏-´ kp-{][m-\ ]p-kv-X-I-
ß-fpsS I-W-s°-Sp-Øm¬ B ]-ń-I-bp-sS ap≥-
\n-c-bn-ep-≠mhpw l´-s‚ ]p-kvXIw. A-SpØ \q-
‰m-≠n-se G‰hpw hen-b Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰pw \-s√m-
cp hm-b-\°m-c-\pam-b Nmƒ-kv enb¬t]mepw ]-
d™-Xv l´-s‚ ]p-kv-X-Iw hm-bn®p t\m-°m≥ X-
\n-°p I-gn-™n-s√-∂mWv.6
`m-Ky-Øn-\v l-´-s\m-cp t_m-kvsh√p-≠m-bn-

cp∂p˛˛tPm¨ tπ-s^b¿. F-Un≥-_-d- k¿-h-I-
em-im-e-bn¬ KWn-Xim-kv-{X s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp-∂
tπ-s^-b¿, l´-s‚ A-Sp-Ø kp-lr-Øm-bn-cp∂p.
a-t\m-l-c-am-sb-gp-Xm≥ I-gn-hp-≈-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-
t±lw. l-´-≥ ]-d-bm≥ {i-an-®-sX-s¥-∂p a-\ n-em-
°m\pw tπ-s^-b-dn\p I-gn-™-p. l-´≥ a-cn-®v A-
©p h¿-jw I-gn™v 1802˛¬ tπ-s^-b¿ l´-s‚
kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ a-‰p-≈-h¿-°p a-\- n-em-Ip-∂ `m-j-
bn¬ e-fn-X-am-b-h-X-cn-∏n®p-sIm-s≠mcp ]p-kv-X-I-
an-d°n. "C-e-kv-t{Sj≥kv Hm-^v Z l-t´m-Wn-b-≥
Xnbdn Hm-^v Zn F¿-Øv' F∂ B ]p-kvX-I-sØ
`q-hn⁄m-\Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ c-≠p ssIbpw \o-ń kzo-
I-cn-®p. C-∏-d™ `q-hn⁄m-\Ip-Xp-In-I-fp-sS
FÆw A-°m-e-Øv A-{X-b-[n-I-an√m-bn-cp∂p. ]-
t£, ÿn-Xn am-dp-I-bm-bncp∂p.
kam-\a-\-kv-I-cm-b ]-Xn-aq∂p t]¿ 1807˛se

ssi-Xy-Ime-Øv e-≠-\n¬ Ih‚ v Km¿-U-\nse
tem-Mv G-°-dn-ep-≈ {ô-ta-k¨ ¢∫n-sem-Øp
tN¿∂p.7 Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n F-s∂m-cp
ssU-\n-Mv ¢-∫n-\p cq-]w \¬-IpI-bm-bn-cp-∂p B
tbm-K-Øn-s‚ D-t±iyw. am-kØn-sem-cn-°¬ H-Øp-
IqSn Ht∂m ct≠m •m-kv "aZo-c' ho™v B-kz-
Zn-®v `q-hn-⁄m-\-Øn-se ]pXnb B-i-b-ßƒ ]-
¶p-hbv°p-I. F-∂n´p kulr-Zhn-cp-t∂m-sS ]n-cn-
bp-I. AXmbn-cp-∂p ssU-\n-Mv ¢-∫n-s‚ Im-cy-
]-cn-]mSn. _p-≤n am{Xw kº-Ømbp≈-h¿ skm-
ssk-‰n-bn¬ Aw-KXzw tX-Sp∂-Xp X-S-bm≥ hn-cp-
∂n-\p I-\Ø hn-ebpw \n-›-bn-®p—15 jn√n-Mv. `q-
hn-⁄m-\w ]-¶p-hbv°m≥ Ip-td-°qSn Hu-]-Nmcn-
Ikz-`m-h-ap-≈, ÿn-cw B-ÿm-\-ap-≈ kwL-S-\
th-W-sa-∂v ssh-Im-sX t_m-[y-ambn. skm-ssk-
‰n-bn¬ Aw-K-ß-fp-sS F-Æw 400 Bbp-b¿∂p. cm-
Py-sØ {]-ap-J im-kv-{XkwL-S-\ F-∂ \n-e-bn¬
A-Xv tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰n-sb a-dn-I-S-°p-sa∂ \n-
eh∂p.
\-hw-_¿ap-X¬ Pq¨h-sc Aw-K-ßƒ am-k-

Øn¬ c-≠p X-hW tbmKw tN¿∂p.8 th-\¬-°m-
ew ]-cy-th-£-W-ßƒ-°m-bn am-‰n-h-®p. aÆnepw
[m-Xp-°-fnepw {]-tXy-I Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≈-htcm A-
°m-Z-an-I ]mfin-Xytam D-≈-h-cm-bncp-∂n√ A-
h¿. CØ-c-sam-cp t\cw-t]m-°n-\p sN-e-hgn-°m≥
H-gn-hpk-a-bhpw k-º-Øp-w th≠-{X D-≠m-bn-cp-∂
am-\y-∑m¿. 1830 B-b-t∏m-tg-°v A-h-cp-sS F-Æw
745 Bbn. ssh⁄m-\nI N-cn-{XØn-se H-c-]q¿-
hkw-L-am-bn- A-Xp h-f¿∂p.
]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-se P-\-ß-fn¬ `qhn-

⁄m-\Xzc F-{X-am-{Xap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂ Im-cyw
C∂m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ hn-ja-
amWv. a-s‰m-cp im-kv-{Xim-J-bv°pw A-Xn-\p ap-
ºp≠m-bn-ń√m-Ø hn[w, C\n-sbm-cn-°-ep-am-Im-
Ø hn-[w A-∂-sØ-bm-fpI-sf AXmth-iw sIm-
≈n®p. t{K-hm-°v F-∂-bn-\w ]m-d-°√n-s‚ k-hn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ hn-hcn®p-sIm-≠v tdm-U-dn-Iv ta¿-®n-
k¨ 1839˛¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn® "Z kn-eq-dnb≥ kn-
kv-‰w' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-Iw NqS-∏wt]m-se-bm-Wv hn-‰-
gn-™Xv. l´s‚ ]p-kv-X-I-ß-sf-t∏m-seX-s∂ hm-
b-\ A-km-[y-am-°p∂ ssi-en-bn-segpXnb B X-
Sn-b≥ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-\v9 F-´p Kn-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p hn-
e. F-∂n-´pa-Xn-s‚ B-dp ]-Xn-∏n-d-ßn. ù-a-{]-Xn-`m-
k-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p-∂ {]-`m-j-W ]-c-º-c-bv°mbn
km-£m¬ Nmƒkv enb¬ A-ta-cn-° k-μ¿-in-®-
t∏mƒ t_mkv-‰-Wn-se e-h¬ C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-ń¬
3000 t]-cm-Wv t{im-Xm-°-fmbn X-Sn-®p-Iq-Sn-b-Xv.
tem-I-sa-ßp-ap-≈ Nn-¥-I¿ ho-ń-\p ]p-d-Ønd-

ßn ]md s]m-ń-®p Kthj-Ww \S-Ønh-∂ Im-
e-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. X-am-i-bm-b√, C-cp-≠ kyq-´pw
sXm-∏nbpw [-cn-®v A-XnKu-c-h-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu
]T-\{]-h¿-Ø-\w. HmIvkv-^-Un-se d-h-d‚ v hn-eyw
_-Ive‚n-s\-s∏m-se Nn-e¿ am-{X-am-Wv A[yb-
\th-j-Øn¬X-s∂ ]md s]m-ń-°m-\n-d-ßn-bXv.
`q-hn-⁄m-\ K-th-j-Wta-J-e-bn-te-°v B-I¿-

jn-°-s∏-´-h-cn¬ Akm[m-c-W hy-‡n-Iƒ ]-e-cp-
≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p t\c-tØ ]-
d-™ ta¿-®nk¨. Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ B-Zy ap∏-Xp
h¿-jw Ip-dp-°∑mscbpw ]-£n-I-sfbpw th-´-bm-
Sn t\-cw I-f-™bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw. sh-Sn-sh-
®p ho-gvØn-b Im-´p]-£n-I-fp-sS Cd®n Xn-∂p-∂-
Xn¬ B\-μw I-s≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂ A-t±-lw ssSw-
kv hm-bn-°m\pw No-´p-I-fn-°m-\p-ap-≈-Xn¬ I-hn-
™ _p≤n-ssh`-h-sam∂pw {]-I-Sn-∏n-®ncp-∂pan√.
]-t£, H-cp kp-{]-`m-X-Øn¬ A-t±-lw ]-£nI-sf
hn-´v ]m-d-I-fn¬ Xm¬-]cyw {]-I-Sn-∏n®p. H´pw ssh-
Im-sX `q-]T-\-Øn¬ A-Xn-Im-b-\m-bn amdn.
]n-s∂ tUm. sP-bnw-kv ]m¿-°n≥k¨. B-

ZyIme tkm-jy-en-kv-‰mbn-cp-∂ ]m¿-°n≥-k¨ c-
‡-c-ln-Xhnπ-hw F∂pw a-‰p-ap-≈ X-e-s°-ń¬
{]-tIm-]-\-]-cam-b eLp-te-J-I-fn-d-°n-bn-´p≠vv.
tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ {`m-s¥∂p tXm-∂m-hp-∂ H-cp
KqVm-tem-N-\-t°-kn¬ 1794˛¬ A-t±-lw {]-Xn-
tN¿°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.10 tPm¿-Pv aq-∂m-a≥ cm-
Pm-hns\ \m-S-I-im-e-bnse t_m-Iv-kn-¬h®v hn-jw
]p-cń-b Nm-´p-fn-sb-bv-Xp sIm√m-\p-≈ ]≤-Xn-
bmbn-cp-∂p A-Xv. {]nhyq Iu¨-kn-en-\p ap-ºm-sI
hn-fn-®ph-cp-Øn ]m¿°n≥k-s\ tNmZyw sN-bv-Xp.
G-Xm-bmepw A-t±lsØ Ip-‰-hn-ap-‡-\m°n sh-
dp-sX hn´p. tkm-jy-en-k-sa√m-ap-t]-£n-®v Ip-td-
°q-Sn bm-Ym-ÿnXnI \n-e-]m-Sn-te-°p amdn-b ]m¿-
°n≥-k¨ `q-hn-⁄m\o-bK-thjWw Xp-Sßn. Pn-
tbm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS ÿm-]-Imw-K-ßfn-
sem-cm-fmbn. "Hm¿-Km-\n-Iv dn-ssa≥-kv Hm-^v F
t^m¿-a¿ thƒ-Uv' F-s∂m-cp kp-{][m\ Pntbmf-
Pn ]p-kv-X-I-hp-sa-gp-Xn. A-c \q-‰m-≠p-Imew B ]p-
kvX-Iw hn-]Wn-bn¬ {]-N-cn®p. ]t£, Pn-tbm-f-
Pn- K-th-j-W-Øn-s‚ t]-cne√, hn-dhm-X-sa-∂v A-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´ H-cp tcm-K-sØ-°p-dn-®p \-SØn-b \n¿-
Wm-b-I K-th-j-W-Øn-s‚ t]-cn-em-Wv A-t±-lw
C∂v Hm¿-Ωn°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]n-∂oS-Xn-s‚ t]-cv ]m¿-
°n≥-k¨-kv tcm-Kw F-∂m-bn am-dn.11 (th-sdm-cp
_-lpa-XnIq-Sn kz-¥-am-bp-≠v ]m¿-°n≥-k-Wv.
tem´dn \-dp-s°-Sp-∏n-eq-sS Im-gv-N-_w-•m-hv kz-¥-
am°n-b G-I hy-‡n-bm-W-t±lw. e-≠-\n-se en-
kn-kvs‰¿ kv-Iz-b-dn¬ k¿ B-jv-‰≥ eo-h¿ \n¿-
Ωn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p B ayq-kn-bw. AXy-]q¿-hh-kv-Xp-
°-fp-sS ti-J-c-W-Øn-\m-bn Po-hn-X-ap-gn-™ph-®-
t∏mƒ At±lw ]m-∏-cmbn. ayq-kn-bw ssI-sbm-
gn-tb-≠nh∂p. A-XmWv \-dp-s°-Sp-∏n-eqsS ]m¿-
°n-≥k-Wp In-ń-b-Xv. 1805 h-sc ]m¿-°n≥-k¨
AXp kw-c-£n®p. ]-‰n-s√-∂p h-∂-t∏mƒ s]m-fn-
®phn-‰p.)
C-{X B-I¿-j-Iam-b hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-\p-S-a-bm-bn-

cp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw C-hsc-°m-sf√mw kzm-[o-\w sN-
ep-Øn-b-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p Nmƒ-kv en-b¬. l´≥ a-
cn-® A-tX h¿-jw F-gp]-Xp ssa¬ am-{X-aI-se
In-t∂m¿-Un {Km-a-Ønem-bn-cp-∂p Nmƒ-kn-s‚ P-
\\w. P-\n®-Xv kv-tIm-Sv-e‚n-se-¶n-epw sX°v lmw-
j-b-dn-se \yq t^m-d-kv-‰n-em-Wv Nmƒ-kv h-f¿-∂-Xv.
kv-tIm-Sv-e‚p-Im¿ A-e-kcpw a-Zy-]m-\n-I-fp-am-sW-
∂ ò-Xn-bn-emWv A-Ω aIs\ A-Isekp-c-£n-
Xam-sbm-cnS-Øp sIm≠p-t]m-bn h-f¿-ØnbXv.12
]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-se a-‰p im-kv-{X-⁄-sc-
t∏m-se B-h-iy-Øn-\p k-ºØpw _p≤ni-‡n-bp-
ap-≈ am-\y-\m-bn-cp-∂p Nmƒ-kpw. A—-s‚ t]-cpw
Nmƒ-kv F∂pXs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. I-hn Um-s‚-bp-
sSbpw tam-i-bp-sS-bpw Im-cy-Øn¬ ]-finX-\m-bn-
cp-∂p A—≥. A-—-\n¬\n-∂pX-s∂-bm-Wv Nmƒ-kv
en-b¬ {]IrXn ]T-\-Øn¬ B-Ir-„-\m-bXv. Hm-
Iv-kv-^-Un¬ h-®v d-h-d‚ v hn-eyw _Iv-e‚m-Wv
B sN-dp-∏-°mc-s\ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-bn-te-°p h-gn-Xn-cn-
®phn-´Xv.
{i-t≤-bam-b H-t´-sd t\-´-ßƒ-°p-S-a-bm-Wv _-

Ive‚ v. A-{XXs∂ {]-i-kv-X-am-W-t±-l-Øn-s‚ In-
dp-°p-I-fpw. H-cp sN-dp ar-Kim-eX-s∂-bp≠m-bn-cp-
∂p _-Ive‚ns‚ ho-ń¬. A-]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifm-b h-
\y-ar-K-ß-ƒ hońepw tXm-´-Ønepw kz-X-{¥-am-bn
hn-l-cn-®p. A-hn-sS\n-∂-h A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Xo≥-ta-
i-b-e-¶-cn-°m-s\Øn. _-Ive‚n-s‚ ho-ń¬ hn-cp-
∂n-s\-Øp-∂-h¿°p I-gn-°m≥ In´p-I Nn-e-t∏mƒ
s]m-cn-® ap-≈≥]-∂n-bmIpw. Nn-e-t∏mƒ Kn\n ∏-
∂n- h-c-ń-btXm Np-s≠-en- h-dp-ØtXm In´pw. s]-
cp-®mgn-sbm-gn-sI-bp≈ Po-hn-I-sf√mw kzm-ZnjvT`-
£y-h-kv-Xp-°-fm-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p _Iv-e‚n-s‚
]£w. ]-eX-cw Po-hn-I-fp-am-bp-≈ Cu kl-hm-
kw Imc-Ww as‰m-cp hnj-b-Øn¬Iq-Sn A-t±-lw
ssh-Z-Kv-[yw t\-Sn; Po-hn-I-fp-sS ImjvT-ß-sf∏-‰n-
bp-≈ ]T-\-Øn¬. ]-e ]-e Po-hn-I-fp-sS DW-°-
°m-jvTß-fpsS tiJcwsIm-≠p \n-d-™ Hcp ta-
iX-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p _-Ive‚n-s‚ ho-ń¬.
- kp-{]-[m-\ im-kv-{XK-th-j-W-ßƒ \-S-Øp-

tºm-gpw _-Ive‚ v Indp°≥co-Xn-Iƒ D-t]-£n-
®n√. H-cp Znh-kw A¿-[-cm{Xn A-t±-lw `m-cysb
D-d-°-Øn¬\n-s∂-gp-t∂¬-∏n-®n-´p ]-d™p:13 No-
tdm-tØ-dn-b-Øn-s‚ Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ B-a-bp-tS-Xn-\p
k-am-\-am-bn-cn°Ww. D-d-°th-j-w am-‰m-sX Ccph-
cpw A-Sp-°-f-bn-te-°p Ip-Xn®p. `m-cy am-hp Ipg-
®v ta-i-ta¬ hn-cn®p. dh-d-‚ v _-Ive‚ v ho-ń-se
B-a-sb-sb-Sp-Øp h∂p. Ip-g-® am-hn-eqsS Ba-
sb \-S-Øn-®v Im¬-∏m-Sp-Iƒ t\m-°n. A-¤p-Xw,
B Im¬-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v _-Ive‚n-s‚ ]T-\hn-j-bam-
b {]m-No-\Po-hn-bpsS t^m-kn-en-s‚ Im¬∏m-Sp-am-
bn km-ayw. Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ _-Ive‚ns\-sbm-cp
tImam-fn-bm-bm-Wv I-≠Xv. ]-t£, Nmƒ-kv enb-
en\p _-Iv-e‚n-s\ hen-b C„-am-bncp∂p. B-th-
iw ]-I-cp-∂ km-∂n-[y-am-bn _-Ive‚n-s‚ 1824-˛se
kvtIm-Sv-e‚ vbm-{X-bn¬ A-t±-l-tØmsSm-∏w t]m-
hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu bm{X-tbm-sS-bm-Wv tPm-en-
bp-t]-£n-®v `q-hn⁄m-\]T-\-Øn-\m-bn Po-hnXap-
gn-™p-hbv-°m≥ en-b¬ Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv.
Zq-c-°mgv-N H-´p-an√m-Ø-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p en-b¬.
G-Xm-s≠m-cp tIm-¶Æp-am-bn hf-sc {]-bm-k-s∏-´m-
W-t±-lw Po-hn-Xw I-gn-®Xv. H-Sp-hn¬ ImgvN ]q¿-
W-ambpw \-„-am-hp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. Nn-¥-bn¬ ap-
gp-Ip-tºmƒ H-cp Itkcbn¬ Imepw a-‰-Xn¬ D-
Sepwh-®v Ip-g-™n-cn-°pw A-t±lw.14 X-e I-
tkcbn¬h-®v F-gp-t∂-‰p \n¬-°p-I-bm-Wv en-b¬
F-∂mWv kplrØmb Um¿hn≥ Cu C-cp-∏n-s\
hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv. Nn-¥-bp-sS B-g-ta-dp-tºmƒ i-co-
cw h-f-™p-Ip-Øn C-cpI-tk-c-Iƒ-°p-an-S-bn¬
Bk-\w \n-e-Øp ap-´pw.15 e≠
- \n-se In-Mv-kv tIm-f-Pn¬ 1831 ap-X¬ 1833

h-sc Pn-tbmf-Pn s{]m-^-k-dmbn-cp-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬
e-nb-en-\v Hu-]-NmcnItPm-en-I-sfm∂pw D-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n√. C-°m-e-ØmWv "{]n≥-kn-∏nƒkv Hm-^v Pn-
tbmf-Pn' F-∂ {K-Ÿw cNn-°p∂-Xv. 1830 ap-X¬
1833 h-sc-bp-≈ Ime-Øv aq-∂p hm-ey-ß-fn-em-bn
]p-dØn-dßn-b Cu ]p-kvX-Iw H-cp X-eap-d ap-
ºv l-´≥ ap-t∂m-´p-h-® B-i-b-ß-fp-sS k-am-l-c-
Whpw hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. l´-s‚ ]pk-
vXIw en-b¬ hm-bn-®n-cp-∂n√. ]t£, tπ-s^-b-dn-
s‚ ]p-\-cm-Jym-\w a\- n-cpØn ]Tn-®n-cp-∂p.
l-´-s‚bpw en-b-en-s‚bpw Im-e-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v Pn-
tbm-f-Pn-bn¬ ]pXnsbm-cp hn-hm-Zw s]m-ń-∏p-d-s∏-
´p. ]-g-b s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-b≥˛πq-t´m-Wn-b≥ hnhm-Z-
sØ ]p-dwX-≈n-sbØn-b Cu hn-hm-Zhpw ]-g-b
hn-hm-Zhpw H-∂pX-s∂bm-sW∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-tc-sd-
bmWv. ]pXn-b G-‰p-ap-´-en-se hn-cp-≤ ]-£ßƒ
Zp-c-¥X-Øzhm-Zn-I-sf∂pw G-IXm-\X-Øz-hm-Zn-I-
sf∂pw A-dn-bs∏´p. s]m-Sp-∂-t\bp-≠m-Ip-∂ {]-
Ir-XnZp-c-¥-ß-ƒ Im-c-W-am-Wv `q-an C∂sØ \n-
e-bn-se-Øn-b-sX-∂m-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy-sØ Iq-´-cpsS
hm-Zw. s\]v-‰yq-Wn-Ãp-IƒX-s∂-bm-Wn-h-sc∂p sX-
‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Imc-Whpw A-XpX-s∂. {]f-
bwt]m-ep-≈ {]-Ir-XnZp-c-¥-ßƒ-°v `q-an-bp-sS N-
cn-{X-Øn¬ hen-b ]-¶p-s≠-∂p-≈ Cu hm-Zw _-
Ive‚n-s\-t∏m-ep-≈ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿-°v Xn-I®pw
kzo-Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ss_-_n-fn-se a-
lm{]fbsØ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-bp-am-bn _-‘n-∏n-°m-≥
C-X-h¿-°v A-h-k-c-taIn. F∂m¬ Im-e-{I-a-Øn-¬
a-μ-K-Xnbnep-≠m-b am-‰-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv `q-an C∂-
sØ \n-e-bn-se-Øn-b-sX-∂m-Wv a-dp]-£w hm-Zn-
®Xv. h-f-sc-°m-e-sa-Sp-Øm-Wv `q-an-bn-se am-‰-ß-
sf√mw kw-`-hn-®-sX-∂v A-h¿ ]-d™p. enb-en-s\-
°mƒ ap-ºv C-°mcyw ]-d-™ l-´-\m-Wv hm-kv-X-
h-Øn¬ Cu kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xmhv. F-∂m¬
l-´-s\-gp-Xnb-Xp hm-bn-®-Xn-s\-°mƒ F{Xtbm A-
[n-I-am-fp-Iƒ enb¬ F-gp-Xnb-Xv hm-bn-®p.16 AXp-
sIm-≠pXs∂ en-b¬ ]d™ Im-cy-am-Wv P-\a-
\- n¬ A-h-ti-jn-®Xv. B-[p\n-I `q-hn⁄m-\-Øn-
s‚ ]n-Xm-sh-∂ ÿm-\w Aß-s\ en-b¬ kz-¥-
am°n.
`q-an-bn-se am-‰-ßƒ ÿn-chpw G-IXm-\kz-`m-

h-ap-≈-Xp-am-sW-∂v enb¬ ]-d-™p. A-X-\p-k-cn-
®v `q-an-bn¬ ]-≠p \-S-∂ Im-cyß-sf Ct∏mgpw
\-S∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒh-®v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-
°m-\m-Ipw. enb-epw Iqćpw Zp-c-¥X-Øzkn-≤m¥-
sØ X-≈n-°-™p. D-∑q-e-\-sa-∂-sXm-cp XpS¿{]-
{In-b-bm-sW-∂m-Wv Zp-c-¥X-Øz-hm-Zn-Iƒ hm-Zn-
®Xv. \n›n-XImew I-gn-bp-tºmƒ A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈
Po-hnh¿K-sØ \-in-∏n-®v ]p-Xn-b Po-hn-Iƒ D-S-se-
Sp-°p-sa-∂-h¿ hn-iz-kn®p. I-fn I-gn-bp-tºmƒ ta-
i a-dn-®n-´v ]pXn-sbm-cp Ip-Øv No-s´-Sp-Øv I-fn Xp-
S-cp-∂Xp-t]m-se-sb-∂m-Wv17 Po-h -im-kv-{X-⁄≥
Sn. F®v. l-Iv-kven C-Xn-s\ I-fn-bm-°n-bXv. A-
dn-bm-Ø Im-cy-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ G-‰hpw
F-fp-∏h-gn-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu Zp-c¥hmZw. Ae-k-X
h-f¿-Øm\pw Pn-⁄m-k-bp-sS Iq-º-S-bv-°m-\p-ap-
≠m°nb G-‰hpw hen-b h-c-´p-hm-Z-sa-∂m-Wv18 en-
b¬ C-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv.
]t£, enb-en\pw t\m-´-∏n-i-Ip-Iƒ ]-‰n-bn-

cp∂p. ]¿-h-X\n-c-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂v
Xr-]v-Xn-I-camwhn-[w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ A-t±l-
Øn\p I-gn-™n√.19 am-‰-Øn-s‚ kq-N-I-ß-sf-∂
\n-e-bn¬ a-™p-]mfnIƒ-°p-≈ ]-¶v th-≠ co-Xn-
bn¬ I-W-°n-se-Sp-°m\pw A-t±-l-Øn-\mbn√. a-
™pbp-K-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ A-K-m n-kn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-
ßƒ A-t±-lw Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n√.20 G-‰hpw {]m-No-
\am-b ]p-cm-h-kv-XptiJ-c-Ønepw kkvX\n-I-fp-
sS A-h-in-„-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v A-t±-lw D-d-∏n-®p.
P-¥p-°-fpw k-ky-ß-fpw s]m-Sp∂t\ D-∑q-e-\-Øn-
\p hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂p-s≠-∂ kn-≤m¥hpw A-t±-lw
Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n√.21 k-kv-X-\n-Ifpw D-c-K-ßfpw a-’y-
ßfpaS-°w F√m Po-hn-h¿-K-ßfpw H-tc Ime-Øv
H-cp-an-®p Po-hn-®p-sh-∂-t±lw hm-Zn-®p. A-t±-l-
Øns‚ Cu hn-izm-k-ß-sf√mw sX-‰m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂v ]n∂oSp sX-fn™p.
Cß-s\ Nn-e ]n-i-Ip-Iƒ ]-‰n-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw
Pn-tbm-f-Pn-sb-∂ imkv{Xim-J-bn¬ enb¬ sN-
epØn-b kzm-[o-\-sØ∏-‰n F-{X ]-d™mepw A-
[n-I-am-hn√. "Z {]n≥-kn-∏nƒkv Hm-^v Pn-tbm-f-Pn'-
°v A-t±l-Øn-s‚ Pohn-XIme-ØpX-s∂ ]-{¥-
≠p ]-Xn-∏p-I-fn-d-ßn. C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-se `q-
hn⁄m-\]T-\ß-sfh-sc A-Xn-se B-i-bßƒ
kzm-[o\n®p. {]i-kv-X-am-b _o-Knƒ bm-{X-bn¬
Um¿-hn-s‚ ssIh-iw B ]pkvXI-Øns‚ B-
Zy ]-Xn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. \-Ωp-sS am-\-kn-I L-S-\-
sbØs∂ am-‰n-a-dn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv B ]p-kv-X-
I-Øn-s‚ a-lØz-sa-∂v Um¿-hn≥ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sN-bvXp. "enb¬ H-cn-°-epw I-≠n-ń√mØ
H-cp ÿ-e-sØ-Øn-bmepw \ma-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚
Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Im-WpI'˛˛˛-22Um¿-hn≥ F-
gp-Xn. en-b-en-s\- A-t±-l-sam-cp A-am-\p-j-\mbn
I≠p. A°me-sØ {]ap-J hy-‡n-Iƒs°m∂pw
A-°m-cy-Øn¬ A-`n {]m-bhy-Xym-k-an√m-bn-cp∂p.
D-∑q-e\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ B-i-b-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-
°m-\m-bn 1980I-fn¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ enb-en-s‚ kn-
≤m-¥-ß -fn¬ sNdn-b am-‰w hcp-Øm≥ {i-an-®-
t∏mƒ A-h¿-°p a-cW-sØ ap-∂n¬ Im-tW-
≠nh∂-Xv AXp-sIm-≠mWv. th-sdm-c-[ym-b-am-Wv
A°Y.
]t£, Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°v ]-e {]-iv-\-ßfpw ]d-

™p Xo¿-°m-\p-≠m-bncp-∂p. kwL¿-jc-ln-X-am-
bn-cp-∂n√, B X¿-°]-cnlm-c{i-a-ßƒ.
Xo¿∏pIev]n-°-s∏-´ Ime-sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-
bm-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]md-Isf X-cw-Xn-cn-®n-cp-
∂Xv. B Im-e-K-W-\-bpsS A-Xn¿-h-c-ºp-I-sf-
s®m√n ]-e-t∏m-gpw cq-£am-b A-`n-{]m-b`n-∂-X-I-
fp-≠mbn. A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰hpw {]-i-kv-X-am-Wv "a-
lm Un-thm-Wn-b≥ X¿-°w' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv.
"sskeqdnb≥' Im-e-tØ-sX-∂v tdm-U-dn-Iv ta¿-®n-
k¨ h¿-KoI-cn-® H-cp ]m-d "tIw{_n-b≥' Im-e-
tØ-Xm-sW-∂v tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn-se d-h-d‚ v B-Uw
skUvhn-Iv hm-Zn-®-tXm-sS-bm-Wv X¿-°-Øn-s‚ Xp-
S-°w. F-Xn-cmfnsb ta¿-®n-k¨ hr-Øn-sI-´ \m-
sb-∂p hn-fn-°p∂-Xph-sc-sb-Øn X¿°w.23
Cu X¿-°-sØ∏-‰n am¿-ń≥ sP. Fkv. dp-Uvhn-

°v F-gp-Xn-b "Zn t{K‰v Un-thm-Wn-b≥ tIm≥-{S-th-
gvkn' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-se A-[ym-b-ß-fpsS X-
e-s°-´p hm-bn-®m¬X-s∂ X¿-°-Øn-s‚ Nq-Sv A-
\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm≥ ]-‰pw. "am-\ykw-hm-Z-Øn-s‚ th-Zn'
F∂pw a-‰p-ap-≈ \n-cp-]-{Z-h-I-cam-b A-[ym-b-ß-
fn¬ Xp-S-ßp-∂ ]p-kvX-Iw ]-Xp-s°-∏-Xp-s° "t{K-
hm-°n-s\Xncm-b B-{I-a-Whpw {]Xn-tcm-[-hpw',
"]-c-kv-]cm-tcm-]-Wßƒ', "hr-ØnsI-´ Inw-h-Z-¥n-
Iƒ', "B-tcm-]-W-ßƒ ]n≥-h-en-°-s∏-Sp-∂p' Xp-
Sßn-b A{I-tam’p-I X-e-s°-´p-I-fn-te-°p am-
dp∂p. "sskeq-dn-b≥' Im-eØn\pw "tIw{_nb≥'
Im-e-Øn-\p-an-S-bv°v "Hm¿-tUm-hn-jy≥' F-s∂m-cp
Im-ew-IqSn tN¿-Øm-Wv 1879˛¬ Cu X¿-°-Øn-\p
]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°n-bXv.
Pn-tbm-f-Pn-bp-sS Xp-S-°-Ime-Øv G-‰hpw k-Po-

h-am-bn-S-s]´-Xv {_nójp-Im-cm-bn-cp-s∂-∂-Xp-sIm-
≠v B im-kv-{Xim-J-bn-e-[n-I-hpw {_n-ójv t]-cp-
I-fmWv. sU-h¨ F-∂ {_n-ó-jv {]-hn-iy-bn¬\n-
∂m-Wv "Un-thmWn-b≥' F-∂ t]-cp-≠m-bXv. sh-
bn¬-kn-s‚ tdm-a≥t]-cn¬\n-∂ph-∂-Xm-Wv "tI-
w{_n-b≥'. sh-bn¬-kn-se Nne tKm-{Xh¿-K-ß-
fn¬\n-∂mWv "Hm¿sUm-hn-jy≥', "sskeqdn-b≥'
Xp-Sßn-b t]-cp-Iƒ h-∂-Xv. Pn-tbm-f-Pnbp-sS hn-
Im-k-Øn¬ a-‰p cm-Py-ßfpw ]-¶p tN¿-∂-tXm-sS
A-∂m-Sp-Ifn¬\n-∂p-≈ t]-cp-I-fpw IS-∂ph-cm≥
Xp-Sßn. {^m≥-kn\pw kzn-‰v-k¿e‚n-\p-an-S-bn-ep-≈
Pp-d ]¿-h-X-ß-fn¬\n-∂m-Wv "Pp-dm-kn-Iv' F-∂
t]cp h-cp-∂Xv. s]¿av F-∂ d-jy≥ {]-hn-iy-
bn¬\n-∂m-Wv "s]¿-an-b≥' F∂ hm-°n-s‚ h-chv.
tNm-°v F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ em-‰n≥ hm°m-b "{Int‰-
jykv' kw`mh-\ sN-bvX-Xv sP. sP. Un-tbm-am-en-
bkv Unlm-tem-bv F-∂ cknI≥ t]-cp-≈ _¬-
Pn-b≥ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰mWv.24
Ime-sØ \m-em-bn Xn-cn-®m-bn-cp-∂p B-ZyIm-e

`q-hn⁄m-\]T-\w˛˛ {]m-Y-an-Iw, Zzn-Xobw, {Xn-
Xobw, N-Xp¿-Yw F-∂n-ß-s\. C-{X-bpw Ir-Xyamb
hn-`P-\w F-fp-∏-a√m-ØXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ A-Xv
A[n-IIm-ew \n-e-\n-∂n√. A-Xn¬ Nn-e-sXm-gn-hm-
°nbpw Nne-Xv ho≠pw ho≠pw hn-`-Pn-®pw K-th-
jI¿ ]pXn-b Im-e-K-W-\-bv-°p cq-]w \¬-In. {]m-
Y-an-I-sa-∂pw Zzn-Xo-b-sa∂pw t]-cn-´ Im-e-L-´-ßƒ
H-gn-hm-°-s∏´p. N-Xp¿-Y-Øns\ Nn-e¿ H-gn-hm-°n-
bt∏mƒ a-‰p-≈-h¿ \n-e-\n¿-Øn. H-∂n-t‚bpw aq-
∂mw L-´-sa-∂ A¿Y-Ønsem-∂p-a-s√-¶nepw {Xn-
Xo-bw am-{X-w \n-e-\n-∂p.
ssU-t\mkdp-I-fp-sS Im-e-Øn-\p ti-j-ap-≈
Im-e-L-´ß-sf hn-hcn-°m≥ enb¬ H-cpX-cw Im-
et{i-WnX-s∂ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p: sπ-bn-tÃmsk≥
(G-‰hpw A-Sp-Ø Imew), π-tbm-sk≥ (Ip-td-
°qSn A-Sp-Ø Imew), a-tbm-sk≥ (G-d-°p-sd A-
Sp-Ø Imew), Hen-tKm-sk≥ (Aev]w ASpØ Im-
ew). kn{¶W-kn-e-h-km-\n-°p-∂ hm°pIfm-Wv
A-t±-lw BZyw D-t±-in®Xv˛˛25 a-tbm-kn{¶-W-kv,
π-tbm-kn{¶-W-kv F-∂n-ßs\. F-∂m¬ d-hd‚ v
hneyw sh-sh¬ F-s∂m-cp {]ap-Jhy‡n `m-jm-
\n-b-a-ßƒ ImWn-®v CXns\ F-Xn¿-Øp. a-tbm-
Wkv, π-tbmW-kv Xp-Sßn-b t]-cp-I-fmW-t±-lw
\n¿t±-in-®Xv. c-≠n-\p-an-S-bn-se H-Øp-Xo¿-∏v F-∂
\n-e-bn¬ sk-\n-e-h-km\n-°p-∂ t]-cp-Iƒ h∂p.
C-t∏mƒ `q-hn-⁄m-\Ime-sØ \m-ev bp-Kß-

fm-bn hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-IbmsW-∂v km-am-\y-am-bn- ]-
d-bmw. {]ot-Iw-{_nb≥, ]men-tbm-tkm-bn-Iv ({Ko-
°v `m-j-bn¬ C-Xn-\¿-Yw ]-g-bIm-ePo-hn-Xw F-
∂m-Wv), antkm-tkmbnIv (a-[yIm-ePo-hn-Xw), kn-
t\m-tkm-bn-Iv (k-ao-]Im-ePo-hnXw) F-∂nßs\.
Cu \m-en-s\ ]n-s∂bpw ]tØm C-cp-]tXm D-
]hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bn hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p∂p. C-Xn-s\ Im-e-
ß-sft∂m hy-h-ÿ-sbt∂m hnfn-°p∂p. C-°q-´-
Øn¬ Nne-Xv hf-sc {]-i-kv-X-amWv. {I-t‰-jykv,
Pp-dm-knIv, {Sbm-knIv, sskeq-dn-b≥* F-∂n-
ßs\.
enb-en-s‚ Im-e-L-´ßƒ ]n-∂m-se h-∂p. sπ-

bn-tÃm-sk≥, a-tbmsk≥ F-∂n-ß-s\. G-‰-hp-a-Sp-
Ø, F-∂m¬ ]p-cm-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn kp{][m-\Im-
cy-ß-f-c-tßdnb B-d-c-t°m-Sn h¿-j-sØ am-{X-am-
W-t±-lw Cu hn-`-P-\-Øn¬ I-W-°n-se-Sp-ØXv.
]n-s∂ Ip-td-°q-Sn t\¿-Ø hn`P\w th-sd h-∂p.
L-´-ß-sft∂m Im-e-ß-sft∂m hn-fn-°p-∂ Cu
hn-`P-\w ]t£ hn-Nn-{Xÿ-e-\m-a-ß-fm-em-W-dn-b-
s∏-´Xv. Cen-t\m-bnb≥, sUkv-tam-bn-t\jy≥,
t{Im-bn-Iv-knb≥, In-Ω-co-Uv-Pn-b≥ F-∂n-ßs\.
CØ-cw Im-e \m-a-ßƒ \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p-s≠-∂m-
Wv26 tPm¨ a-Iv-ô ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. ]t£, t]-Sn-
t°≠, Pn-tbmf-Pn-bn¬ D-tZym-Kw t\-Sm\p-t±-in-
°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Cu t]-cp-Iƒ Po-hn-XØn-sem-
cn°¬-t]mepw \n-ßƒ-°p-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cn√.
B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ th-sd-bp-

ap≠v. H-tc Im-e-L-´Øn\v hS-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-
ep-≈ t]-cm-hn√, Nn-e-t∏mƒ bq-tdm-∏n¬. Ata-
cn-°-bn¬ "kn≥-kn-t\-j≥' Im-e-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-
Xv bq-tdm-∏n-se
* Chn-sS-bmcpw \nß-fpsS Hm¿a ]co-£n-°m-

s\m∂pw t]mIp-∂n√. F¶nepw `qhn-⁄m-\ob
Ime-L-´-ßƒ Hm¿Øn-cn-°-W-sa∂p \n¿_-‘-ap-
≈-h¿°v tPm¨ hn¬Ûv \n¿t±-in® Ffp-∏hgn
kzoI-cn-°mw—bpK-ßsf ({]o tIw{_n-b≥, ]men-
tbm-tkm-bnIv, satkm-tkmbnIv,
knt\mtkmbnIv) h¿j-Ønse EXp-°-fmbpw
Ime-ßsf (s]¿an-b≥, {Sbm-kn-Iv, Ppdm-kn-Iv)
amk-ß-fmbpw k¶-ev]n-°p-I.
"Bjv-Pney≥' Im-ehpw A-Xn-\p sXm-´p-ap-ºp-≈

"I-c-tUm-jy≥' Im-eØn-s‚ C-Øn-cn `m-Khpw
tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv.
A-Xp am-{X-a√ {]-iv\w. Hm-tcm ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-

Ønepw Hmtcm co-Xn-bn-em-Wo t]-cp-I-sf-gp-Xp-I. ]-
e te-J-I¿ ]-e co-Xn-bm-W-h-ew-_n-°p-∂Xv. k-ao-
]-]p-cm-N-cn-{X-sØ Nn-e¿ G-gp Im-e-L-´-ß-fmbn
hn-`-Pn-°p-tºmƒ a-‰p Nn-e¿ \mep-sIm-≠p Xr-]v-
Xn-s∏-Sp∂p. Nn-e ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ {Xn-Xo-b, N-Xp¿-
YZ-iI-sf am-‰n ]I-cw hy-XykvX ssZ¿-Ly-Øn-
ep-≈ "]men-tbmPn≥', "\n-tbm-Pn≥' Im-e-ß-fp-]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂p. a-‰p Nn-e¿ "{]o tIw{_nb's\ c-≠p
bp-K-ß-fm-bn hn-`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]p-cmX-\ "B¿-
ss°\pw' Ip-td°qSn ]pXn-b "t{]m-´-tdm-tkm-
bn°pw'. Nn-e-t∏mƒ "sk-t\m-tkm-bnIv', "an-
tkmtkm-bnIv', "]men-tbm-tkm-bn-Iv' Im-eß-sf
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn "^ms\-tdmtkm-bn-Iv' F-∂ ]-Zw Im-
Wmw.
Im-ehn-`-P-\-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-am-Wn-∏-d-™Xv. ]m-d-

I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ Im-ew am-{X-a√ hn-`-P-\-Øn-\-
Sn-ÿm-\w.27 hy-h-ÿ-I-fmbpw t{i-Wn-I-fmbpw L-
´-ß-fmbpw A-hsb hn-`-Pn-°m-dp-≠v. Ime-sØ A-
Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n BZyap-≠m-b-sX∂pw ssh-In-bp-
≠m-b-sX∂pw ]-d-bp-∂Xp-t]m-seX-s∂ AScpI-
sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n ap-I-fn-ep-≈-sX-∂pw Xm-sg-
bp-≈-sX∂pw A-h hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. F√mwIq-Sn
tI-´m¬ km-[m-c-W-°m¿ i-cn-°pw B-ib-°p-g-∏-
Øn-e-I-s∏-Spw. Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰p-Iƒ-°p ]-t£, A-
sXm-cp l-c-amWv. ]p-cmX\N-cn-{X-Øn-se H-cp B-
e-¶mcn-I \n-an-jm¿-≤-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ tcmjw-sIm-
≠p Xp-Sp-°p-∂h-sc Xm≥ I-≠n-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv28
"tIw{_nb≥'˛"Hm¿-tUm-hn-jy≥' Im-e-ßƒ X-Ωn-
ep-≈ hn-`-P-\-tc-J-sb-∏-‰n- C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬
G-sd-°m-ew \o≠ X¿°-sØ ]-cm-a¿-in-®v {_n-
ó-jv ]p-cmim-kv-{X-⁄≥ dn-®m¿-Uv t^m¿-ń ]-d-
™Xv.
Im-e-∏g-°w \n¿-W-bn-°m≥ A-Xym-[p\n-I am¿-

K-ßƒ \-Ωp-sS ap∂nep-≠n∂v. F-∂m¬ ]-sØm-
ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ Gdn-b]-¶pw Du-l-am-bncp-∂p
Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰p-I-fp-sS B-{i-bw. hy-Xykv-X ]m-d-
°√p-I-sfbpw t^m-kn-ep-I-sf-bpw A-h-bp-sS Im-
e-L-´Øn-s\m-Øv {I-ao-I-cn-®p hbv°m≥ A∂-
sØ K-th-j-I¿-°mIpam-bn-cp∂p. ]-t£, C-∏-d-
™ Im-e-L-´-ßfnsem∂n-s‚bpw ssZ¿-Ly-sa-{X-
sb-∂v A-h¿-°-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. H-cp ]p-cm-X\
Aÿn-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ Im-e-∏-g-°w \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂
hnj-bw _-Ive‚n-\p ap∂nse-Øn-b-t∏mƒ29 A-Xn-
s‚ {]mbw 10,000 h¿-j-Øn\pw A-Xns‚-sbmcp
]Xn-\m-bncw C-c-ń h-cp-∂ h¿-j-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-em-
sW-∂p ]-d-bm-t\ A-t±l-Øn\p I-gn-™p≈p.
Im-e-K-W-\-bv-°v B-[n-Imcn-I am¿-K-an√m-bn-cp-
∂p F-∂p ]-d-™-Xn\¿-Yw A-Xn-\mcpw {i-an-®n√
F∂√. ]-ecpw B -h-gn-°v kp-{][m-\{i-aßƒ \-
SØn. A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰hpw {]-i-kv-Xw N¿®vv Hm-^v
A-b¿-e‚nse B¿-®v _nj-∏v sP-bnw-kv A-j¿
1650˛¬ \-SØn-b K-th-j-W-amWv.30 ss__nfpw a-
‰p N-cn-{Xtc-JI-fpw Iq-ew-I-j-am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n-®-
ti-jw A-t±lw {]-Jym-]n®p˛˛˛{In-kv-Xp-hn-\v ap-ºv
4004˛m-am-≠n¬ H-tŒm-_¿ 23˛\v D-®-bv-°m-Wv `q-an
kr-„n-°-s∏-´Xv. "B-\¬kv Hm-^v Z Hmƒ-Uv sS-kv-
‰-sa‚ v' F-∂ _rl-Zv{K-Ÿ-Øn-em-W-t±-lw C-°m-
cyw {]-Jym-]n-®Xv.
A∂p-ap-X-en-∂ph-sc N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m-sc-bpw ]mT-

]p-kv-X-Ic-N-bn-Xm-°-sfbpw c-kn∏n-®pt]m-∂ {]-
Jym-]-\-am-WXv.*
A-j-dpsS Cu I-s≠-Ø¬ im-kv-{Xo-b\n-K-a-

\-sa-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ Gsd°m-ew, F-∂p-h-®m¬ ]-
sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠ph-sc, \n-e-\n-s∂-∂pw enb-
em-Wv B [m-c-W Xn-cp-Øn-b-sX-∂pw I-cp-Xp-∂-h-
cp≠v, Nn-e ]p-kv-X-Iß-fnepw Aß-s\ Im-Wmw.
Ão-^≥ tP Kpƒ-Uv 1980I-fn¬ {]-kn-≤oI-cn®
"ssSw-kv Btcm' F-∂ ]p-kvX-Iwt]mepw C-Xn-\p-
Zm-l-c-W-amWv. "en-b-ens‚ ]p-kv-X-I-an-dßpwh-sc
`q-cn-]-£-am-fp-Ifpw `q-an \-s∂ sN-dp∏-am-sW-∂
hm-Zw Aw-Ko-I-cn®p'31 F-∂m-Wv A-t±-l-sa-gp-Xn-b-
Xv. i-cn-bmbn-cp-∂n√ B hn-izmkw. "D¬-]Øn-bp-
sS B-e-¶mcn-I hym-Jym-\-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂ Im-eK-
W-\ B-[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw kzo-Im-cy-X-bp-ap-≈ H-cp
K-th-jI\pw tem-I-sØm-cn-SØpw ap-t∂m-´p-h-®n-
cp-∂n√'32 F-∂v am¿-ń≥ sP.Fkv. dp-Uvhn-Iv hy-
‡-am-°p∂p. H-∂mw Znh-kw ssZ-hw `q-an-bpw kz¿-
K-hpw kr„ns®-∂v ss_-_n-fn-se-hn-sSbpw ]-d-bp-
∂n-s√-∂m-Wv33 km-Xzn-I\m-b d-hd‚ v _-Ive‚
vt]mepw ]-d-™Xv. Xp-S-°-Øn¬ `q-anbpw kz¿-
Khpw kr-„n®p-sh-∂m-Wv ]-d-bp-∂Xv. B Xp-S-°-
Øn-\v e-t£m-]e-£wh¿-jw ssZ¿-Lyap-≠m-Im-
sa-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂p. A-XmbXv, \-Ωp-sS `q-
an-°v {]m-b-tasd-bp-s≠-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ B¿°pw
kw-i-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂n√. A-t∏mƒ ]n-s∂ F-{X
{]m-b-ap-≠v F-∂mIpw A-SpØ tNm-Zyw.
`q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°m-\p≈ sIm-≈m-

hp-s∂m-cp h-gn B-Zyw ap-t∂m-´ph®-Xv hn-Jym-X\m-
b F-Uva-≠v lm-en-bm-Wv. 1715˛em-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
`q-an-bn-se k-ap-{Z-ß-fn-ep-≈ D-∏n-s‚ sam-Øw A-f-
hns\ Hmtcm h¿-jhpw k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ sN-∂ptN-cp-
∂ D-∏n-s‚ A-fhp-sIm-≠v l-cn-®m¬ k-ap-{Z-ßfp-
≠m-bn-´v F-{X h¿-j-am-sb-∂v A-dn-bm≥ ]-‰pw. A-
Xn¬\n-∂v `q-an-bp-sS G-ItZ-i{]m-bw a-\- n-em-
°mw. C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p lm-en-bp-sS B-ibw. XnI®pw
bp-‡n-]-cam-b Bi-bwXs∂. ]-t£, temI-sØ
k-ap-{Z-ß-fn-en-∂p-≈ D-∏n-s‚ A-f-sh-{X-sb-∂v
B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√. Hmtcm h¿-jhpw Iq-Sp-X-emsb-
Øp-∂ D-∏n-s‚ A-f-hp-a-dn-bn√. AXp-sIm-≠pX-
s∂ B ]-co£-Ww {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn√.
`q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-a-f-°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-Zq-c-am-sb-

¶nepw im-kv-{Xo-b-sa-∂p ]-d-bm-hp-∂ B-Zy ]-
co£-Ww \-S-Ønb-Xv tPm¿P-kv eq-bn-kv se-
¢m¿°v tImav-sS Un _p^¨ F-∂ {^-©p-Im-
c-\m-Wv. 1770˛em-bn-cp-∂p AXv. `qan \-∂m-bn Nq-
Sv ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂p-s≠-∂ Im-cyw ap-tº A-dn-bm-hp-
∂-XmWv. I¬°-cnJ-\n-bn¬ C-d-ßn-s®-∂m¬ C-
°mcyw A-\p-`-hn-®-dn-bmw. F-∂m¬ Cu Xm-]hn-In-
c-W-Øn-s‚ tXm-X-f-°m-≥ hgn-sbm-∂p-ap-≠m-bncp-
∂n√. tKmf-ßƒ sh-ń-Øn-fßpwh-sc Nq-Sm-°n-
bti-jw X-Wp-°m-\-\p
* GXm-s≠√m ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw A-j-dn-\m-

bn ÿ-ew \o-°nhbv-°p-∂ps≠-¶nepw hn-i-Zmw-i-
ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ G-Im-`n-{]m-b-an√. A-t±l-w
Cu {]-Jym]-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xv 1650˛em-sW-∂p Nne
]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ Im-Wmw. A-Xv 1654˛em-bn-cp-s∂-
∂p ]-d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v. 1664˛¬ B-bn-cp-s∂-∂v hm-Zn-
°p-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-s≠-Ø-e-\p-k-
cn-®v `q-an-bp-sS D¬]-Øn H-tŒm-_¿ 26˛\v B-bn-cp-
s∂-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.
h-Zn®p sXm-´pt\m°n _p-^¨ A-Xn-\p-≈ am¿-

K-am-hn-jv-I-cn®p. A-Xphgn A-t±lw `q-an-bp-sS {]m-
bw I-W-°p-Iq-ń. 75,000 h¿jØn\pw 168,000
h¿jØn\p-an-S-bn-em-Wv `q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-sa-∂mbn-
cp∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-W-°pIq-´¬.34 \-t∂ Ip-
d™p-t]m-sb-¶nepw hn-π-h-I-cam-b H-cmi-bw A-
Xnep≠m-bn-cp∂p. a-X-hn-cp-≤Imcyw ]-d-™-Xn-\v
_p-^-Wn\v Du-cphne-t°¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂ òj-
Wn h∂p. {]m-tbm-Kn-I-hm-Znbm-b _p-^¨ B-
tem-Nn-°m-sX ]‰nb a-X-\n-μ-bv-°v DS≥ am-∏p ]-
d™p. ]-t£, ]n-∂oSp-≈ Fgp-Ønepw {]-`m-j-W-
ß-fn-ep-a-t±-lw ]gb hm-Zw k-t¥m-j-tØmsS B-
h¿-Øn-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ ]-Ip-Xn-bm-b-t∏m-tg-

°pw, `q-an-°v GXm\pw Z-ie£w -h¿-jw {]m-b-ap-
s≠-∂v A-dn-hp-≈-h¿ hn-iz-kn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. A-
Xv G-Xm\pw tIm-Sn h¿-jwh-sc-bm-Im-sa-∂p I-
cp-Xn-b-h-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ A-Xn-\p-a-∏p-dw
AXp t]m-Ip-sa-∂v Bcpw I-cp-Xn-bn√. AXpsIm-
≠pX-s∂ "H-dn-Pn≥ Hm-^v kv-]o-jo-kn'¬ Um¿-
hn≥ CXp kw-_-‘n®p \-SØn-b {]-Jym]-\w
F√m-h-scbpw sR-ń®p. sX-°≥ Cw-•-≠n¬
sI‚ v, k-k-Ivkv, k-td ta-J-e-I-fn-em-bn-°n-S-°p-
∂ sh¬-Uv {]-tZ-iw cq-]-s∏-´ `q-an-im-kv-{X{]-{In-
b- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im≥ X-s‚ I-W-°p-Iq-´-e-\p-k-cn-®v
306,662,400 h¿-j-sa-Sp-sØ-∂mWv Um¿-hn≥ ]-d-
™Xv.35 c-≠pIm-cyßƒsIm-≠v {i-t≤-b-am-bn-cp-
∂p Um¿-hns‚ Cu I-W-°v. H∂v A-t±lØn-
s‚ A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-Øn-s‚ Ir-Xy-XX-s∂.* `q-an-bp-
sS {]m-b-sØ∏‰n A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ [m-c-W-Iƒ Im-
‰n¬ ]-d-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p B IW-s°∂-Xm-Wv c-
≠ma-sØ Im-cyw. G-Xm-bmepw kw`-hw h≥- hn-
hm-Z-am-b-t∏mƒ "H-dn-Pn≥ Hm-^v kv-]o-jo-kn-'s‚
aq∂mw ]-Xn-∏n¬\n-∂v Um¿-hn≥ Cu ]cm-a¿-iw
F-Sp-Øp-I-f™p. ]t£, A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ D-≈n-s‚-
bp-≈n¬ B {]-iv-\w A-h-ti-jn®p. `q-an-bpsS {]m-
bw h¿-[n-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ Um¿-hn\pw
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ `q-an-im-kv-{Xkp-lr-Øp-°ƒ°pw
kwib-an√m-bn-cp∂p. A-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂ Im-cy-
Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p kw-i-bw.
Um¿-hn-s‚ I-„-Im-e-Øn\v Cu {]-iv-\w a-

lm\m-b sI¬-hn≥ {]-`p-hns‚ {i-≤-bn¬-s∏´p
(A-t∏m-f-t±-lw tem¿-Uv sI¬-hn≥ B-bn-ń√.
shdpw hneyw tXmw-k-WmWv. G-sd ssh-In
1892˛em-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-\v {]-`p]Zhn e-`n-°p-∂Xv.
A-t∏m-g-t±-l-Øn-\v 68 h-b- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, K-th-j-
W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw G-Xm-≠v A-h-km-\-
tØm-S-Sp-°p-I-b-mbncp∂p. F-¶nepw Rm-\-t±-l-
sØ ap≥Im-e {]m-_-ey-tØm-sS sI¬-hn≥ {]-
`p F-∂p hnfn°p-I-bm-Wv). ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-
≠n-se, A-s√-¶n¬ F-°m-esØbpwXs∂, A-km-
[m-c-W hy-‡n-Xz-ßfn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p sI¬-hn≥.
_p-≤nssh-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw B-i-bhy-‡-X-bp-
sSbpw Nn-¥m-ti-jn-bp-sSbpw Imcy
* G-I-tZ-i-°-W-°p-I-fn¬ Um¿-hn-\p hn-izm-k-
an√m-bn-cp-∂p. kw-Jy-Iƒ In-dp-Ir-Xy-am-b-mW-
t±lw {]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. Cw-•-≠n-se \m-ń≥-]p-d-Ø H-
tc-°¿ a-Æn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ a-Æn-c-I-fp-sS F-Æw
53,767 B-sW-∂v A-t±-lw H-cn-°¬ F-gpXn.
Øn¬ Xm≥ I-≠ G-sXm-cm-sfbpw _-lp-Zq-cw

]n-∂n-em-°pw sI¬-hn≥ {]-`p-sh-∂m-Wv P¿-Ω≥
im-kv-{X-⁄≥ sl¿-Ω≥ thm¨ slw-tlmƒ-Svkv
A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv.36 A-t±-l-Øn-\-S-Øp \n¬-°p-
tºmƒ Xm-≥ shdpsamcp a-c-°-j-W-am-sW-∂p
tXm-∂n-t∏m-hp-sa-∂m-Wv _p-≤n-i-‡n-bp-sS Im-cy-
Øn¬ tam-i-sam-∂p-a√m-Xn-cp∂ thm¨ \n-cm-i-
tbm-sS ]-d™Xv.
Im-cy-an-{X-tb-bp≈q, hn-tŒm-dn-b≥ Ime-Øv H-cp

A-Xn-am-\p-j-\m-bncp∂p sI¬-hn≥. "tdm-b¬ A-
°m-Z-an-°¬ C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-j'-\n-se s{]m-^k-dp-sS
a-I-\m-bn 1824˛¬ s_¬-^m-Ãn-em-bn-cp-∂p sI¬-
hn-s‚ P-\\w. A—-\v ]n-∂o-Sv •mkv-tKm-hn-te-°p
ÿ-ewam-‰w In-ń. A-hnsS A-]q¿-h {]-Xn-`-bm-bn
Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´ sI¬-hn-\v ]Ømw h-b- n¬
•mkvtKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ {]-thi-\w e-`n-®p.
sI¬-hn≥ e-≠-\nepw ]m-co-knep-ap-≈ {]-i-kv-X
ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬\n∂p ]Tn-®n-d-ßp-tºmƒ sI¬-hn-
\v C-cp]-Xp h-b-t -bp-≈p {]mbw. A-t∏m-tg-°-
t±lw tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn¬\n∂v _n-cp-Zw t\-Sn ( tIw-
{_n-Uv-Pn¬ K-Wn-X-Øn\pw Xp-g-®n-en\pw k¿-h-I-
emime \¬-Ip-∂ ]-c-tam-∂-X ]p-c-kv-Im-c-ßƒ
sI¬-hn-\m-bn-cp∂p. A-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ -]o‰¿)H-cp
kwKo-X A-°mZ-an ÿm-]n-°m-\pw A-t±-lw ka-
bw I-s≠-Øn.lu-kn¬ s^-tem-bm-bn Xn-c-s™-
Sp-°-s∏´p, {^-©nepw Cw-•n-jn-ep-ambn ip-≤K-Wn-
X-Øn¬ 12 auen-I {]-_-‘-ßƒ c-Nn-®p. ap-I-fn-
ep-≈-h¿-°v -37 Ccp{]-iv-\-ap-≠m-tI-s≠-∂p I-cp-Xn
I-≈-t∏-cn-em-W-h {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv.
]-Øn-c≠mw h-b- n¬ •mkv-tKm-bn-¬ \m-Nz-d¬

^n-tem-k-^n-bn¬ s{]m^k-dm-bn ÿm-\-ta-‰
sI¬-hn≥38 \o-≠ 53 h¿-jw B ÿm\-
ØpXpS¿∂p. ssZ¿-Ly-tadn-b ]T-\K-th-j-WIm-
e-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ (1907˛¬ 83˛mw hb n-em-Wv A-t±-
lw a-cn-®-Xv) sI¬-hn≥ {]-`p 661 {]-_-‘-ßƒ {]-
kn-≤oI-cn-®p. 69 t]-‰‚pIƒ I-c-ÿ-am-°n (A-h-
bn¬\n-∂v [m-cm-fw k-º-Øpw t\-Sn); H-∏w ùXn-
Iim-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ G-Xm-s≠√m ta-J-e-I-fnepw
Jym-Xn t\Sn. d-{^n-P-td-‰-dp-I-fp-sS I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-
Øn-te-°p \-bn-® am¿Kw \n¿-t±-in®-Xv sI¬-hn-
\mWv. tI-h-eXm-]w \n¿-W-bn-°m-\p≈ tXm-Xv
Xøm-dm-°n-b-X-t±-l-am-Wv (C-t∏mgpw sI¬-hn-s‚
t]-cm-W-Xn-\v). I-ºn-k-tμi-ßƒ I-S-en-\-°c-bv-°v
F-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ _q-Ãn-Mv kw-hn-[m-\w
At±l-am-hn-jv-Icn®p. sa-®-s∏-´ h-S°p-t\m-°n-b-
{¥hpw B-gw a-\- nem-°m-\p-≈ b-{¥-hpw Dƒ-
s∏sS I-∏¬ K-Xm-K-Xw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]-e kw-
hn-[m-\-ß-fp-am-hn-jv-I-cn-®p. {]m-tbm-Kn-IcwKsØ
I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fpsS Im-cy-am-Wn-∏d™Xvv.
ssk-≤m¥n-IcwK-Øv, ssh-Zyp-XIm-¥n-I-X-sb-
∏-‰nbpw Xm-]-K-Xn-IsØ-∏-‰nbpw {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚
Xcw-Kkn-≤m-¥-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ap-≈ K-th-j-Wta-J-e-
Iƒ°v A-t±-l-w \¬Inb kw-`m-h-\-Ifpw A-{XX-
s∂ hn-π-hm-flI-am-bn-cp∂p.* H-cp Ip-g∏-ta A-t±-
l-Øn-\p ]-‰n-bp≈p. `q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-
°p-∂-Xn-¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\p sX-‰p]‰n. Hu-tZymKn-
IPo-hn-X-Øns‚
*c-≠mw Xm-]-KXn-I\n-b-aw- (Second Law of

Thermodynamics) sI¬-hn-s‚ kw-`m-h-\-I-fn¬
{]tXyIw ]-cm-a¿-i-a¿-ln-°p∂p. A-tX∏-‰n hn-i-Z-
am-bn ]-d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ H-cp ]p-kvX-IwX-s∂ Fgp-
tX-≠n h-cpw. H-tc-ItZ-i[m-c-W In-´m≥th-≠n Np-
cp-°n-∏-d-bmw. c-k-X-{¥-⁄≥ ]n. U-ªyp.
c≠mw ]m-Z-Øn-em-W-t±-lw A-Xn\nd-ßn-∏p-d-

s∏-´Xv. ]-t£, b-Ym¿-Y IW°n-s‚ A-Sp-sØm-
∂p-sa-Øm≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\m-bn√. "am-Iv-an√≥-kv'
F∂ {]-ikv-X am-kn-I-bn-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn-
em-W-t±-lw B-Zy-am-bn C-Xn\p-≈ {i-aw Xp-S-ßn-
bXv. `q-an°v 9.8 tIm-Sn h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap-s≠-∂-t±-
lw ]-d-™p. ]t£, C-∏-d™-Xv c≠p-tIm-Sn h¿-
j-am-bn Ip-d-bm-\pw 40 tImSn h¿-j-am-bn D-b-cm-
\pw km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂v H-cp ap≥-I-cp-X-se-∂ \n-e-
bn¬ A-t±-lw ]-d-™p-h-®p. kr-„n-bp-sS I-e-h-
d-bn¬ Bcpw Im-Wm-sX In-S°p-∂ t{km-X pIƒ
I-s≠-Øn-bm¬ Cu IW-°pIq-´¬ sX-‰m-\n-S-
bps≠-∂pw A-Xn-hn\-bw \-Sn®p-sIm-≠v A-t±-lw
F-gpXn. F-∂m-e-Xn-\p km-[y-X-bn-s√-∂pX-s∂- D-
≈n-s‚-bp-≈n¬ A-t±-lw I-cpXn.
h¿-j-ßƒ I-gn-bpw-tXmdpw A-t±lw Ip-td-°q-

Sn kv-]-„am-b I-W°p-Iƒ A-h-X-cn-∏n®p. ]-t£,
A-h Ip-td-°q-Sn sX-‰p-am-bn-cp∂p. {I-a-Øn¬ `q-
an-bp-sS {]m-bw Ip-d®p-sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv sI¬-
hn≥ sN-bv-XXv. ]-camh-[n {]m-bw 40 tIm-Sn h¿-j-
am-Im-sa∂-Xv B-Zy-a-t±-lw 10 tIm-Sn-bm°n Ip-d®p.
]n-s∂ A-©p tIm-Sn-bm°n. A-hn-sS\n-∂Xv 2.4
tIm-Sn-bn-te-°p Xm-gvØn. a-\x]q¿-h-am-bn-cp-∂n√
Cu am‰w. A∂-sØ ù-Xn-I-im-kv-{XØn-s‚ kzm-
[o-\-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-\p ]n-∂n¬. kq-cy-s\-t∏m-se
hen-sbmcp tKm-fw F-cn-™p-Xo-cm-sX G-Xm\pw
tIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ-°-∏p-dw \n¬-°p∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-
∂v A∂-sØ im-kv-{X-Øn-\-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p.
AXp-sIm≠h¿ kq-cy\pw {K-l-ßfpw Xm-c-X-tay-
\ sN-dp-∏-am-sW-∂p-d-∏n®p.
]t£, H-cp {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. t^m-kn-ep-I-

fp-sS cq-]-Øn¬ h∂ sX-fn-hp-I-sf√mw Cu \n-K-a-
\-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m≠n-em-
sW-¶n¬ AØ-cw t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ [m-cm-fw In-´p-
IbpwsN-bvXp.
B-‰v-In≥-kn-s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬ "sam-Øw \m-ev \n-

b-a-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. A-Xn¬ aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xm-Wv
c≠mw \n-baw. A-Xm-Wv H-∂maXv X-øm-dm-°nbXv.
sk-tdm-Øv \nb-aw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ H-∂ma-sØ
\nb-aw B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p∂-Xv G-‰-hpw H-Sp-hn-epw. c-
≠m-a-tØ-Xm-Wv H∂mw \n-baw. aq-∂mw \n-ba-sØ
a-‰p \n-b-a-ß-fp-sS A¿-Y-Øn¬ H-cp \n-b-a-sa-∂p
hn-fn-°m-\m-In√.' F-¥p sNøptºmgpw Aev]w
Du¿-÷w ]m-gm-bn-t∏m-Ip-sa-∂v c≠mw \n-basØ
G-‰hpw Np-cp-°n-∏-d-bmw. F{X-am{Xw Im-cy-£-aam-
b D-]-I-c-W-am-sW-¶nepw Ipd-®v Du¿-÷w ]m-gm-
bn-t∏m-Ipw. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ A-\-¥-am-bn N-
en®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ H-cp-]-I-c-W-ap-≠m-°m≥ \-
ap-°m-hn√. Du¿-÷w \-„-s∏´v, Ip-td-°-gn-bp-
tºmƒ A-Xp \n-∂pt]m-Ipw. Du¿-÷w kr-„n-
°m≥ I-gn-bn-s√-∂m-Wv H∂mw \nb-aw ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
G-sX-¶nepw h-kv-Xp-hns‚ Xm-]-\n-e tI-h-e ]q-Py-
Øn-te-°v Xm-gv-Øm≥ I-gn-bn-s√-∂v aq∂mw \nb-
aw ]-d-bp∂p, F-ß-s\-bm-bmepw Aev-]w Xm-]w
A-h-ti-jn-°ps-a∂¿Yw. sU-\nkv Hmh¿ss_ ]-
d-™Xp-t]m-se Cu aq-∂p \n-b-aß-sf X-am-i-bv-
°v Cß-s\ ]-d-bmw˛˛˛(1)\n-ßƒ°v hn-P-bn-°m≥
I-gn-bn√, (2) k-a\n-e ]n-Sn-°m≥ I-gn-bn√, (3) I-fn
th-s≠-∂p hbv°m\pw I-gn-bn√.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 l´≥, k-c-k-am-bn kw-km-cn-°p-∂, kulr-Z
k-Z- pI-sf k-º-∂-am-°p-∂hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-\pSa: Un-
IvjvWdn Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-tbm-{K^n, hm-eyw10,
t]Pv 354˛6.
2 te-J-\ ]mS-hw F-s∂m-∂v A-t±l-sØ sXm-

´p Xo-≠n-bn-ń√m-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv: Uo≥, sP-bnw-kv
l-´≥ B≥-Uv Z ln-Ãdn Hm-^v Pn-tbm-fPn, t]Pv18.
3 Hm-bn-kv-‰¿ ¢∫v F-∂ _p-≤nPo-hn kw-L-Øn-

se {]-[m-\ Aw-K-ambn amdn-b l-´≥: a-Ivô, s_-
bv-kn≥ B≥-Uv sd-bv©v, t]-Pv 99.
4 ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xnbpw {^-©v {K-Ÿ-ß-

fn¬\n-∂p-≈ D-≤-c-Wn-I-fm-bncp-∂p: KqƒUv, ssSw-
kv B-tcm, t]-Pv 66.
5 \o-≠p \o-≠p t]mbn aq∂mw hm-eyw {]-kn-≤o-

I-cn®Xv 1899 emWv: HmƒUvtdm-bvUv, Xn-¶n-Mv F-
_u-´v Z F¿Øv, t]-Pv 96˛7.
6 Nmƒkv enb¬t]mepw ]-d™-Xv l´-s‚ ]p-

kv-X-Iw hm-bn-®p t\m-°m≥ X\n°p I-gn-™n-s√-
∂mWv: jv-\o¿ (FUn.), Sp-th¿-Uv- F ln-Ãdn Hm-
^v Pn-tbm-fPn, t]Pv 128.
7 kam-\a-\-kv-I-cm-b ]-Xn-aq∂p t]¿ 1807˛se

ssi-Xy-Ime-Øv e≠-\n¬ Ih‚ v Km¿-U-\nse
tem-Mv G-°-dn-ep-≈ {ô-ta-k¨ ¢∫n-sem-Øp
tN¿-∂p: Pn-tbmf-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n t]-t∏-gvkv,
F {_o-^v lnÃdn Hm-^v Z Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-
ssk‰n Hm-^v e-≠≥.
8 \-hw-_¿ ap-X¬ Pq¨ h-sc Aw-K-ßƒ am-k-

Øn¬ c-≠p X-hW tbm-Kw tN¿∂p: d-Uvhn-Iv, Z
t{K-‰v Un-thm-Wn-b≥ tIm-¨{S-th-gvkn, t]Pv 25.
9 hm-b-\ A-km-[y-am-°p∂ ssi-en-bn-se-gpXnb

B X-Sn-b≥ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-\v : {Sn-t¶m-kv B≥-Uv
jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬kv, t]Pv 28.
10 tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ {`m-s¥-∂p tXm-∂m-hp-∂ H-

cp KqVm-tem-N-\-t°-kn¬ 1794˛¬ A-t±-lw {]-Xn-
tN¿-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp: Im-Uv-_dn, sS-dn-_vƒ
en-km¿Uv, t]-Pv 39.
11 ]n-∂o-S-Xn-s‚ t]-cv ]m¿-°n≥-k¨-kv tcm-Kw
F-∂m-bn am-dn: UnIvjvWdn Hm^v \m-j-W¬ _-
tbm-{K^n, hm-eyw 15, t]-Pv 314˛15.
12 kv-tIm-Sv-e≥-Up-Im¿ A-e-kcpw a-Zy-]m-\n-I-

fp-am-sW-∂ ò-Xn-bn-emWv A-Ω aIs\ A-I-se-
kp-c-£n-Xam-sbm-cnS-Øp sIm≠p-t]m-bn h-f¿-Øn-
bXv: {Sn-t¶m-kv B≥Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-≠¿-
Xm¬kv, t]-Pv 26
13 H-cp Znh-kw A¿-[-cm{Xn A-t±-lw `m-cy-sb

D-d-°-Øn¬\n-s∂-gp-t∂¬-∏n-®n´p ]-d™p: A-
∂m≥, Z tUm¨kv, t]-Pv 27.
14 Nn-¥-bn¬ ap-gp-Ip-tºmƒ H-cp I-tk-c-bn¬

Imepw a-‰-Xn¬ D-Sepw sh-®v Ip-g™n-cn-°pw A-
t±lw: {Sn-t¶mkv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-≠¿-
Xm¬kv, t]-Pv
30. 15 Nn-¥-bp-sS B-g-ta-dp-tºmƒ i-co-cw h-f-

™p-Ip-Øn C-cp I-tk-c-Iƒ-°p-an-Sbn¬ Bk-\w
\n-e-Øp ap-´pw: sU-kva-≠v B≥-Uv aq¿, Um¿-hn≥,
t]-Pv 202.
16 F-∂m¬ l-´-s\-gp-Xnb-Xp hm-bn-®-Xn-s\-
°mƒ F{Xtbm A-[n-I-am-fp-Iƒ enb¬ F-gp-Xnb-
Xv hm-bn-®p: jv-\o¿ (FUn.), Sp-hm¿-Uv F lnÃdn
Hm-^v Pn-tbm-f-Pn, t]-Pv 139.
17 I-fn I-gn-bp-tºmƒ ta-i a-dn-®n-´v ]pXn-sbm-cp

Ip-Øv No-s´-Sp-Øv I-fn Xp-S-cp∂Xp-t]m-se-sb-∂m-
Wv : ¢m¿°v, Z l-Iv-k-eokv, t]-Pv 48.
18 Ae-k-X h-f¿-Øm\pw Pn-⁄m-k-bp-sS Iq-

º-S-bv-°m-\p-ap-≠m°n-b G-‰hpw hen-b h-c-´p-hm-Z-
sa-∂m-Wv: KqƒUv, ssU-\-tkm¿ C≥ F tl-kv-
‰m°v, t]-Pv 167.
19 ]¿-h-X\n-c-Iƒ cq]s∏Sp∂sXßs\sb-∂v
Xr-]v-Xn-I-camwhn-[w hni-Zo-I-cn°m≥ A-t±-l-Øn-
\p I-gn-™n√: lm-ew, t{K-‰v Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
tIm¨-{Sth-gv-kokv, t]-Pv 135.
20 lnabp-K-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ AKmkn-kn-s‚ kn-

≤m-¥-ßƒ A-t±-lw AwKo-I-cn®n√: KqƒUv, F-
h¿kn≥-kv Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 151.
21 P-¥p-°-fpw k-ky-ß-fpw s]m-Sp∂t\ D-∑q-e-
\-Øn-\p hn-t[-b-am-Ip∂p-s≠-∂ kn-≤m-¥hpw A-
t±-lw Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n√: Ãm≥en, F-Iv-Ãn-Mvj≥,
t]-Pv 5.
22 enb¬ H-cn-°-epw I-≠n-ń√m-Ø H-cp ÿ-e-

sØ-Øn-bmepw \ma-Xv A-t±-lØn-s‚ Im-gv-N-∏m-
Sn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Im-Wp-I: jv-\o¿ (FUn.), Sp-hm¿Uv
F lnÃdn Hm-^v Pn-tbm-f-Pn, t]-Pv 288.
23 F-Xn-cm-fn-sb ta¿-®n-k-¨ hr-Øn-sI-´ \m-

sb-∂p hn-fn-°p∂-Xph-sc-sbØn X¿°w: dp-Uvhn-
°v, Zn t{K-‰v Un-thm-Wn-b≥ tIm≥-{S-th-gvkn, t]-Pv
194.
24 sP. sP. Un-tbm-am-en-bkv Unlm-tem-bv F-

∂ c-knI≥ t]-cp-≈ _¬-Pn-b≥ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰m-
Wv: a-Ivô, C≥ k-kv-s]-Œv sS-d-bn≥, t]-Pv 190.
25 kn{¶W-kn-e-h-km-\n-°p-∂ hm°pIfm-Wv
A-t±-lw BZyw D-t±-in-®-Xv: tP¿kv-‰≥, Z ¢m-kn-
Ivkv Hm-^v k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 305.
26 -CØ-cw Im-e\m-a-ßƒ \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p-s≠-
∂m-Wv: a-Ivô, C≥ k-kv-s]-Œv sS-d-bn≥, t]-Pv 50.
27 ]m-d-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ Im-ew am-{X-a√ hn-`-

P-\-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w: ]h¬, ss\‰v Iw-kv Sp Z {In-
t‰-jykv, t]-Pv 200.
28 ]p-cmX\ N-cn-{X-Øn-se H-cp B-e-¶mcn-I \n-

an-jm¿-≤-Øn-s‚ t]cn¬ tcmjwsIm-≠p Xp-Sp-°p-
∂h-sc Xm≥ I-≠n-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv: t^m¿ń, ss{S-
tem-ss_‰v, t]-Pv 238.
29 H-cp ]p-cm-X-\ A-ÿn-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ Im-e-∏-g-

°w \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂ hnjbw _Ive‚n\p ap-∂n-
se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ: Im-Uv-_-dn, sS-dn-_vƒ en-km¿Uv,
t]-Pv 149.
30 A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰hpw {]-i-kv-Xw N¿®vv Hm-^v

A-b¿-e‚n-se B¿-®v _nj-∏v sPbnw-kv A-j¿
1650˛¬ \-SØn-b K-th-j-W-am-Wv: KqƒUv, Fbn-‰v
en-‰v¬ ]n§okv, t]-Pv 185.
31 en-b-ens‚ ]p-kv-X-I-an-dßpwh-sc `q-cn-]-£-
am-fp-Ifpw `q-an \-s∂ sN-dp-∏-amsW-∂ hm-Zw Aw-
Ko-I-cn®p: Kqƒ-Uv, ssSw-kv B-tcm, t]-Pv 114.
32 DXv]-Ønbp-sS B-e-¶mcn-I hym-Jym-\-Øn¬-

s∏-Sp-∂ Im-eK-W\ B-[n-Imcn-I-Xbpw kzo-Im-cy-
X-bp-ap-≈ H-cp K-th-j-I\pw tem-I-sØm-cn-SØpw
ap-t∂m´p-sh-®n-cp-∂n√: dp-Uvhn-°v, Zn t{K-‰v Un-thm-
Wn-b≥ tIm≥-{S-th-gv-kn, t]-Pv 42.
33 H-∂mw Znh-kw ssZ-hw `q-an-bpw kz¿-K-hpw

kr-„n-s®-∂v ss_-_n-fn-se-hn-sSbpw ]-d-bp-∂n-s√-
∂m-Wv : Im-Uv-_-dn, sS-dn-_vƒ en-km¿Uv, t]-Pv
192.
34 75,000 h¿jØn\pw 168,000 h¿jØn\p-an-

S-bn-em-Wv `q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-sa-∂ At±l-Øn-s‚
I-W-°pIq-´¬: lm-ew, t{K-‰v Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
tIm¨-{S-th-gv-kokv, t]-Pv 105, s^-dnkv, I-anMv Hm-
^v F-bv-Pv C≥ Z an¬In th, t]-Pv 246˛7.
35 `q-an-im-kv{X{]-{In-b- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im≥ X-s‚

I-W-°p-Iq-´-e-\p-k-cn®v 306,662,400 h¿-j-sa-Sp-sØ-
∂mWv Um¿-hn≥ ]-d-™-Xv: sP¿-Ã≥, Z ¢m-kn-
Ivvkv Hm-^v k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 335.
36 P¿-Ω≥ im-kv-{X-⁄≥ sl¿-Ω≥ thm¨

slw-tlmƒ-Sv-kv A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv: t{Im-∏¿, t{K-‰v
^n-kn-kn-Ãv-kv, t]-Pv 78.
37 {^-©nepw Cw-•n-jn-ep-ambn ip-≤K-Wn-X-

Øn¬ 12 auen-I {]-_-‘-ßƒ c-Nn®p. ap-I-fn-ep-
≈-h¿-°v {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-tI-s≠-∂p I-cp-Xn I-≈-t∏-
cn-em-W-h {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv: t{Im-∏¿, t{K-‰v ^n-kn-
kn-Ãv-kv, t]-Pv 79.
38 C-cp-]-Øn-c≠mw h-b- n¬ •mkv-tKm-bn-¬ \m-

Nz-d¬ ^n-tem-k-^n-bn¬ s{]m-^-k-dm-bn ÿm-\-
ta-‰ sI¬-hn≥: Un-IvjvWdn Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-
tbm{K^n, k-πn-sa‚ v, 1901˛1911, t]-Pv 508.
A[ymbw 6
imkv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]√pw \-Jhpw

\yqP-gv-kn-bn-se hp-Uv_-dn {Io-°v F-∂
ÿesØ A-cp-hn-°-c-bn¬\n-∂v 1787˛¬ GtXm
H-cmƒ-°v H-cp òa≥ Xp-S-sb√p Inń. A∂pI-≠p
]-cn-N-b-ap≈ Po-hn-I-fptS-sXm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ B
Aÿn. \yq-P-gvkn-bn¬ AØ-c-sam-cp Po-hn-bn-s√-
∂v G-Xm-bmepw D-d-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ ]-cn-an-
Xam-b A-dn-hph-®v B F√vv lm-s{Um-ku¿ F-
∂ Xm-dm-®p≠≥ ssU-\-tkm-dnt‚-XmWv. A-∂p-
]t£ ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ A-⁄m-X-ambncp∂p.
\-Zn-°-c-bn¬\n-∂p Inńb B F√v A-∂v cm-

Py-sØ G-‰hpw hen-b i-co-c-im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn-
cp-∂ tUm. Im-kv-]¿ hn-Ã-dn-\-m-Wv Ab®p -sIm-
SpØXv. A-t±lw B i-c-Xv-Im-e-Øn¬ ^n-em-U¬-
^n-b-bn¬ \-S-∂ Ata-cn-°≥ ^n-tem-k-^n-°¬
skm-ssk-‰n tbm-K-Øn¬ B I-s≠-Ø¬ hnh-
cn-®p.1 I-„-sa-∂√m-sX F-¥p ]-d-bm≥ A-Xns‚
{]m-[m-\yw tUm. Im-kv-]-dn-\p a-\- n-em-bn-cp∂n√.
hf-sc hen-sbm-cp I-s≠-Ø-em-Wn-Xv Fs∂ms°
At±-lw X-ń-hn´p. ]t£, AXn-sem-Xp-ßn Im-
cyßƒ. hfsc hen-sbm-c-h-k-c-am-Wv Xm≥ \-„-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b-sX-∂v Im-kv-]-¿ A-dn-™n√. B-Zy-
ambn, F-∂ph-®m¬ a-‰m-sc-¶nepw I-s≠-Øp-∂-
Xn\v A-c \q-‰m≠paptº ssU-\-tkmdn-s\ I-s≠-
Øn-b Bƒ F-∂ _-lpa-Xn t\-Sm\p-≈ A-h-
kcw. B-cnepw h-en-b Xm¬-]cy-sam∂pw P-\n-∏n-
°mØ B A-ÿn Btcm H-cp kv-t‰m¿dq-an¬
sIm-≠n-´p. A-[n-Iw I-gnbpw apº-Xv A-{]-Xy£-am-
hp-IbpwsN-bvXp. Aß-s\ tem-I-Øn¬ BZyw I-
s≠-Ønb ssU\tkm-dn-s‚ F√v "BZyw Im-Wm-
sX t]m-b ssU-\-tkm-dn-s‚ F√v' F-∂ _-lpa-
XnIq-Sn I-c-ÿ-am°n.
C-{Xbpw {]m-[m-\y-ap-s≈mc-ÿn A∂p {i-≤n-

°-s∏-Sm-sX t]mbn F∂-Xn¬ hen-sbm-cp ssh-
cp[yw th-sd-bp-ap-≠v. h-º≥ ar-K-ß-fp-sS ]pcmX-
\m-h-in-„-ßƒ I-s≠-Øm-\m-bn A-ta-cn-°-bn-se-
ºmSpw A-t\z-j-Wßƒ sIm-Sp-ºn-cns°m-≠n-cn-
°p-∂ Im-e-Øm-Wv C-{Xbpw hen-sbm-cp I-s≠-
Ø¬ A-h-K-Wn-°-s∏-´-Xv. ar-Km-h-in-„-ßƒ-°m-
bp-≈ th-´-Iƒ-°p ]n-∂n¬ th-sdm-cp I-Y-bp≠v.
{^-©v Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ tIm-av-sS Un _p-^-
Wn-s‚ (I-gn-™ A-[ym-b-Øn¬ tKm-f-ßƒ Nq-
Sm-°n `q-an-bp-sS {]mbw \n¿-W-bn-°m≥ {i-an-®-
bmƒXs∂) hn-Nn-{Xhpw {]-tIm-]-\-]-c-hpamb Hcp
hm-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-\p ]n-∂n¬.2 C∂-sØ tem-I-
Øp-≈ Po-hn-Iƒ ]gbIme-sØ Po-hnI-sf A-t]-
£n-®v Xm-WX-c-Øn¬s]-´-h-bm-sW-∂v "lnÃdn
\m-Nzdte' F-∂ hn-Jym-X ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ A-t±-
lw ]-d-™p. H-gp-°n√m-Ø \o¿-s°-´p-Ifpw h-f-
°q-dn√m-Ø a-Æp-ap-≈ A-ta-cn-°-bnse Po-hn-Iƒ-
°v h-en-∏hpw I-cpØpw Ip-d-hm-sW-∂pw A-t±-lw
hm-Zn-®p.
AgpInb N-Xp-∏p\n-e-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-b-cp-∂ B-
hnbpw sh-bn-se-Øm-Ø h\ -ß-fpw A-ta-cn-°-
bnse ar-K-ß-fp-sS i-co-cL-S-\ Zp¿-_-e-am-°p-∂p.
CØcsam-c-¥-co-£w Imc-Ww BZn-a\n-hm-kn-
Ifm-b A-ta-cn-°≥ C-¥y-°m¿°pt]mepw th≠
]u-cp-j-an√. Xm-Sn-ao-itbm i-co-c-Øn¬ tcm-atam
Ah¿°n√. F-¥n-\v kv-{Xo-I-tfmSv A-`n-\n-th-
iwt]mep-an√. A-h-cpsS ssewKnIm-h-b-h-ßƒ \-
s∂ sN-dp-Xm-Wv˛˛˛_p-^¨ hn-[n Iev-]n®p.
A-¤p-X-sa-∂√m-sX-¥p ]-d-bm≥, _p-^-Wns‚

Cu hm-Zß-sf ]n¥pW-bv°m≥ ]-e-cp-ap-≠m-bn.
C-Xn¬]-d-bp-∂ h-≥-I-c- t\-cn¬ I-≠n´p-
t]mepan√ F-∂Xp-sIm-≠v A-h¿-°o \n-K-a-\-ß-
fn-se-Øm≥ F-fp-∏-hp-ambn. tIm¿-tW¬ Un ]u
F-∂ U-®p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-°q-´-Øn¬ H-cmƒ.3
_p-^-Wn-s\-°mƒ H-cp ]-Sn-Iq-sS IS-∂p A-t±lw.
A-ta-cn-°≥ C-¥y°m-cn-se B-Wp-ßƒ°v ssew-
Kn-Im-I¿-j-IXzw Ip-d-hm-Wv. BW-Øw Ip-d-hmb-
Xp Imc-Ww A-h-cn-se B-Wp-ß-fp-sS ap-e-I-ƒ
]m¬ Np-c-ØpI-Iq-Sn sN-øp-∂p-≠v˛˛˛˛]u ]-d-
™p-h-®p. G-sd-°m-ew \n-e-\n∂p Cu hmZw. bq-
tdm-∏n-se ]-e F-gp-Øp-Imcpw A-h G-‰p-]n-Sn-®p.
]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\wh-sc A-h
]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp.
kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw Cu A-[n-t£]-sØ A-ta-cn-

°-°m¿ tcm-j-tØmsS t\-cn´p. A-Xn-s\ cq-£-
am-sb-Xn¿Øp-sIm-≠v tXma-kv sP-t^-gv-k¨
"t\mSvkv Hm¨ Z kv-t‰‰v Hm-^v sh¿-Pn-\n-b'-bn¬
a-dphm-Z-ßƒ \n-cØn. AXp-sIm≠-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-
sX A-t±-lw kp-lr-Øm-b P-\-d¬ tPm¨ k-≈n-
h-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS C-cp]-Xv ssk-\nI-sc Im-
ń-te-°-b®p. H-cp B¨ I-S-am-\n-s\-∏n-Sn-®v _p^-
Wp sIm-Sp-Ø-b-bv-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-ta-cn-
°≥ \m¬-°m-en-I-fp-sS I-cp-Øpw- h-en-∏hpw
Aß-s\ temIsØ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂-t±-
lw I-cpXn. c-≠m-gvN-sØ A-t\z-j-WØn-s\mSp-
hn¬ ]‰n-sbm-cp I-S-am-\n-s\ A-h¿ sh-Sn-sh-®n´p.
]t£, H-cp Ip-g-∏w˛˛˛sPt^-gv-k¨ ]-d™-{X
Kmw-ò-cy-ap≈ sIm-ºv B I-S-am-\n-\n√m-bncp-∂p.
k≈n-h≥ H-cp _p-≤n I-≠p-]n-Sn®p. H-cp a-e-am-\n-
s‚ sIm-sº-SpØv CXn-t\m-Sp tN¿-°mw. {^m≥-
kn-en-cn-°p-∂ _p-^-Wv A-sX-ß-s\ a\- n-em-Im-
\mWv?
A-t∏mƒ hn-kv-‰-dn-s‚ \mSm-b ^n-em-U¬^n-b-

bn¬ Po-h-im-kv-{X⁄¿ H-c⁄m-XPo-hn-bp-sS
Aÿn-Iƒ Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-°p-∂ ]-Wn-bnembn-
cp∂p. ò-a≥ B-\-sb-t∏m-se tXm-∂n® B Po-
hn-°v B-Zyw s{K-bv-‰v A-ta-cn-°≥ C≥-sIm-·n-‰w
F-∂m-Wv t]-cn-´-Xv. A-Xv ama-Øv AY-hm a-lm-
Z-¥n-bm-sW-∂v (]q¿-W-ambpw i-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-
¶nepw) ]n-∂o-Sv Xncn®-dn™p. sI‚-°n-bn-se _n-
Kv t_m¨ en-°v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´ ÿeØp\n∂m-
Wv A-°q-´-Øn-em-Zy-sØ F√p In-ń-bXv. ssh-Im-
sX a-‰n-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw F√n≥I-j-W-ß-sf-Øm≥
Xp-S-ßn. A-tXm-sS H-cp Im-cy-ap-d-∏mbn. A-h-K-Wn-
°m-\m-Im-Ø-hn-[w h-en-∏-ap-≈ Kw-ò-cPo-hn-I-fp-sS
P-∑-ÿ-eam-bn-cp-∂p A-ta-cn-°. _p-^-Wn-s‚ A-
kw-_-‘kn-≤m-¥w sX-s‰-∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ A-
Xp a-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p.
Cu ò-a-\m-\-bp-sS h-en-∏hpw {Iu-cyhpw t_m-

[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A-tacn-°≥ Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄¿
Aan-tXm-’m-lw Im-Wn®p. IW-°pIq-ń
IW°pIqń A-Xn-s‚ h-en-∏w i-cn-°p-≈-Xn-s‚
B-dn-c-ńh-sc-sb-Øn®p. ò-a\m-\-bv°v t]-Sn-∏n-°p-
∂ \-J-ßƒ \¬In. k-ao]-Øp\n-∂p Inń-b
"saKmtem-\n-Iv-kv' F∂ a-s‰m-cp k-kv-X-\n-bp-sS
\-J-am-Wv A-Xn-\-h¿ h®psIm-Sp-ØXv. I-Sp-h-bp-
sS {Iucyw A-Xn-\p-s≠-∂p-d-∏n-®p. ]m-d-s°-´p-
Iƒ°p apI-fn-¬ ]-Xp-ßn, C-c-bv-°p ap-I-fn¬ Nm-
Sn-ho-gm-s\m-cpßp-∂ a-lm-Z-¥nbp-sS Nn{Xw h-c-®p.
Inńb sIm-ºp-Iƒ I-gn-bp∂-{X hy-Xykv-Xco-Xn-
Ifn¬ Xe-bn¬ Xn-cp-Inh®p. H-cm-fXv ]q-®-bp-sS
tIm-º√pt]m-se Xm-tg°v Xq-°n-bn´p. A-t∏m-g-Xn-
\v i-cn°pw {Iq-c`m-hw In-´p-IbpwsN-bvXp. a-
s‰mcmƒ ]n-t∂m-´p h-f-®mWv sIm-ºph-®-Xv. sh-≈-
Øn-em-Wn-Xv I-gn-™n-cp∂-sX∂pw D-d-ßp-tºmƒ
H-gp-In-t∏m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ h-f™ sIm-ºv a-cs°m-
ºp-I-fn¬ sIm-fp-Øn-bn-Sp-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-
sX∂p \ym-bhpw \ncØn. ]t£, G-‰hpw {]-k-
‡am-b Imcyw a-s‰m-∂m-bn-cp∂p. F{Xsbms°
òI-c-\m-sW-¶nepw C-∏-d-™ Po-hn°v hw-i\m-iw
kw-`-hn-®p I-gn™p. A-Xn-\¿-Yw \n-e-\n¬-°m≥
th-≠ I-cp-Øv A-Xn\n√m-bn-cp∂p F-∂mWv. Cu
h-kv-Xp-X-bn¬ k-t¥m-j-tØm-sS _p-^¨ Nm-Sn-
∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
_p-^¨ 1788˛¬ A-¥-cn-®p. ]t£, A-t±-l-a-

gn-®p-hn-´ hn-hm-Zw ]ns∂bp-ta-sd-°m-ew Po-hn-®p.
1795˛¬ H-cp]n-Sn A-ÿn-Iƒ ]m-co-kn-se-Øn. A-
hn-sS ]p-cmim-kv-{X-Øn¬ Xm-c-am-bp-b-cp-I-bm-bn-
cp∂ tPm¿P-kv Ip-hntb A-h ]cn-tim-[n®p.
A⁄m-XPo-hn-I-fp-sS F√n≥I-j-W-ßƒ Iq-
ńtbmPn-∏n-®v cq-]-`w-Kn h-cp-Øn P-\ß-sf A-º-
c-∏n-®-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p Ip-hntb. H-cp ]-t√m Xm-Sn-
sb√n-s‚ Ij-Wtamh®v Po-hn-bp-sS apgpcq-]w a-
\- n¬
kr-„n-°m≥ I-gn-hp-≈-bm-ƒ. cq-]w am-{Xa√, A-

Xn-s‚ kv-]o-jokpw P\p pwhsc A-t±-lw ]-d-
™pI-f-bpw. C-t∏mƒ Inń-b {]m-No-\m-h-in-„-ß-
fpsS hn-hcWw Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ A-ta-cn-°-bn-emcpw ss[cys∏-ń√. ]-t£,
Ip-hn-tb A-Xp sN-bvXp. A-Xn-\-t±-lw t]-cp-an-
´p˛˛˛ a-tÃm-tUm≥. Cu {Ko-°v-]-Z-sØ th-W-sa-
¶n¬ kv-X-\-Z-¥n F-∂v samgnam-‰n-sb-Sp-°mw.
hn-hm-Z-ß-fn¬ \n-∂m-th-i-apƒ-s°m-≠v 1796˛¬

Ip-hntb H-cp kp-{][m\ {]_-‘w c-Nn®p.4 "t\m-
´v Hm¨ Z kv-]o-jokv Hm-^v en-hn-Mv B≥-Uv
t^mkn¬ F-e-^‚ v-kv' F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xns‚
X-e-s°´v. Cu {]-_-‘-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv D∑q-e-
\kn-≤m-¥w B-Zy-ambn Hu-]-Nm-cn-Iam-bn A-h-X-
cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ `q-an-bn¬ B-
tKm-fZp-c-¥-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂pw Nn-e P-o-h-Pm-Xn-
Iƒ-°v A-Xn¬ hw-i-\m-iw kw-`-hn-°p-sa∂pw A-
t±-lw hm-Zn®p. ]t£, hn-izm-kn-Isf, Ip-hn-tb
Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ hn-izm-knI-sf, A-kz-ÿ-cm-°p-∂
B-i-b-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. C-S-bv-°n-S-bv-°v Zp-c-¥-ß-
fgn®phn-´v Po-hnI-sf hw-i-\m-iw h-cp-Øp-I-sb∂p
]-d-™m¬ {]-]-© {k-„m-hv Im-cyßsf \n- m-c-
am-bn I≠p s]-cp-am-dp-∂p-sh-∂-t√ A¿Yw. ]n∂o-
Sv Iq-´-s°m-e sN-øm-\m-sW-¶n¬ F-¥n-\m-Wv ssZ-
hw B Po-hnIsf kr-„n-®Xv. {]-]-©-Øn-se k¿-
hN-cm-N-c-ßƒ°pw A-h-cp-tS-Xm-b ÿm\ap-
s≠∂pw {]-]-©-Øn¬ \-S-°p-∂-Xn-s\-¥n\pw A-
Xn-t‚Xm-b {I-ahpw D-t±-iyhp-ap-s≠-∂p-ap-≈ hn-
iz-mk-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p Cu hw-i\m-i - kn-
≤m¥w. C-∂p-≈ Po-hPmXn-I-sf√mw H-cn-°¬ \-
in-s®m-Sp-ßpsa∂-p ]-d-bp∂Xv A-\p-h-Zn-®p-
sImSp°m-\m-hn-s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p sP-t^-gv-k-s‚bpw
A`n-{]mbw.5 AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ C-°mcyw A-t\z-
jn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Atacn°-bn-se h-\m-¥-c-ß-fn-
te-°v ]-cy-th-£-WkwL-sØ A-b-bv-°Wsa∂
B-i-b-ap-b¿-∂-t∏mƒ A-t±-l-a-Xn¬ Nm-Sn-∏n-Sn®p.
an-kn-kn-∏nbpw IS-∂v Im-ń-\p-≈n-te-°p-≈ Cu
km-l-kn-I-bm-{Xbv-°n-S-bn-se-t∏m-sg¶nepw
ta™p-\-S-°p-∂ a-kv-‰-tUmÏq-´-sØbpw a‰p ò-
a≥ Po-hn-I-sfbpw Is≠-Øm-\m-hp-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p
A-h-cp-sS {]-Xo-£. sP-t^-gvk-s‚ t]-gv-k-W¬
sk{I-´-dnbpw D-‰ kp-lr-Øpam-b sa-cn-sh-X¿ eq-
bn-km-bn-cp-∂p ]-cy-th-£-Wkw-L-Øn-s‚ k-l-
ta-[mhn; hneyw ¢m¿-°v ap-Jy Po-himkv-{X-
⁄\pw. F-s¥m-s° sN-ø-W-sa∂pw Po-hn-®n-cn-
∏p-≈Xpw a-c-W-a-S™-Xpamb G-sXm-s° Po-hn-I-
sf-bm-Wv A-t\z-jn-t°≠-Xv F∂pw a-‰pap≈
Imcy-ß-fn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\p am¿-K-\n¿-t±-iw \¬-
Im-\p≈ Np-a-X-e t\ctØ I≠ Im-kv-]¿ hn-Ã-dn-
\pw.
Xm-c-{]-`m-h-hp-am-bn ]m-co-kn¬ Iphn-tb hnhm-Z
D-∑q-e-\kn-≤m-¥w {]-N-cn-∏n-® A-tX h¿jw, Ir-
Xy-am-bn-∏-d-™m¬ A-tX am-kwXs∂, Cw•njv
Nm-\-en-s‚ a-dp-I-c-bn¬ A-[n-I-a-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø H-cp
Cw-•n-jp-Im-c≥ t^mknep-I-fp-sS {]m-[m-\y-sØ∏-
‰n Zq-c-hym-]-I^-e-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂ as‰m-cmibw
A-h-X-cn-∏n®p. tkm-a¿-sk-‰v tImƒ I-\m¬ F-∂
I-º-\n-bn-se kq∏¿ssh-k-dm-bn-cp-∂p hneyw kv-
an-Øv F-∂ B sN-dp-∏-°m-c≥. 1796 P-\phcn A-
©n\v tkm-a¿-sk-‰n-se H-cp k-{X-Øn-en-cp-∂v X-
øm-dm°n-b Ip-dn-∏v B sN-dp-∏-°mc-s\ {]-i-kv-
Xn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn.6 in-eIsf hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xv
Nn-e k-hn-ti-jXIfp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ Xm-
cX-ay]T-\-Øn-eq-sSbmI-Ww F-∂-t±-lw ]-
d™p. sU-h-Wn-se Im¿-_-¨ kw-bp-‡in-ebv-
°v sh-bn¬-kn-se Imw-{_n-b≥in-e-sb-°mƒ {]m-
bw Ip-d-hm-sW-∂v sh-dp-sX ]-d-™m¬t]m-cm
Nne Im-cy-ßƒ Xm-c-Xayw sN-bv-Xn-´m-IWw AXv.
A-Xn-\p-≈ DØ-cw In-S-°p∂Xv t^m-kn-ep-I-fn-em-
sW∂v kv-an-Øn\p tXm-∂n. ]m-d-I-fpsS Hm-tcm
A-Sp-°nepw {]-tXy-I X-cw ]p-cm-X\Po-hn-Ifp-sS
A-h-in„ßfm-Wp Im-Wp-∂Xv. H-cp ]mfn I-gn-bp-
tºmƒ Nn-e Pohn-h¿-K-ß-fp-sS t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ A-
{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw. A-Sp-Ø ]mfn-bn¬ thsd Po-hn-
bp-sS t^m-kn-em-Wp Im-WpI. Hmtcm A-Sp-°n-
ep-w GXp Po-hnh¿KØn-s‚ t^m-kn-em-Wp-≈-sX-
∂p a-\- n-em-°n-bm¬ F-hn-sS-bp-ap≈ ]md°√p-I-
fp-sS Xm-cX-ay{]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°mw. k¿sh-b¿
F-∂ \n-e-bn-ep≈ ]-cn-N-bhpw A-dnhpwh-®v kv-
an-Øv {_n-´-\n-se ]m-d-b-Sp-°p-I-fp-sS am∏v X-øm-
dm-°n. ]-eh-´w ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \-SØn-bti-jw
1815˛¬ A-Xp {]kn≤o-I-cn®p. B-[p\n-I `q-hn-
⁄m-\-Øn-s‚ B-Wn-°√p-Ifn-sem-∂m-Wm ]p-kv-
XIw ("Z am-∏v Zm-‰v sN-bv-©v-Uv Z thƒ-Uv' F-∂
{]i-kvX ]p-kv-XI-Øn¬ ssk-a¨ hn-©-Ã¿ C-
°-Y hn-i-Z-am-bn ]-d-™n-´p≠v).
C-{Xbpw hen-sbm-cm-i-b-am-hn-jv-Icn-® kv-an-Øv

]-t£, ]m-d-b-Sp-°p-Iƒ F¥p-sIm-≠nß-s\ cq-]-
s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p Nn-¥n-®-tX-bn√. "]m-
d-b-Sp-°p-I-fp-sS D-¤-h-sØ-°p-dn®m-tem-Nn-®p hn-
j-an-°p-∂-Xn-\p]Icw A-X-ß-s\Xs∂-bm-sW-
∂p I-cpXn- {]-iv-\-samgn-hm-°m-\m-Wv Rm-\n-„s∏-
´-Xv. Im-cy-Im-c-Whn-Nm-cw H-cp an-\-d¬ k¿sh-b-
dp-sS Nn-¥m-a-fi-eØn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ Im-cy-am-bn-cp-
∂n√.'7 A-t±-l-sa-gpXn.
]m-d-b-Sp-°p-I-fn-se t^m-kn-ep-I-sf-∏-‰n kv-an-Øv
B-hn-jv-I-cn-® Bibw D-∑q-e-\kn-≤m-¥-sØ-°p-
dn-®p-≈ [m¿an-I{]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v B-°w Iqń.
ssZhw Po-hnI-sf Iq-´-tØm-sS \-in-∏n-°m-dp-s≠-
∂ Bi-bw i-cn-hbv°p-Iam-{Xa√, Cu D-∑qe-\w
h√-t∏m-gp-a√, B-h¿-Øn-®p kw-`-hn-°p∂ps≠-
∂pIq-Sn A-tXm-sS hy-‡-am-bn. Xm≥ kr-„n-® Po-
hnI-sf \-in-°m≥ hn-Sp-∂ A-e-k-\√, Ir-Xy-am-
bh-sb sIm-s∂m-Sp-°p-∂ {Iq-c-\m-Wv ssZhw F-
∂ \n-e-bn-se-Øn Im-cyßƒ. Nn-e Po-hnh¿-K-ßƒ
\-in-∏n-°-s∏-Sptºmƒ a-‰p Nn-e-Xn-s\ \n-e-\n¬-
°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-sX¥p-sIm-s≠-∂ a-s‰mcp
tNm-Zy-hpw C-tXm-sSm-∏-ap-b¿∂p. Po-hn-h¿-K-ß-fp-
sS D-∑qe-\w ss__n-fn-se a-lm-{]-f-b-Øn¬ H-
Xp-ßp-∂n-s√-∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw. ss_-_nfn-se D-¬-]-
Øn-bn-ep≈Xv k-a-Imeo-\N-cn-{Xw am-{X-am-Wv
F∂p ]-d-™v B-iz-kn-°p-I-bm-Wv8 Ip-hn-tb sN-
bv-X-Xv. ]-g-b D-∑q-e-\-ß-fp-sS I-Y ]d™v tami-
sb t]-Sn-∏n-t°-s≠-∂p I-cp-Xn-°mW-Ww ssZhw.
G-Xm-bmepw ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ B-Zy-

h¿-j-ß-fn¬Ø-s∂ t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ-°v im-kv{X-
temI-Øv A-\n-tj-[y{]m-[m\yw e-`n®p.
AXpsIm-≠pX-s∂ ssU-\-tkmdn-s‚ F√p Xn-cn-
®-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬ hn-kv-‰-dn-\p ]‰n-b \n¿-`m-Ky-I-cam-
b ho-gv-N-bp-sS {]m-[m-\y-w Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬
shfns∏-´ph∂p. F√p-Iƒ th-sdbpw ]-e-bn-S-Øp-
\n-∂m-bn In-ń-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. ssU-\-tkm-dn-s\ I-
s≠-Øm≥ A-ta-cn-°≥ K-th-j-I¿-°v H-∂n\p
]ndsI a-s‰m-s∂-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ A-h-k-c-ßfpw
]eXp e-`n-®p. ]t£, F√m-a-h¿ ]m-gm°n. ssU-
\-tkm-¿ F√p-I-fp-sS ]-dp-Zo-k-sb-∂p ]n-∂o-Sp t]-
cp tI´ sam‚m-\-bn-se sl¬-{Io-°v t^m¿-ta-j-
\n¬ 1806˛¬ eq-bn-kn-s‚-bpw ¢m¿°n-s‚bpw ]-cy-
th-£-Wkw-L-saØn.9 ]m-d-°√n-\p-≈n¬ ssU-\-
tkmdn-t‚-sX∂v hy-‡-ambpw a-\- n-em-°m-hp-∂
F√n-s‚ A-h-in-„-ßƒ Ah¿ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-
Ibpw sN-bvXp. ]-t£, Imcy-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn√.
t^m-kn¬ cq-]-Ønem-b F√pw Im¬-∏m-Sp-Ifpw ]n-
∂o-Sp I-s≠-ØnbXv \yq Cw-•-≠nse I-W-Œn-°-´v
\Zn-tbm-c-Øm-Wv. a-km-®p-sk-‰v-kn-se ku-Øv lm-
Uv-en-bnse {]mNo-\ in-e-I-fn-se A-S-bm-f-ßƒ
]n¥p-S¿-∂ πn\-kv aq-Un F-∂ I¿jI_m-e-
\mWv Cu I-s≠-Ø-en-s‚ DS-a. A-Xn¬ Nne-
Xv, {]-tXy-In®pw B©n-tkm-d-kn-s‚ A-ÿn-Iƒ,
tb-en-se ]o_-Un ayq-kn-b-Øn¬ Ct∏mgp-ap-≠v.
1818˛¬ Inń-b C-Xm-Wv BZyw Xn-cn-®-dn-b-s∏-´p
kq-£n-® ssU\ t1855˛em-sW-∂p am-{Xw. Cu
A-ÿn-°-j-W-ßƒ I-s≠-Øn-b 1818˛¬ X-s∂-
bmWv Im-kv-]¿ hn-Ã¿ a-cn®Xv. F-¶nepw H-cp
h-≈n-s®-Sn-bp-sS t]cneq-sS A-t±-lw A-\-iz-c-X
t\Sn. tXmakv \-´¬ F-∂ k-ky-im-kv-{X⁄-\m-
Wv B ]-S¿-h-≈ns®-Sn-°v hn-Ã-cn-b F-∂ t]-cp
\¬-In-bXv.
{]m-No-\ -Po-hn-im-kv-{XK-th-j-W-Øn-s‚ B-th-

iw A-t∏m-tg°pw Cw•≠n-te-°p I-S∂n-cp∂p. A-
hn-sS ta-cn B-\n-Mv F-∂ s]¨-Ipń (A-t∏mghfp-
sS {]m-bw ]Xn-s\m-∂m-bn-cp-s∂-∂v Nn-e N-cn-{X-
Im-c-∑m¿ ]-d-bp∂p.
- km¿ A-ÿn. ]-t£, A-sX-¥m-sW-∂p Xn-cn-®-

dn™Xv h¿-j-ßƒ I-gn™v ]{¥-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂v a-‰p-Nne¿. AX√, ]-Xn-aq-∂m-bn-cp-s∂∂p ]-d-
bp∂-h-cp-ap≠v ) tUm¿-sk-‰v Xoc-sØ ssew sd-
Pn-kv F-∂ ÿ-e-Øp\n-∂v 1812˛¬ ò-I-c\m-sbm-
cp I-S¬Po-hn-bp-sS t^m-kn¬ I-s≠Øn. Cw-•n-jv
I-\m-en-\-Sp-Øv A-]-I-S-I-camwhn-[w D-b¿-∂p\n-∂
]m-d-°q-´-Øn¬ Is≠Øn-b B Po-hn-°v 17 A-Sn
\o-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CNv-X-tkmd-kv F-∂mWXv C-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
B Ip-ń-bp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn-se h-gn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-

cp-∂p B I-≠p-]n-SnØw. ]n-∂o-Sp-≈ 35 h¿-jw
t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ tX-Sn-bp-≈ A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\m-Wv
B-\n-Mv am-‰n-h-®Xv. I-s≠Ønb t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ
A-h¿ k-μ¿-i-I¿-°p hn-‰p (\m-hp h-gßp-tam F-
∂-dn-bm≥ ]d-™pt\m-°m-dp≈10 "She sells sea-
shels on the sea shore' F-∂ {]-ikvX hm-Iy-Øn-
se \mbnI B-\nßm-sW-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h¿ [m-cm-
f-ap-≠.v) a-s‰m-cp I-S¬-ò-a\m-b sπknsbm-tkm-d n-
s‚ t^m-kn¬ BZyw I≠-Xv B-\n-ßm-Wv. sS-tdm-
Um-Œn¬kn-s‚ an-I® t^m-kn¬ I-s≠-Øn-bXpw
A-h¿Xs∂. km-t¶-Xn-I-am-bn C-h-sbm-∂pw ssU-
\-tkm-dpIfm-bn-cp-∂n√. ]-t£, A-∂v A-Xn¬
hen-b Im-cy-an√m-bn-cp∂p. Imc-Ww, F-¥m-Wv
ssU-\-tkm-sd-∂v B¿°pw A-dnbn√m-bn-cp-∂p. C-
∂p-≈-Xn¬\n-∂p Xn-I®pw `n-∂am-b ò-a≥Po-hn-
Iƒ ]≠sØ Ime-Øv Cu `q-an-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p
F-∂ A-dn-hpX-s∂ [m-cmf-am-bn-cp-∂p A-h-¿°v.
t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬ A-Zzn-Xo-b-bm-
bn-cp-∂p B-\nMv. AXpam-{X-a√, I-s≠Ønb
t^m-kn¬ tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]-‰m-sX kq-£va-X-tbm-
sS ]p-d-sØ-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-epw A-km-[yan-Sp-°p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p B s]¨-Ipń-°v. B-[p\n-tIm-]-I-c-W-
ß-fpsStbm km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-sStbm ]n≥-_-
ean√msX Cu bph-Xn \-SØn-b ]-cy-th-£-W-
ß-fp-sS h-en-∏hpw a-l-Øzhpw a-\- n-em-°-W-sa-
¶n¬ F-t∏m-sg-¶n-epw e-≠-\n-se \m-Nz-d¬ lnkv-
‰-dn ayq-kn-bw k-μ¿-in-°Ww. F-∂n-´-v ]p-cm-Po-hn-
I-fp-sS t^m-knep-Iƒ Im-WWw. sπkn-sbm-tkm-
d- n-s‚ t^m-kn¬ In-´m≥ \o-≠ ]-Øp h¿j-am-
Wh¿ £-a-tbmsS D-Zv-J\-\-w \-S-ØnbXv.11 {]-tXy-
I ]-cn-ioe\sam∂pw In-ń-bn-ń-s√-¶nepw Cu ta-
J-e-bn-se K-th-j-I¿-°m-bn Ir-Xyamb tc-Jm-
Nn{X-ßfpw B-\n-Mv h-c-®p \¬-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p. C-
{X-bpw I-gn-hp-≠mbn-´pw Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Im-cyam-b
t\-´-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-°m≥ A-h¿°p I-gn™n√. Gd-
°p-sd Z-m-cn-{Zy-Øn-eqsSØ-s∂-bm-Wv B-\n-ßns‚
Po-hn-Xw apt∂m´p-t]m-bXv.
]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{Xta-J-e-bn¬ tacn B-\n-ßn-

s\-t∏mse C-{Xbpw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-´ th-sdm-cp
hy-‡n-bp-≠m-hn√. F-¶nepw `mKy-tZm-j-Øns‚
Im-cy-Øn¬ A-h¿-°-Sp-sØ-Øp-s∂m-cm-fp-≠v. A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]cv KnUn-b≥ B¬-sP¿-\≥ am‚¬.
k-k-Iv-kn-se Hcp \m-ń≥-]pd-Øv tUm-Œ-dm-bn-cp-
∂p A-t±lw.
H-cp-]m-Sv ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≈ a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p

am‚¬. kp-μ-chn-UvVn, kzm¿-Y-am-{X≥, K¿-
hnjvT≥, Ip-Spw_-sØ t\m-°m-Ø-h≥ XpS-ßn
NoØ-t∏-cpIƒ [m-cm-f-ap-≈-bmƒ. ]-t£, C-
„wsIm≠pam{Xw ]p-cm-hkv-XpKth-jWcw-K-sØ-
Øn-b-h-cn¬ C-{Xbpw A¿-∏Wt_m-[-tØm-sS {]-
h¿Øn® th-sdm-cm-sf Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\m-hn√.
`¿-Øm-hn-s‚ G-Xmh-iyhpw I-≠-dn-™p sN-øp-
∂ A¿-∏n-Xa-\-kv-Ibm-sbm-cp `m-cy-sb-bpw A-t±-
lØn\p In-ń. 1822˛¬ H-cp Znh-kw {Km-a-Øn¬ H-
cp tcm-Kn-bp-sS ho-ń¬ t]m-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p am‚¬.
A-Sp-Øp I-≠ h-gn-bn-eqsS `mcy sh-dpsX \-S-
°m-\n-dßn. h-gn-bn-se Ip-gn-aq-Sm≥ Iq-ń-bn-´ N-∏p-
N-h-dp-Iƒ°n-S-bv-°v Nmc\n-d-Øn¬, I√p I-S-s™-
SpØt]m-se an-\p-Øp-cps≠m-cp h-kv-Xp A-h-cpsS
{i-≤-bn¬-s∏´p. am‚-en\v t^m-kn-ep-I-fn-ep-≈
Xm¬]-cy-w i-cn°-dn-bm-hp-∂ `m-cy A-Xp-sa-Sp-Øp
ho-ń¬ sN∂p. I-≠-bp-S≥ am‚-en-\p Imcyw a-
\- n-embn. CtXtXm ]p-cm-X-\Po-hn-bp-sS ]√n-s‚
t^m-kn-em-Wv.12 Aev-]k-ab-sØ ]cn-tim-[-\-bv-
°pti-jw {]-Jym]\w h∂p˛˛˛k-ky-`p°mb D-c-
K-Øns‚ ]√m-WnXv. hf-sc \o-f-ap-≈ Cu òa≥
Po-hn {I-t‰-jy-kv Ime-Øp Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-XmWv.
am‚-en-s‚ \n-K-a-\-ßsf√mw i-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. A-
XmI-s´ tIƒ-°p∂{X \n- m-c-a√m-bn-cp∂p Xm-\pw.
Imc-Ww AXp-t]m-sem-cp Po-hn-sb-°p-dn-®v A-Xn-
\pap-ºv B¿°pw A-dn-bn√m-bn-cp-∂p. A-ßs\-
sbm-∂n-s\∏-‰n Bcpw k-¶ev-]n-®n´p-t]m-epan√m-bn-
cp∂p.
I-gn-™ Im-e-sØ∏-‰n \n-e-hn-ep-≈ [m-c-WI-

sf X-In-Swa-dn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv X-s‚ Cu I-s≠-Ø-
se∂Xp-sIm-≠v am‚¬ I-cp-X-tem-sS-bm-Wv \o-ßn-
b-Xv. K-th-j-tWm-’p-I\m-b ]p-tcmln-Xkp-lr-
Øv d-h-d‚ v hneyw _-Ive‚n-s‚ D-]-tZ-i-hp-a-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p. \n-K-a-\-ßƒ-°p sX-fn-hp I-s≠Øm-\m-bn
\o-≠ aq-∂ph¿-jw A-t±-lw I-„-s∏-´p. hn-Z-Kv-[m-
`n-{]m-b-Øn\m-bn ]√v ]m-co-kn¬ Ip-hn-tb-bp-sS-b-
Sp-tØ-°p sIm-Sp-Ø-b®p. ]t£-, A-Xv ln-s∏m-
s∏m-´m-a-kn-s‚ ]√m-sW-∂p ]d-™v X-≈n-°-f-bp-
I-bmWv Ip-hn-sb sN-bv-XXv (Cu sX-‰n-\v ]n-∂o-S-
t±-lw am-\y-am-bn am-∏p ]-d-bp-Ibpw sN-bvXp). H-
cp Znh-kw e-≠-\n¬ l-t≠-dn-b≥ ayq-kn-b-Øn¬
klK-th-j-I-\p-am-bp-≈ kw-`m-j-Øn-\n-sS C-°m-
cyw N¿-®mhn-j-b-am-bn. sXt° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se
C-Kzm-\-sb-∂ Ku-fn h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´ Po-hn-sb-°p-
dn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p B K-th-jI≥. Cu
]√n\v C-Kzm-\-bp-sS ]√p-am-bn km-ay-ap-s≠-∂v- A-
t±lw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ A-Xp i-cn-
bpam-bn-cp∂p. C-Kzm-\-bp-am-bn _-‘-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw am‚n-en-s‚ Po-hn-°v Aß-s\ C-
Kzm-\-U¨ F-∂p t]-cp hoWp.
Cu I-s≠-Ø¬ hn-h-cn®p-sIm-≠v, tdm-b¬

skm-ssk-‰n-bn¬ A-hX-cn-∏n-°m≥ am‚¬ H-cp
{]_-‘w X-øm-dm°n. ]t£, A-t±-lw Aev]w
ssh-In-t∏mbn. Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv-sj-b-dn-se H-cp ]m-d-a-
S-bn¬ a-s‰m-cp ssU-\tkmdn-s‚ t^m-kn¬ I-s≠-
Øn-bn-cp-∂p. d-h-d‚ v _-Ive‚ v A-sXmcp {]-_-
‘-am-bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. ]-Xp-s° I-
cp-X-tem-sS \oßnbm¬ a-Xn-sb-∂v am‚-en-s\ D-]-
tZ-in-® A-tX _-Ive‚ vXs∂. saK-etkmd-kv F-
∂m-Wv _-Ive‚ v I-s≠Øn-b {]mNo-\Po-hn-°p
t]-cn-´Xv. kp-lr-Øv tUm. sP-bnw-kv ]m¿-°n≥-
k-\mWv Cu t]-cv \n¿-t±-in-®Xv.13 (]n¬-°me-Øv
]m¿-°n≥-k¨-kv tcm-K-Øn-s‚ t]-cn-e-d-bn-s∏-´
]m¿-°n≥k-¨.) an-I-s®m-cp Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰m-bn-cp-
∂p _-Ive‚ v. saK-e-tkm-d- ns\-∏-‰n-bp-≈ {]-_-
‘-Øn-eq-sS A-t±-l-an-°mcyw H-cn-°¬Iq-Sn sX-fn-
bn®p.
Cu Po-hn-bp-sS ]√p-Iƒ km-[m-c-W Ku-fnh¿-K-

Øn¬-s∏-´ Po-hn-I-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂Xp-t]m-se t\tc
Xm-Sn-sb√n¬ _-‘n-®hb-s√-∂v e-≠≥ Pn-tbm-
f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bn-e-h-X-cn-∏n-® {]-_-‘-
Øn¬ A-t±-lw hy‡-am-°n. Ip-gn-I-fn-em-Wv ]√p-
I-ƒ, ap-X-e-I-fn-teXp-t]mse. C-{Xbpw a\- n-em°n-
b _-Ive‚n-\p ]t£, A-Xn-s‚ A¿-Y-sa-s¥-∂p
a-\- n-em°m-\m-bn√. A-Xph-sc A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-sX In-
S-∂ ]pXn-sbm-cp Po-hn-bm-bncp-∂p AXv. Dƒ-°m-
gv-Nbpw auen-Iho-£-Whp-sam-∂p-an√m-bn-cp-s∂-
¶nepw B {]_-‘w N-cn-{X-Øn-en-Sw-]n-
Sn®p˛˛˛ssU-t\m-k¿ F-∂ Po-hn-sb -°p-dn-®p {]-
kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ B-Zy {]_‘w F-∂ \n-e-
bn¬. Aßs\ Cu {]mNo-\Po-hnI-sf I-s≠Øn-
b Bƒ F-∂ _-lpa-Xn _-Ive‚ v kz-¥-am-°n.
A-Xn-ep-sa{X-tbm A¿-l-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ a-m‚¬
A-h-K-Wn°-s∏´p.
A-h-K-W-\bpw \n-cm-i-bp-am-Wv X-s∂-°m-Øn-cn-

°p-∂-sX-∂-dn-bm-sX
am‚¬ t^m-kn¬th-´ Xp-S¿-∂p. 1833˛¬ A-t±-

lw a-s‰m-cp òa-s\ Is≠Øn˛˛ln-en-b-tkm-d-kv.
kz-¥-am-bn I-s≠Ønb t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ-s°m∏w
]mda-Sbp-Sa-I-fn¬\n-∂p-w I¿-j-I-cn¬\n-∂p-a-t±-
lw ]p-cm-X-\m-h-in-„-ßƒ hm-ßn-°q-ń. Aß-s\
e-≠-\n¬ G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ t^m-kn¬ tiJ-c-
ap≈-bm-sf-∂ _-lpa-Xn kz-¥-am-°n. \-s√m-cp
tUm-Œ-dm-bn-cp-∂p am‚¬, A-{XX-s∂ an-I-® ]p-cm-
h-kv-XpK-th-j-I-\pw. ]-t£, c-≠p tPm-enbpw hn-
P-b-I-c-am-bn ap-t∂m-´p sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥ A-t±-l-
Øn-\m-bn√. ]p-cm-hkv-Xpti-J-c-Øn-ep-≈ A-an-Xm-
th-iwaq-ew A-t±lw Nn-In-’ A-h-K-Wn®p. {I-
ta-W ss{_-‰-Wnse ho-Sp-ap-gp-h≥ F√n≥Iq-ºm-
cwsIm-≠p aqSn. h-cpam-\-Øn-s‚ hen-sbm-cp ]¶pw
A-h A]-l-cn-®p. _m-°n-bp-≈ ]-Ww Bcpw hm-
ßm≥ X-øm-dm-Im-Ø ]p-kv-X-I-ß-sf-gp-Xn {]-kn-
≤o-I-cn-°m≥ sN-ehn-´p. 1827˛¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®
"C-e-kv-t{S-j≥kv Hm^v Pn-tbmfPn Hm-^v k-k-Iv-
kv' sh-dpw Aº-Xp tIm-∏n-bm-Wv hn-‰Xv. am‚-en-
s‚ Io-i-bn¬\n∂v 300 ]u-≠p sN-e-hn´-Xp an®w.
A∂-sØ Ime-Øv hen-b Xp-I-bm-WXv.
ho-sSm-cp ayq-kn-b-am-°n Sn°-‰ph-®v B-sf-°-b-

‰n-bm-se-s¥-∂v H-cn°¬ am‚¬ B-tem-Nn-®-
XmWv. Iq-Sp-X-em-tem-Nn-®-t∏mƒ A-Xv tam-i-
amsW-∂v A-t±-l-Øn-\p tXm∂n. X-s∂-t∏m-se
im-kv-{X-⁄\pw am-\y\pam-sbm-cmƒ ]-W-ap-≠m-
°m≥ A-ßs\-sbm-cp h-gn kzo-I-cn-°m≥ ]mSn√.
AXp-sIm-≠-t±-lw ho-ń-se ayq-kn-b-Øn¬ ku-P-
\y-am-bn k-μ¿-iI-sc {]-th-in-∏n-®p. k-μ¿-i-I¿
\q-dp-I-W-°n-s\-Øn. k-μ¿-i-I{]hmlw BgvNI-
tfm-fw Xp-S¿-∂-t∏mƒ tUm-Œ¿ am‚-en-s‚ {]m-Œo-
kv ap-Sßn. IpSpw-_Po-hn-Xhpw A-e-t¶m-e-s∏-´p.
I-Sw ho-´m≥ am‚-en-\v ]p-cm-h-kv-Xpti-J-cØn-te-
sdbpw hn-s‰m-gn-t°-≠n h-∂p.14 {]-iv-\-ßƒ cq-£-
am-b-t∏mƒ \mep a-°-sfbp-sa-Sp-Øv `m-cy ho-Sp-hn-
ń-d-ßn.
am‚-en-s‚ {]-iv-\-ßƒ AXp-sIm-≠p Xo¿-s∂-
∂p I-cp-Xn-sb-¶n¬ sX-‰n. Ip-g-∏-ßƒ Xp-S-ßp-t∂-
bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p.
sX-°≥ e-≠-\n¬ kn-U≥-lm-w Pn√-bn¬ {In-

Ã¬ ]me-kv ]m¿-°v F∂ ÿe-Øv hn-Nn-{Xhpw
F-∂m-te-d-°p-sd hn-kv-ar-X-hpam-sbm-cp Imgv-N
ImWmw—tem-I-Øm-Zy-sØ ap-gp-h-en-∏ ssU-
\tkm¿ {]-Xn-a-I-fmW-h. C∂-[n-I-am-cpw A-Xph-
gn t]m-Im-dn√, ]t£, H-cp Ime-Øv e-≠-\n-se P-
\-{]n-bk-μ¿-i-\tI-{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. dn-®m¿-Uv
t^m-¿ń-bp-sS A-`n{]m-b-Øn¬ temI-sØ B-Zy
Xow ]m¿-°v.15 A-hn-sS-bp≈ ssU-\tkm¿ am-Xr-
I-Iƒ A-{X icn-sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√. C-Kzm-\-U-
Wn-s‚ X-≈-hn-c¬ H-cp ap-≈pt]mse aq-°n-s‚ Xp-
ºn-em-Wph-®-Xv. \m-ep-Im-en¬ \n¬-°p∂ B Po-
hn-sb-°-≠m¬ A-an-X-h-f¿-®-bp-≈ \m-bsb-t∏m-
se-bm-Wv tXm∂n®n-cp-∂-Xv (b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ C-Kzm-
\-U¨ \m¬-°m-en-bm-bn-cp-∂n√, c≠pIm-en-em-bn-
cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚ k-©m-cw). A-ß-s\-bp≈ Cu
hn-Nn-{X {]mNo\Po-hn-Iƒ°v a-\p-jy-sc X-Ωn-e-Sn-
∏n-°m\pw ]-Ibpw hn-tZz-jhpw P-\n∏n-°m\pw I-
gn-bp-sa∂v C∂m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ B¿°pw tXm-
∂n√. F∂m¬ ]t≠tXm Im-ew C-hn-sS Po-hn®
ssU-t\m-k-dp-I-sf-∂ Po-hn-Iƒ kr„n®{X Ip-g-∏-
ßfpw tIm-em-l-e-ßfpw hy-‡nhn-tcm-[-ßfpw Po-
h-im-kv{XN-cn-{X-Øn¬ a-‰mcpw kr-„n-®n-ń√.
Cu ssU-t\m-k-dp-I-fp-sS \n¿-Ωm-Ww \-S-∂

knU≥-tlm-an¬ hnimeam-sbmcp ]m¿-°p-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. {]-i-kv-Xam-b {In-Ã¬ ]me-kv ]p-
\xÿm]n-°m≥ ]‰n-b ÿ-e-am-bn Xn-c-s™-SpØ-
Xv B ]m¿-°mWv (1851˛se h-º≥ {]-Z¿-i-\-Øn-
se ap-Jy B-I¿-j-W-am-bn-cp-∂p kv-^-Sn-I-hpw
hm¿∏n-cp-ºpwsIm-≠p ]-Wn-X Cu Nn√p-sIm-´m-
cw). Cu sIm-´m-c-ap-b¿-∂-tXmsS ]m¿-°n-s‚ t]-cv
{In-Ã¬ ]me-kv ]m¿-°v F-∂m-bn. Nn√p-sIm-´m-cw
ImWms\-Øp-∂h-sc H-∂p-Iq-Sn k-t¥m-jn-∏n-°m-
\m-Wv ]m¿-°n¬ tIm¨-{Io-‰v ssU-\tkm-dp-I-ƒ
]-Wn-X-Xv. 1853˛se ]p-Xp-h-’c-Ø-te-∂v ]-WnXp-
sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂ C-Kzm-\-U-Wn-\p≈n¬h-®v {]-i-kv-
Xam-sbm-cp hn-cp-∂p \-S∂p. C-cp-]-sØm-∂v {]-
ikv-X im-kv-{X-⁄-cm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-YnIƒ. C-Kzm-
\U-Wn-s\ I-s≠-Øn Xn-cn-®-dn-™ Kn-Un-b≥
am‚¬ ]t£, A-°q-´-Ønen√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-cw
th-sdm-cm-fmWv Xo≥-ta-i-bp-sS \-Sp-°n-cp-∂-Xv.
]pcmPo-hn-im-kv-{X-Ønse bp-h-Xm-c-w dn-®m¿Uv Hm-
h≥. _p-≤nbpw km-a¿-Yyhpw H-Øn-Wßnb B
bp-hm-hv \nc-¥-c{i-a-Øn-eq-sS A-Xn\-IwXs∂
am‚-en-s‚ Po-hn-Xw \-c-I-Xp-ey-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.
h-S-°≥ Cw-•-≠n-se e-m¶-kv-‰-dn¬ h-f¿-∂ Hm-

h≥ tUm-Œ-¿ tPm-enbnem-Wv ]-cn-ioe-\w t\-Sn-b-
Xv. i-co-cLS\mim-kv-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p {]n-bhn-jbw.
A-\m´-an ]T\-Øn-\pth-≠n Po-hn-X-ap-gn-™p-h-®
B bp-hm-hv kuI-cy-am-bn Io-dn-ap-dn-®p ]Tn-°m≥
A-h-b-h-ßƒ \n-b-ahn-cp-≤-am-bn I-Sw hmßn. Nn-
e-t∏mƒ ar-X-tZ-l-ß-fn¬\n-∂h tam-„n®p.16 H-cn-
°¬ Hcp B-{^n-°≥ \m-hnI-s‚ ar-X-tZ-l-
Øn¬\n-∂v ap-dn-s®-Sp-Ø X-ebpw Nm°nem-°n h-
cn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Hm-h≥. h-gn-bn¬ Im-ep sX-‰n-b-
t∏mƒ Nm-°n¬\n∂v B X-e ]pd-Øp NmSn. D-
cp-≠p-cp-≠v A-Xv sN-s∂-Ønb-Xv tdm-Un\p Xm-
sg-bp-≈ ho-Sn-s‚ hm-Xn¬-∏-Sn-bn¬. ho-´ph-cm-¥-
bn¬ I-gp-Ø-‰ I-dpØ X-e D-cp-s≠-Øn-b-Xp I-
≠-t∏mƒ B ho-´p-Im¿ F-ß-s\-bmhpw {]-Xn-Icn-
®-sX-∂v Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q. ]n-∂mse Hm-Sn-
sb-Øn H-c£-cw an≠msX X-ebpw hm-cn-sb-Sp-Øv
Nm-°n-en-´p sIm≠p-t]m-b bp-hm-hn-s\ A-h¿ ]n-Sn-
Iq-Sn ssI-Imcyw sN-bv-Xn-s√-∂p hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]-
bm-k-amWv.
C-cp]-Ønsbm∂mw h-b- n-¬ 1825˛em-Wv Hm-h≥

e-≠-\n-se-Øp-∂Xv. A-hn-sS tdm-b¬ tIm-fPv Hm-
^v k¿-P≥-kn-se i-co-c-im-kv-{X]T-\ tiJcw X-
cw-Xn-cn-®p {I-ao-I-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p B bp-
hm-hn\p Inńb ]Wn. ico-c`m-K-ß-fp-sS hn-]p-
eamsbm-cp ti-J-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p tImf-Pn-\v.
]t£, A-Sp°pwNn-´-bp-an√m-sX A-e-t¶m-e-s∏-
´pIn-S-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p A-sX√mw. tPm¨ l-≠¿
F-∂ i-kv-{X-{In-bmhn-Z-Kv-[-s‚ kw`m-h-\-bm-bn-
cp∂p Cu ti-J-c-Øn-te-sd-bpw. ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-
Øn-se IuXpIh-kv-Xp-°ƒ tiJ-cn-®p-hbv-°p-∂-
Xn¬ AXo-h X¬-]-c-\m-bn-cp∂ l≠¿ A-h t{Im-
Uo-Icn-°p-∂-Xn-\p sa-\-s°-ń√. Hm-tcm-∂n-s‚bpw
{]m[m\yw hy-‡-am-°p∂ Ip-dn-∏p-I-fmI-s´ l-≠-
dp-sS a-c-W-tØm-sS A-{]-Xy-£-am-hp-IbpwsNb-
vXp.
Cu sshZyim-kv-{X ]T-\ti-J-cØn-tem-tcm-∂n-
s‚bpw {]m-[m-\y-apƒs°m-≠v X-cwXn-cn-®v {I-a-s∏-
Sp-Ønh-® Hm-h≥ Xm-\n-°m-cy-Øn¬ A-ZznXo-b-\m-
sW-∂v sX-fn-bn®p. A-tXm-sSm-∏w i-co-c-LS\m-im-
kv-{X-Øn¬ Xms\m-c-XnIm-b-\m-sW-∂p t_m-[y-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpwsN-bvXp. A-h-in-„ß-fn¬\n-∂p i-
co-cL-S-\ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬
{^m≥kn-se Ip-hn-tb-bv-s°m-∏-am-bn-cp∂p Hmh-s‚
ÿm\w. ar-Kico-c]T-\-Ønepw hn-Z-Kv-[-s\-∂p
tI-fn-tI-´ Hm-h-\v e-≠≥ kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬ Km¿-U-
≥ A-hnsS a-c-W-a-S-bp-∂ Po-hnI-sf ]cn-tim-[-\-
bv-°m-bn hm-ßm\p≈ B-Zym-h-Imiw \-¬In. Hcn-
°¬ Hmh-s‚ `m-cy ho-ń-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ I≠Xv -
Hcp Im-≠m-arKØn-s‚ Nq-Sm-dmØ P-Uw kzoI-
c-Wap-dn-bn¬ \nd-™p In-S-°p-∂-XmWv.17 A-°m-
e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ Po-hn-I-fm-bmepw Ft∂m aÆ-
Sn™p-t]m-b- Po-hn-I-fm-bmepw A-h-bp-sS i-co-c-
L-S-\-sb°pdn-®p-≈ ]T\-Øn¬ Hm-h-s\-t∏m-sem-
cp hn-Z-Kv-[-\n-s√-∂ph-∂p. A-°meØp I-
s≠Ønb A-]q¿-h k-kv-X-\n-I-fm-b πm-‰n-∏kpw
F-°n-Uv-\-bpw ]nSn®p \n¬-°m-≥ ]‰m-\mIm-
sXt]mb tUm-tUm-sb-∂ ]m-hw ]-£n-bpw
\yqkne‚n-se amhv-cn-Iƒ Xn-s∂m-Sp°nb tam-h-
sb-∂ h-º≥ ]-£n-Ifpw Hmhs‚ {]n-b- tXmg-
cmbn-cp-∂p. _-hm-cn-b-bn¬ 1861˛¬ I-s≠Øn-b
B¿°n-tbm-]v-s‰-dn-Iv-kv F-∂ ]p-cm-X-\Po-hn-sb∏-
‰n B-Zy-am-sb-gp-XnbXv Hm-h-\mWv. tUm-tUm-bv-°p
N-c-a-°p-dn-s∏-gp-Xn-bXpw A-t±-lwXs∂.
icocLS\m-im-kv-{Xim-J-bn¬ Hm-h≥ c-Nn-® {]-
_-‘-ß-fp-sS F-Æw A-dp\q-tdm-fw h-cpw. sN-dp-
{]m-b-Øn¬ hen-sbm-c-¤p-X-wX-s∂-bm-WXv.
]t£, Hm-h≥ Ct∂m¿-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv ssU-\-

tkm-¿]T-\-ß-fp-sS t]cn-em-Wv. Cu ]p-cm-X-\ Po-
hn-I-sf hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m≥ 1841˛¬ ssU-\-kdnb
F-∂ ]-Zw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw Hm-h≥Xs∂. ssU-
\-kdn-b F-∂m¬ òIc≥ ]-√n F-∂m-W¿Yw. A-
h-bv-s°m´pw tN-cm-Ø t]-cm-W-sX-∂v C-∂p \-ap-
°-dn-bmw. H-∂maXv ssU-t\m-k-dp-Iƒ ò-I-c-∑m-cm-
bn-cp-∂n√. Xn-I®pw im-¥-cm-bn-cp-∂p A-h-tb-sd-
bpw. A-Xn¬ Nn-e-Xn-\v H-cp ap-b-en-s‚ h-en∏ta D-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈pXm-\pw.18 c-≠m-a-Xm-bn A-h ]√nI-
tf B-bn-cp-∂n√.19 ]√nh¿-K-Øn-\v A-Xn-ep-
sa{Xtbm {]m-b-ap-≠v˛˛G-Xm-≠v aq∂p-tIm-Sn
h¿jw. Cu Po-hn-Iƒ-°v D-c-Kkz-`m-h-am-Wp-≈-
sX∂v Hmh-\v \-∂m-b-dn-bm-am-bncp∂p. B A¿-Yw
h-cp-∂ sl¿-∏n-‰¨ F-∂ {Ko-°v hm°pw A-t±-
l-Øns‚ ssI-h-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, F¥p-
sImt≠m A-X-t±-lw D-]-tbm-Kn-®n√. a-s‰m-cp sX-
‰pIq-Sn A-t±-l-Øn-\p ]-‰n (A-°me-Øp
I≠pInńb t^m-kn¬ti-J-c-ß-fp-sS A-]-cym]v-
XX ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ CXn\-t±-l-Øn-\p am-∏p
\¬-Im-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q). c-≠p hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-
∂ D-c-K-ß-fp≠v ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS Iq-´-Ønse-
∂ Imcyw A-t±-l-Øn-\p a-\- n-em-°m-\m-bn√20—]-
£n-I-fp-sS Nm¿-®-°mcm-b Hm¿-Wn-Øn-kvNn-b-
≥kpw ]√n-I-fp-sS Nm¿-®-°m-cm-b ku-dn-jv-Nn-b≥-
kpw.
H-´pw B-I¿-j-I-am-bn-cp-∂n√ dn-®m¿-Uv Hmhs‚

s]-cp-am‰w. Im-gv-Nbnepw Aß-s\Xs∂. Ipd-®p
{]m-bam-b ti-j-ap-≈ Hm-h-s‚ t^mt´m I-≠m¬
hn-tŒm-dn-b≥ \m-S-I-ß-fn-se hn√-s\-t∏m-se
tXm∂pw. sa-en™p \o-≠v Xp-dn-I-Æp-Ifpw \o≠
tIm-e≥-ap-Sn-bp-am-bn Ip-ńI-sf t]-Sn-∏n-°m≥ ]‰n-
b {Iq-ccq-]w. s]-cp-am-‰-hpw G-Xm-≠Xp-t]m-se-
Xs∂. B-scbpw hnehbv-°m-Ø [m¿-„yw. B-
{K-ln®-Xp t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v G-X-‰wh-scbpw
t]m-Im≥ a-Sn-Im-Wn°m-Ø Hmh-s\ [¿-Ωm-[¿-
ΩNn¥-I-sfm∂pw sXm-´pXo-≠n-bn-cp-∂n√. Nmƒ-kv
Um¿-hn≥ X-s‚ Po-hn-X-Øn¬ G-sX-¶nep-samcm-
sf sh-dp-Øn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv Hm-h-s\-bm-Wv.21 B-
fl-l-Xy-bn-e`-bw {]m]n® kz-¥w a-I≥t]m-epw
Hmh-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n®Xv "ITn-\lr-Zb≥' F-
∂mWv.22
G-Xp s\-dn-tI-Sp sN-bv-Xmepw ]-cn-°n√m-sX c-

£-s∏-Sm≥, i-co-cim-kv-{Xhn-Z-Kv-[≥ F-∂ \n-e-bn-
ep-≈ {]-i-kv-Xn Hmh-s\ k-lm-bn-®p. th≠Xn\pw
th-≠m-Ø-Xn\pw \pW ]-d-bp-Ibpw Ifhp Im-Wn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvX F{Xtbm kw-`-h-ß-fp≠v Hmh-
s‚ Po-hn-X-Øn¬. 1857˛¬ H-cp Znh-kw "N¿-®n¬-kv
sa-Un-°¬ U-b-dŒ-dn-'bp-sS ]pXn-b ]-Xn-∏p a-dn-®p
t\m-°nb {]-i-kv-X Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ Sn.F-®v.
l-Iv-kv-en I≠Xv23 Hmhs\ Kh¨-sa‚ v kv-Iqƒ
Hm-^v ssa≥-kn¬ Iw-]m-c-‰o-hv A-\m´-an B≥-Uv
^nkn-tbmf-Pn s{]m-^-k-sd-∂ \n-e-bn¬ hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-XmWv. l-Iv-kven sR-ń-t∏mbn. Imc-
Ww, B X-kv-Xn-I-bn¬ A-t∏m-fn-cn°p∂-Xv A-t±-
l-am-bn-cp∂p. C-ßs\-sbm-cp sX-‰v Fß-s\ h-∂p-
sh-∂-dnbm≥ A-t±-lw "N¿®n¬-kn'-s\ hn-fn®p.
Cu hnh-cw \¬-InbXv Hm-h≥Xs∂-bm-sW∂ a-
dp-]-Sn-bm-Wv In-ń-b-Xv. lyq ^m¬-°-W¿ F-∂ k-
l-{]h¿Ø-Is‚ I≠p-]n-SnØw kz-¥-am-°m≥ Hm-
h≥ \-SØn-b {i-aw ]n-Sn°-s∏-´Xpw B-bn-sS-Ø-
s∂-bmWv. K-th-j-W-Øn-\p th-≠ km-[-\-ßƒ
I-Sw hm-ßn-bn-´v Xncn-sI-s°m-Sp-°m-sX "Rm\-Xv
hm-ßn-bn-t´-bn-s√-∂p' I-≈w ]-d-bp-sa-∂ ]cmXn
Hm-h-s\-Xn-sc ]-eh-´w h-∂n-´p-≠v. ]√n-s‚ LS-\-
sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ Hcp kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ A-h-Im-i-sØ-
s®m√n cm-⁄nbp-sS Z-¥-Nn-In-’I-\p-am-bn-
t∏mepw Hm-h≥ X¿-°-Øn-te¿-s∏´p.
C-„an√m-Øh-sc th-´-bm-Sn \-in-∏n-°m≥ H-cp

a-Sn-bp-an√m-bn-cp-∂p Hmh\v. i-co-c-LS-\mim-kv-{X-
Øn¬ `m-hnhm-Kv-Zm-\-am-tb°mw F-∂ sX‰n\v
tdm_¿´v {Km‚ v F-∂ sN-dp-∏-°mc≥ Hmh-s‚
i-{Xp-hmbn. kp-thm-f-Pn°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bn-ep-≈
kzm-[o-\-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v A-t±-lw {Km‚n-s\ H-‰s∏-
SpØn. K-th-j-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b i-co-c`m-Kam-Xr-
I-Iƒ A-t\z-jn-®p sN-∂ {Km‚ v X-\n-°-h D-
]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ A-\pa-Xn \n-tj-[n-°-s∏-´X-dn-
™p X-I¿-∂pt]mbn. K-th-j-W-hp-am-bn ap-t∂m-´p
t]m-Im-\m-Im-sX B bphmhv B-tcm-cp-a-dn-bm-sX,
H-∂p-am-Im-sX, I-gn-™pIqSn.
]t£, C-Xnep-sam-s° Z-b-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p Kn-

Un-b≥ am‚en-s‚ IY. `m-cy-sbbpw a-°-sfbpw \-
„-s∏-´v, Nn-In-’-bn-¬\n-∂p-≈ h-cp-am-\w \-„s∏-
´v, X-s‚ t^m-kn¬ti-J-c-Øn¬ hen-sbm-cp ]-¶p
\-„-s∏-´v Xn-I-®pw \n- -lm-b-\m-bm-Wv am‚¬ e-
≠-\n-se-Øp-∂Xv. A-hn-sS, 1841˛¬, ssU\tkm-
dpI-sf Xn-cn-®-dn-™-Xn-s‚ t]-cn¬ Hm-h≥ {]-i-kv-
Xn-bp-sS sIm-Sp-apSn-bn-te-°p-b¿-∂ A-tX h¿-jw
am‚¬ hen-sbm-cp A-]-I-S-Øn¬s]´p. IpXn-ch-
≠n-bn¬ ¢m-]vlmw tIm-a-Wn-eq-sS t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂ am‚¬ ko-‰n¬\n-∂p Xm-sg hoWp. h-≠n-
bpsS I-b-dn¬ Ip-cp-ßn-°n-S-∂ A-t±l-sØ ]-cn-
{`m-¥-cmbn Ip-Xn-®p ]m™ Ip-Xn-c-Iƒ Ip-≠pw
Ip-gn-bpw \nd™ \n-c-Øn¬ h-en-®n-g-®p. A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ \-s´√n-\v km-c-am-b ]-cn-°p]‰n. ITn-\th-
Z-\-bp-w k-ln-®v ho-ń¬ Iq-\n-°q-Sn In-S-t°-≠n-
h∂p A-t±-lØn\v.
am‚-ens‚ Cu \n- -lm-bmh-ÿ Hm-h≥ i-

cn°pw ap-X-em°n. ]p-cm-Pohn K-th-j-WN-cn-{X-
Øn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ B t]-cv H-s∂m-∂m-bn am-bv-®p
I-f-bm-\p-≈ {i-aw Hmh≥ Xp-Sßn. am‚¬ I-s≠-
Øn t]-cn-´ Po-hn-Iƒ°v A-t±-lw ]pXn-b t]-cn-´p.
]-e I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fp-sSbpw A-h-Im-iw kz¥w
t]-cn¬ F-gp-Xn-t®¿Øp. am‚¬ K-th-j-W-ßƒ
Xp-S¿-∂-t∏mƒ A-hnsSbpw Hm-h≥ C-S-t¶m-en´p.
tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bn-se kzm-[o-\-ap-]-tbmKn-®v
am‚en-s‚ {]-_-‘-ßƒ Xn-c-kv-I-cn-°m≥ th-≠
]-Wn-sb-SpØp. Cu th-´-bm-Sepw th-Z-\-bpw C-
\nbpw k-ln-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂p h-∂-t∏mƒ 1852˛¬
am‚¬ Po-hn-X-a-h-km-\n-∏n-®p. B ]m-h-Øns‚
tI-Sp-]‰n-b \s´√v th¿-s]-Sp-Øn tdm-b¬ tImfPv
Hm-^v k¿-P≥-kn-te-°v A-b®p. A-hnsSbpw hn-[n
am‚-en-s\ sh-dp-sXhn-ń√. Cu \-s´√v dn-®m¿Uv
Hmh-s‚ ssI-h-i-am-sW-Øn-s∏-´-Xv.24 A-t∏m-f-hn-
sS l-t≠-dn-b≥ ayq-kn-b-Øn-s‚ U-bd-Œ-dm-bn-
cp∂p Hmh≥.
AXp-sIm-≠pw Xo¿-∂n√, A-[n-t£-]-ßƒ.

am‚¬ hn-S ]-d-™-bpS≥ "en-‰d-dn K-k-‰n'¬ H-cp
N-c-a-°p-dn-∏v {]-Xy-£-s∏-´p. a-c-Wa-S-™bmtfm-Sp
Im-Wn-t°-≠ kzm-`mhn-Ia-cymZt]mepw Im-Wn-°m-
Ø H-c-\p-kv-acWw. shdp-sam-cp i-cmi-cn i-co-c-
LS-\mhn-Z-Kv-[-\m-bm-Wv B Ip-dn-∏n¬ am‚¬ hn-
ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv. {]m-No-\Po-hn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈
K-th-j-W-Øn¬ A-t±-lw Nn√-d kw-`m-h\-I-sfm-
s° \¬-In-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw kq£vahn-⁄m-\-Øn-
s‚ A-`m-hw A-h-bp-sS ]-cn-an-Xn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂v
te-J-I≥ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. C-Kzm-\-U-¨ I-s≠-
Øn-sb-∂ ÿm-\wt]mepw A-Xn¬ am‚-en-\p e-
`n-®n√. Iphntb, Hm-h≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿-°m-Wv B
ÿm-\w Nm¿-Øn-s°m-SpØXv. Cu A-\p-kv-a-c-W-
°p-dns∏-gpXn-b te-JIs‚ t]cv A-Xn-en√mbn-
cp∂p, ]t£, Hmh-s‚ ssi-en A-Xn¬ \nd-
™p\n∂p. AsX-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv F-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬
Po-h-im-kv-{X-Im-c-∑m¿-°m¿°pw kwi-b-hp-an√m-bn-
cp∂p.
C-{X-bp-am-b-t∏m-tg--°v A-[m¿an-I {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ

Hmhs\ Xn-cn-™p Ip-Øm≥ Xp-S-ßn-. tdm-b¬
skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS H-cp k-an-Xn˛˛˛Hm-h≥X-s∂bm-
bn-cp-∂p k-an-Xn A-[y-£≥˛˛˛Hmh-\v ]-c-tam-∂-X
_-lp-a-Xnbmb tdmb¬ sa-U¬ \¬-Im≥ Xo-cp-am-
\n-®-tXm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚ XpS°w. I°h¿-
K-Øn¬-s∏-´ s_-enw-ss\-‰v F∂ ]p-cm-X-\Po-hn-
bp-sS I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw hn-h-cn-°p-∂ K-th-j-W{]-
_-‘-Øn-s‚ t]-cn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu _-lp-a-Xn. b-
Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ Hmh-s‚ kz-¥w I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-cp-
∂n√ A-Xv. Nm-\n-Mv ]n-tb-gv-kv F-∂ K-th-j-I≥
\m-eph¿-jw ap-ºv s_-enw-ss\-‰v I-s≠-Ønbn-cp-
s∂-∂v ssh-Im-sX sh-fn-s∏´p. ]-t£, A-°me-
sØ im-kv-{XN-cn{Xw hn-h-cn-°p-∂ "sS-dn-_vƒ en-
km¿Uv' F-∂ D÷z-eIr-Xn-bn¬ sU-t_m-d Im-
Uv_-dn F-gpXnbt]m-se C-°mcyw X-s‚ {]-_-
‘-Øn¬ F-gp-Xm≥ Hm-h≥ hn´p-t]m-bn.25 Nm-\nMv
X-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰nbn-e-h-
X-cn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. B tbm-K-Øn¬ Hm-h≥ k∂n-ln-
X-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]n-∂o-Sv X-s‚ I-≠p-]n-SnØw Hm-
h≥ skm-ssk-‰n-bn-e-h-X-cn-∏n-®p. A-Xne-t±-lw Po-
hn-bp-sS t]-cn¬ sNdn-sbm-cp am-‰w hcpØn˛˛˛s_-
enw-ss\‰kv Hm-h\n (kz-¥w _-lp-am-\m¿-Y-amWv
Hmh-\n F-∂p Iq-ń-t®¿-Ø-Xv). Xń∏p sh-fn-s∏-
s´-¶n-epw Hmh-\p \¬In-b saU¬ Xn-cn-®phm-ßn-
bn√. ]t£, Cu kw`-hw B K-thjI-\p-ta¬
Xo-cmI-f-¶-am-bn A-h-ti-jn®p.
Xn-cn-®-Sn-Iƒ A-hnSw-sIm-≠-p Xo¿∂n√. Hm-h≥

a-‰p ]-e-tcmSpw sNbv-XXv Hmh-\p t\tc {]-tbm-
Kn-°m≥ ssh-ImsX l-Iv-kven-°v A-hk-cw e-
`n®p. kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sSbpw tdm-
b¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bpsSbpw Iu¨-kn-ep-I-
fn¬\n∂v Hmh-s\ thm-s´-Sp-∏n-eq-sS-b-t±-lw ]p-
dØm-°n. Hm-h-\p-≈ A-hkm-\in-£-sb-∂ \n-e-
bn¬ tdm-b¬ tIm-fPv Hm-^v k¿-P≥-kn-se l-t≠-
dn-b≥ s{]m-^-k¿ ÿm\-Øv l-Iv-kv-en Ahtcm-
[n-X-\m-hp-IbpwsN-bvXp.
A-Xn-\ptijw Hm-h≥ kp-{][m-\ K-th-jW-ß-

sfm∂pw \-S-Øn-bnń√. a-s‰m-cp Zu-Xy-hp-ambm-W-
t±lw A\-¥-cIm-ew {]-h¿-Øn-®Xv. AXn\v \m-
a-t±-l-tØm-Sp \-μn ]-d-bp-Ibpw th-Ww. {_n-ó-jv
ayq-kn-b-Øn-s‚ Po-h-im-kv-{Xhn-`m-Kw ta-[m-hn-bm-
bn 1856˛¬ Hm-h≥ \n-b-an-X-\mbn. Cu ÿm-\-Øn-
cp∂p-sIm-≠v A-t±-lw \-SØn-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-
Wv e≠s‚ \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn ayq-kn-bÿm-]-\-
Øn-\p h-gn-h-®-Xv.26 1880˛¬ {]-h¿Ø\am-cw-`n®
ku-Øv sI≥-kn-Mv-S-Wn-se B {]u-VKw-ò-
cÿm]\w Hmhs‚ `mh-\mhn-em-k-Øn-s‚
km£y-]-{X-amWv.
Hm-h-\p ap-ºp-≈ Ime-Øv ayq-kn-b-ßƒ h-tc-

Wy-h¿-K-Øn-\v B-tflmXv-°¿-j-Øn-\p≈ tI-{μ-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.27 A-h¿-°pX-s∂ A-Xn-\p-≈n¬
Ib-dn-∏-‰m≥ F-fp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√. {_n-ó-jv ayq-kn-
b-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°-ImeØv AhnSw k-μ¿-in-°-W-
sa-∂p-≈-h¿ tc-Jm-aq-ew A-t]-£ \¬-In
C‚¿hyq-hn-\v lm-P-cm-I-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-t]-£-
bn-se hn-h-c-ß-fp-w C‚¿-hyqhn-se {]-I-S-\hpw hn-
e-bn-cp-Øn-bm-Wv A-t]-£-I≥ ayq-kn-bw k-μ¿-in-
°m≥ tbm-Ky\mtWm F-∂p Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I. C‚-
¿-hyq ]m- m-bm¬ t]mbn Sn°-‰v hm-ß-Ww. F-∂n-
´p th-Ww ayq-kn-b-Øn-\I-Øp I-b-dm≥. ayq-kn-
b-Øn¬ I-b-dn-∏‰nbm¬X-s∂ kw-L-am-sbmcp Hm-
´-{]-Z-£n-W-ta A-\p-h-Zn°q. Np-‰n∏-‰n \n¬-°m-
s\m∂pw ]-‰n√. A-Xn-\p]I-cw F√m-hscbpw ayq-
kn-b-Øn-te-°p kzmK-Xw sN-øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-
cp∂p Hmh-s‚ B-i-bw. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf-t∏m-epw
ssh-Ip-t∂-cw tPm-en I-gn-s™-Ønbm¬ ayq-kn-
bw Im-Wm≥ t{]-cn-∏n-°p-I. ap-gp-h≥ h-kv-Xp-
°fpw s]mXp{]Z¿-i-\-Øn-\p hbv-°p-I. Im-Wp-∂-
sX-s¥-∂-dn-bm≥ Hm-tcm-∂n-s‚ ap∂nepw hn-i-Zam-
b Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ hbv°p-I.28 hn-π-h-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ \n¿-t±-i-ßƒ. A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn
Sn. F®v. l-Iv-kv-en-bm-W-Xn-\v F-Xn¿∏p-am-sb-Øn-
bXv. ayq-kn-b-ßƒ K-th-j-Wÿm-]-\-ß-fm-sW-
∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ hmZw. ]-t£, {_n-
´-\n-se \m-®z-d¬ ln-kv‰-dn ayq-knbsØ Hm-h≥
F√m hn-`m-Kw P-\-ßƒ-°p-ap-≈ ÿm-]-\-am-°n
am-‰n-sb-SpØp. A-Xph-gn ayq-kn-b-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈
[m-c-WX-s∂ s]m-fn-s®-gpXn.
C-ßs\-sbm-cp k-l-Po-hnkv-t\-lw Im-Wn-s®-
¶nepw A-t±-lw kl{]-h¿Ø-I-tcm-Sp-≈ hn-tcm-
[w D-t]-£n-s®-∂p I-cp-X-cpXv. Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn-
s‚ kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-bn {]Xn-a ÿm-]n-°m-\p-≈ Xo-
cp-am-\w A-ń-adn-°m≥ \-SØn-b \o-°-am-Wv A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚ A-h-km\Im-e Hu-tZymKnIIr-Xy-ßfn-
sem∂v. C-Xn-e-t±-lw ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p. F-¶n-epw th-
sdm-cp hn-[-Øn¬ ]n-∂o-S-t±-lw Um¿-hn-\pw l-Iv-
kven°pw ta¬ hnP-bw t\Sn. C-∂v \m-Nz-d¬ ln-
Ã-dn ayq-kn-b-Øn-¬ {][m-\ lm-fn¬\n-∂v G-‰hpw
\-∂m-bn ImWm-hp-∂ hn-[-Øn¬ X-e-bp-b¿-Øn
\n¬-°p∂Xv Hmh-s‚ {]-Xn-abmWv. A{]-[m-\am-
sbm-cp tIm-Wn¬ ayq-kn-b-Øn-se tIm-^ntjm-∏n-
sem-Xp-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv Um¿-hn-s\-bpw l-Iv-
kven-sb-bpw. A-hn-sS Im-∏nIpSn-®v ISe sIm-dn-®n-
cn-°p-∂h-sc Xp-dn-®pt\m-°n- \n¬-°p-∂p Cu c-
≠p imkv{X⁄¿.
]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ {]mNo-\ Po-hnim-kv-

{X-Øn-\p I-f-¶-am-bn amdnb Im-cyßfn¬ dn-
®m¿Uv Hmh-s‚ kzm¿-YXm¬-]-cyß-sf sh√m≥
H-∂pan√m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂-sX-¶n¬
sX-‰n. A-Xn-epw tam-i-amb-Xv h-cm-\n-cn-°p-t∂-bp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p. C-Ø-h-Wb-Xv I-S-en-\∏p-d-Øp\n-
∂mbn-cp-∂p. B \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A¥n-aZ-i-I-ß-fn¬
A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep-≠mb-Xv A-{XtØm-fw \-io-I-c-W-
£-a-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw A-Xn-s\-°mƒ hn-jen-]v-
Xam-b kv-]¿-≤-bmWv. ITn-\-lr-Z-bcm-b c-≠p hn-
Nn-{X-a-\p-jy¿ XΩn-ep-≈˛˛˛F-Uzm¿-Uv {Un-¶¿
tIm]pw Hm-Yv-\n-tb¬ Nmƒ-kv am¿jpw X-Ωnep-
≈˛˛˛G-‰p-ap-´-en-s‚ I-Y-bm-WXv.
kam-\kz-`m-h-ßƒ H-cp-]m-Sp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p C-
cp-h-cpw. h-gn-]n-g-®-h≥, kzm¿Y≥, A-kq-bm-ep, h-
g-°mfn, hn-iz-kn-°m≥ sIm-≈m-Ø-h≥, F¥p In-
ń-bm-epw Xr-]v-Xn-bm-hm-Ø-h≥ F-s∂m-s°-bp≈
hn-ti-j-W-ßƒ Ccph¿°pw Hcp-t]mse tN-cpw.
]t£, C-cp-hcpw tN¿-∂v {]-Ir-Xn ]T\
imkv{XN-cn-{X-sØ am-‰na-dn®p.
\√ kp-lr-Øp-°-fm-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS Xp-

S°w. H-cm-fp-sS K-thj-W-^-eß-sf a-t‰-bmƒ hn-
e-a-Xn®p. I-s≠Ønb t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ-°v at‰-bm-fp-
sS t]-cn-´v ]-c-kv]-cw B-Z-cn®p. 1868˛¬ H-cmgv-N C-
cp-hcpw BÀmZ]q¿-hw H-cp-an-®p I-gn-bp-It]mepw
sN-bvXp. ]t£, Ft¥m {]-iv-\-Øns‚ t]-
cn¬˛˛˛A-X-¥m-sW-∂v B¿°pw Xo¿-Ø-dn-
bn√˛˛˛C-cp-hcpw C-S™p. ]-c-kv]-cw sh-dpØp.
B hn-tZz-jw A-Sp-Ø aq-∂p ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Im-e-
tØ°v B-fn-∏-S¿∂p. C-{X-bp-a-[n-Iw Xobpw ]p-
Ibpw h-an-® hy-‡nhntZzjw Po-h-im-kv-{XN-cn-{X-
Øn¬ th-sd-bp-≠m-bn-ń√.
F-Xn-cm-fn-sb-°mƒ F-´p h-b- n-s‚ aq-∏p-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p am¿-jn\v. ]pkvXIw hm-bn-®v NS-™p Iq-
Sp-∂ A-e-k-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw. shńsbm-Xp°n-
b Xm-Sn-bp-w hr-Ønbpw `w-Kn-bp-ap-≈ th-j-hn-[m-
\-hpw. t^mkn-ep-Iƒ tX-Sn A-e-™p-Xn-cnbm-
s\m∂pw am¿-jv sa-\-s°-ń√, \-SØnb A-t\z-
j-W-ßƒsIm-≠v {]-tXy-In-®p ^-e-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√.
hnd-IpI-j-Wßƒt]m-se {]mNo-\Po-hn-I-fp-sS
F√p Nn-X-dn-°n-S-°p∂29 thym-an-ßnse tImtam
ª^n¬ t]m-bn-´v H-sc√n≥Ij-Wwt]mepw I-s≠-
Sp-°m≥ am¿jn-\p I-gn-™n-s√-∂m-Wv H-cp Po-h-N-
cn-{X-Im-c≥ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv. kz-¥am-bn I-s≠-Øn-
bn-s√-¶nepw B-h-iy-ap-≈-sX¥pw hn-e-sIm-Sp-Øp
hmßm≥ A-t±-l-Øn\p I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. A-{X
k-º-∂-sam-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ am¿jn-s‚ Ip-Spw_w.
Ir-jn-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-—≥. F-∂m¬ A-Ωm-h≥
tPm¿Pv ]o_Un AXn-k-º-∂\m-b ]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-
Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. a-cp-aI-\v Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn¬
Xm¬-]-cy-ap-s≠-∂p I-≠-t∏mƒ tb-en¬ kz-¥am-
sbm-cp ayq-kn-bw \n¿-Ωn-®p \¬-In A-Ωm-h≥. C-
„-ap-≈-sX√mw hm-ßn ayq-knbw \n-d-bv-°m≥ th-
≠ ]-W-hpw \¬In.
tIm∏n-s‚ P\-\wX-s∂ k-º-∂ Ip-Spw-_-Øn-

em-bn-cp∂p. ^n-em-U¬^n-b-bn¬ hy-h-km-bn-bm-
bn-cp-∂p A—≥. am¿-jn-s\-t∏m-seb√, A-Xym-
hiyw X-Sn-b-\-ßm≥ a-Sn-bn√m-Ø-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p
tIm]v. Iptd-sbms° kmlk{]n-b-\pw. 1876˛¬
en-‰v¬ _n-Kvtlm-Wn¬ tPm¿-Pv Bw-kv-t{Sm-Mv Ikv-
‰ -dp-sS A-ta-cn-°≥ ssk-\y-sØ sd-Uv C-¥y-
°m¿ A-cn-™p ho-gv-Øns°m-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ A-
Sp-Øp≈ sam≥-Sm-\-bn¬ F√n≥I-j-W-ßƒ Xnc-
™p \-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p tIm]v. tKm-{X-h¿-§-°m-
cp-sS ]m-cº-cy \n-[n-Iƒ ti-J-cn-®p I-S-∂p-I-fb-
m≥ ]‰n-b k-a-b-a√ C-sX-∂v A-t±-lsØb-dn-bp-
∂h¿ D-]-tZ-in®p. H-cp \n-an-jw A-Xp i-cn-bm-sW-
∂v tIm-∏n-\p tXm∂n. ]-t£, Zu-Xy-hp-am-bn ap-
t∂m´p-t]m-Im-\m-Wv A-t±-lw Xo-cp-am\n-®Xv. A-
Xn-\nsS kw-i-bm-ep-°fm-b t{Im C-¥y-°m-cp-sS
]n-Sn-bne-t±lw A-I-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-bvXp. kz-¥w
sh-∏p]√v ]p-d-sØ-Sp-Øv ho≠pw hmbn¬h-®v
Ah-sc A-¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn c-kn-∏n®v B K-th-
jI≥ c-£-s∏´p.30
- H-®-∏m-Sn√m-Ø H-fn-bp-≤-am-bm-Wv am¿-jv˛tIm]v

t]mcv Xp-S-ßn-bXv. ]t£, 1877˛¬ A-Xv `-b-¶-c-
am-bn s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p-IX-s∂ sN-bvXp. B h¿-
jw sIm-fdm-tUm-bnse B¿-X¿ se-bv-Ivkv F-∂
kv-Iqƒ A-[ym-]I\v kp-lrØp-sam-Øp-≈ k-hm-
cn-°n-sS tam-dnk-Wv A-Sp-Øph-®p Ipd®v A-
ÿnIƒ Inń. GtXm ò-a≥ {]mNo-\Po-hn-bp-sS
F√m-W-sX-∂p a-\ n-em°n-b se-bv-Iv-kv A-Xn¬
Ip-d-s®-Sp-Øv am¿-jn\pw tIm-∏n\pw sImSpØp. k-
¥p-„-\mb tIm-]v \q-dp tUm-f-sd-Sp-Øv se-bv-Iv-
kn-\p \¬In. I-≠p-]nSp-Ø-sØ∏-‰n B-tcm-Spw,
{]-tXy-In-®v am¿jn-t\m-Sv ]-d-b-cp-sX-∂v N-´wsI-´p-
Ibpw sN-bvXp. B-i-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-e-I-s∏-´ se-bv-
Iv-kv am¿-jn-\p \¬In-b A-ÿn-Iƒ tIm-∏n-\p
ssI-am-dm≥ B-h-iy-s∏´p. am¿jv -AX\p-k-cn®p.
]t£, Cu-sbm-c-[n-t£-]w Po-hn-X-Im-ew ap-gp-h≥
A-bm-fpsS a-\- n¬-°nS-∂p ]p-I-™p.31
A-tXmsS C-cp-hcpw X-Ωn-¬ s]m-cn-™ bp-≤w
Xp-S-ßn. N-Xn{]-tbmKß-fn-eq-sSbpw C-S-bv-s°m-
s° A-]-lm-kyamwhn[w A-kw-_-‘- am-¿ -K-ß-
fn-eq-sSbpw A-Xncq-£-am-bn A-Xp h-f¿∂p. H-cm-
fp-sS J-\-\kw-LØn-\p t\tc a-dpkw-Lw I-s√-
dn-™p. am¿-jn-s‚ s]-ń sh-ń-s∏m-fn-°p∂-Xn-\n-
sS H-cn-°¬ tIm-∏v ]n-Sn-°-s∏-´p. A-]cs‚ K-th-
j-W-^-eß-sf ]-{Xam-[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sS A-]-l-kn-
°p-∂-Xn¬ C-cp-hcpw a-’-cn-®p. ]-c-kv]-chn-tZz-jw
Imc-Ww im-kv-{XK-th-j-W-Øn-\v h-º≥ KXnth-
Kw ssIh∂ kw`-hw A-Xn-\paptºm ti-jtam D-
≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂p tXm-∂p-∂n√. Atacn-°-bn¬ I-
s≠Øn-b ssU-\-tkm¿ C-\-ß-fp-sS F-Æw G-
Xm\pw h¿jw-sIm-≠v A-h¿ H-º-Xn¬\n-∂v 150
B-bn D-b¿Øn.32 C-∂p km-[mc°m¿-°p ]-cn-Nn-
X-am-b G-Xm-s≠-√m ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fpw33˛˛˛sÃ-
K-tkmdkv, s{_m‚-tkm-d-kv, Un-sπm-tUm-°-kv,
ss{S-kvdm-tSm-]vkv˛˛˛I-≠-Ønb-Xv Chcn¬ H-cm-f-
s√-¶n¬ a-s‰m-cm-fmWv.* ]t£, Iq-Sp-X¬ I-s≠-
Ø-ep-Iƒ \S-Øm-\p-≈ A-¥whn-´ ]c-°w]m-®n-
en-\n-S-bn¬ A-h¿ a-‰p-≈-h¿ ap-tº I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p-h-
®-hX-s∂ ho≠pw ho≠pw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p. D-bn≥-Xm-
sØsd-kv B≥-sk-]v-kv F-∂ Po-h-Pm-Xnsb C-
cp-hcpw tN¿-∂v Np-cp-ßnb-Xv 22 X-h-W-bmWp I-
≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv.34 I-s≠Øn-b Po-h-Pm-Xn-Iƒ X-cw-Xn-
cn°p-∂-Xn¬ A-h-cp-≠m-°n-b Ip-g-∏-ßƒ ]-cn-l-
cn-°m≥ h¿-j-ß-sf-SpØp. Nne-Xv C-\n-bpw ]-cn-l-
cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-an√.
Cu c-≠pt]-cn¬ im-kv-{X-ta-J-e-bv-°p Iq-Sp-

X¬ K-W\o-bkw-`m-h\ \¬-Inb-Xv tIm-]v BWv.
A-km-[yamwhn-[w D-’m-l-imen-bm-bn-cp-∂ At±-
lw 1400 {]-_-‘-ßƒ c-Nn-®p. 1300˛Hm-fw ]pXn-b
kv-]o-jo-kp-IfpsS t^m-kn¬ I-s≠-Øn (ssU-\-
tkm-dp-Iƒ am-{X-a√ C-Xn¬ a-‰p Pohn-Ifpw Dƒ-
s∏-Spw). c-≠p hn-`m-K-Ønepw am¿-jn-s‚ kw-`m-h-
\ C-Xns‚ ]-Ip-Xn-tb hcq. A-hkm-\Im-ew km-
º-Øn-I{]-iv-\-ß-fn¬-s∏-´p h-e™n-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬
H-cp]t£, C-Xn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ
tIm∏n¬\n-∂p h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m-c-º-cy-am-bn
Inń-b kz-Øp- ap-gp-h≥ B-tem-N-\ Iq-Sm-sX A-t±-
lw sh-≈nhym-]m-c-Øn¬ \n-t£-]n-®p. kºØv
ap-gp-h≥ \-„-s∏-´v ]m∏cm-hp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ^n-
em-U¬-^n-b-bn-se t_m¿-Un-Mv lu-kn¬ H-‰ ap-
dn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-h-km\ImePo-
hnXw. A-hn-sS ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-sSbpw I-S-em-kpIq-
ºm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw {]mNo-\Po-hn-I-fp-sS A-ÿn-I-fp-
sSbpw \-Sp-hn¬ A-t±-lw I-gn™p. am¿jv B-I-
s´ \yq-lm-h-\n-se a-Wn-am-fn-I-bn¬ kp-J-ku-I-cy-
ß-tfm-sSXs∂ Po-hn®p. 1897˛em-bn-cp-∂p tIm-∏n-
s‚ a-cWw. c-≠p h¿-j-Øn-\ptijw am¿jpw a-
cn®p.
A-hkm-\Ime-Øv a-s‰m-cm-th-i-Øn-\p ]n-∂m-

se-bm-bn-cp-∂p tIm-]v. a-\p-jy-Pm-Xn-bp-sS˛˛˛tlm-
tamtk-]n-b≥-kn-s‚˛˛˛˛Hu-tZymKn-I {]-Z¿-i-\am-
Xr-I-bm-bn Xm≥ am-d-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ B-h-iyw. AXm b-Xv ssU-\-tkm-dn-
s‚bpw a-‰pw Hu-tZymKn-Iam-Xr-I-I-fm-bn A-h-bp-
sS A-ÿn-Iq-Sw {]-Z¿-in-∏n°pwt]m-se a-\p-jys‚
Hu-tZymKn-Iam-Xr-I-bmbn {]-Z¿-in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv
X-s‚ A-ÿn-Iq-S-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂v tIm-]v
B{Kln-®p. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn H-cp Po-hn-bpsS Hu-
tZymKn-Iam-Xr-I-bm-bn {]Z¿in-∏n°pI B Po-hn-
bp-tS-Xmbn BZyw Inń-b A-ÿn-bmWv. F-∂m¬
a\p-jy-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ BZyw I-s≠Øn-b A-
ÿn F-s∂m-∂n√. AXpsIm-≠pX-s∂ a-\p-
jys‚ Hu-tZymKn-IamXr-I hn-Jym-X ayq-kn-b-
ßfnsem∂pw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an√. B H-gn-hp \n-I-
Øm≥ tIm-]v B-{K-ln®p. hn-Nn-{Xam-sbm-cp hr-
Ym kz-]v-\-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. B¿-°p-aXn-t\m-Sp
tbmPn∏n√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-t£, A-Xns\ F-Xn¿-
°m\pw Im-c-W-an√m-bn-cp∂p. acWti-jw X-s‚
A-ÿn-Iq-Sw hn-Ã¿ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-ń-\p \¬-I-W-sa-
∂mhiy-s∏-´v tIm-]v H-ky-Øp X-øm-dm°n (\-Ωp-
sS Im-kv-]¿ hn-Ã-dn-s‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ ap≥-ssI-
sb-SpØv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ ÿm-]n-® K-th-
jW ÿm-]-\-am-Wv ^n-em-U¬-^n-b-bn-se hn-Ã¿
C≥-Ãn-‰yq´v.) Aß-s\ tIm∏ns‚ A-ÿn-Iq-Sw an-
\p°n-sbm-Xp-°n {]-Z¿-i\-Øn-\p X-øm-dm°n.
]t£, At∏m-gm-W-Xn¬ Bcw-`L-´-Øn-ep-≈ kn-
^n-en-kv tcm-K-Øn-s‚ e-£-W-ßƒ I-s≠-Øp-
∂Xv. a-\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn-s‚ am-Xr-I-bm-bn {]-Z¿in-∏n-
°m-\p-≈ A-ÿn-Iq-S-Øn¬ kn-^n-en-kv tcm-Ke-
£-W-ßƒ Im-Wp∂Xv B-cm-Wn-„-s∏-Sp-I. AXp-
sIm-≠pX-s∂ tIm∏n-s‚ A-ÿn-Iq-Shpw A-t]-
£bpw ]-Xp-s° aq-e-bn-en-´p. a-\p-jyPm-Xn-°v
C∂pw Hu-tZymKn-I {]-Z¿-i-\am-Xr-I-bn√.
Cu \m-S-I-Øn-se a-s‰m-cp {][m-\ I-Ym-]m-

{Xam-b Hmh≥ tIm-]pw am¿jpw a-c-W-a-S-bp-∂-
Xn\v G-Xm\pw h¿-jw ap-ºv 1892˛¬ a-cn®p.
_Ive‚mI-s´ a-t\m\n-e sX-‰n ¢m-]v-lm-an-se a-
t\m-tcm-K Nn-In-’mtI-{μ-Øn¬ \-c-In-®p a-cn-®p.
am‚-en-s‚ Po-hn-Xw \-c-IXp-ey-am°n-b A-]I-Sw
\-S-∂ ÿ-e-Øn-\-Sp-Øm-bn-cp-∂p _-Ive‚ v InS∂
a-t\m-tcm-K Nn-In-’mtI{μw. am‚-en-s‚ h-f-™p-
IpØn-b A-ÿn-Iq-Sw G-Xm-s≠m-cp \q-‰m-≠p-Im-
ew l-t≠-dn-b≥ ayq-kn-b-Øn¬ {]-Z¿-in-∏n-°-
s∏´p. ]n-s∂ P¿-a≥-Im-cp-sS thym-am-{I-a-W-Øn¬
A-Xp Nm-º-embn.35 am‚-en-s‚ ti-J-c-Øn¬
_m°nbp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ a-°ƒ-°m-Wp
In-ńbXv. 1840˛¬ \yq-kn-e≥Un-te-°p Ip-Sn-tbdn-
b a-I≥ hmƒ-´¿ A-Xn-te-sdbpw H-∏w sIm≠p-
t]mbn.36 \yq-kn-e≥Un¬ ]u-c-{]-ap-J-\m-bn h-f¿-
∂ hmƒ-´¿ A-hn-sS Xt±-iImcya{¥nh-sc-bmbn.
A—-s‚ ti-J-c-Øn-se kp-{][m-\ h-kv-Xp-°-
sf√mw˛˛˛{]ikv-Xam-b C-Kzm-\-U¨ ]√pƒ-s∏-
sS˛˛˛hmƒ-´¿ 1865˛¬ sh√n-Mv-S-Wn-se sIm-tfm-Wn-
b¬ ayq-kn-b-Øn\v (C-t∏mƒ ayq-knbw Hm^v
\yqkn-e≥Uv) kw-`m-h-\ sN-bv-Xp. A-h-b-hn-sS `-
{Z-am-bn Xp-S¿∂p. Cu \mS-I-ßƒs°√mw Xp-S-
°-an-´ C-Kzm-\U¨ ]√v˛˛˛H-cp]t£ {]mNo-\
Pohnim-kv{XN-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰hpw {]-i-kv-Xam-b
]√v˛˛˛C-t∏m-g-hn-sS {]-Z¿in∏n-°m-dn√.
]-sØm≥-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠nse Cu a-lm t^m-

kn¬th-´-°m-cp-sS a-c-WtØm-sS A-h-km-\n-°p-
∂n√, ssU-\-tkm¿th-´. H-c¿-Y-Øn¬ A-Xp Xp-
S-ßp-t∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p. tIm-∏n-s‚bpw am¿-jn-
s‚bpw a-c-W-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬, 1898˛¬ A-Xn-\p ap-
ºp-≠m-b I-s≠-Ø-ep-I-sf-sb√mw sh√p∂ Hcp
I-s≠-Ø-ep-≠mbn. I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p F-∂-Xn-s\-
°mƒ {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-´p F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xmhpw Ip-
td-°q-Sn icn. Im-cWw, am¿-jn-s‚ {][m-\
\mbm´p-tI-{μ-am-bn-cp-∂ thym-an-ßn-se tIm-tam-ª-
^n¬\n-∂v G-Xm\pw ssaep am-{X-aI-se t_m¨
Iym-_n≥ Izm-dn F-∂ ÿ-e-Øp\n-∂m-W-Xp Inń-
bXvv. A-hn-sS \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p t^m-kn-ep-I-fm-Wv a-
e-bn¬ aq-Snbpw aq-SmsXbpw Nn-X-dn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂Xv.
A-kw-Jy-sa-Æ-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-h. Cu A-ÿn
s]-dp-°n-sb-Sp-Øv H-cmƒ Ip-Sn-ep-sI´pIt]mepw
sN-bv-Xp. A-ßs\-bm-W-Xn-\v t_m¨ Iym-_n≥
Izm-dn-sb-∂p t]-cp h-∂Xv.37 B-Zy c≠v D-ZvJ-\-
\th-f-I-fn¬Ø-s∂ H-cp e-£w ]u-≠v {]mNo-\
A-ÿn-I-fm-Whn-sS-\n-∂p I-s≠-Sp-ØXv. ]n-s∂
]-eh-´w ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v ]u≠v A-ÿn-
Iƒ th-sd-bpw Ip-gn-s®-SpØp.
AXp-sIm-s≠-¥m-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂p-h-®m¬ C-cp-
]Xmw \q-‰m-≠m-b-t∏mtg°v {]mNo-\Po-hn-I-sf-°p-
dn-®p K-thj-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-h-cp-sS ssIhiw A-
£-cm¿-Y-Øn¬ S¨ I-W-°n-\v t^m-kn-ep-I-ƒ h-
∂p tN¿-∂p. ]-t£, H-cp {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
AXn-sem-∂n-s‚t]mepw {]m-bw F-{X-sb-∂ Im-cy-
Øn¬ A-h¿-s°mcp Du-l-hp-an√m-bn-cp-∂p. `q-X-
Im-e-Øn-s‚ hnhn[ L-´-ß-sf-°p-dn®p ]-d-bm-dp-
s≠-¶nepw `q-an-bp-sS A-∂w-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´ {]mb-]-
cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ A-h Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®p hbv-°m≥ {]-
bm-k-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. a-lm\m-b sI¬-hn≥ {]-`p ]-
d™-Xpt]m-se `q-an-°v c-≠p tIm-Sn h¿-jw {]m-
b-ta-bp-≈p-sh-¶n¬ C-∏-d-™ {]mNo-\Po-hn-I-
sf√mw G-Xm-s≠m-tc Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ DZ-bw sN-
bv-Xv G-Xm-s≠m-cp-an-®v a-Æ-Sn-™-Xm-I-Ww. AXp
]t£, A-kw-`-hy-amWv.
sI¬-hn-s\-°q-Sm-sX a-‰p ]-ecpw Cu {]-iv-\-

Øn-en-S-s]´p. ]-t£, A-h-¿ I-s≠Øn-b D-Ø-c-
ßƒ A-\n-›n-XXzw h¿-[n-∏n-®-tX-bp≈q. Uªn\n-
se {Sn-\n-‰n tIm-f-Pn-se {]-ikv-X ù-a-im-kv-{X-
⁄≥ km-ap-h¬ lmMv-S≥ F√m-h-scbpw sR-
ń®p-sIm-s≠m-cp {]-Jym]-\w \-S-Øn˛˛˛˛`qanbpsS
{]m-bw 230 tIm-Sn h¿-j-amWv. A-Xph-sc I-W-
°m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xnepw F{Xtbm Iq-Sp-X-em-Wn-sX-
∂ h-kvXp-X {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Iønep-
≈ AtX hn-h-c-ßƒh-®v A-t±-lw H-∂p-Iq-Sn I-
W-°p-Iq-ń t\m°n. A-t∏mƒ Inńb DØ-cw 15.3
tIm-Sn h¿-j-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p. {Sn-\n-‰n-bn-
seXs∂ tPm¨ tPm-fn, F-Uva-≠v lm-en-bp-sS k-
ap-{Z-Øn-se D-∏n-s‚ A-f-hp-h-®p-≈ IW-°p-Iq-´¬
H-∂p-Iq-Sn s]m-Sn-X-ń-sb-SpØp. ]-t£, ASnÿm-\
\n-K-a-\-ß-fn¬Ø-s∂ ]ng-hp h-∂Xp-sIm≠v A-
t±-l-Øns‚ IW°pw ]n-g®p. `qan-bp-sS {]mbw
8.9 tIm-Sn h¿-j-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-s‚
\n-Ka\w.38 sI¬-hn-s‚ I-W°n-t\m-S-Sp-Øp h-∂p
AXv. bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn-s‚ A-Sp-sØm-∂p-sa-Øn-bn√.
B-i-b-°pg-∏w aq¿Nv-On-®-tXm-sS39 `q-an-bp-sS

{]m-b-sØ∏-‰n-bp≈ ]c-kv-]-chn-cp-≤am-b hn-h-c-
W-ßƒ ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-
\tØm-sS \n-d™p. \-ap°pw tIw{_n-b≥Ime-
sØ k-¶o¿W ssP-h-LS-\-bv-°p-an-S-bn¬ F-{X
A-I-e-ap-s≠-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ ]-e ]p-kv-X-I-ßfn¬
]-e-Xm-sW-∂ D-Ø-c-am-bn-cp-∂p In-´pI. 30 e-£w
-h¿jw, 180 e£w, 60 tIm-Sn, 79.4 tIm-Sn, 240 tIm-
Sn- h¿jw F-∂nß-s\ ]-e D-Ø-cßƒ. 1910˛¬
tPm¿-Pv s_-°¿ F-∂ A-ta-cn-°-°m-c≥ X-øm-
dm°n-b G-d-°psd kΩnXn t\Sn-b I-W-°-\p-k-
cn®vv `q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw A-©-c-t°m-Sn h-¿-j-am-bn-
cp∂p.
Im-cy-ß-fß-s\ Ip-g-™p-a-dn-™v H-cp Xo¿-∏p-

an√m-sX In-S-°p-tºm-gm-Wv a-s‰mc-km-[m-c-Wa-\p-
jy≥ \q-X-\am¿-K-hp-am-bn cw-K-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv. \yq-
kn-e‚n¬\n-∂p-≈ _p-≤n-am\mb B I¿-j-I
_me-s‚ t]-cv GWÃv dY¿-t^m¿-Uv F-∂m-bn-
cp-∂p. `q-an-°v tIm-Sm\p-tIm-Sn h¿-jw {]m-b-ap-
s≠∂v A-\n-tj-[ysX-fn-hp-Iƒ \nc-Øn A-t±-lw
ÿm-]n®p.
{i-t≤-bam-b H-cp Im-cyw C-Xn-\-t±-l-ap-]-tbm-

Kn®-Xv c-km-b-\-hn-Zybm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-XmWv. \n-
Kq-Vam-b am-{¥n-Ihn-Zyb√; kzm-`m-hn-I-am-b, im-
kv-{XZr„ym hn-iz-k-\o-bam-b, c-km-b-\hnZy. F-
¶nepw c-km-b-\hnZy c-km-b-\hn-Zy-b√m-Xm-Ip-
∂n√t√m. Aß-s\ \yq-´≥ ]-d™-Xv sX-‰m-bncp-
∂n-s√-∂v H-Sp-hn¬ sX-fn™p. A-Xv th-sdm-cp I-Y-
bmWv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 A-t±lw B i-c-Xv-Im-e-Øn¬ ^n-em-U¬-^n-

b-bn¬ \-S-∂ A-ta-cn-°≥ ^ntemk-^n-°¬ skm-
ssk-‰n tbm-K-Øn¬ B I-s≠-Ø¬ hn-h-cn-®p:
tImƒ-_¿-´v, Z t{K-‰v ssU-\-tkm¿ l-t≠-gv-kv B≥-
Uv sZ-b¿ Un-kv-I-h-dokv, t]Pv 4.
2 {^-©v Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ tIm-Mv-sS Un _p-

^-Wn-s‚ hn-Nn-{Xhpw {]-tIm-]-\]-c-hpam-b H-cp hm-
Z-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-\p ]n-∂n¬: Im-kv\¿, F kv-]o-
jokv Hm^v F-t‰-Wn‰n, t]-Pv 123.
3 tIm¿-tW¬ Un ]u F-∂ U-®p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-

∂p A-°q-´-Øn¬ H-cmƒ: Im-kv\¿, F kv-]o-jokv
Hm-^v F-t‰-Wn‰n, t]-Pv 124. 4 hn-hm-Z-ß-fn¬\n-∂m-
th-i-apƒ-s°m-≠v 1796˛¬ Ip-hntb H-cp kp-{][m\
{]_‘w c-Nn-®p: {Sn-t¶m-kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z
\n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬kv, t]Pv 15.
5 C-∂p-≈ Po-hPmXn-I-sf√mw H-cn-°¬ \-in-s®m-

Sp-ßpsa∂-p ]-d-bp∂Xv A-\ph-Zn-®p-sImSp°m-\m-hn-
s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p sP-t^-gv-k-s‚bpw A`n-{]mbw:
knw]v-k¨, t^m-kn¬-kv B‚ v Z ln-kv‰dn Hm-^v
sse^v, t]Pv 7.
6 1796 P-\ph-cn A-©n\v tkm-a¿-sk-‰n-se H-cp

k-{X-Øn-en-cp-∂v X-øm-dm°n-b Ip-dn-∏v B sN-dp-∏-
°mc-s\ {]-i-kv-Xn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øn: lm-cn-MvS¨,
Um≥kv Hm-^v Z tIm-≠n-s\‚ vkv, t]-Pv 175.
7 Im-cy-Im-c-W hn-Nm-cw H-cp an-\-d¬ k¿-sh-b-dp-

sS Nn-¥m-a-fi-e-Øn¬-s∏-Sp∂ Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n√:
se-hn-kv, Z tU-‰n-Mv sK-bnw, t]-Pv 17˛18.
8 ss_-_n-fn-se D-¬-]-Øn-bn-ep≈Xv k-a-Imeo-

\ N-cn-{Xw am-{X-am-Wv F∂p ]d™v B-iz-kn-°p-
I-bm-Wv Iphn-tb sN-bv-X-Xv: _m¿_¿, Z tltU
Hm-^v \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn, t]-Pv 217.
9 sam‚m-\-bn-se sl¬-{Io-°v t^m¿-ta-j-\n¬

1806˛¬ eq-bn-kn-s‚bpw ¢m¿-°ns‚bpw ]-cy-th-
£-Wkw-L-saØn: tImƒ-_¿-´v, Z t{K-‰v ssU-\-
tkm¿ lt≠-gvkv B≥-Uv sZ-b¿ Un-kv-I-h-dokv,
t]Pv 5.
10 \m-hp h-gßp-tam F-∂-dn-bm≥ ]d-™p t\m-
°m-dp-≈: Im-Uv-_dn, sS-dn-_vƒ en-km¿Uv, t]Pv 3.
11 sπkn-sbm-tkm-d-kn-s‚ t^m-kn¬ In-´m≥

\o-≠ ]-Øp h¿-j-am-Wh¿ £-atbmsS D-Zv-J-\-\-
w \-S-ØnbXv: _m¿_¿, Z tltU Hm-^v \m-Nz-d-¬
ln-Ã-dn, t]-Pv 127.
12 CtXtXm ]p-cm-X-\ Po-hn-bp-sS ]√n-s‚ t^m-

kn-em-Wv: \yq-kn-e≥Uv tPym-{K^n-Iv, tlm-fn C≥-
kn-tk-gv-kv hm-Sv F s{S-j¿, 2000 G-{]n¬˛ Pq¨,
t]-Pv 17.
13 kp-lr-Øv tUm. sP-bnw-kv ]m¿-°n≥-k-\mWv

Cu t]-cv \n¿-t±-in-®Xv: hn¬Ûv, Z dn-Uv¬ Hm-^v
Z ssU-\-tkm¿, t]-Pv 31.
14 I-Sw ho-´m≥ am‚-en-\v ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp ti-J-c-

Øn-te-sdbpw hn-‰-gn-t°-≠nh∂p: hn¬-Ûv, Z dn-
Uv¬ Hm-^v Z ssU-\-tkm¿, t]-Pv 34.
15 temI-sØ B-Zy Xow ]m¿-°v: t^m¿ń,

sse^v, t]-Pv 214.
16 A-\m´-an ]T\-Øn-\p th-≠n Po-hn-X-ap-gn-
™p-sh-® B bp-hm-hv ku-I-cyambn Io-dn-ap-dn-
®p ]Tn-°m≥ A-h-b-h-ßƒ \n-b-ahn-cp-≤-am-bn I-
Sw hmßn, Nn-e-t∏mƒ ar-X-tZ-l-ß-fn¬\n-∂h tam-
„n®p: Im-Uv-_dn, sS-dn-_vƒ en-km¿Uv, t]-Pv 133.
17 Hcn-°¬ Hmh-s‚ `m-cy ho-ń-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ

I≠Xv -Hcp Im-≠m-arKØn-s‚ Nq-Sm-dmØ P-Uw
kzoI-c-Wap-dn-bn¬ \nd-™p In-S-°p-∂-XmWv: Im-
Uv-_dn, sS-dn-_vƒ en-km¿Uv, t]-Pv 200.
18 A-Xn¬ Nn-e-Xn-\v H-cp ap-b-en-s‚ h-en∏-ta D-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈pXm\pw: hn¬-Ûv, Z dn-Uv¬ Hm-^v
Z ssU-\-tkm¿, t]-Pv 5.
19 c-≠m-a-Xm-bn A-h ]√nI-tf B-bn-cp-∂n√ :

_m-s°¿, ssU-\-tkm¿ ln-b¿kokv, t]Pv 22.
20 c-≠p hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ D-c-K-ß-fp≠v

ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS Iq-´-Ønse-∂ Imcyw A-t±-
l-Øn-\p a-\- n-em-°m-\m-bn√: tImƒ-_¿-´v, Z t{K-‰v
ssU-\-tkm¿ l-t≠-gv-kv B≥-Uv sZ-b¿ Un-kv-I-
h-dokv, t]-Pv 33.
21 Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ X-s‚ Po-hn-X-Øn¬ G-sX-
¶nep-sam-cm-sf sh-dp-Øn-´p-s≠¶n¬ AXv Hm-h-s\-
bm-Wv: t\®¿, Hm-h≥-kv ]m¿-Yn-b≥ tjm´v, 2001
Pq-em-bv 12, t]Pv 123.
22 a-I≥t]m-epw Hmh-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n®Xv "ITn-

\ lr-Zb≥' F-∂mWv: Im-Uv-_dn, sS-dn-_vƒ en-
km¿Uv, t]-Pv 321.
23 "N¿-®n¬-kv sa-Un-°¬ U-b-d-Œ-dn-'bp-sS

]pXn-b ]-Xn-∏p a-dn-®p t\m°nb {]-i-kvX Po-h-im-
kv-{X-⁄≥ Sn.F-®v.l-Iv-ken I-≠Xv: ¢m¿°v, Z
lIv-keokv, t]-Pv 45.
24 Cu \-s´√v dn-®m¿Uv Hmh-s‚ ssI-h-i-am-

sW-Øn-s∏-´-Xv: Im-Uv-_dn, sS-dn_vƒ en-km¿Uv,
t]-Pv 291.
25 ]-t£, A-°me-sØ im-kv-{XN-cn{Xw hn-h-

cn-°p-∂ "sS-dn-_vƒ en-km¿Uv' F∂ D÷z-eIr-
Xn-bn¬ sU-t_m-d Im-Uv_-dn F-gpXnbt]m-se C-
°mcyw X-s‚ {]_‘-Øn¬ F-gp-Xm≥ Hm-h≥
hn´p-t]m-bn: Im-Uv-_dn, sS-dn-_vƒ en-km¿Uv, t]Pv
261-2
26 Cu ÿm-\-Øn-cp∂p-sIm-≠v A-t±-lw \-
SØn-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv e≠-s‚ \m-Nz-d¬ ln-
Ã-dn ay-qkn-b ÿm-]-\-Øn-\p h-gn-sh-®-Xv: tImƒ-
_¿-´v, Z t{K-‰v ssU-\-tkm¿ l-t≠-gv-kv B≥-Uv
sZ-b¿ Un-kv-I-h-dokv, t]-Pv 30.
27 Hm-h-\p ap-ºp-≈ Ime-Øv ayq-kn-b-ßƒ h-tc-

Wy-h¿-K-Øn-\v B-tflm-Xv-°¿-jØn-\p≈ tI-{μ-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p: Xm-°v-td B≥-Uv {]-kv, Z \m-Nz-d¬
ln-Ã-dn ayqkn-bw, t]-Pv 24.
28 Im-Wp-∂-sX-s¥-∂-dn-bm≥ Hm-tcm-∂n-s‚ ap-

∂nepw hn-i-Zam-b Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ sh°pI: Xm-°v-td
B≥-Uv {]-kv, Z \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn ayq-kn-bw, t]-
Pv 98.
29 hnd-Ip I-j-W-ßƒt]m-se {]mNo-\ Po-hn-

I-fp-sS F√p Nn-X-dn-°n-S-°p∂p: hn¬-Ûv, Z dn-
30 kz-¥w sh-∏p]√v ]p-d-sØ-Sp-Øv ho≠pw hm-
bn¬ sh-®v Ah-sc A-¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn c-kn-∏n®vv
B K-th-jI≥ c-£-s∏´p: hn¬-Ûv, Z dnUv¬ Hm-
^v Z ssU-\-tkm¿, t]-Pv 100.
31 -]t£, Cu-sbm-c-[n-t£-]w Po-hn-X-Im-ew ap-

gp-h≥ A-bm-fp-sS a-\- n¬-°nS∂p ]p-I-™p:
tImƒ-_¿-´v, Z t{K-‰v ssU-\-tkm¿ l-t≠-gv-kv
B≥-Uv sZ-b¿ Unkv-I-h-dokv, t]-Pv 73.
32 G-Xm\pw h¿jw-sIm-≠v A-h¿ H-º-Xn¬\n-

∂v 150 B-bn D-b¿Øn-: tImƒ_¿´v, Z t{K-‰v ssU-
\-tkm¿ l-t≠-gv-kv B≥-Uv sZ-b¿ Un-kv-I-h-
dokv, t]-Pv 93.
33 C-∂p km-[m-cW-°m¿-°p ]-cn-Nn-X-am-b G-

Xm-s≠-√m ssU-\-tkm-dp-Ifpw: hn¬Ûv, Z dn-
34 D-bn≥-Xm-sØ-sd-kv B≥-sk-]v-kv F-∂ Po-

h-Pm-Xnsb C-cp-hcpw tN¿∂v Npcp-ßn-b-Xv 22 X-
h-W-bmWp I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv: kn-tlmb-kv B≥-Uv
t\m_¿, l≠nMv ssU-\-tkm¿kv, t]-Pv 16.
35 ]n-s∂ P¿-a≥-Im-cp-sS thym-am-{I-a-W-Øn¬
A-Xp Nm-º-embn: Im-Uv-_dn, sSdn_vƒ en-
km¿Uv, t]-Pv 325.
36 1840˛¬ \yq-kn-e≥Un-te-°p Ip-Sn-tbdn-b a-

I≥ hmƒ-´¿ A-Xn-te-sdbpw H-∏w sIm≠p-t]m-bn:
\yq-kn-e≥Uv Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n \yq-
kvse-‰¿, KnUnb≥ am‚ v¬˛˛Z \yq-kn-e≥Uv I-W-
Ivj≥, 1992 G{]n¬; \yq-kn-e≥Uv tPym-{K^nIv,
Z tlmfn C≥-kn-tk-gv-kv hm-Sv F {Sj¿, 2000 G-
{]n¬˛˛Pq¨ t]-Pv 17.
37 A-ß-s\-bm-W-Xn-\v t_m¨ Iym-_n≥ Izm-dn-

sb-∂p t]-cp h-∂Xv: tImƒ-_¿´v, Z t{K-‰v ssU-\-
tkm¿ l-t≠-gv-kv B≥-Uv sZ-b¿ Un-kv-I-h-dokv,
t]-Pv 151.
38 `q-an-bp-sS {]mbw 8.9 tIm-Sn h¿-j-am-sW-∂m-

bn-cp∂p A-t±-l-Øns‚ \n-K-a\w: se-hnkv, Z tU-
‰n-Mv sK-bnw, t]-Pv 37.
39 B-i-b-°pg-∏w aq¿-NvOn-®-tXm-sS: lmew,
t{K-‰v Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ tIm¨-{S-th-gvknkv, t]-Pv
173.
A[ym-bw 7
aq-e-Ihn-ti-jßƒ
kX-{¥w, _-lp-am-\y-Xbpw Im-cy-Ku-c-hh-pap-

s≈m-cp im-kv-{Xim-Jcbm-bn am-dn-b-Xv 1661 ap-X-
em-sW-∂p ]-d-bm-dp≠v. Hm-Iv-kv-^-Un-se tdm_¿´v
t_m-bv¬ "kv-sI-]v-‰n-°¬ sI-an-kv‰v' F-∂ ]p-kvX-
Iw {]-kn≤o-Icn-°p-∂-tXm-sS-bmWXv. c-km-b-
\hn-Zy-°m-scbpw c-k-X-{¥-⁄-scbpw th¿-Xn-cn-
®p Im-Wn-°p-∂ B-Zy c-N-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. ]-
t£, c-km-b\ hn-Zy (alchemy)bn¬\n-∂v c-
kX{¥ (chemistry)Øn-te-°p-≈ am-‰w A{X
Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√. h-f-™p-Xn-cn-™ ]m-X-I-fn-
eqsS a-μ-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p B bm{X. c-≠p tXm-
Wn-bnepw Im¬-h-®p \o-ßm≥ ]-Xn-s\´mw \q-
‰m≠p h-sc-bp-≈ im-kv-{X-⁄¿°v a-Sn-bn√m-bn-
cp∂p. sPm-lm≥ s_-sN¿ F∂ P¿-a≥ im-kv-
{X-⁄≥ D-Zm-l-cWw. J\n-P{Z-hyim-kv-{X-sØ∏-
‰n "^nkn° k-_v-sS-dm-\n-b' F-∂ D÷z-eIr-Xn
c-Nn-®-bm-fm-W-t±lw. ]t£, B-hiyap≈ km-[-
\-ßƒ In-ń-bm¬ X-\n-°v A-Zr-iy-\m-Im≥ I-gn-bp-
sa-∂v At±lØn-\p-d-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.1
B-ZyIm-e c-kX-{¥K-th-j-W-ß-fp-sS hn-Nn-{X-

am¿-K-ßfpw A-h-bpsS B-I-kvan-I^-e-ß-fpw a-
\- n-em-°m≥ sl-∂n-Mv {_m≥-Uv F-∂ P¿-a≥Im-
c≥ 1675˛¬ \-SØn-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-s‚ I-Y-
sbm-∂p tI-ƒ-°Ww. a-\p-jy-aq-{X-Øn¬\n-∂v kz¿-
Ww th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p sl∂nßn-
s‚ hn-izmkw. c-≠n-s‚bpw \n-d-Øn-ep-≈ km-ayw
ImcW-am-bn-cn°Ww A-t±-l-Øn-\ß-s\ tXm-∂n-
bXv. aq-{X-Øn¬\n-∂p kz¿-W-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ ]-
co-£-W-ß-fn¬ ap-gp-In A-t±lw. A-Xn-\mbn
AºXp _°-‰v a-\p-jy-aq{Xw kw-`-cn®p. F-∂n´-
Xv amk-ß-tfm-fw ho-ń-se \n-e-h-d-bn¬ kq-
£n®ph®p. F-s¥ms°-tbm k-¶o¿-W{]-{In-b-bn-
eq-sS BZyw A-Xn-s\ Ipgºpt]m-em-°n-sb-SpØp.
]n-s∂ sa-gp-Ip-cq-]-Øn-em°n. Fs¥m-s° sNb-
vXn´pw A-Xn¬\n-∂p kz¿-W-w Inń-bn√. ]-t£,
th-sdmcp c-knI≥ kw`-hap-≠mbn. Ip-td Znh-kw
I-gn-™-t∏mƒ Cu A-g-sIm-g-º≥ h-kv-Xp Xn-
fßm≥ Xp-S-ßn. hm-bp-hp-am-bn k-º¿-°-Øn-em-hp-
tºmƒ A-Xn¬\n∂p sIm-®p Xo-\m-f-ßƒ D-b-cm-
≥ Xp-Sßn. ]pXn-sbm-cp ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-s‚ Is≠Ø-
em-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
t^m-kv-^d-kv F-∂m-W-Xn\p t]-cn-´-Xv. {]Im-

iw h-ln-°p∂-Xv F∂¿Y-ap-≈ {Ko-°v˛˛em-‰n≥
hm-°p-I-fn¬\n-∂m-W-Xn-s‚ D-Zv-`hw. ]p-Xp-Xm-bn
I-s≠-Øn-b cm-k-h-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ hm-Wn-Pykm-[y-X-
I-sf∏-‰n em-t`-—p-°fmb hy-h-km-bn-Iƒ-°p kw-
i-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]-t£, \n¿-am-W-Øn\p-≈
_p-≤n-ap-´p- Imc-Ww A-Xn-\p `b-¶-c hn-e-bm-bn-
cp∂p. H-cu¨-kv t^m-kv-^-d-kn-\v B-dp Kn-\n2
(C∂-sØ \n-e-bv-°v G-Xm-≠v 24,000 cq]). A-
Xmb-Xv kz¿-W-sØ-°mƒ hne.
t^m-kv-^d-kv \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-\p th-≠ A-kw-

kvIr-Xh-kv-Xp-°ƒ e`y-am-°m≥ B-Zy-Ime-Øv ]-
´m-f-°m-cp-sS k-lm-b-am-Wp tX-Sn-bXv. ]t£, hym-
h-km-bn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ D¬-]m-Z-\Øn\p ]-
´m-f-Iym-ºn¬ \n-∂p≈ aq{Xw a-Xn-bm-hm-sX h∂p.
a-q-{X-Øn-s‚ \m-‰hpw am-en-\y-hpan√msX t^m-kv-
^d-kv \n¿-Ωn-°m-\p-≈ hn-Zy Imƒ kv-Io¬ F-
∂ kzoUnjv c-k-X-{¥-⁄≥ 1750I-fn¬ I-≠p-]n-
Sn®p. t^m-kv-^d-kv \n¿ΩmW-Øn-ep≈ Cu ssh-
Z-Kv[yw Im-c-W-am-Wv kzo-U\v Xo-s∏-ń \n¿Ωm-W-
Øn¬ B-[n-]Xyw ÿm-]n-°m\m-bXv.
H-c-km-[m-c-W a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p kv-Io¬. A-

km-[m-c-Wamwhn-[w \n¿`m-Ky-hm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p A-
t±-lw. an-I-® D-]-I-cW-ß-sfm-∂pw ssI-h-i-an-
√m™n´pw B ]m-hw ^m¿-a-kn-Ãv F-´p aq-e-I-
ß-fm-Wp I-≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv. t¢mdn≥, ^v-fq-dn≥, amw-K-
\okv, t_-cnbw, tam-fn-_v-Un\w, S-Mv-kv‰¨, ss\-
{S-P≥, ]ns∂ Hm-Iv-kn-P-\pw. ]-t£, CXn-sem-∂n-
s‚t]mepw Aw-Ko-Im-cw At±lØn-\p In-ń-bn√.3
]-e-t∏mgpw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øß-sf
a‰p≈h¿ A-h-K-Wn®p. a-‰p Nn-e-t∏m-gmI-s´ kv-
Io¬ C-°m-cyw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øptºm-tg--°v a-‰p Nn-
e¿ kz-X-{¥-amb-Xv I-s≠-Øn Aw-Ko-Im-cw kz-
¥am°n°-gn-™n-cp∂p. aq-e-I-ßƒ am-{Xa√, D-]-
Im-c-{]-Zam-b H-t´-sd kwbp‡-ßfpw A-t±-lw I-
≠p-]n-Sn®p˛˛˛A-tam-Wn-b, •n-k-dn≥, Sm-\n-Iv B-
knUv F∂n-h D-Zm-l-cWw. km-[-\-ßƒ ip-≤n-
bm-°n sh-fp-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-\p-≈ ªo-®n-Mv G-P‚m-bn
t¢m-dn≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂p I-s≠-Øn-bXv kv-
IoemWv. Cu I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw D-]-tbm-Kn-®v [m-cm-
fw t]¿ k-º-∂-cmbn. kvIoen-\p Kp-W-sam-∂p-ap-
≠m-bn-s√-∂p am-{Xw.
hen-sbm-cp Zp-»o-e-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p kv-Io-en\v. ]-

co-£-W-Øn-\p-]-tbmKn-°p-∂ cm-kh-kv-Xp-°ƒ
A-ev-]-sa-Sp-Øp cp-Nn®p-t\m-°pw. sa¿-°p-dnbm-
bmepw i-cn, am-c-Ihn-j-amb ssl-t{Umk-b-\n-Iv
B-kn-Uv B-bmepw i-cn (150 h¿-j-Øn-\pti-jw
F¿-hn≥ t{jm-Un-ß¿ {]-i-kv-Xam-b Nn¥m]-
co£-Ww \-S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ˛˛˛A-tX∏-‰n H-º-Xm-a-
[ym-b-Øn¬ hm-bn°mw˛˛˛-hn-j-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn®-Xv
kv-Io¬ I-≠p-]n-Sn® ssl-t{Umk-b-\n-Iv Bkn-
Um-Wv. A-{X-bv-°v A-]-I-S-Im-cn-bmWv B hn-j-
h-kvXp). ho-≠p-hn-Nm-can√m-Ø B ioew kv-Io-
en-\p hn-\-bmhp-IX-s∂sN-bv-Xp. 1786˛¬
\mev]Ønaq-∂ma-sØ h-b- n¬ X-s‚ ]-co-£-
Wta-i-bv-°-cn-In¬ H-cp-Iq´w hnj-]Zm¿-Y-ßƒ-°p
\-Sp-hn¬ A-t±lw a-cn-®p-In-S∂p. B ap-J-Øv A-
hkm-\-am-bn Zr-iy-am-b \-Sp-°-w A-°q-´-Øn-
tetXm cm-k-h-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ kr„n-bm-bn-cp∂ncn-
°Ww.
tem-Iw \o-Xn-am-∑m-sc-s°m-≠p \n-d-™n-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ kv-Io¬ tem-Isaßpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-am-
bn-cp∂p. tem-I-sØ√m-hcpw kw-km-cn°p∂Xv
kzo-Un-jv `m-j-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ A-t±lw B-tKm-
f{]-i-kv-X\m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]-t£, Cw-•n-jv kw-
km-cn-°p-∂ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ c-k-X-{¥-
⁄¿-°m-Wv B `m-Ky-ap-≠m-b-Xv. 1772˛¬ kv-Io¬
Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ I-s≠-Øn-. ]-d-™n-s´¥m, H-t´-sd
Zp¿-L-S{]-iv-\-ßƒ Imc-Ww At±-lØn-\v A-°m-
cyw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-≈ {]_-‘w k-a-b-
Øn-\v {]kn≤o-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-™n√. Ipd-®p
sshIn, kz-X-{¥-am-bn 1774˛se th\¬°m-e-Øv
A-tX aqeIw I-≠p-]n-Sn® tPmk-^v {]o-Ãv-en-°m-
Wv Hm-Iv-knP≥ I-s≠Øn-b Bƒ F-∂ _-
lpaXn e-`n-®Xv. A-Xnepw I-„-am-Wv t¢m-dn≥ I-
≠p-]n-Sn-® kw-`hw. t¢m-dn≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn®-Xv
lw{^n tU-hn-bm-sW-∂m-Wv an-° ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-
ß-fnepw Im-Wp-I. tU-hn t¢mdn≥ I≠p]n-Sn-
s®∂-Xp i-cnXs∂. ]t£, kv-Io¬ A-Xp I-s≠-
Øn \o-≠ 36 h¿jw I-gn-™-Xn-\pti-j-am-bn-cp-
∂p tU-hn-bp-sS I-s≠-Ø-se∂p am-{Xw.
\yq-´-s\bpw t_m-bv-en-s\bpw ]n-∂n-´v kv-Io-en-
s‚bpw {]o-Ãv-en-bpsSbpw Im-h≥-Un-jn-s‚bpw \q-
‰m-≠n-se-Øp-tºm-tg-°v c-k-X{¥w Hcp]m-Sv ap-t∂-
dn-. F-¶n-epw ]n-∂n-Sm≥ ]n-s∂-bp-ta-sd Zq-c-ap-≠m-
bn-cp∂p. F´mw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\ Z-i-I-
ßƒhsc ({]o-Ãv-en-bp-sS Im-cy-sa-Sp-Øm¬ A-Xn-
\pti-j-hpw) Nn-e A-b-Ym¿-Y ]-Zm¿-Y-ßƒ-°m-bp-
≈ A-t\z-j-WØnem-bn-cp-∂p c-k-X-{¥-⁄¿.
B C√m-°m-cy-ßƒ I-s≠-Øn-sb∂v A-hcn¬ ]-
ecpw B-flm¿-Y-am-bn hn-iz-kn-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.
Zp-„hm-X-Ißƒ, A-·n-Xz-an√m-Xm°n-b km-ap-{Zn-
Im-æ-ßƒ, Pz-e-\-Øn-\p ti-j-a-h-ti-jn°p-∂
Im¬-Iv-kv F-∂ k-Øv... F√m-‰n-ep-ap]-cn A-
·nXzw. Pze-\w \-S-Øp-∂-Xv A·nXz-sa-∂ h-kv-
Xphm-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A∂-sØ [mc-W. CØ-cw
h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°n-S-bn-se-hnsStbm \n-¿÷o-hh-kv-Xp-
°ƒ-°p Poh≥ ]-I-cp-∂ Zp-cq-lkwK-Xn H-fn-®n-
cn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂-h¿ I-cpXn. Cu A-aq¿-Økm[-
\w F-hn-sS-bm-Wp ÿn-XnsN-øp-∂-sX-∂v B¿-°p-
a-dn-bn√mbn-cp∂p. c-≠p km-[y-X-Ifm-W-h¿ Iev-]n-
®Xv. H-∂v sNdn-sbmcp ssh-ZypXm-Lm-XwsIm-≠v
h-kv-Xp-°-fn¬ Po-h≥ ]-I-cmw (Cu B-i-b-am-Wv
tacn sj√n "{^m-s¶≥-Ão≥' F-∂ {]-ikvX t\m-
h-en¬ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv). c-≠m-a-Xm-bn Nn-e
]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fn-¬ Poh-s‚ B Awiap-≠v, a‰p Nne-
Xn¬ C√. A-ß-s\-bm-Wv c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\v c-≠p
im-J-I-fp-≠m-bXv˛˛˛4 Hm¿-Km-\n-°pw (Poh-s‚ Aw-
iw D-s≠-∂p I-cp-Xn-b ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-sf-°p-dn®p-≈
]T\w) C-t\m¿-Km-\n°pw ( Poh-s‚ Aw-i-an√m-
Ø ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-sf°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T\w).
C-ß-s\-bp-≈ c-k-X{¥-sØ B-[p\n-IIm-e-

tØ--°p I-S-Øn-hn-Sm≥ Dƒ-°m-gv-N-bp-s≈m-cm-fp-sS
t\-XrXzw B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. H-cp {^-©p-Imc-\m-
Wv B Zu-Xyw G-s‰-Sp-ØXv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cv
A-¥zm≥ temd‚ v em-thm-kn-tb. G-d-°p-sd h-tc-
Wy-sa-∂p ]-d-bm-hp-∂ Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ 1743˛emWv
em-thm-kn-tb- P-\n®Xv. k¿-°m-dn-\pth-≠n I-cw
]n-cn-®p \¬-Ip-∂ "t^-sa P-\dse' F-∂ kz-Im-
cyÿm-]-\-Øn¬ Ip-Spw-_kzØv \n-t£-]n®v
1768˛¬ A-t±lw Hm-l-cn-sb-SpØp. Gd-°p-sd am-
\y\pw kmXznI-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p em-thm-knsb. ]-
t£, A-t±-lØn-\p ]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈ ÿm]-\w C-
Xp c-≠p-a√m-bn-cp∂p. ]-W-°m-cn¬\n∂√, ]m-h-
ß-fn¬\n∂m-W-h¿ \n-Ip-Xn ]n-cn-®Xv. A-Xpw
IøpwI-W-°p-an√msX. F-∂n´pw emthm-kn-tb A-
Xn¬ Xp-S-¿∂Xv {]n-b-s∏-´ c-kX-{¥]-co-£-W-
ßƒ-°pth-≠ ]-Ww In-´p∂-Xv B ÿm-]-\-Øn-
s‚ em-`hn-ln-X-Øn¬\n-∂mWv F-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-
bn-cp∂p. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ h-cp-am\w I-b-dn-°-b-dn
h¿-j-Øn¬ 150,000 sses{h h-sc-sbØn-b k-a-
b-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. C∂-sØ \n-e-bv-°-Xv 1.2 tIm-Sn
]u≠v h-cpw.5
Aß-s\ im-kv-{X]-co-£-W-ß-fp-am-bn ap-t∂m-

´pt]m-b em-thm-kntb ta-ep-tZym-K-ÿcn-sem-cm-fp-
sS ]-Xn∂m-ep-Im-cnbm-b aI-sf hn-hm-lw Ign®p.6
k-am-\lr-Z-b-ß-fp-sS k-am-K-a-am-bn-cp-∂p B hn-
hm-lw. _p-≤n-im-enbmb B bph-Xn em-thm-kn-
tb-bp-sS ]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬ {In-bmflI]-¶m-fn-
bmbn. tPm-en-bp-sSbpw s]m-Xp-Im-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw
Xn-c-°n-\n-S-bnepw Znhkw A-©p a-Wn-°q¿ A-h¿
k-b≥-kn-\p \o-°n-sh®p. A-Xn-cm-hn-se c-≠p a-
Wn-°q¿. ]n-s∂ tPm-en I-gn-™v ssh-In-´v aq-∂p a-
Wn-°q¿. Rm-b-dmgvNI-fn¬ ap-gp-h≥ k-a-bhpw im-
kv-{X]-co-£-W-ß-ƒ. A-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿°vv B-
Àm-Z-Øn-s‚ Zn-\-w (tPm¿ Zn t_m¨l¿).7 CXn-
s\m-s°-∏pdta shSn a-cp-∂ph-Ip-∏ns‚ I-Ωo-j-
W-dm-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°m-\pw I-≈-°S-Øp X-Sbp∂-
Xn-\v ]m-co-kn\p Np‰pw a-Xn¬ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p
ta¬t\m-´w h-ln°m-\pw Af-hpXq-°-ß-fp-sS sa-
{Sn-Iv kw-hn-[m-\-am-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p klm-bn-
°m\pw At±lw kabw I-s≠Øn. Xo¿-∂n√,
"sa-tX-Uv Un t\m-a≥-¢-®¿ InaoIv' F-s∂m-cp
ssI∏p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ k-lc-N-bn-Xm-hpam-bn-cp-∂p
At±lw. aq-e-I-ß-fp-sS t]cp Xo¿-∏m-°p-∂ Im-cy-
Øn¬ Ahkm-\hm-°m-bn-cp∂p Cu ]p-kv-XIw.
tdm-b¬ k-b≥-kv A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS {]-ap-Jmw-Kw

F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ H-cphn-[-s∏-´ hn-j-b-ß-fn-se√mw
kPo-h Xm¬-]-cy-sa-Sp-t°-≠ _m[y-XIqSn em-
thm-kn-tb-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fp-sS iz-k-
\hy-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®p≈ ]T-\wapX¬ ln]v-t\m-ń-
kwh-scbpw P-bn¬ ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßƒapX¬ ]m-co-
kn-se P-e-hnX-c-Wkw-hn-[m-\-Øn-se {]-iv-\-
ßƒh-sc-bpw ]Tn®v hn-Z-Kv-[m-`n-{]m-bw ]-d-tb-≠n-
h-cpw. Cu-sbm-c-[n-Im-c-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv 1780˛¬
At±lw, H-cp bp-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ hen-b {]-Xo-
£-tbm-sS Pz-e-\-sØ∏‰n X-øm-dm°n- k-a¿-∏n-®
kn-≤m-¥w X-≈n-°-f-™Xv.8 B kn-≤m-¥w
sX‰pXs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, A-Xp X-≈-n°-f-
™ em-thm-knt-b-tbmSp s]m-dp-°m≥ B bp-h-im-
kv-{X-⁄\p I-gn-™n√. gm-Mv t]mƒ a-dm-Xv F∂m-
bn-cp-∂p A-bm-fp-sS t]cv.
C{X-sbm-s° sNbv-X em-thm-kn-tb sN-øm-Xn-cp-

∂ H-cp Im-cy-ap≠v. A-t±-l-sam-cp aqe-Iw I-≠p-
]n-Sn-®n√. H-cp _o-°dpw Xo-\m-fhpw Ipd-®p c-kn-
I≥ s]m-Sn-I-fp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ B¿°pw ]pXn-b aq-e-
I-ßƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn°m-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p A∂-sØ
Ahÿ. B-sI-bp-≈ aq-e-I-ß-fn¬ aq-∂n¬
c≠pw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm≥ In-S-°p-I-bp-am-bn-
cp∂p. F-∂n-´pw ]pXpXm-sbm-cp aqe-Iwt]mepw I-
s≠-Øm≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\m-bn√.9 ho-ń¬ _o°-
dn√m-ØXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ A-Xv. 13,000 _o-°-
dp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p emthm-kn-tb-bp-sS ssI-h-iw.
F-°me-sØbpw G-‰-hpw an-I-® kz-Im-cy e-t_md-
´-dn-Ifn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-t‚Xv.
a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-sf-Sp-Øv A-h

km¿-Y-I-am-°p-I-bm-Wv em-thm-kn-tb sN-bv-XXv.
A-·n-X-Øzkn-≤m-¥-sØbpw Zp-„hm-X-Ik-¶ev]-
sØbpw A-t±-lw ]p-d-Øm-°n. ssl-{U-P\pw Hm-
Iv-kn-P\pw F-¥msW-∂-t±-lw Xn-cn-®-dn™p. A-
Xn-\n∂-sØ B-[p\n-I t]-cp-Iƒ \¬In. Np-cp-°-
Øn¬ c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\v Du¿-÷-kz-e-Xbpw hy-‡-
X-bpw ]T-\ co-Xnbpw ]-I¿-∂p \¬In.
A-Xn-kq£v-a \n-co-£-W-ßƒ B-h-iy-ap-≈ ]-

co-£-W-ß-fn-em-Wv em-thm-kn-tbbpw `m-cybpw ap-
gp-In-b-Xv. Aß-s\ A-Xph-sc F√m-hcpw I-
cpXnbt]m-se Xp-cp-sº-Sp-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-hn-\p `m-
cw Ip-d-bp-I-b√ sNøp∂-sX-∂v A-h¿ I-s≠Øn.
t\tc a-dn-®v, Xp-cp-ºn-°p-tºmƒ `m-cw Iq-Sp-Ibm-
Wv sN-øp-∂Xv. A-km-[m-c-W I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-
cp-∂p AXv. Xp-cpsºSp-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp A-¥-co-£-
Øn¬\n-∂v Nn-e aq-e-Iß-sf kzo-I-cn-°p∂p-sh-
∂m-W-Xn-\¿-Yw. {Z-hy-sØ cq-]]-cn-h¿Ø-\w h-
cpØmw, ]t£, \-in∏n-°m≥ ]-‰n√ F-∂ Imcyw
B-Zy-am-bn t_m-[y-am-Ip∂-Xv A-ß-s\-bmWv.
\nß-fo ]p-kvX-Iw C-t∏mƒ I-Øn-®m¬ A-Xv Nm-
chpw ]p-I-bp-am-bn amdpw. ]t£, Cu {]-]-©-Øn-
se sam-Øw {Z-hy-Øn-s‚ Af-hv A-t∏mgpw am-‰
an√m-sX Xp-S-cpw. C-Xm-Wv {Z-hykwc-£-W\n-baw.
hn-π-h-I-cam-b H-cmib-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ]t£, a-
s‰m-cp hn-π-hØn-s\m-∏-amW-Xv h-∂Xv˛˛˛{^©v-hn-
πhw. A-Xn-emI-s´ tXm¬-hn ]n-W-bm≥ t]m-Ip-∂
]n-¥n-cn∏≥ tN-cn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p em-thm-kntb.
sh-dp-°-s∏-´ "t^-sa P-\d-se'bn¬ Aw-K-am-bn-

cp-∂p F-∂Xp-sIm≠p am-{X-a√ em-thm-kn-tb hn-
π-h-hn-cp-≤-\m-bn ap-{Z-Ip-Ø-s∏-´Xv. ]m-co-kn-\p
Np‰pw a-Xn-ep \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ Xm¬-]-cy-sa-Sp-Øp F-
∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p {][m-\ {]-iv-\w. ]m-co-kn¬ X-e-
bp-b¿-Øn\n∂ B ap-J-∏m-Wv hn-π-h-Im-cn-Iƒ
BZyw X-I¿-ØXv. C-Xn\-Iw tZio-b A-kw-ªn-
bn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-I kzm-[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ a-dm-Xv
Inń-b A-hkcw ap-X-se-Sp-Øp. em-thmkn-tbsb
i-{Xp-hm-bn {]-Jym-]n-® A-bmƒ A-t±l-sØ Xq-
°n-s°m√m≥ k-a-b-amsb-∂v A-`n-{]m-b-s∏´p.
1791˛em-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ssh-ImsX "t^-sa P-\-
dse' AS-®p ]qń. A-[n-Iw I-gnbpw ap-ºv a-dm-Øn-
s\ jm¿e-‰v tIm¿tU F∂p t]cmb bph-Xn Ip-
fn-ap-dn-bn¬h-®v sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ]-
t£ A-Xn-\pap-ºpXs∂ em-thm-kn-tb-bp-sS hn-[n
\n¿-W-bn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p.
{^-©vhn-π-hIm-esØ, ò-I-chm-gv-N - ( Reign of

Terror) F-∂p hn-tijn-∏n-°-s∏-´ c-‡-s®m-cn-®n¬
1793 B-b-t∏m-tg°pw D-®-ÿm-bn-bn-seØn. H-tŒm-
_-dn¬ {^-©v dmWn ta-cn B-¥zm-s\-‰ns‚ X-e-
b-dpØp. A-Sp-Ø am-kw `m-cybp-sam-Øv kv-tIm-
Sv-e≥-Un-te-°p I-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ]≤-Xn X-øm-dm-
°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS em-thm-kn-tb A-d-kv-‰n-embn. sa-bv-
am-k-Øn¬ emthmkn-tb-bpw 31 I¿-j-I{]-ap-Jcpw
hn-π-h-t°m-S-Xn-°p (B tIm-S-Xn-ap-dn-bpsS A-[y-
£]-Z-hn-b-e-¶-cn®-Xv a-dm-Øn-s‚ A¿-[Im-b{]-Xn-
a-bm-bn-cp∂p) apºmsI lm-P-cm-°-s∏´p. F-´pt]-
sc sh-dp-sX hn-´p-sh-¶nepw em-thmkn-tbbpw a-
‰p-≈-h-sc-bpw "tπ-kv Un em sd-h-eq-j-\n-' (C-
t∏mƒ tπ-kv Un em tIm¨-tIm¿sU) te°m-
Wv sIm≠p-t]m-bXv. {^-©v Kn√-‰n-\p-Iƒ A-hn-{i-
aw ]-Wn-sb-SpØp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ A-hn-sS- emthm-kn-
tb-bp-sS I¨-ap-∂n¬h-®v `m-cym-]n-Xm-hn-s‚ X-e-
b-dpØp. ]n∂mse B im-kv-{X⁄\pw ac-Ww
G-‰p-hmßn. aq-∂p am-kw Xn-Ibpwap-ºv, Pq-embv
27˛\v, hn-π-h-Øn-\v t\-XrXzw sIm-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬ {]-
[m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ tdm-_v-kv]n-b-dn-sb C-tX ÿ-e-
Øp-h-®v C-tX co-Xn-bn¬ h-[n®p. ssh-Im-sX
òIchm-gv-N A-h-km-\n-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp.
- em-thm-kn-tb a-cn-®v \q-dp h¿-jw I-gn-™-
t∏mƒ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ {]Xna ]m-co-kn-ep-b¿∂p.
Ip-td-°m-ew P-\-ß-f-Xn-s\ h-Wßn. ]t£, A-
t∏m-gm-Wv B {]-Xn-a-bv-°v em-thm-kn-tb-bp-sS cq-
]-hp-am-bn H-cp km-ayhp-an-s√-∂v Btcm Nq-≠n-°m-
Wn-®Xv. tNmZyw sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ inev-]n Ip‰w k-Ω-
Xn®p. Bcpw a-\- n-em-°p-I-bn-s√-∂ [m-c-W-bn¬,
AY-hm a-\- nem-bmepw Bcpw {]-iv-\-am-°n-s√-∂
[m-c-W-bn¬, am¿-Izn-kv Un tIm¨-U¿-sk-‰v F-∂
K-Wn-X⁄-s‚ in-c- m-Wv {]-Xn-a-bn-ep-]-tbm-Kn®-
Xv. c≠m-a-sØ Imcyw i-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. Xn-cn-®-dn-
b-s∏-ń´pw em-thm-kntb˛tIm¨-U¿-sk-‰v {]Xn-a
A-c\q-‰m-≠pIm-ew-Iq-Sn, c≠mw tem-Ibp-≤whsc
Ahn-sSØ-s∂ \n-e-\n-∂p. ]n-∂oS-Xv Btcm F-
SpØp-sIm≠p-t]m-bn DS®phm¿Øp.10
Nn-cn-∏n-°p-∂ hm-X-Iamb ss\-{Skv HmIv-ssk-

Uv iz-kn-°p-∂-Xv 1800Ifp-sS Xp-S-°-Øn¬ Cw-•-
≠n¬ hen-b {`-a-am-bn ]-S¿-∂p. B hmXIw I≠p-
]n-Sn-® Im-e-amWXv. A-Xn-s‚ D-]-tbm-Kw B-\-μm-
Xn-tc-Iw \¬-Ipsa∂p I-s≠Øn-b Im-ew.11 ]n-∂o-
Sp-≈ A-c\q-‰m-≠p Im-e-tØ°v bphm °-ƒ-°p
{]n-b-s∏´ D-tØ-P-Iuj[am-bn- AXp amdn. Akv-
Io-jy≥ skmssk-‰n-sb-∂ hn⁄m-\k-an-Xn-
bpsS ka-bw ap-gp-h-\-]-l-cn®-Xv ss\{Skv HmIv-
ssk-Uv iz-k-\-am-bn-cp∂p. Xn-tb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ Nn-cn-
∏n°pw hm-X-Ikm-bm-”-ßƒ ]-Xn-hmbn.12 ss\-
{Skv HmIv-ssk-Uv iz-kn-®v D-tØPn-X-cm-Ip-∂-h-cp-
sS X-am-i-{]-I-S-\-ß-fm-kz-Zn-°m≥ Im-Wn-I-ƒ X-Sn-
®p-IqSn.
]t£, ss\-{Skv HmIv-ssk-Un-\v Ip-td-°q-Sn {]-

tbm-P-\-{]-Zam-sbmcp D-]-tbm-Kw I-s≠-Øm≥ 1846
h-sc Im-t°-≠n-h∂p. i-kv-{X-{In-b-bn¬ th-Z-\
A-dn-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A-\-kv-tX-jybmbn Cu hmX-
Iw D-]-tbm-Kn°p∂-Xv A-∂mWv. A-ßs\-sbm-cm-
i-bw A-{X-\mƒ B¿-°p-ap-≠m-Im™Xp-sIm-≠v
F-{X-tbm B-fp-Iƒ i-kv-{X-{In-bmap-dn-bn¬ tUm-
Œ-dp-sS I-Øn-ap-\-bn¬ thZ-\-sIm≠p ]n-S-™p.
C-°mcyw C-hn-sS-∏-d™-Xv ]-Xn-s\´mw \q-‰m-

≠n¬ A-Xn-{Zp-Xw hn-Ikn-® c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\v ]-
sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ B-ZyZ-i-I-ß-fn¬ B
H-cp ÿm-\w \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\m-bn√ F-∂ h-kvXp-
X Nq-≠n-°m-Wn°m-\mWv. C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚
Xp-S-°-Øn¬ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°p ]-‰n-bXpw A-
XpXs∂. CXn-s\m-cp Imc-Ww, th-≠ D-]-I-c-
Wßƒ e-`y-a√m-bn-cp-∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. \q-‰m-≠n-s‚
c≠mw ]-Ip-Xn-bm-b-t∏m-gm-Wv sk-≥-{Sn-^yq-Pp-Iƒ
h-cp-∂Xv. D-]-I-c-W-ß-fn-s√∂-Xv ]-co-£-W-ßƒ-
°p ]-cn-an-Xn-bmbn. kmaq-ln-IIm-c-W-ß-fm-Wp a-
s‰m∂v. s]m-Xp-hn¬ _n-kn-\-kp-Im-cp-sS
kb≥km-bn-cp-∂p c-k-X-{¥w. I¬-°-cn-bp-sSbpw
s]m-´m-jn-s‚-bpw Nmb-°q-´pI-fp-sSbpw temI-Øv
Po-hn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS im-kv-{Xw. am-\y∑m¿°p ]‰nb
ta-J-e-b√ A-sX-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A∂-sØ Im-gv-N-
∏mSv. A-h¿ `qLS-\m im-kv-{X-Øn-te-°pw Po-h-
im-kv-{X-Øn-te-°pw ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-Øn-te°pw
{i-≤ Xn-cn®p ({_n-´-\p-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-
tºmƒ bq-tdm-∏ns‚ a-‰p `m-K-ß-fn¬ C-°m-cy-
Øn¬ sNdn-b hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Xosc
sNdnb hy-Xymkw). AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw, B \q-
‰m-≠n-se G-‰hpw henb I-≠p]n-Sn-Ø-ßfn-sem-
s∂-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂ {_u-Wn-b≥
Ne\w I-s≠-Ønb-Xv H-cp c-k-X-{¥-⁄-\m-bn-cp-
∂n√. kv-tIm-Sv-e‚n¬\n-∂p-≈ tdm-_¿-´v {_u¨
F∂ k-kyim-kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p. A-t±-l-
Øns‚ Cu I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-Wv X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS k-
Po-h{]-Ir-Xn sX-fn-bn-®Xv (]qsºm-Sn-bn-se \t∂
sNdn-b I-W-ßƒ sh-≈-Øn-en-Sp-tºmƒ A-h
Nen®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv 1827˛¬
13
{_u¨ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. AS-ßm≥ F-{Xt\-cw
\¬-In-bmepw A-h-bnß-s\ N-en®p-sIm-t≠-
bncn°pw. Cu A-h-km-\n-°m-Ø N-e-\-Øns‚,
A-Zr-iyX-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS {]h¿Ø-\^-e-am-bp-≈
Cu N-e-\-Øn-s‚ Im-c-W-sa-s¥∂-Xv G-sd-°m-
etØ°p hen-sbm-cp k-a-ky-bm-bn-cp∂p.)
Aß-s\ c-k-X-{¥-sØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw

Im-cy-ßƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ tam-i-am-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. A-Xp
X-S™-Xv H-c-km-[m-c-W a-\p-jy-\mWv˛˛˛thm¨
dw-Ûv {]`p. Cu ÿm-\-t∏-sc√mw e-`n°pwap-
ºv shdpw _-©an≥ tXmw-k-Wm-bn a-km-®p-sk-
‰v-kn-se thm-_-Wn¬ 1753˛em-Wv A-t±lw Po-hn-
Xw Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv. [o-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p _-©-an≥; _p-
≤n-am-\pw. kp-μc≥, A-tcm-K-ZrV-Km-{X≥. H-∏w F-
ß-s\-bp-ap-b-c-W-sa-∂ AXn-tam-l-w. a\ m£n-°p-
Øm-sW-¶n¬ Xo-sc Ip-d-hpw. ]-sØm-ºXmw h-
b- n¬ _-©-an≥ hn-hm-lw I-gn®p. ]-Xn-∂m-ep
hb- v {]m-b-°q-Sp-X-ep-≈ H-cp k-º-∂ hn[h-bm-
bn-cp-∂p h[p. hnπhw tIm-f-\n-I-fn-te-°pw hym-
]n-®-t∏mƒ A-t±lw H-c_-≤w sN-bvXp. cm-P-]£-
Øp tN¿∂p. A-h¿-°p-th-≠n Nm-c∏Wnt]mepw
sN-bXp. hn-tam-N-\]£-Øp \n¬-°m-Ø-Xn-\v A-
d-Ãv sNøs∏-Sp-sa-∂ ÿn-Xn h-∂-t∏mƒ14 `m-cysb-
bpw Ip-™n-s\bpw D-t]-£n-®v c£-s∏´p. hn-π-h-
Im-cn-Iƒ D-cpIn-b Smdpw Xq-h¬ \n-d-® Nm-°p-am-
bn Ae¶m-c∏-Wn sN-øm-s\-Øn-bXn\p- sXm-´p-ap-
ºm-bn-cp-∂p B ]-em-b\w.
BZyw Cw-•-≠n-te-°v. ]n-s∂ P¿-Ω-\n-bn¬. A-

hn-sS-b-t±-lw _thdnb k¿-°m-dn-s‚ ssk\n-tIm-
]-tZ-„m-hm-bn {]-h¿-Øn®p. _-©-an≥ tXmwks‚
{]-h¿Ø-\w A-[n-Ir-X¿-°p \-t∂ Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-
bn-cp∂p. A-ß-s\-bmWv 1791˛¬ A-t±l-sØ hn-
ip≤ tdm-amkm-{am-Py-Øn-se dw-^-Uv {]-`p-hm-bn
A-h-tcm-[n-°p-∂Xv. ayq-W-n-°n-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ
A-t±-l-amWv {]-i-kv-Xamb Cw-•n-jv Km¿U-s‚ cq-
]-tc-J X-øm-dm-°n-bXv.
C-Xn-s\√m-an-S-bn-epw K-Wy-amb tXm-Xn¬ ip-≤

im-kv-{X-K-th-j-WØn-\v dw-Ûv ka-bw I-s≠-
Øn. Xm-]-KXn-I (thermo dynamics)Øn¬ A-Xn-
Im-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-lw. {Zm-h-I-ß-fp-sS kw-h-
l-\-Øn- (convection) s‚-bpw k-ap-{ZP-e-{]-hm-l-
Øn‚bpw X-Øz-ßƒ B-Zy-am-bn a-\- n-em°nb-X-
t±-l-am-Wv. {]-tbm-P-\-{]-Zam-b H-t´-sd D-]-I-c-W-
ßfpw A-t±-lw I≠p]n-Sn®p. D-jv-W Dƒ-h-kv-{Xw,
Im-∏n-bp-≠m-°m-\p≈ {Un-]v tIm-^n ta°¿, C-
t∏m-gpw dw^-Uv ^-b¿-sπ-bv-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂
H-cn-\w ASp∏v, Aßs\ ]-e-Xpw. 1805˛¬ {^m≥-
kn-se hn-{i-aIme-Øv dw^-Uv em-thm-kn-tb-bpsS
hn-[h-sb ]-cn-N-b-s∏-´p hn-hm-lm-`y¿-Y-\ \-SØn.
hnhmlw \-S∂p. ]t£, A-sXm-cp ]-cm-P-b-am-bn-
cp-∂p. A-[n-I-\mƒ I-gnbpw-ap-ºv Ah¿ th¿-
]ncn™p. ]n-∂oSv {^m≥-kn¬X-s∂ I-gn-™
dw^-Uv 1814˛¬ a-c-W-a-S™p. \m-´p-Im¿ A-t±l-
sØ B-cm-[n®p; c-≠p ap≥`m-cy-am¿ H-gnsI.
dw-^-Un-s\∏-‰n C-hn-sS ]-d-bm≥ Im-c-W-ap-≠v.

1799˛¬ Ipd-®p Imew e-≠-\n¬ I-gn-™-t∏mƒ
A-t±-l-am-Wv tdm-b¬ C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-j≥ ÿm]n®-
Xv. ]-Xn-s\´mw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\hpw ]-sØm-
ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn-ep-ambn {_n-´-\n¬
D-b¿-∂ph-∂ H-t´-sd hn-⁄m-\ k-an-XnI-fn¬ {]-
ap-J- ÿm-\-w e-`n-®p A-Xn\v. bp-h- c-k-X-{¥-⁄¿-
°p kPo-h t{]m-’ml-\w \¬-Ip-∂ G-I ÿm-
]-\-am-bn-cp-∂p G-sd-°m-e-tØ--°v AXv. A-hn-sS
c-k-X{¥ s{]m-^-kdm-bn \n-b-an-°-s∏-´ lw{^n
tU-hnF-∂ bp-h{]-Xn-`-tbm-Sm-Wv A-Xn\p \mw I-
S-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. {]-Kev-` \m-b A-[ym-]-I≥ F-
∂ \n-e-bnepw an-I-® K-th-j-I≥ F-∂ \n-e-bnepw
A-t±-lw tem-I-{]-i-kv-X-\mbn. H-∂n-\p ]nd-sI H-
∂m-bn ]pXn-b aq-e-Ißƒ tUhn ]p-d-sØ-Sp-Øp-
sIm-≠n-cp∂p˛˛tkm-Unbw, s]m-´m-kyw, a·ojyw,
Im¬-kyw, kv-t{Sm-Wn-bw ]n-s∂ A-ep-an-\nbw A-
s√-¶n¬ Aep-an\w.* C{X-b-[n-Iw aq-e-I-ßƒ I-
s≠-Øm≥ A-t±l-sØ k-lm-bn-®Xv X-s‚
kq£v-a_p-≤n am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. A-Xn-\p ]‰n-b H-
cp-]-IcWw A-t±-lw hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-SpØp˛˛D-cp°n-
b ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fn-eq-sS sshZypXn I-S-Øn-hn-Sp-∂-Xn-
\p-≈ D-]-I-c-W-w. C-e-t{Œm-fn-kn-kv F-∂m-W-v hnZy
Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. B-sI H-cp U-k≥ aq-e-I-ßƒ
tU-hn I-s≠Øn. AXmbXv A-°meØv I-s≠-
Øn-b-Xn-s‚ A©n-sem∂pw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ h-
Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. C\nbpw I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ \-S-
Øm≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\m-hp-ambn-cp∂p. ]t£, bp-hm-
hm-bn-cn-s° ss\-{Skv HmIv-ssk-Un-\v A-Sn-a-
s∏´Xv tU-hn°p Xn-cn-®-Sn-bmbn. Znh-kw aq-∂p \m-
ep X-h-W B hmX-Iw izkn®v B-\-μa\p-`-hn-°p-
am-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw. 1829˛¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-c-
W-Ønte-°p \-bn®Xv Cu io-e-am-sW-∂m-Wv I-
cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
`m-Ky-h-im¬ kam-\{]-Xn-`-Iƒ a-‰p `m-K-ß-fn-ep-

ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. tPm¨ Umƒ-´≥ F-∂ {In-kvXo-
bk-`mw-Kw ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ kz-`mhw a-\- n-em°n
(A-Xn-s‚ Im-cy-ß-sf∏‰n ]n-∂o-Sp ]-dbmw).
1811˛¬ temd≥tkm sdmamt\m A-amZntbm
Im¿tem A-thm-Km-t{Um Iu≠v Hm-^v Izm-cn-°nb
B≥-Uv sk-dnt‰m F-∂ s\-Sp-¶≥t]cpw ÿm-\-
t∏-cp-ap-≈ C-‰-en-°m-c≥ `m-hn-bn¬ hen-b {]-k-
‡n- ssI-h-cm≥ t]m-Ip-∂ Hcp I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw \S-
Øn. H-tc a¿-±-Ønepw hym-]v-X-Øn-ep-ap-≈ G-Xp c-
≠p hm-X-I-Øn-ep-ap-≈ X∑m-{XI-fp-sS F-Æw Xp-
ey-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Is≠Ø¬.
{]-Xy-£-Øn-¬ e-fn-X-sa-∂p tXm-∂p∂ "A-thm-

Km-t{UmXØz' (Aßs\-bmW-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv)Øn-\v {i-t≤-bam-b Nn-e h-i-ß-fp-≠m-bncp∂p.
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ h-en-∏hpw `m-chpw Ir-Xy-am-b-f-°p-
∂-Xn-\p-≈
* Aep-an-\n-bamtWm A-ep-an-\amtWm i-cn-sb-
∂ kw-i-b-Øn-\p Imc-Ww tU-hnX-s∂-bm-Wv.
1808˛¬ Cu aqe-Iw th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ A-t±-
lw A-Xn\v A-ep-an\nbw (aluminium) F-∂mWp
t]-cn-´Xv. \m-ep h¿-jw I-gn-™-t∏mƒ A-t±-l-
Øn-\v tXm-∂n A-ep-an-\w (aluminum) F-∂p a-
Xnsb∂v. A-ta-cn-°-°m¿ D-S≥X-s∂ ]pXn-b t]-
cp kzo-I-cn®p. F-∂m¬ {_n-´-\n¬ ]-e¿°pw
AXn„s∏-ń√. tkm-Unbw, Im¬-kyw, kv-t{Sm-Wn-
bw F-s∂m-s°-∏-dbpwt]m-se A-ep-an-\n-bw
F∂pXs∂ hnfn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv \√-sX-∂v A-h¿ I-
cpXn. Aß-s\ c-≠p t]-cp-Ifpw \n-e-\n∂p. a-‰p
]-e I≠p]nSn-Ø-ßƒ°p-sam-∏w J-\n-I-fn-se D-]-
tbm-K-Øn-\m-bn H-cp c-£mZo-]-hpw tU-hn I-≠p-]n-
Sn-®n-´p≠v.
ASnØ-d-sbm-cp-ßnb-Xv A-Xp-h-gn-bmWv F-∂-Xv

H-∂ma-sØ Im-cyw. AthmKm-t{Um-bp-sS K-Wn-
Xwh-®v c-k-X-{¥-⁄¿ H-Sp-hn¬ ]-c-am-Wphns‚
hym-kw I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-Øp.15 0.00000008 sk‚o-
ao-‰¿. hf-sc sNdn-sbmcp kwJy. c-≠m-a-sXm-cp {]-
tXy-I-Xbpw Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-\v. GXm≠v
Aº-Xp h¿-j-°m-e-tØ-°v A-thm-Km-t{Um \n-b-a-
sØ-°p-dn®v Bcpw A-dn-™n√.*
AXn-s\m-cp Imc-Ww A-thm-Km-t{Um-bp-sS kz-

`m-hwX-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. A-[n-I-am-cp-ambpw C-S-s]-
Sm-sX X-\n-®v H-Xp-ßn-°-gn-bp-∂ kz-`m-h-am-bn-cp∂p
A-t±-l-Øn-t‚Xv. k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-am-b-t±-lw
Im-cyam-b I-Øn-S-]m-SpI-sfm∂pw \-S-Øn-bn√, {]-
_-‘-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n√, K-th-j-I ktΩf-
\-ß-fn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Øn√. A-∂m-sW-¶n¬ c-k-X-{¥-
⁄cp-sS ktΩ-f-\ßƒ Im-cy-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂pan-
√-. ]T-\^-ew {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ ckX{¥ {]-
kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fp-an√m-bn-cp∂p. CXn-sem-cp ssh-
cp[ywIq-Sn-bp-≠m-bncp∂p. c-k-X-{¥-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-
k-am-Wv hy-hkm-bhn-π-h-Øn-\v Ip-Xn-∏p \¬-In-
bXv. F-∂n´pw H-cp kw-LSn-X im-kv-{X-im-J-sb-∂
\n-e e-`n-°m≥ A-Xn\v ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Im-Øn-cn-
t°-≠nh∂p.
e-≠-\n-se sI-an-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n ÿm-]n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv 1841-˛¬ am{XamWv. H-cp ÿn-cw c-kX-
{¥tP-W-en-d-ßp-∂-Xv 1848˛epw. A-t∏m-tg-°pw
{_n-´-\n-se a-‰p hn⁄m-\k-am-P-ß-sf√mw˛˛˛˛Pn-
tbm-f-Pn-°¬, tPym-{K^n°¬, kp-thm-f-Pn°¬,
tlm¿-ń-Iƒ-®-d¬, en-\m-bo≥ (Po-h-im-kv-
{X⁄¿°pw k-ky-im-kv-{X-⁄¿°pw th≠n)
skm-ssk-‰n-Iƒ˛˛˛˛h-∂n-´v Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv 20 h¿-j-
sa-¶nepam-bn-cp∂p. a-‰p ]-e-Xn\pw A-Xn-te-sd
{]mbap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. e-≠-\n¬ c-≠m-a-sXm-cp sI-
an-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n h-∂-Xv 1877˛emWv. A-Xn-\v
H-cp h¿-jw ap-ºm-Wv A-ta-cn-°≥ sI-an-°¬
skmssk‰n h-cp-∂Xv. c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\v kw-LSn-
Xcq-]w h-cm-\p≠m-b Cu Im-e-Xm-akw X-s∂bm-
Wv A-thm-Km-t{Um XØzw ]p-d-Ø-dn-bp∂-Xp
sshIm\pw Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. 1811˛¬ A-thm-Km-t{Um
\-S-Øn-b I-s≠-Ø¬ 1860˛¬ Imƒ{kpln \-S-
∂ B-Zy A-¥m-cm-{„ c-kX-{¥ tIm¨-{K- n-eq-sS-
bmWv ]p-dwtem-I-a-dn-bp-∂Xv.
c-k-X-{¥-⁄¿ Cß-s\ H-‰-s∏-´p {]-h¿-Øn-

®Xp Imc-Ww c-k-{¥-Øn-¬ G-IoIr-X am-\-Z-fi-
ßƒ h-cm\pw Xm-a-kn®p. B \q-‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw
]-Ip-Xn-bn-epw H 2 O 2 F-s∂-gp-Xn-bm¬ Nn-e-bn-S-
ß-fn¬ sh-≈-am
* A-thm-Km-t{Um X-Øz-Øn-\v ]n-∂o-Sp a-s‰m-
cp D-]-tbm-KwIq-Sn-bp-≠mbn. A-thm-Km-t{Um kw-
Jy F-∂ t]-cn¬ c-k-X-{¥-Øn-¬ H-cp GI-Iw
h∂p. A-thm-Km-t{Um a-cn-®v G-sd-°m-e-Øn\pti-
j-am-Wo t]-cp In-ń-b-Xv. 2.016 {Kmw ssl-{U-P-
\n¬ (A-s√-¶n¬ A-tX hym-]v-X-ap-≈ a-t‰sX-¶n-
epw hm-X-I-Øn¬) A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ X-∑m{X-I-fp-
sS F-Æ-am-Wv A-thm-Km-t{Um kw-Jy. A-Xn-s‚
aq-eyw 6.0221367 x 1023. h-º-≥ kw-Jy-bm-WnXv. C-
sX-{X h-cp-sa∂v c-kX-{¥ hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ I-W-°p-
Iq-ń- t\m-°n-bn-´p≠v. C-{X-bpw tNm-f-a-Wn-Iƒ A-
ta-cn-°-bn¬ \n-c-Øn-bn-´m¬ B cmPyw ap-gp-h≥
Hº-Xp ssa¬ D-b-c-Øn¬ aq-Sn-t∏m-Ipw. im-¥k-ap-
{Z-Øn¬ C-{Xbpw I-∏v sh-≈-am-Wp-≈-Xv. C-{Xbpw
io-X-f ]m-\o-b-°p-∏n-I-sf-Sp-Øv {I-a-Øn-e-Sp-°nh-
®m¬ `q-an 200 ssa¬ Dbc-Øn¬ aq-Sn-t∏m-Ipw. C-
{Xbpw A-ta-cn-°≥ s]-∂n-Iƒ `q-an-bn-se ap-gp-h-
\m-fp-Iƒ°pw Xp-ey-am-bn ho-Xn-®m¬ F√m-h-cpw
tIm-Sn-t°m-So-iz-c-∑m-cm-Ipw.
bn-cp∂p. a-‰p Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn¬ ssl-{U-P≥ s]-

tdmIv-ssk-Upw. C 2 H4
F-s∂-gp-Xn-bm¬ Nn-e im-kv-{X-⁄¿ F-Yn-eo≥
F-∂p a-\- n-em-°pw. Nn-e¿ am¿-jv hm-XIsa-∂pw.
tem-Iw ap-gp-h≥ H-cpt]m-se-sb-gpXn-b Hscm‰ X-
∑m{X-t]mepw C√m-bn-cp-s∂-∂p ]-d-bmw.
cm-k-]-Zm¿-Yß-sf kq-Nn-∏n-°m≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®

Np-cp-°cq-]-ß-fp-sS ÿn-Xnbpw A-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-
cp∂p. Hm-tcm-cp-Øcpw kz-¥-am-bn I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p-]-
tbm-Kn-® Np-cp-°cq-]-ßƒ ÿn-Xn k-¶o¿Wam-°p-
I-bpw sN-bvXp. CXns\m-cp am-‰-ap-≠m-°nb-Xv sP.
sP. s_¿-sk-eyq-kv F-∂ kzo-U≥-Im-c\mWv. aq-
e-I-ß-fp-sS Np-cp-°cq-]w X-øm-dm-t°≠-Xv A-h-
bp-sS {Ko°v, em-‰n≥ t]-cp-I-fn¬\n-∂m-sW-∂v \n-
›-bn®-Xv A-t±-l-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠m-Wv C-cp-ºn-
s‚ kwt£-]kw-⁄ Fe F-∂mbXv (s^-dw F-
∂ em‰n≥ hm-°n¬\n-∂p h-∂-Xm-WnXv). sh-≈n-
bp-tS-Xv Ag F-∂m-b-Xpw (B¿-K‚w F-∂ em-‰n≥
hm-°n¬\n-∂m-Wn-Xp h-∂-Xv) AXp-sIm-≠mWv. ]-
e-Xns‚bpw Np-cp-°w Cw-•n-jv hm-°p-I-fn¬\n-
∂pX-s∂bm-sb-¶n¬ (ss\-{SP\v N, Hm-Iv-knP\v
O F-∂n-ß-s\) A-Xn-\p Imc-Ww Cw-•n-jn-se ]-
e hm°p-Ifpw em-‰n-\n¬\n-∂p h-∂-p F-∂-XmWv.
H-cp X-∑m-{X-bn¬ F-{X ]-c-amWp-hp-s≠-∂p kq-
Nn-∏n-°m≥ A-£-c-Øn-\p ap-I-fn¬ B A-°-sa-
gp-Xp∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv s_¿-sk-eyq-kv kzo-I-cn®Xv.
D-ZmlcWw H2 O. ]n-∂o-sSt∏mtgm {]-tXy-In-®p
Imc-W-sam-∂p-an√m-sXX-s∂ kw-Jy ap-I-
fn¬\n∂p Xm-tg--°p h∂p ˛˛˛˛ H2 O F-∂n-
16
ßs\.
C-S-bv-°p Nn-e ip-NoI-c-W {]-h¿-Ø\-ß-sfm-

s° \-S-∂n-cp-s∂-¶nepw ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-
s‚ c≠mw ]-Ip-Xn-bnepw c-k-X{¥w B-sI
Ipg™p-a-dn-™pIn-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠m-Wv 1869˛¬ hn-Nn-{Xcq]ap-≈ H-cp s{]m-^- ¿ {]-
i-kv-Xn-bn-te-°p-b¿-∂-t∏mƒ F√m-hcpw k-t¥m-
jn-®Xv. sk‚ v ]o-t‰-gv-kv-_¿-Kv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-
se B s{]m-^- -dpsS t]-cv Zn-an{Xn Chm-t\m-hn-®v
sa≥-U-e-tb^v.
ssk-_o-cn-b-bpsS ]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Øp≈ tSm-

t_mƒ-kv-In¬ 1834˛emWv sa≥-U-e-tb-^v (sa≥-
U-eeo^v F∂pw sa≥-U-eo-hv F∂p-sams° Cu
t]-cv F-gp-Xm-dp-≠v.) P-\n-®Xv. G-d-°p-sd k-º-
∂cm-b hn-Zym-k-º-∂- IpSpw_Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p P-
\\w. Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ h-en-∏w Imc-Ww F-{X
sa≥Ue-tb-^p-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂ Im-
cyØn¬ Po-h-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v GIm`n-{]m-b-Øn-
se-Øm≥ I-gn-™n-ń√. 14 a-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂v Nne¿. A√ ]-Xn-t\-sg-∂p a-‰p Nne¿. H-cp -
Im-cy-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw tbm-Pn-°p∂p. Iq-´-Øn-te-
‰-hpw C-f-b-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p Zn-an-{Xn. sa≥-U-e-tb-^v
Ip-Spw_-sØ A-Sn°-Sn \n¿-`mKyw th-´-bm-Sn-s°m-
≠n-cp∂p.17 \m-ń-se kvIq-fn¬ {]-[m\m-[ym-]-I-\m-
bn-cp-∂ A—\v Zn-an{Xn Ip-™m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ
Imgv-N \-„s∏-´p. A—-\v tPm-en-°p t]m-Im-\m-Im-
Xm-b-t∏mƒ Ip-Spw-_w t]m-‰m≥ A-Ω ]-Wn-°n-d-
ßn. H-c-km-[m-c-W kv-{Xo-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-h¿. ITn-
\m-[zm\Øn-eq-sS A-h-scm-cp •m-kv ^m-Œ-dn-bp-sS
am-t\-P¿h-sc-bmbn. F√mw \-∂m-bn ap-t∂m-´p
t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\nsS, ho-≠pw Zp-c¥w. •m-kv-^mŒ-dn
IØn \-in®p. Ip-Spw-_w ho≠pw Zp-cn-X-°-b-Øn-
e-I-s∏´p. ]-t£, Cf-b aI-\v an-I-® hn-Zym-`ym-
kw \¬-I-W-sa-∂v B A-Ω D-d®p. \m-ń¬ A-
Xn-\p-≈ - ku-I-cy-an√m-bn-cp∂p. a-I-s\-bp-sa-Sp-Øv
Ah¿ F-ßs\-sbms°tbm \membn-cw ssa¬
bm-{X sN-bv-Xv sk-bn‚ v ]o-t‰-gv-kv-_¿-Kn-seØn
(e-≠-\n¬ \n-∂v C-Iz-t‰-dn-b¬ Kn-\n-bn-te-°p-≈
Zq-cw h-cp-anXv.) A-hn-sS C≥-Ãn-‰yq´v Hm-^v s]-U-
tKm-Pn-bn¬ tN¿Øp. Cu ITn-\-{]-b-Xv\-Øm¬ X-
f¿∂pt]mb B A-Ω A-[n-Iw ssh-Im-sX a-c-W-
a-S-bp-IbpwsN-bvXp.
A-Ω-bp-sS I-„-∏m-Sn-\p ^-e-ap-≠mbn. sa≥-U-e-

tb-^v ]T-\w H-cp X-]-ky-b-m-bn-Ø-s∂-sb-Sp-Øp.
A-hn-SsØ-sbm-cp k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ tPm-en-bpw
t\-Sn-sb-SpØp. \-s√m-cp c-k-X-{¥-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂p
sa≥-U-etb^v.18 ]t£ A-km-[m-c-W {]-Xn-`-sbm-
∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√. K-th-j-W-imebn-se anSp-°n-s‚
t]-cn-e√, \o-≠-e-k-am-bn-°n-S-°p-∂ Xm-Sn-bp-
sSbpw apSnbp-sSbpw t]-cn-em-Wv A-t±-l-a-hn-sS A-
dn-b-s∏-´Xv. h¿-jØn-sem-cn°te sa≥-U-e-tb^v
Xm-Sn-bpw ap-Snbpw sh-ń-bn-cp-∂p≈p.
]-t£, 1869˛¬ ap-∏-Ø©mw h-b- n¬ A-t±-lw

]p-Xn-sbm-cp Zu-XyØn-te-°p Im¬-h®p. aq-e-Iß-
sf h¿-Ko-I-cn-°p-I. A-∂v c-≠p X-c-Øn-em-Wv aq-e-
Iß-sf X-cw-Xn-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. H-∂p-In¬ B-‰an-I`m-
c-Øn-s‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (A-thm-Km-t{Um X-
Øz-am-W-Xn-\p-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv;) As√-¶n¬
s]m-XpKp-W-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ (tem-
lßƒ, hm-X-Ißƒ F-∂n-ßs\). C-Xp c≠pw H-
scm-‰ ]-ń-I-bn¬ k-am-l-cn-°m-\m-bn F-∂-Xm-Wv
sa≥-U-e-tb-^n-s‚ t\´w.
im-kv-{X-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ a-‰p ]-e-t∏mgpw kw-`-hn-

®n-´p≈Xpt]m-seX-s∂bmbn-cp-∂p Cu I-≠p-]n-Sn-
Ø-hpw. aq-∂p h¿-jw ap-ºv a-s‰m-cmƒ Cu hnZy
hn-`mh-\w sN-bv-Xn-cp∂p-˛˛˛Cw-•-≠n¬\n-∂p≈
tPm¨ \yq-e‚ vkv. aq-eIß-sf B-‰an-I`m-c-Øn-
s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h¿-Ko-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ {]-tXy-
I-sb-Æw I-gn-bp-tºmƒ A-h-bp-sS Kp-W-ßƒ B-
h¿-Øn-®p h-cp∂-Xm-bn A-t±-lw I-s≠Øn. ]-ń-
I-bn¬ F-´m-a-sX-Øp-tºm-fm-Wo B-h¿-Ø\w. Im-
e-sa-Øp-∂-Xn-\p ap-t∂-bm-bn-t∏mbn Cu I-s≠-
Ø-¬.19 \yqe‚ v-kv H-c-_-≤hpw Im-Wn-®p. ]-ń-I-
bnse Cu h¿-Ko-I-cW-sØ At±lw ]nbmt\m
Io-t_m¿-Un-se kz-cm„ I(octaves) ß-tfm-Sp-]-an-
®p. hm-kv-Xh-Øn¬ Cu h¿-Ko-I-c-W-Øn¬ Im-
cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ F√mh-cp -a-Xn-s\ A-
]-l-kn-°p-I-bm-Wp sN-bvXXv. k-tΩ-f-\-th-Zn-bn-
se ]-cn-lmk{]n-b¿ aq-e-I-ßƒ ]nbmt\mt]mse
kw-Ko-Xw s]m-gn-°p-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n I-fn-bm-°m≥ Xp-
Sßn. \n-cm-i-\m-b \yq-e‚ v-kv B B-i-b-wXs∂
hn´p. F-∂n´vv B-cp-a-dn-bm-sX F-hnsStbm t]m-bv-
ad-™p.
Aev-]w hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p sa≥-U-e-tb-^n-

s‚ k-ao-]-\w. G-sgÆa-S-ßp-∂ Iq-´-ßfm-bm-W-
t±-lw aq-e-I-ß-sf A-Sp-°nh-®Xv. F-¶nepw A-Sn-
ÿm-\m-i-bw ]-gb-XpXs∂. s]-s´-∂pXs∂ A-
sXm-cp-÷z-em-i-bam-bn {]-iw-kn-°-s∏´p. A-Xn-s‚
a-lØzw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´p. aq-e-I-ßfp-sS k-hn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ B-h¿-Øn-®m-h¿Øn-®p h-cp-∂Xp-sIm-
≠v Cu I≠p]n-SnØw B-h¿-Ø-\-∏-ń-I (Period-
ic Table) F-∂-dn-b-s∏´p.
No-´p-I-fn-bn¬\-n-∂mWv B-h¿-Ø-\∏ń-I X-øm-

dm-°m-\p-≈ Bibw sa≥-U-e-tb-^n-\v e-`n-®-sX-
∂p ]-d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. tkm-fn-s‰-b¿ F-∂p hSt°
A-ta-cn-°-bn-epw t]-jy≥-kv F-∂p a-‰n-S-ßfpw
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Ifn. AXn¬ C-\-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-
Wv No-´v s\-Sp-sI {I-ao-I-cn-°p-I, A-°-Øn\-\p-k-
cn-®p Ip-dp-sIbpw. G-Xm-≠n-tX B-i-b-ap-]-tbm-Kn-
®v sa≥-U-e-tb^v aq-e-Iß-sf A-Sp°n. s\-Sp-sI-
bp-≈ h-cnI-sf ]o-co-Up-I-sf∂pw Ip-dpsI-bp-≈
h-cnI-sf {Kq-∏p-I-sf-s∂pw hn-fn-®p. ]-ń-I-bn¬ ap-
I-fn¬\n-∂p Xm-tg-s°-Sp-Øm¬ aq-e-I-ßƒ X-Ωn-
ep-≈ Nn-e _-‘-ßƒ sh-fn-hmIpw. CS-Øp\n-∂p
h-e-tØm-s´-Sp-Øm¬ a-‰p Nn-e _-‘-ß-fm-Wp {i-
≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-I. ap-I-fn¬\n-∂p Xm-tg-°p-≈ G-sX-
¶nep-sam-cp h-cn-sb-Sp-Øm¬ kam-\k-hn-ti-j-X-I-
fp-≈ cm-kh-kv-Xp°sf H-cp-an-®p In-´pw. Aß-s\
]-ń-I-bn¬ sh-≈n-°p ap-I-fn-embn sN-ºp h-∂p.
sh-≈n-bm-sW-¶n¬ kz¿W-Øn-\p ap-I-fn-epw. tem-
l-ßƒ F-∂ \n-e-bv-°p-≈ k-am-\X-I-fm-Wv Ah-
sb H-cp {Kq-∏n¬s]-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. lo-enbw, \n-tb-
m¨, B¿-K¨ XpSßn kam-\ Kp-W-ß-fp-≈ hm-
X-I-ß-sf√mw Ip-dp-sI-bp≈ a-s‰m-cp \n-c-bn¬ H-
Xpßn (Ah-sb Cß-s\ {I-ao-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ b-
Ym¿-Y A-Sn-ÿm-\w Ce-t{Œm¨ _-em-¶w AY-hm
cm-kkw-tbm-Ki-‡n-bmWv. A-sX-¥msW∂v a-\- n-
em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \n-ßƒ km-bm-”¢m n¬ tN¿-∂p
]Tnt°-≠nh-cpw). cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS ]-c-am-
WptI-{μ-Øn-ep-≈ t{]m-t´m-Wns‚ F-Æ-Øn-s‚
B-tcm-l-W-{I-a-Øn-em-Wv s\-Sp-sI-bp-≈ {I-ao-
IcWw. Cu F-Æ-am-Wv B-‰an-Ikw-Jy F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ L-S-\bpw A-Xn¬ t{]m-t´m-Wp-

Iƒ-°p-≈ {]m-[m\yhpw A-Sp-Ø A-[ym-b-Øn¬
N¿-®sN-ømw. t{]m-t´m-Wn-s‚ FÆ-sØ A-Sn-
ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈ Cu {I-ao-I-c-W-w F-ß-s\-sb-
∂p a-\- n-em-°nbm¬ a-Xn C-t∏mƒ. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-
\v ssl-{UP-\v H-scm-‰ t{]m-ó-t\bp≈q. AXp-
sIm-≠v A-Xn-s‚ B-‰an-Ikw-Jy H-∂mWv. B-h¿-
Ø-\-∏-ńI-bn¬ H-∂m-a-Xm-W-Xn-\p ÿm\w. bp-td-
\n-b-Øn¬ 92 t{]m-t´m-Wp-≠v. A-Xn-s‚ B-‰an-
Ikw-Jy 92. ]-ń-I-bn¬ G-Xm-s≠m-Sp-hn-em-W-Xn-
\p ÿm\w. Aß-s\ h-cp-tºmƒ, ^n-en-∏v t_mƒ
]-d™-Xpt]mse c-kX{¥w F-∂-Xv sh-dpw F-Æ-
sa-Sp-°-em-bn am-dp∂p.20 (B-‰an-Ikw-Jybpw B-
‰an-I`m-chpw X-Ωn¬ am-dn-t∏m-I-cpXv. aq-e-I-Øn-
se t{]m-t´m-Wn-s‚ F-Æ-tØm-Sv \yq-t{Sm-Wn-s‚
F-Æw Iq-´p-tºm-gm-Wv B-‰an-I`m-cw In-´pI.)
aq-e-I-ß-sf∏-‰n A-∂v A-dn-™-Xpw a-\- n-em-°n-
b-Xpam-b Im-cy-ßƒ \-t∂ Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂pIq-Sn C-hn-sS a-\- n-em-°Ww. ssl-{U-P-\mWv
Cu {]-]-©-Øn¬ G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ aq-eIw.
]t£, A-°mcyw Du-ln-s®-Sp-°m≥ ]n-s∂bp-sam-
cp 30 h¿-jw th-≠nh∂p. ssl-{U-P≥ I-gn-
™m¬ ]n-s∂ G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep≈-Xv lo-en-b-am-
Wv. sXm-´p-apº-sØ h¿-j-am-Wv A-Xp I-s≠-Øn-
bXv. `q-an-bn-e√, kq-cy-\n¬ (H-cp kq-cy-{Kl-Wth-
f-bn¬ kv-s]-t{Œmkv-tIm∏vv D-]-tbm-Kn-®p \-SØn-b
K-th-j-W-Øn-em-Wv kq-cy-\n¬ lo-en-b-ap-≈ Im-
cyw a-\- n-em-bXv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv {Ko-°v kq-cy-tZ-
h\m-b loen-tbm-bp-sS t]-cv A-Xn-\p \¬-In-bXv).
AXn\p ap-ºmcpw A-ß-s\-sbm-cp ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-\p-
≈ km-[y-X-sb-∏-‰n-t∏mepw Nn¥n®n-cp-∂n√. A-
Xp th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥ 1895 h-sc Im-t°-≠nh-
∂p. ÿn-Xn C-Xm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw sa≥-U-e-tb-^n-
s‚ B-h¿-Ø-\-∏ń-I c-k-X-{¥-Øn\v N-hn-ń \n¬-
°m-≥ A-SnØ-d-sbm-cp°n.
\-Ω-fn¬ an-°-h¿°pw B-h¿-Ø-\-∏ń-I Hc-aq¿-

Ø-ku-μ-cy-am-bm-Wv A-\p-`-h-s∏SpI. ]t£, c-
k-X-{¥⁄-s\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-Xns‚
aqeyw F{Xtbm h-ep-XmWv. Fß-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-
®mepw A-[n-I-am-hmØ {I-a-hpw hy-‡-X-bp-amW-
Xv c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\v ]-I¿-∂p \¬-In-b-Xv. "kw-
ibte-i-an√m-sX H-cp Imcyw ]-d-bmw, I-≠p-]n-
Sn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xn¬ G-‰hpw e-fn-X-hpw a-t\m-l-c-
hpamb {I-a-∏-ń-I-bm-Wv cm-kaq-e-I-ß-fp-sS B-
h¿Ø-\-∏-ńI.21' "ln-kv‰-dn B≥-Uv bqkv Hm-^v
A-h¿ F¿-Øv-kv sIan-°¬ F-e-sa‚ v-kv' F-∂
]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ tdm-_¿-´v C. s{I_vkv FgpXn. G-
sXm-cp c-k-X-{¥ N-cn{X]p-kv-X-I-sa-Sp-Ømepw k-
am-\m-`n{]m-b-ßƒ Im-Wmw.
C-∂p \-Ωp-sS ssI-h-iw \q-‰n-bn-cp-]tXm at‰m

aq-e-I-ß-fp-≠v.22 {]IrXn-bn¬ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bp-≈
92 F-Æhpw ]-co-£-Wim-e-I-fn¬ Ir-{Xn-aam-bn
\n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´ ]-Øn-cp-]-Ø-s©-Æ-hpw. F-Æ-Øn-
s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ Ir-Xy-X-bn√mØ-Xv Nn-e X¿-°-
ßƒ Im-c-W-amWv. Ir-{Xn-a-am-bp-≠m °n-b A-Xn-
`m-c-ap-≈ ]-e aq-e-I-ßƒ°pw sk-°≥-Un-s‚
tIm-Sn-bn-semcw-itam at‰m am-{X-am-Wv B-bp- v.
AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ A-Xp \n¿-Ωn-
®n-´p-t≠m F-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ kwi-
bw {]-ISn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. sa≥-U-e-tb-^n-s‚ Ime-
Øv sh-dpw 63 aq-e-I-ß-sf-°p-dnt® A-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-
∂p≈q. Cu A-dp-]-Øn-aq-∂n-\p ]pdta I-≠p-]n-Sn-
°m-\p≈ aq-e-I-ßfp-sS ImcywIq-Sn ]d-™p F-
∂-Xm-Wv sa≥-U-e-tb-^ns‚ alØzw. I-≠p In-´p-
∂ ap-d-bv-°v Ah-sb G-Xp I-≈n-I-fn¬ {]-Xn-jvTn-
°W-sa-∂ph-sc A-¤p-X-I-cam-b Ir-Xy-X-tbmsS
B-h¿-Ø-\-∏ń-I {]-h-Nn®p.
aq-e-I-ß-fp-sS F-Æw F-{X-h-sc-bp-bcmw F-∂-

v B¿°pw Xo¿-Øp ]-d-bm-\m-hn√. ]-t£, 168˛\p
ap-I-fn¬ B-‰an-I`m-c-ap-≈ aq-e-I-ß-fp-≠mIm-\p-
≈ km[y-X \-t∂ Ip-d-hmWv.23 ]t£, H-cp Im-cy-
ap-d-∏m-Wv: F-{X aq-e-I-ßƒ I-s≠-Øn-bmepw A-
Xn-s\ sa≥-U-e-tb-^ns‚ Cu D÷z-e kw-hn-[m-\-
Øn¬ Ir-Xy-am-bn {]-Xn-jvTn-°mw.
]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠v A-h-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ

im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°mbn H-c¤p-Xw I-cp-Xnh-®n-cp-∂p.
1896˛¬ ]m-co-kn¬ sl≥dn s_-Izd¬, A-_≤-
Øn¬ bp-td-\n-bw e-h-W-Øn-s‚ H-cp s]m-Xn t^m-
t´m-{Km-^n-Iv tπ‰n¬ s]m-Xn-™v ta-i-h-en-∏n¬ h-
®-tXm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚ Xp-S°w. Ipd®p I-
gn-™v A-t±-lw tπ-‰v ]p-d-sØ-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ, eh-
Ww tπ-‰n¬ H-cp {]Xn—m-b ]-Xn-∏n-®-Xm-bn I-≠p.
t^m-t´m-{Km-^n-Iv tπ-‰n¬ {]-Im-iw ]-Xn-®mep-≠m-
Ip∂-Xpt]m-ep-≈ {]-Xn-_nw-_w. bp-td-\n-bw e-h-
Ww GtXm civan-Iƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂m-
Wv A-Xn\¿Yw.
C-{Xbpw {]-[m-\-s∏-s´m-cp I-s≠-Ø¬ \-SØn-

b s_-Iz-d¬ hn-Nn{Xam-sbm-cp Im-cy-am-Wv Xp-S¿-
∂p sN-bv-XXv. Cu hnjbw A-t±-l-samcp _ncp-
Z hn-Zym¿-Yn-\n-bp-sS ]-cn-K-W-\-bv°p hn´p. `m-Ky-
h-im¬ B hn-Zym¿Yn-\n A-Sp-Ø-bn-sS t]m-f-
≠n¬\n-∂p Ip-Sn-tbdn-b ta-cn Iyq-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p.
\-hhc≥ ]nb-dnbp-sam-Øv \-SØn-b K-thjW-
Øn¬ ta-cn Im-cyw Is≠Øn. Nn-eX-cw in-e-Iƒ
A-km-[-mc-W Du¿-÷w ÿn-c-am-bn ]p-dtØ
-°p han-°p-∂p≠v. F-∂m¬ A-Xn-s‚ h-en-∏-w

{]-I-Sam-bn Ip-d-bp∂n√.
cq]-Ønepw Im-cyamb hy-Xym-kw hcp-∂pan√.

]t£, A-∂v ta-cn-t°m `¿-Ømhnt\m a-\- n-em-
bn√, A-Sp-Ø ]-Xn-‰m-≠n¬ sF≥-ssÃ≥ hn-iZo-
I-cn°pwh-sc B¿°pw a-\- n-em-bn√, B ]m-d-°-j-
W-ßƒ Xn-I®pw Imcy-£-a-ambn {Z-hysØ Du¿-
÷-am-°n am-‰p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂ -Imcyw. Cu {]-
Xn-`mksØ ta-cn Iyq-dn tdUntbm B-Œn-hn-‰n F-
∂p hn-fn®p.24 Xp-S¿K-th-j-W-ßfn¬ Iyq-dnZ-º-Xn-
Iƒ c-≠p ]pXn-b aq-e-I-ßfpw I≠p]n-Sn®p-
˛˛˛s]mtfm-Wn-b (P-∑-\m-Sn-s‚ t]-cm-W-h-c-Xn-\p
\¬-In-bXv)hpw td-Un-bhpw. 1903˛¬ tacn Iyq-dn-
bpw s_-Iz-depw ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-Øn\p≈ t\m-
_¬ k-Ωm\w ]¶p-h-®p (c-≠m-a-sXm-cp t\m-
_¬Iq-Sn ta-cn t\-Sn; 1911˛¬ c-k-X-{¥-Øn\v.
Aß-s\ c-k-X-{¥-Ønepw ù-Xn-I-Ønepw t\m-
_¬ t\Sp∂ G-I hy‡n-sb-∂ _-lpa-Xn A-h¿
I-c-ÿ-am-°n.)
\yq-kn-e≥Un¬ P-\n®v tam-{≠n-bm-en-se a-

IvKn¬ k¿-h-I-e-mimebn¬ K-thj-Ww \-S-Øp-I-
bm-bn-cp∂ G-W-kv-‰v dY¿-t^m-Uv ]pXn-b tdUnt-
bm B-Œo-hv ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fn¬ B-Ir-„-\mbn. C-Øn-
cn-t∏m-∂ Cu ]Zm¿-Y-ßfn¬ A-Xn-ò-aamb tXm-
Xn¬ Du¿-÷w A-S-ßn-bn-´p-s≠∂v s{^-U-dn-Iv
tkm-Un F-∂ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\p-am-bn tN¿-∂p \-
SØn-b ]T-\-Øn¬ A-t±-lw I-s≠-Øn. Cu ]-
Zm¿-Y-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-≈ tdUntbm B-Œo-hv hnIn-c-
W-am-Wv `q-an-bnse Du-jv-am-hn¬ h-en-sbmc-f-thm-
fw kw`m-h-\ sNøp∂-sX∂pw A-h¿ a-\- n-em°n.
A-h-scm-∂pIq-Sn Is≠Øn˛˛˛-tdUntbm B-Œo-hv
aq-e-I-ßƒ £-bn-°p-tºmƒ a-s‰m-cp aq-e-I-am-bn
amdp-I-bm-Wp sN-øp-∂-Xv. C-t∏mƒ \n-ß-fp-sS
ssI-bn¬ bp-td-\n-bw B-‰-am-Wp-≈-sX∂p I-cp-Xp-
I. A-Sp-Ø Znh-kw A-Xv Im-co-b-Øn-s‚ B-‰-
am-bn am-dn-bn-´p-≠mIpw. C-Xv A-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-
cp∂p. H-cp aqe-Iw a-s‰m-∂m-bn am-dp-I. ip-≤am-
b c-km-b-\hn-Zy-b-s√-¶n¬ ]n-s∂-¥m-WXv. c-km-
b-\hnZy Cß-s\ kzm-`mhn-I-am-bn A-bXv-\e-fn-X-
am-bn kw-`-hn-°p-sa-∂v Bcpw I-cp-Xn-bX√.
{]m-tbmKn-Ihm-Znbm-b dY¿-t^m¿-Um-Wv C-Xn-

s\m-cp {]m-tbmKn-I D]tbm-Kw I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv.
tdUntbm B-Œo-hv ]-Zm¿-Yw G-X-f-hn-se-Sp-
Ømepw A-Xn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xn £-bn-®v a-s‰m-cp aq-e-
I-am-bn am-dm-s\-Sp-°p-∂ ka-bw Xp-ey-am-bn-cn-
°pw—C-Xm-Wv hn-Jym-Xam-b A¿-[m-bp v (half
life)*. hn-iz
* A¿-[m-bp- n-s\-°p-dn®m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ H-cp

kwi-bw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bp-≠m-Ipw. \n›n-X
kabw I-gn-bp-tºmƒ H-cp ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-s‚ ]-Ip-
Xn £-bn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-Xn¬ G-Xp ]-Ip-
Xn £-bn°-W-sa-∂pw G-Xp ]-Ip-Xn \n-e-\n¬-°-
W-sa∂pw ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv \n-›-bn-
°p-I. A¿-[m-bp- v F-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv IW-°pIq-´-
se-fp-∏-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ku-I-cy-Øn-\pth-≠n-bp-
≈ k-¶ev]-am-sW-∂-Xm-Wv A-Xn-\p-≈ D-Øcw.
A¿-[m-bp- v Ir-Xyw 30 sk-°‚p-≈ H-cp ]-Zm¿Yw
ssI-bn-ep-s≠-∂p I-cp-Xp-I. A-h-bn-se ]-c-am-Wp-
°ƒ 30 sk-°‚ v Iq-Sp-tºmƒ, A-Xm-b-Xv 30,60,90
F-∂ {I-a-Øn¬ £-bn-°pw F-∂√ A-Xn-\¿Yw.
A-Xnse Hmtcm B-‰hpw {]-tXy-In-®p {I-asam∂pw
Iq-Sm-sX F-{X Im-e-tØ°p th-W-sa-¶nepw \n-
e-\n¬-°p-∂p-≠m-hmw. Nne-Xv Ct∏mƒ XpS-ßn c-
≠p sk-°‚ v t\-c-am-bn-cn°pw \n-e\n¬-°p-I.
Nne-Xv h¿j-ß-tfm ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Itfm \q‰m-≠p-It-
fm ]n-∂n-´v B-tμmf-\w sN-bvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. G-
Xv F-{X-Im-ew F-∂v B¿°pw ]-dbm≥ ]-‰n√. ]-d-
bm-hp∂-Xv C-{X-tb D-≈q˛˛˛B ]-Zm¿Y-sØ sam-
Ø-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ 30 sk-°‚ Iq-Sp-tºmƒ ]-Ip-
Xn ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ A-{]-Xy-£-am-Ip∂ tXm-Xn-em-
bn-cn-°pw A-Xv £-bn-°p-I. as‰mcp hn-[-Øn¬ ]-
d-™m¬ C-sXm-cp i-cmi-cn \n-c-°m-Wv. G-Xp hen-
b ti-J-c-Øns‚ Im-cy-Ønepw \n-ßƒ-°o i-cmi-
cn I-W-°m-°mw. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v A-ta-cn-°≥
\m-W-b-Øn-s‚ A¿-[m-bp- v 30 h¿-j-am-sW-∂v Nn-
e¿ IW-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-Øn-´p≠v.
k-\o-bhpw kp-ÿn-c-hpam-b Cu A¿-[m-bp- n-

s\ H-cpX-cw t¢m-°v Bbn D-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. C-
t∏m-gp-≈ tdUntbm B-Œo-hv ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn-s‚ A-
fhpw A-Xv £-bn-°p-∂ th-Khpw a-\- n-em-°n ]n-
∂n-te-°p IW-°pIq-ń-bm¬ A-Xn-s‚ {]m-bw \n¿-
W-bn-°mw. bp-td-\n-b-Øn¬ {][m-\ A-bncm-b
]n®vsª≥-Un-s‚ H-cp I-j-W-sa-Sp-Øv A-t±-lw
IW-°pIq-ńt\m-°n. At∏mƒ Inń-b DØcw A-
Xn-\v 70 tIm-Sn h¿-jw {]m-b-ap-s≠-∂m-Wv. A-∂v
]ecpw `q-an-°p-s≠-∂p I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂ {]m-b-Øn-
epw F{Xtbm IqSp-X-em-bn-cp∂p AXv.
1904˛se h-k-¥-Ime-Øv tdm-b¬ C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-

j-\n¬ {]-`mj-Ww \-S-Øm-\mbn dY¿-t^m¿-Uv
e-≠-\n-te-°p Xn-cn®p (dw^-Uv {]-`p B
almÿm]-\w ÿm-]n-®n-´v 105 h¿-j-am-Ip-∂-tX-
bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p At∏mƒ. Ir-{Xn-a-Ø-e-ap-Snh-®v
s]m-Sn-aq-Sn-°n-S-°p∂ B Nn{Xw hn-tŒm-dnb≥
ImesØ ITn-\m-[zm-\Xz-cbp-ambn Xm-c-Xayw sN-
øp-tºmƒ bp-Km¥c-ßƒ-°-∏p-d-am-sW-∂p tXm-∂p-
sa-∂p am-{Xw.) tdUntbmB-Œo-hv£-bsØ-°p-dn-
®p-≈ I-s≠-Ø-e-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-\m-Wv dY¿-t^m¿-Uv
h-∂Xv. Hcp Ij-Ww ]n-®v-sª≥Upw A-t±-l-Øn-
s‚ ssI-h-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]q¿Wam-bp-W¿-∂n-cn-
°p-I-bm-sW-∂p-d-∏n-s√-¶n-epw {]m-bam-b sI¬-
hn≥ {]-`php-≠m-bn-cp∂p k-Z- n-¬. X-{¥-]q¿-h-am-
Wv dY¿-t^m¿-Uv hn-j-b-sa-Sp-Øn´Xv. a-t‰-sX-
¶nep-sam-cp Xm-]t{kmX v I-s≠-Øn-bm¬ `q-an-bp-
sS {]mbsØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ X-s‚ I-W-°p-Iq-´¬ sX-
‰m-sa-∂v sI¬-hn≥ ]-d-™n-cp∂p. C-t∏mƒ dY¿-
t^m-Uv H-cp t{kmX v I-s≠-Øn-°-gn™p. tdUn-
tbmB-Œn-hn-‰n h-®p t\m-°p-tºmƒ `q-an-bp-sS {]m-
bw sI¬-hn≥ I-W-°pIqń-b 2.4 tIm-Sn h¿-
jsØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-emWv.
dY¿t^mUns‚ BZcw Xpfpºp∂ {]`mjWw

tI´v sI¬hn≥ H∂p ]p©ncnXqIn. ]t£,
\ne]mSp am‰nbn√. acWwhsc At±lw Xs‚
IW°nepd®p\n∂p.25 Xm]KXnI
KthjWßf√, `qanbpsS {]mb-\n¿W-b-am-Wv
Xm≥ imkv{XØn\p \¬Inb G‰hpw henb
kw`mh\sb∂pXs∂ At±lw hnizkn®p.
a‰p ]e imkv{Xhnπhßsfbpwt]mse
dY¿t^m¿Uns‚ ]pXnb I≠p]nSnØØn\pw
km¿heuInI kzoIcWw e`n®n√. `qan°v 8.9
tImSn h¿jØne[nIw ]g°ans√∂ hmZØn¬
1930 Iƒh-sc Dd®p\n∂p, Uªn\nse tPm¨
tPmfn. At±lao hmZw Dt]£n®Xv ac-W-a-S-™-
t∏mƒ am-{X-amWv. dY¿t^m¿Uv \¬Inb kabw
Iptd IqSnt∏msb∂v IcpXp∂hcmbncp∂p
IqSpXepw. tdUntbm BŒohv £baf°p∂
tdUntbmsa{SnIv Ime\n¿Wbap]tbmKn®v `q-an-
bp-sS bYm¿∞ {]m-b-Øn-\v \qdp-tIm-Sn h¿-jw
A-Sp-sØ-¶n-ep-sa-Øm≥ ]Xn‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]n-s∂bpw
Igntb≠nh∂p. imkv{Xw icnbmb ]mXbnse-
Øn-bncp∂p. ]t£, ]ns∂bpsa{Xtbm Zqcw
AXn\p t]mtI≠Xp≠m-bn-cp∂p.
sI¬hn≥ 1907˛¬ acn®p. AtX

h¿jwXs∂bmbncp∂p Znan{Xn sa≥Uet-
b^ns‚ acWw.
sI¬hns\t∏mseXs∂bmbncp∂p sa≥Uet-
b^ns‚bpw Ahkm\Imew. sNdp∏Ønte {In-
bmflIXbn¬\n∂p ]nt∂m´mWv At±lw
k©cn®Xv. Gd°psd Indp°p]nSn® Ahÿ
bnembncp∂p A-hkm-\\m-fp-Ifnet±lw. tdUnt-
bm hnIncWsØtbm Cet{ŒmWpIsftbm
t]mbn´v ]pXnbXpw a\ nem°m≥
_p≤nap´p≈Xpamb H∂ns\bpw At±lw
AwKoIcn®n√. bqtdm∏neßtfm-fanßtfmap≈
et_md´dnIfnepw {]`mjWimeIfnepw
]m™p\-S-°p-Ibmbn--c-p-∂p At±lw. 1995˛¬
101˛masØ aqeIØn\v At±ltØmSp≈
BZcambn sa≥Utehnbw F∂p t]cn´p.
"XnI®pw A\ptbmPyam-bncp∂p B \maIcWw',
t]mƒ kv{SmtX¨ FgpXn, "AsXmcp
AÿncaqeIam-Wv.' 26
tdUn-tbm- B-Œo-h-X A-£-cm¿-Y-Øn¬ ap-t∂-

dn-s°m-t≠-bn-cp∂p; Bcpw {]-Xo-£n-°mØ ]m-X-
I-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p am-{Xw. 1990IfpsS Xp-
S-°-Øn¬Ø-s∂ ]n-b-dn Iyq-dn-°v td-Un-tb-j≥aq-
e-ap-≈ A-kz-ÿXIƒ A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sm≥ Xp-Sßn.
A-ÿn-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬ thZ-\, BsI-sbmcp B-Ipe-
X. A-kz-ÿ-P-\-Iamwhn-[w tcm-Kw aq¿-NvOn-°p-
am-bn-cp∂p, ]-t£, A-Xn-\pap-ºv 1906˛¬ ]m-co-kn-
se H-cp sX-cp-hp ap-dn-®p I-S-°p-tºmƒ AXn-th-
K-Øn¬ h-s∂m-cp IpXn-ch-≠n A-t±l-sØ C-Sn-
®n´p.
ta-cn Iyq-dn X-s‚ Po-hn-XIm-ew ap-gph≥ Cu

ta-J-e-bn-se {]-ikvX K-th-j-W-ßƒ-°m-bn \o-
°n-h-®p. 1914˛¬ ]m-co-kv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ td-
Un-bw C≥-Ãn-‰yq-´v ÿm-]n-°m-\-h¿ ap≥-ssI-sb-
SpØp. ]t£, c-≠p t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-ń-
bn´pw A-°mZ-an Hm-^v k-b≥-k-kn-te-°v A-h¿
Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-ń√. AXn-s\m-cp Imc-Ww ]n-b-
dn-bp-sS a-c-Wti-jw tacn hn-hm-ln-X-\m-b H-cp
im-kv-{X-⁄-\p-am-bn _-‘w ÿm-]n-®p F-∂-Xm-
bncp∂p. {^m≥-kn¬-t]mepw hn-hm-Zam-b H-cp _-
‘-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A°mZ-an-°p t\-XrXzw \¬-
Ip-∂ hr-≤-]-fin-X¿-°v G-Xm-bmepw A-Xp £-
an°m-\m-bn√.
tdUntbm B-Œo-hXt]m-sem-cp A-¤p-X-{]-Xn-

`m-kw P-\-ßƒ-°v D]Im-c-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw F-
∂m-Wv G-sd-°m-e-tØ-°v F√m-hcpw I-cp-Xn-bXv.
Sq-Øv t]-Ãpw hn-tc-N-\u-j-[-ßfpw \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-
h¿ F{Xtbm Im-ew td-Untbm B-Œo-h-X-bp≈
tXm-dn-bw A-hcp-sS D¬]-∂-ß-fn¬ tN¿Øp.
tdUntbm B-Œo-hv[m-Xp-°-fp-≈ \o-cpdh-I-fp-sS
k-hn-ti-j-XIƒ hn-h-cn-°p-∂ ]-ckyw \yq-tbm¿-
°n-se ^n-¶¿ se-bv-°n-ep-≈ s•≥ kv-{]n-Mv tlm-
´¬ 1920 Iƒh-sc ]-c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn-.27 a-‰p tlm-´-
ep-Ifpw Aßs\ sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠m-Ip-w. D-]-t`m-‡r
D¬-]∂-ß-fn¬ tdUntbm BŒohv h-kvXp-°ƒ-°v
\n-tcm-[-\-ta¿-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv 1938˛¬ am-{X-amWv.28
am-Uw Iyq-dnsb kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw ssh-In-
t∏m-bn-cp∂p. c-‡m¿-_p-Zw _m[n®v A-h¿ 1934˛¬
a-cn®p. tdUntbm B-Œo-h-X F-{X-am{Xw am-c-Ihpw
Zo¿-Lhym-]n-bp-am-sW-∂-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv
Iyq-dn-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw. 1890Iƒ ap-X-ep≈ A-h-cp-sS
I-S-em-kp-Iƒ, ]m-N-I]p-kv-X-I-ßƒt]mepw, C-
t∏mgpw ssIImcyw sN-øp∂-Xv A-]-I-S-amWv. Im-
co-bwsIm-≠v A-Xncn-´ s]-ń-I-fn-em-W-h kq-£n-®n-
cn-°p-∂Xv.29 {]-tXy-Iw kpc-£mh-kv-{Xßƒ [-cn-
® tij-ta A-h Im-Wm≥ ]‰q.
B-ZyIm-e B-W-him-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS
A¿∏nXt_m-[-tØm-sS-bpw A]-I-S-ßƒ a-\- n-em-
°m-sX-bp-ap-≈ {]-h¿Ø-\w H-cp Imcyw
hy‡am°n; kw-i-bte-i-at\y˛˛˛hμyh-tbm-[n-I-
\m-Wo `qan. F-{X-bmWm {]mbw F-∂v D-d-∏n-®p]-
d-bm≥ im-kv-{X-Øn-\v ho≠p-sam-cp A-c \q-‰m≠p-
IqSn Im-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂p. A-t∏m-tg-°pw im-kv{Xw
]pXn-sbm-cp Im-e-L-´-Ønte-°p I-S-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p˛˛˛B-W-h Im-e-L-´-Øn-te-°v.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 ]t£, B-h-iy-ap≈ km-[-\-ßƒ In-ń-bm¬

X-\n-°v A-Zr-iy-\m-Im≥ I-gn-bpsa-∂v A-t±-l-Øn-
\p-d-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p: t_mƒ, H2O t]-Pv 125.
2 H-cu¨-kv t^m-kv-^-d-kn-\v B-dp Kn-\n: Uyq-

d‚ v, F-bvPv Hm-^v eqbnkv 14, t]-Pv 516.
3 ]t£, CXn-sem-∂n-s‚t]mepw Aw-Ko-Im-cw

A-t±-l-Øn-\p In-ń-bn√: kv-{SmtX¨, sa≥-U-e-
tb-^v-kv {Uow, t]-Pv 193.
4 A-ß-s\-bm-Wv c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\v c-≠p im-J-I-
fp-≠m-b-Xv: tU-hnkv, Z ^n-^vØv an-d-°nƒ, t]-Pv
14.
5 C∂-sØ \n-e-bv-°-Xv 1.2 tIm-Sn ]u≠v h-cpw:

ssh‰v, ssd-h¬kv, t]-Pv 63.
6 ta-ep-tZym-K-ÿcn-sem-cm-fp-sS ]-Xn-∂m-ep-Im-
cnbm-b aI-sf hn-hm-lwI-gn-®p: t{_m°v, Z t\m¿-
´≥ ln-kv‰dn Hm-^v sI-an-kv-{Sn, t]-Pv 92.
7 tPm¿ Zn t_m¨l¿: KqØv/ _p≈n t^m¿

t{_m¨tSm-tkm¿kv, t]Pv 366
8 Cusbm-c-[n-Im-c-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv At±lw
Hcp bph-im-kv{X-⁄≥ henb {]Xo-£-tbmsS
Pze-\-sØ-∏‰n Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n® kn≤m¥w
X≈n-°-f™Xv: t{_m°v, Z t\m¿´≥ lnÃdn
Hm^v sIankv{Sn, t]Pv 95-˛6.
9 F-∂n-´pw ]p-XpXm-sbm-cp aqe-Iwt]mepw I-

s≠-Øm≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\m-bn√: kv-{Sm-tX¨, sa≥-
U-e-tb-^v-kv {Uow, t]-Pv 239.
10 ]n-∂oS-Xv Btcm F-SpØp-sIm≠p-t]m-bn DS-
®p hm¿Øp: t{_m°v, Z t\m¿-´≥ ln-kv‰dn Hm-^v
sI-an-kv-{Sn, t]-Pv 124.
11 A-Xn-s‚ D-]-tbm-Kw B-\-μm-Xn-tc-Iw \¬-Ip-

sa-∂p I-s≠Øn-b Imew: t{Im∏¿, Z t{K-‰v ^n-
kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 139.
12 Xn-tb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ Nn-cn-∏n°pw hm-X-I km-bm-

”-ßƒ ]-Xn-hmbn: lmw-_ven≥, Z C≥-sh≥j≥
Hm-^v ¢u-Uvkv, t]-Pv 76.
13 ]q-sºm-Sn-bn-se \-t∂ sNdn-b I-W-ßƒ sh-

≈-Øn-en-Sp-tºmƒ Ah N-en®psIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-
∂p-sh-∂m-Wv 1827˛¬ {_u¨ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv:
kn¬h¿, Z Ask‚ v Hm-^v k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 201.
14 hn-tam-N-\ ]£-Øp \n¬-°m-Ø-Xn-\v A-d-

Ãp sN-ø-s∏-Sp-sa-∂ ÿnXn h-∂t∏mƒ:
UnIvjvWdn Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-tbm-{K-^n, hm-
eyw 19, t]Pv 686.
15 A-h-Km-t{Um-bp-sS K-Wn-Xw sh-®v c-k-X-{¥-
⁄¿ H-Sp-hn¬ ]-c-am-Wphn-s‚ hym-kw I-W-°p-
Iq-ń-sb-Sp-Øp. 0.00000008 sk‚o-ao-‰¿: Akn-tam-
hv, Z lnkv‰dn Hm-^v ^n-kn-Ivkv, t]-Pv 501.
16 ]n-∂o-sS-t∏mtgm {]-tXy-In-®p Imc-W-sam-

∂pan√m-sXX-s∂ kw-Jy ap-I-fn¬ \n-∂p Xm-tg-bv-
°p h∂p: t_mƒ, H2 O, t]-Pv 139.
17 sa≥-U-e-tb-^v Ip-Spw_-sØ A-Sn°-Sn \n¿-

`mKyw th-´-bm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p: t{_m°v, Z t\m¿-
´≥ ln-kv‰dn Hm-^v sI-an-kv-{Sn, t]-Pv 312.
18 \-s√m-cp c-k-X-{¥-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂p sa≥-U-e-

tb^v. ]t£, A-km-[m-c-W {] - Xn-`-sbm-∂p-am-bn-
cp-∂n√ : t{_m°v, Z t\m¿-´≥ ln-kv‰dn Hm-^v sI-
an-kv-{Sn, t]-Pv 111.
19 Im-e-sa-Øp-∂-Xn-\p ap-t∂-bm-bn-t∏mbn Cu
I-s≠-Ø-¬: Imsdbv (FUn.), Z t^-_¿ _p°v
Hm-^v k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 155.
20 c-k-X{¥w F-∂-Xv sh-dpw F-Æ-sa-Sp-°-em-bn
am-dp∂p: t_mƒ, H2 O, t]-Pv 139.
21 I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xn¬ G-‰-hpw e-fn-X-

hpw a-t\m-l-c-hpamb {Ia-∏-ń-I-bm-Wv cm-kaq-e-I-
ß-fp-sS B-h¿-Ø-\-∏-ń-I: s{I-_vkv, Z lnÃdn
B≥-Uv bqkv Hm-^v Ah¿ F¿-Øv-kv sI-an-°¬
F-en-sa‚ vkv, t]-Pv 23.
22 C-∂p \-Ωp-sS ssI-h-iw \q-‰n-bn-cp-]tXm

at‰m aq-e-I-ß-fp-≠v: t\®¿ am-knI-bn¬ h-∂ A-
h-tem-I-\-Øn¬\n∂v, ssa≥Uv Hm-h¿ am-‰¿,
KuXw B¿. sU-kn-cm-Pp, 2002 sk-]v-‰w-_¿ 26.
23 ]t£, 168-\p apI-fn¬ B‰-an-I-`m-c-ap≈ aqe-

Iß-fp-≠m-Im-\p≈ km[yX \t∂ IpdhmWv.
sslk¿am≥, fivkv-tπm-dnMv sIan-°¬ Ce-sa‚
vkv B‚ v sZb¿ tImw]u-≠vkv, t]Pv 33.
24 Cu {]-Xn-`mk-sØ ta-cn Iyq-dn tdUntbm

B-Œo-hn-‰n F-∂p hnfn®p: s_mUm\nkv, E=mc2,
t]-Pv 75.
25 acWwhsc At±lw Xs‚ IW°nepd®p
\n∂p: se-hnkv, Z tU‰nMv sKbnw, t]-Pv 55.
26 A\ptbmPyambncp∂p B \ma-I-c-Ww,...
AsXmcp Aÿnc aqeI-am-Wv: kv{SmtX¨, sa≥-
U-e-tb-^v-kv {Uow, t]-Pv 294.
27 tdUntbm B-Œo-hv [m-Xp-°-fp-≈ \o-cpdh-I-

fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hn-h-cn°p-∂ ]-ckyw \yq-
tbm¿-°n-se ^n-¶¿ se-bv-°n-ep-≈ s•≥ kv{]nMv
tlm´¬ 1920 Iƒ h-sc ]-c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn-: ssSw am-
kn-I-bp-sS 1927 P-\-phcn 3 e-°Øn¬ h-∂ ]-c-
kyw, t]-Pv 24.
28 D-]-t`m-‡r DXv]∂-ß-fn¬ tdUntbm B-

Œo-hv h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°v \ntcm-[-\-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv
1938˛¬ am-{X-amWv: _n-Uv¬, F ô¬-Uv ssKUv
Sp Z C≥-hn-kn-_vƒ, t]-Pv 133.
29 Im-co-bwsIm-≠v A-Xn-cn-´ s]-ń-I-fn-em-W-h

kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv: k-b≥kv, hn B¿ sa-bvUv
Hm-^v Ãm¿Ã-^v, 2001 sa-bv 4, t]-Pv 863.
`mKw aq∂v
]pXp-bp-Kw ]n-d-°p-∂p
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p Nn-¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\p
]-c-am-Wp-°-ƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn® h-gn-bmWv

ù-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-⁄≥.
— A-⁄mXw
A[ymbw 8
sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ {]-]©w
sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠v A-h-km-\-tØm-S-

Sp°p-tºmƒ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ kw-Xr-]v-X-cm-bn-cp∂p.
ùXnItemI-sØ G-Xm-s≠√m k-a-kyIƒ°pw
DØ-cw I-s≠-Øn-°-gn-s™-∂ B-izm-kw. {]-Im-
i-Øn-s‚bpw i-–-Øn-s‚bpw ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-sSbpw
Im-¥n-I-X-bp-sSbpw c-l-ky-ßƒ Np-cp-f-gn-™pI-
gn™p. _-e-X-{¥-Øn\pw K-Xn-I-Øn\pw \n-b-a-ß-
fm-bn-. F-Iv-kv-tdbpw Im-tYm-Uv c-iv-an-I-fpw C-e-
t{ŒmWpw tdUntbm B-Œo-hn‰nbpw I-s≠Øn.
Hmw, hm-´v, sI¬-hn≥, Pqƒ, Bw-]v XpS-ßn Ip-™v
F¿-Kp-h-sc-bp-≈ A-fhp-tIm-ep-I-fmbn.
Nm-©m´m-hp-∂ h-kv-Xp-°-sf-b-h¿ Nm-©mń,

Ne-\w Xz-cn-X-s∏-SpØn, tkzZ-\w sN-øm-hp-∂h-
sb hm-‰n-sb-SpØp, H-cp-an-®p tN¿-°m-hp-∂h-sb
kw-bp-‡-ß-fm°n, {Zm-h-Iß-sf hm-X-I-ß-fm-°n
am‰n, {Zm-h-I-ß-fp-sSbpw hm-X-I-ß-fp-sSbpw J-c-
ß-fp-sSbpw A-f-hp-I-sf-SpØp. A-Xn-\n-sS Cu {]-
{In-b-Iƒ-s°√mw th-≠ km¿-h-euIn-I\n-b-a-
ßƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn®p. {]uV-Kmw-ò-cy-am¿∂ B
\n-b-a-ßƒ Cw-•n-jn-se-gp-Xp-tºmƒ _-lpam\]p-
c cw C-t∏m-gpw h-en-b-£-c-Øn-em-Wv Xp-S-ßp-∂Xv.
{]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ ssh-Zyp-XIm¥n-I t£-{Xkn-≤m-
¥w (Electromagnetic field Theory of Light), dn-Œ-
dp-sS hyp¬-{I-am-\p]m-X\n-baw (Richter's Law of
Reciprocal Proportions), hm-X-I-ßƒ-°p-≈ Nmƒ-
kv \n-b-aw (Charles's Law of Gases), Iº-bn-\nMv
thmfn-bwkv \nbaw (Law of Combining
Volumes), sk-tdmØv \nbaw (Zeroth Law), hm-
e≥-kv I¨-sk-]v‰v (Valence Concept), temkv Hm-
^v am-kv B-Ivj≥kv (Laws of Mass Actions)
XpS-ßn DZm-l-cW-ßƒ F-{X th-W-sa-¶n-ep-ap-≠v.
im-kv-{X⁄-cp-sS I¬]-\mNm-Xp-cnbn¬ hn-cn-™
b-{¥-ß-fp-sSbpw D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ap-cƒ-®-
bpw In-epIn-em-c-h-ßfpwsIm-≠p ap-J-cn-X-ambn
tem-Iw. im-kv-{X-Øn-\v C-\n A[nIsam-∂pw sN-
øm-\n-s√-∂pX-s∂ ]-e hn-th-I-im-en-Ifpw I-cpXn.
AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv 1875˛¬ P¿-a-\n-bn-se Io-en-

¬\n-∂p-≈ am-Iv-kv πm-¶v F-∂ sN-dp-∏-°m-c≥ `m-
hnPo-hn-Xw K-Wn-X-Øn-\p \o-°n-hbv-°tWm ù-
Xn-I-im-kv-{X-Øn-\p \o-°n-hbv-°-tWm F-∂p kw-
i-bn-®-t∏mƒ A-`ypZ-bImw-£n-I-sf√mw G-Xm-
bmepw ù-Xn-Iw th-≠ F-∂p-]-tZ-in-®-Xv.
ùXnIim-kv-{X-Øn-se \n¿-Wm-b-I I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-
ß-sf√mw h-∂pI-gn™p, Is≠-Ønb-sXm-s° G-
Io-I-cn®v tX-®p-an-\p-°n-sb-Sp-t°-≠ ]-Wn-tb
C\nbp-≈q F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p hn-ZKv-t[m-]-tZiw. am-
Iv-kv πm-¶v G-Xm-bmepw AXp sN-hn-s°m-≠n√.
B bp-hmhv ssk-≤m¥n-Iù-Xn-IwX-s∂ ]Tn®p.
F∂n´v F≥-t{Sm-∏n (entropy) F-∂ {]-iv-\-Øn¬
a\- p tI-{μo-I-cn®p.* Xm-]K-Xn-I-Øn¬ \n¿-Wm-
bI-amb ÿm-\-Øp-≈ Cu hn-j-b-Øn\v hen-
b km-[y-X-I-fp-s≠-∂v πm-¶n\p tXm-∂n. Aß-s\
1891˛¬ A-t±lw K-thjW-ßƒ ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n
^-e-hp-am-bn-dßn. A-t∏m-gm-Wv \n-cm-imP-\-Iams-
bmcp hn-h-c-a-dn-bp-∂Xv˛˛˛˛F≥-t{Sm-∏n-bn-se kp-
{][m-\ K-thj-Ww t\ctØX-s∂ \S-∂pI-gn-
™-XmWv. tb¬ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬\n-∂p hn-
can-® sP. hn-em¿-Uv Kn-_v-km-Wv B ]T-\w \-S-
Øn-bXv.
an-°-bm-fp-Ifpw tI-ń-t´-bn√m-Ø a-lm{]-Xn-`-bp-

sS t]-cp ]-d-bm≥ ]-d-™m¬ \n- wi-bw ]-d-bm-
hp-∂ t]-cm-Wv Kn-_v-kn-t‚Xv. ]T-\-Øn\mbn bq-
tdm-∏n¬ sN-e-h-gn-® aq-∂p h¿-j-sam-gn-®m¬ an-
° k-a-bhpw At±-lw I-W-Œn-°-ń¬ \yq-lm-h-
\n¬ tb¬ k¿-h-I-emim-em a-Xnent\mSp tN¿-
∂p-≈ ho-ń¬ G-d-°p-sd A-Zr-iy-\m-bn H-Xp-ßn-°-
gn™p. tb-en-se B-Zy ]-Øp- h¿-jw i-º-f-sa-Sp-
°m≥t]mepw A-t±-lw sa-\s°-ń√ (Po-hn-°m≥
th-sd h-gn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- Kn-_v-kn\v). 1871-˛¬
s{]m^k-dm-bn tN¿-∂v 1903˛¬ a-cn-°p∂-Xph-sc-
bp-≈ Ime-sØ I-W-s°-Sp-Øm¬ A-t±-l-Øn-
s‚ ¢m p-I-fn¬ i-cmicn sk-a-Ã-dn¬ c-≠p Ip-
ńIƒ-h®p t]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.1 kz-¥-am-bm-hn-
jv-I-cn-® Np-cp-s°-gp-Øp-Iƒ [m-cm-f-ap-]-tbm-Kn-
®Xp-sIm-≠v Kn-_vkn-s‚ c-N-\-Iƒ hm-bn-®p a-
\ nem-°m≥ {]-bm-k-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚-bo \nKq-Vc-N-\Ifn-sem-fn-™p-In-S∂-Xv
{]-Xn-`m-hn-em-k-Øn-s‚bpw Dƒ-°m-gv-N-bp-sSbpw a-
lm-ta-cp-hmWv.
1875˛'78 Ime-Øv Kn-_v-kn-t‚-Xmbn {]-_-‘-]c-

º-cX-s∂-bn-dßn. "Hm¨ Z Cu-Iz-en-{_nbw Hm-^v
sl-‰-tdm-P\-kv k-_v-Ã≥k-kv' F-∂ s]m-Xpio¿-
j-I-Øn-en-dßn-b B {]-_-‘-ß-fn¬ GXm-
s≠√mØ-cw ]Zm¿Yß-fp-sSbpw Xm-]-KXn-IX-
Øz-ßƒ3 (thermodynamic principles) A-t±lw
D-÷z-e-am-bn hn-i-Zo-I-cn®p. "hm-X-I-ß-fpsS, an-{in-
X-ß-fp-sS, L-\-{Z-hy-Øns‚, {]-X-e-ß-fp-sS... am-
‰-ßƒ, cm-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\ßƒ, cm-k-ssh-
ZypXsk√pIƒ, hy-Xn-hym-]\w, A-h-km-Zw' Xp-S-
ßn-sb√m-‰n-s\bpw A-t±lw kv-]¿-in-s®-∂m-Wv
hneyw F-®v. t{Im-∏¿ F-gp-Xn-b-Xv. ò-a≥ B-hn-
b-{¥ß-fn-se Nq-Sn\pw Du¿-÷-Øn\pw am-{X-a√,
kq£v-aX-e-Øn¬ cm-k{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Xm-]-
K-Xn-Iw _m-[-I-am-sW-∂pw A-Xn-e-h kzm-[o\w
sN-ep-Øp-∂p-s≠∂pw A-t±-lw sX-fn-bn®p.4 "Xm-
]-K-Xn-I-Øn-se "{]n≥kn∏n-b' F-∂m-Wv Kn-_v-kn-
s‚ c-N-\ A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv.5 ]-d-™n-s´-¥m,
At±lw
* Hcp hyq-l-Øn-se {I-a-cm-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚ A-f-
hm-Wv F≥-t{Sm∏n. P-\-d¬ sI-an-kv{Sn F-∂ ]p-
kv-XI-Øn¬ Um-d¬ F-∫n-Mv H-cp s]-ń No-ń-
s‚ D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-eq-sS F≥-t{Sm-∏n-sb hn-i-Zo-I-
cn-®n-´p≠v.2 F-bv-kv ap-X¬ In-Mv h-sc {I-a-Øn¬
No-´p-I-f-Sp-°n h-®n-cn-°p-∂ ]pXn-sbm-cp No-´ps]-
ń ]q¿-Wambpw {I-a-ap-≈ hyq-l-Øn-\pZm-l-c-W-
amWv. ]p-d-sØ-Sp-Øv I-i-°n-bm¬ A-Xp {I-a-cln-
Xhyq-lam-bn. AØ-c-sam-cp hyq-lw F-¥p-am{Xw
{I-a-c-ln-X-am-sW∂ A-f-hm-Wv F≥-t{Sm∏n. ho≠p-
sam∂p I-i-°n-bm¬ F-¥m-bn-cn°pw ^-e-sa-∂ I-
W-°p-Iq-épw A-Xn¬-s∏-Spw. F≥-t{Sm-∏n F-¥m-
sW∂p ]q¿-W-am-bn a-\- n-em-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Xm-]A-
k-aX, em-‰n-kv Zqcw, tÃm-bv-t®m-sa-{Sn-Iv _-‘w
XpSßn H-cp]m-Sv km-t¶Xn-IIm-cy-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°-
Ww. H-cp km-am-\y[m-c-W e-`n-°m≥ th-≠ Im-cy-
am-Wv C-∏-d-™Xv.
Cu \n¿-Wm-b-I {]-_-‘-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn®-

Xv "{Sm≥-km-Ivj≥kv Hm^v Z I-W-Œn-°-´v A-
°mZan Hm-^v B¿-Sv-kv B≥-Uv k-b≥k-kv' F-∂
tPW-en-emWv. A-XmI-s´ I-W-Œn-°-ń¬t]mepw
A-[n-I-am-cpw Im-Wm-dn√. Kn-_v-kn-s‚ K-th-j-W-
ß-sf-°p-dn-®-dn-bm≥ πm-¶v ssh-In-t∏m-bXpw
AXpsIm-≠pXs∂.
\n-cm-i-\m-ImsX (A-s√-¶n¬ Aev-]-kzev-]w \n-

cm-i-tbmsS) πm-¶v* a-‰p hn-j-b-ß-fn-te--°p {i-≤
Xn-cn®p. A-Xn-te-°p I-S°pwap-ºv \-ap-°p th-sdm-
cp h-gn-bn-eq-sS Aev-]-Zq-cw t]m-IWw. H-l-tbm-
hn-se ¢o-hv-e≥-dnte-°v, sI-bv-kv kv-Iqƒ Hm-^v
A-ssπ-Uv k-b≥k-kv F-∂v A-∂-dn-b-s∏ń-cp-∂
ÿm-]-\-Øn-te-°v. A-hn-sS a-[y-h-b- n-te-°p IS-
∂ H-cp ùXnI im-kv-{X-⁄≥ 1880I-fn¬ kp-
lrØm-b c-k-X-{¥-⁄\psamØv H-cp K-th-j-
W]-c-º-c-bn¬ ap-gp-In. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cv B¬-
_¿-´v ssa-°nƒk¨, kp-lr-Øv F-tUz-Uv tam¿-
en. A-h-cp-sS Iu-Xp-I-I-chpw A-kzmÿyP-\-I-
hpam-b I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ]n¬°m-e im-kv-{X-Ncn-
{X-Øn¬ henb {]-Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥t]m-
∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.
im-kv{X-temI-Øv A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ H-cp

[m-c-W I-S-]p-g-°pI-bmWv, a-\x]q¿-h-a-s√-¶nepw
ssa-°nƒ-kWpw tam¿-enbpw sN-bvX-Xv. A-Zr-iy-
am-b, `m-c-an√m-Ø, L¿-j-W-an√m-Ø, Cu-Y¿ F-
∂ am-[yaw Cu {]-]-©-Øn¬ k¿-hhym-]n-bm-
bn ]c-∂p \nd-™p In-S-°p-I-bm-sW-∂mbn-cp-∂p
A∂sØ hn-izm-kw. sZ-°m¿-tØ hn-`mh-\w sN-
bv-Xv \yq-´≥ kzo-I-cn-®v ]n¬°m-e im-kv-{X-⁄-
sc√mw Aw-Ko-I-cn-®mcm-[n-® -Cu-Y¿ F∂ k-¶ev-
]-Øn¬ ]-sØmºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-se im-kv-{X-⁄-
¿-°v kwib-ta-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. _-ln-cm-Imi-sØ
iq-\y-X-bn-eq-sS {]-Im-iw k-©-cn°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ A-h¿-°v A-ßs\-sb-
m∂vv B-hiy-am-bn-cp∂p. {]-Im-ihpw ssh-Zyp-X Im-
¥n-I c-iv-an-I-fp-sa√mw Xcw-Kß-fm-sW-∂mWv
1800I-fn¬ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv. Xcw-K-sa-∂p- ]-d-bp-
tºmƒ HcpXcw I-º-\-amWv. I-º-\-ap-≠mIW-sa-
¶n¬ G-sX-¶nepw h-kv-Xp thWw. CuY¿ F-∂
am-[y-a-Øn-s‚ B-hiyw h-∂-X-ß-s\-bm-Wv, G-
sd-°m-ew im-kv{X-⁄¿ A-Xn-\-Sn-s∏-´Xpw AXp-
sIm-≠p-Xs∂. F-¥n-\v 1909˛¬-t]m-epw sP.sP.
tXmw-k¨ F-∂ a-lm\m-b {_n-ó-jv im-kv-{X-
⁄≥ ]-d™-Xv "{]m-W-hm-bpt]m-se A-\n-hm-cy-
amWv Cu-Y¿' F-∂mWv. "Dulm-t]m-lßfp-am-bn
\-S-°p-∂ G-sX-¶nepw X-Øz-Nn-¥I-s‚' k¶ev-
]kr-„n-b√ AsX∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\v
kw-i-b-ta-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. A-ßs\-sbm-cp km[\-
an-s√-∂v kw-i-bm-Xo-X-am-bn sX-fn-bn-°-s∏-´v \m-ep
h¿-jw I-gn-™mWv
* hy‡nPo-hn-X-Øn¬ Xn-I-™ \n¿-`m-Ky-hm-\m-

bn-cp-∂p πm¶v. {]n-b`m-cy 1909˛¬ a-cn®p. c-≠m¨-
a-°-fn¬ C-f-b-h≥ c-≠mw tem-I-bp-≤-Øn¬
sIm√-s∏-´p. Hm-a-\n-®p h-f¿Øn-b C-c-´s∏¨-Ip-
ń-I-fn¬ H-cmƒ {]-k-h-Øn¬ a-cn®p. a-t‰ a-Iƒ
B Ipń-sb t\m-°n h-f¿Øn. A-Xn-\n-sS Ahƒ
k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-sS `¿-Øm-hp-am-bn {]-W-b-Øn-em-bn,
A-h¿ hn-hm-lhpw I-gn®p. c-≠p h¿jw I-gn-™v
B a-Ifpw {]-k-h-Øn¬ a-cn-®p. 1944˛¬ πm-¶n-
\v F¨-]Ø-©p h-b- p-≈-t∏mƒ ho-Sn-\p ap-I-fn¬
k-Jy-I-£n-I-fp-sS t_mw-_v ho-Wp. I-S-em-kp-
Ifpw U-b-dn-I-fpw Pohn-Xk-ºm-Zy-hp-sa√mw F-cn-
™-Sßn. A-h-ti-jn-® G-IaI-s\ A-Sp-Ø h¿-
jw ln-‰-ve-sd h-[n-°m≥ KqVm-tem-N-\ \-SØn-
sb-∂ Ip-‰w Npa-Øn A-d-kv-‰p sN-bv-Xv h-[-in-£-
bv-°p hn-t[-b-\m°n.
tXmwkWn-Xp ]-d™-Xv F-t∂m¿-°Ww. A-{X-

ta¬ B-fl_-‘-ap-≠mbn-cp∂p im-kv{X-tem-I-
Øn\v Cu-Ydn-t\mSv.
]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-se A-ta-cn-°-sb A-h-
k-c-ß-fp-sS \m-sS∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂h¿ B¬-
_¿-´v ssa-°nƒk-s‚ Pohn-XI-Y tIƒ°Ww.
P¿-Ω\n˛t]mf-≠v A-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬ ]m-h-s∏-´ Pq-
XI-®-h-S-°m-cp-sS IpSpw_-Øn¬ 1852˛¬ P-\n®
ssa-°nƒ-k≥ Ip-™m-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv A-—-
\Ω-am¿-s°m-∏w A-ta-cn-°-bn-te-°p h-cp-∂Xv.6
kz¿-Ww tX-Sn J\-\w \S-°p-∂ Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-
bn-se \m-´pw-]pd-Øv Im-∏n-°-®-h-S-am-bn-cp∂p A-—-
s‚ ]Wn. tImf-Pn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ ]-W-an√m-ØXp-
sIm-≠v ssa°n-ƒk¨ hm-jn-Mv-S-Wn-te-°p h-≠n
Ibdn. A-hn-sS ssh-‰v-lu-kn-s‚ apJy I-hm-S-Øn-
\p ap-∂n¬ Id-ßn\-S-∂p. {]-knU‚ v bp-fnk-kv
Fkv.- {Km‚ns\ ap-Jw Im-Wn-®p k-¶-S-a-dn-bn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp∂p e-£yw. C-∂sØ-°m-sf{Xtbm \n-jv-
I-f-¶-am-bn-cp-∂p A-°mew. Imcyw \-S∂p, {]-kn-
U‚n-s‚ a\-a-en™p. A-ta-cn-°≥ t\-h¬ A-°m-
Z-an-bn¬ A-t±-l-an-S-s]´v B _mes\m-cp ko‰pw
\¬In. A-hn-sS-bm-Wv ssa-°nƒ-k¨ ^n-kn-Ivkv
]Tn-®Xv.
]n-s∂bpw ]-Øp h¿-jw I-gn-™m-Wv A-t±lw,

Cu-Y-dn-s‚ H-gp-°f-°m-\n-d-ßn-bXv. ¢o-hv-e‚n-se
sI-bv-kv kv-Iq-fn¬ s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp∂p A-t∏m-g-
t±lw. Cu-Y¿ F-∂ am-[y-a-Øn-eq-sS Du-fn-bn-Sp-
∂ h-kv-Xp°ƒ A-Xn¬ FXn-scm-gp°p Xo¿-°p-
w. A-X-f-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p e£yw-. \yq-t´mWn-b≥
ù-Xn-I-Øn-se H-cp {]-h-N-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p—Cu-Y-
dn-eq-sS- k-©cn-°p-∂ {]-Im-i-Øn-\v \n-co-£I-s\
A-t]-£n-®p-≈ th-Kw \n-co-£-I≥ {]Im-it{km-
X- n¬\n∂v A-I-tet°m A-Sp-tØt°m k-©-cn-
°p-∂-Xn\-\p-k-cn-®v hy-Xym-k-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v. ]t£,
C-X-f-°m-\p≈ am¿-K-am-hn-jv-Icn-°m≥ B¿-°p-am-
bn√. ssa-°nƒ-k-sWm-cmi-bw tXm∂n. h¿-j-
Øn¬ ]-Ip-Xn k-ab-Øv `q-an kq-cy-t\m-S-Sp-
tØ°p k-©-cn-°p∂p. A-Sp-Ø ]mXnbn¬ kq-
cy-\n¬\n-∂-I-ep∂p. A-t∏mƒ hy-Xykv-XIm-e-ß-
fn-se \n-co£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS {]Im-ith-K-Øn-ep-≈
hy-Xym-k-sa-Sp-Øm¬ C-Xns‚ DØ-cw In-´pw.
sSen-t^m¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xn-s‚ {]-i-kv-Xnbpw

k-º-Øp-am-bn \n¬°p-∂ A-e-Iv-km-≠¿ {K-lmw-
s_√p-am-bn A-t±-lw C-°mcyw kw-km-cn®p.
{]Im-ith-Kw Ir-Xy-am-b-f-°p-∂-Xn-\v ssa-°nƒ-
k¨X-s∂ cq-]-Iev-]-\ sNbv-X C‚¿s^-tdm-ao-
‰¿ F-∂ D-]-I-c-Ww \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ km-ºØn-I k-
lm-b-a-\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p B-h-iyw. ]n-
s∂ tam¿-en-sb-∂ kp-a-\- n-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS
h¿-j-ßƒ \o-≠ \n-co-£-W-Øn-\v XpS°an-´p. a-
\- n-cp-Øn sN-tø-≠, {i-a-I-camb A-Xn-kq-£v-a- ]-
co£Wam-bncp-∂p AXv. C-S-bv-°v am-\kn-Ikw-
L¿-jw Imc-Ww A-h-i-\mb ssa°nƒk-Wv hn-
{i-an-°m-\m-bn Ipd-®p k-a-b-tØ--°v \n-co£-Ww
\n¿-Øn-hbvt°≠nbpwh∂p. F-¶n-epw 1887˛Hm-sS
A-h¿ I-W-°p-Iq´¬ ]q¿-Øn-bm°n, D-Ø-cw Inń.
]-t£ A-h-c-t\z-jn-®, A-h¿ {]-Xo-£n-® D-Ø-c-
am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv.
A-h¿-°p Inń-b DØcw Im¬-sS-°n-se J-tKm-

f ùXn-Iim-kv-{X⁄≥ In-]v F-kv. tXm-Wn-s‚
hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬, "{]-Im-i-Øns‚ th-Kw
F√mbv-t]m-gpw-˛˛˛G-Xp Zn-i-bn¬ G-Xp Im-em-h-
ÿ-bn¬ A-f∂mepw H-∂pX-s∂-bm-Wv' F-∂-m-bn-
cp∂p.7 \yq´-s‚ ùXn-I\n-b-a-ßƒ F√mbv-t]mgpw
i-cn-bm-I-W-sa-∂n√ F-∂-Xn\v C-cp-\q-dp h¿-j-Øn-
\n-Sbn¬ e-`n-°p-∂ B-Zy kq-N-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
A-sX \o-≠ C-cp-\q-dp h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn-se B-Zy
kqN-\. Aß-s\ ssa-°nƒ-k¨-˛˛tam¿-en
]co£-Ww hneyw F-®v t{Im-∏-dp-sS hm-°p-I-fn¬
]-d-™m¬, "H-cp]-t£ ùXn-Iim-kv{XN-cn-{X-Øn-
se G-‰hpw hen-b \n-tj-[m-fl-I^-e-am-bn' am-
dn.8 Cu ]-co£-Ww ssa-°nƒk-Wv ù-Xn-I-im-kv-
{X t\m-_¬ t\-Sns°m-Sp-Øp. A-ß-s\-b-t±-lw
B ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\-Sp-∂ B-Zy-sØ A-tacn-°-°m-
c-s\-∂ _-lp-a-Xnbpw kz-¥-am°n. ]-co£-Ww
\S-∂v C-cp]-Xp h¿-jw I-gn-™m-Wv A-t±l-sØ
t\m-_¬ k-an-Xn B-Z-cn-®Xv. A-{Xbpw-Imew Cu
]-co-£-W^-ew A-kz-ÿ-X-bp-f-hm-°p-∂ h-fn-®
\m-‰-wt]mse im-kv-{XNn-¥-bn-eß-s\ XfwsI-
ń\n∂p.
{i-t≤-bam-b a-s‰m-cp ImcywIq-Sn-bp≠v. Cu ]-

co£-Ww \-SØnb ssa-°nƒ-k¨ C-ßs\-sbm-
cp ]-co-£-W^-ew ap-∂n-ep-≠m-bn´p-t]m-epw C-cp-
]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ a-‰p ]-e-sc-bpw-
t]mse I-cp-Xnb-Xv im-kv-{X-Øn-\v C-\n Im-cyam-
sbm∂pw sN-øm-\n-s√-∂pXs∂bm-Wv.9 {]-[m-\ ]-
Wn-I-sf√mw I-gn™p. Xm-gn-I-°p-Sw h-bv°m\pw
Nne sImØp]-Wn-Iƒ \-S-Øm-\pw Nn-t¥-cn-s´m-
∂p an-\p-°m\pw am-{X-ta C-\n _m-°nbp-≈p F-∂-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p A∂-sØ s]m-Xp-hm-b Nn-¥.
F-∂m¬ b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ tem-Iw im-kv-{X-Øn-
s‚ ]pXn-sbm-cp \q-‰m≠n-te-°p I-S-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p. ]-e¿°pw H-∂pw a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hmØ,
B¿°pw ]q¿-W-am-bn a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hm-Ø im-kv-
{Xkn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-sS \q-‰m-≠n-te-°v. \n-an-jm-¿-[-
ß-sf-t∏mepw hn-c-kI-ev-]-ß-fm-bn I-W-
°m°m≥t]m-∂ kq-£v-aÿ-eIm-e-ß-fn¬, I-W-
ß-fp-sSbpw {]-Xn-I-W-ßfp-sS-bpw A-‘m-fn-∏n-°p-
∂ a-fi-e-Øn¬ im-kv{X-⁄¿ H-gp-In-\S∂p. A-
hn-sS-sb√mw A-]-cnNn-Xkw-K-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p.
F√mw I-≠pw sXm´pw A-f-∂p-a-dn-bm-hp-∂ ÿq-
eù-Xn-I-Øn¬\n-∂v k-¶ev-]m-Xo-Xamwhn-[w sNd-
nb tem-I-Øv, ]n-Sn-In-´mØ-{X th-K-Øn¬ \-S-°p-
∂ Im-cy-ß-ƒ ]Tn°p∂ kq£v-aù-Xn-I-Øn-te-
°p I-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p im-kv-{Xw. Izm≠w bp-K-
Øn-te-°p-≈ {]-th-i-\-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-Xn-te-
°p-≈ I-hm-Sw Xpd∂-Xv C-{X\mƒ \n¿-`m-Ky-ß-fp-
sS X-S-¶-en-em-bn-cp-∂ am-Iv-kv πm-¶pw.
s_¿-en≥ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ssk-≤m¥n-I

ùXn-I s{]m-^ dm-bn-cp-∂ am-Iv-kv πm-¶v 1900˛¬
\m¬]-Ønc≠mw h-b- n-em-Wv Izm-≠w kn-≤m-¥w
A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Du¿-÷w hn-Inc-Ww sN-ø-s∏-
Sp∂-Xv PeØn-s‚ H-gp°p-t]m-se Xp-S¿-®-bm-b-
s√∂pw \n›n-X A-f-hp-≈ ]m-°-‰pI-fm-bm-
sW∂pw Izm-≠w kn-≤m-¥w ]-d-bp∂p. Cu sN-
dp ]m-°-‰p-I-fmWv Izm-≠w. \q-X-\m-i-b-am-bn-cp-∂p
A-Xv. ssa-°nƒk¨˛˛tam¿-en]-co-£W-Øn-se
k-a-ky-bv-°p-≈ DØ-cw A-Xn-e-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p. {]-
Im-iw X-cwKw X-s∂-bm-h-W-sa-∂n-s√-∂v Izm-≠w
kn-≤m-¥w ÿm-]n®p. B-[p\n-I ùXnIim-kv-{X-
Øn-\v A-Xv A-Sn-Ø-d-bn´p. tem-Iw am-dm≥ Xp-S-
ßp-I-bm-sW∂-Xn-s‚ B-Zy kq-N-\- \¬In.
]-t£, \n¿-Wm-b-I h-gn-Øn-cn-hv, ]pXn-b bp-K-

Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿Y ]ndhn, h-∂-Xv 1905˛em-Wv. P¿-
a≥ ù-Xn-I-im-kv-{X {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Wam-b "A-
\mse≥ sU¿ ^n-kn-°n'¬, k¿-h-I-em-im-e-I-
fpam-sbm∂pw _-‘-an√m-Ø, {K-Ÿ-im-e-I-fn-se ]-
Xn-hp-Im-c-\√m-Ø H-cp kzn-kv ¢m¿-°ns‚ {]-_-
‘ßƒ A-®-Sn-®ph-∂-tXm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv.
t_-¨ t]‰‚ v Hm-ô-kn¬ aq∂mw ¢m-kv sS-Iv-\n-
°¬ F-Iv-km-an-\-dm-bn-cp-∂p B bp-hm-hv (c≠mw
¢m n-te-°v ÿm-\-°b-‰w \¬-I-W-sa-∂-bmƒ A-
t]-£n-®n-cp-∂p. ]t£ A-Xv X-≈n-t∏mbn).
B¬-_¿´v sF≥-ssÃ≥ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-
l-Øns‚ t]cv. kw`h_-lp-eamb B H-scm-‰h¿-
jw "A-\m-se≥ sU¿ ^n-kn-°n¬' B bp-hmhv
A-©p {]-_-‘-ßƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn®p. kn. ]n. kv-
t\m-bp-sS A`n{]m-b-Øn¬ ùXn-Iim-kv-{XN-cn-{X-
Øn-se G-‰hpw a-lØm-b {]-_-‘ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p
A-Xn¬ aq-s∂Æw.10 AXn-sem-∂v {]Imissh-Zyp-
X {]-Xn`mk-sØ πm-¶n-s‚ ]pXn-b Izm-≠w kn-
≤m-¥-Øn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn-i-Zo-I-cn®p. c-
≠m-a-tØ-Xv {Zm-h-I-ß-fn¬ e-bn-°m-sX In-S-°p-
∂ ]Zm¿Yß-fp-sS X-∑m-{XmN-e-\w ({_u-Wn-b≥
Ne\w) hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bvXp. aq-∂m-a-tØXvv hn-
in-„m-t]£n-IXmkn-≤m-¥ (Special Theory of
Relativity) Øn-s‚ cq-]tc-J A-h-X-cn-∏n®p.
B-Zy-sØ {]-_-‘w sF≥-ssÃ-\v t\m-_¬ k-

Ωm-\w t\-Sn-s°m-SpØp. A-Xv {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ k-
hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p (H-∏w sS-enhn-j≥
bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p k-lm-bn-®p).* c-≠m-a-tØ-
Xv ]-c-am-Wp°-fp-s≠-∂-Xn-\v sX-fn-hp \¬In (C-
∏w B-tem-Nn-®m¬ A-¤p-Xw tXm∂psa-¶nepw A-
∂v- AtX-°p-dn-®v `n-∂m-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p).
aq-∂m-atØXv Np-Ωm tem-I-sØb-ßv am-‰na-dn®p.
sX-°≥ P¿-a-\n-bn-se Dƒ-av \-K-c-Øn¬ 1879˛¬

P-\n-® sF≥-ssÃ≥ ayq-Wn-°n-em-Wv h-f¿-∂Xv.
`m-hn-bn¬ H-c-Xpey {]-Xn-`-bm-Ip-sa∂
kqN\sbm∂pw B Ip-ń-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. aq-
∂p h-b- m-b-t∏m-gm-Wv Ah≥ kw-km-cn-°m≥ Xp-
S-ßn-b-XpXs∂. A—-s‚ ssh-Zyp-tXm-]I-c-Whym-
]mcw \-„-Øn-em-b-t∏mƒ Ip-Spw-_w an-em-\n-
te°p amdn. Iu-am-c-°m-c\m-b B¬_¿-´v ]T-\-w
Xp-S-cm≥ kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Un-te-°m-Wv t]mbXv. tIm-
f-Pv{]-thi-\-Øn-\p-≈ ]-co-£-bn¬ B-Zy X-h-W
A-h≥ tXm‰p-t]mbn. \n¿-_‘
* ssk-≤m¥n-Iù-Xn-I-Øn-\p \¬In-b kw-`m-

h-\-Iƒ I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øv F-∂v H-gp-°≥a-ń¬
]d™p-sIm-≠m-Wv sF≥-ssÃ-\v t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-
\w \¬-In-bXv. A-Xn-\-t±-l-Øn-\v 1921hsc, \o≠
16 h¿-jw, Im-Øn-cn-t°-≠nh∂p. hen-sbm-cn-Sth-
fX-s∂-bm-WnXv. F-∂m¬ \yq-{Snt\m Is≠Øn-
b s{^-U-dn-Iv sd-bn≥-kn-\p k-Ωm-\w In-´m≥ h-
∂ Im-e-Xm-a-k-hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øptºmƒ C-
Xv \n- m-c-am-Wv. 1957˛¬ \-SØn-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-
\v ]p-c-kv-Im-cw In-´p-∂-Xv 38 h¿-jØn-\ptijw
1995˛emWv. A-Xn-epw I-„-am-Wv G¨-Ãv dpkv-I
F-∂ P¿-Ω≥ im-kv-{X⁄-s‚ Imcyw. 1932˛em-W-
t±-lw Ce-t{Œm¨ ssa-t{Imkv-tIm-∏v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-
Xv. t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-´p∂Xv 1986˛epw. A-c-
\q-‰m-≠n-te-sd Im-Øn-cn-t°-≠nh-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-
\v. t\m-_¬ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw acWm\-¥-c_-lp-a-Xn-
bm-bn \¬-Im-dn√. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ t\m-_¬
In-´-W-sa-¶n¬ {]Xn-` am{Xw t]m-c, Zo¿-Lm-bp pw
thWw.
ssk\n-Itk-h-\-Øn¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏-Sm≥
1896˛¬ P¿a≥ ]u-c-Xz-ap-t]£n-® sF≥-ssÃ≥
kq-dn-®v t]m-fnsS-Iv-\n-°n¬ \meph¿j tIm-gv-
kn\p tN¿∂p. ssl-kv-Iqƒ im-kv{Xm-[ym-]I-sc
hm¿-sØ-Sp-°m-\p-≈ tImgvkm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. hn-
Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn-cp-∂ sF≥-ssÃ≥ an-Sp-°-\m-bn-
cp∂p. ]-t£, A-km-[m-c-W{]Xn` F-s∂m-∂pw ]-
dbm-\m-In√.
1900˛¬ sF≥-ssÃ≥ _n-cp-Z-sa-Sp-Øn-dßn. am-

k-ßƒ°Iw "A\mse≥ sU¿ ^n-kn-°n¬' {]-
_-‘-ß-f-Sn-®ph-cm\pw Xp-S-ßn. ]m\o-bßƒ Ip-
Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kv-t{Sm-I-fn-se {Zm-h-I-ß-fp-sS
ùXn-Iim-kv{Xw hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øp-∂ B-Zy {]-
_-‘w A-®-Sn-®ph∂-Xv11 am-Iv-kv πm-¶v Izm≠w
kn-≤m-¥w {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® A-tX e-°-Øn-em-Wv.
1902 ap-X¬ 1904 h-sc-bp-≈ Ime-Øv A-t±-lw
kmwJn-I _-e-X-{¥-sØ-∏‰n {]-_‘]-c-º-cX-
s∂ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn®p. A-t∏m-gm-W-dn-™-Xv B-cp-a-
dn-bmsX K-thj-Ww \-S-Øn-h-∂ sP. hn-em¿-Uv
Kn-_v-kv12 "F-en-sa‚-dn {]n≥-kn∏nƒkv Hm-^v Ãm-‰n-
Ãn-°¬ sa-°m-\n-Iv-kn'¬ C-tX hn-j-bw 1901˛¬
Xs∂ ssI-Im-cyw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p-sh∂v.
A-t∏m-tg°pw ante-h ta-cn-®v F-∂ k-l-]mTn-

bp-am-bn B¬-_¿-´v {]-W-b-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. hn-hm-
l-Øn-\pap-ºv 1901-˛¬ A-h¿-s°m-cp Ip™pw ]n-
d∂p. Ip-ń-sb B¿t°m Z-sØ-Sp-°m≥ \¬-Ip-I-
bm-W-h¿ sN-bv-X-Xv. Cu Ip-ńsb sF≥-ssÃ≥ I-
≠n-t´-bn√. c-≠p h¿-jw Ign™v A-t±-lw ta-cn-
®n-s\ hn-hm-lw sN-bvXp. A-Xn-\n-sS 1902˛¬ kzn-
kv t]‰‚ v Hm-ô-kn¬ tPm-en-°p tN¿-∂p. G-
gp h¿-jw A-hn-sS Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sF≥-kv-
ss‰-\v C-„-am-bn-cp-∂p B tPm-en. _p-≤n {]-tbm-
Kn-®v Aev]w a\ n-cp-Øn sN-øWw. F-∂m¬ ù-
Xn-Iim-kv-{X K-th-j-W-Øn-\p XS am-Im≥ am{Xw
a-\- n-cp-tØ-≠ Im-cy-hp-an√. C-Xm-Wv 1905˛¬ hn-
in„mt]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥w ]pd-Øph-cp-∂ ]-
›m-Ø-e-Øn-s‚ Np-cp°w.
"N-en-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS ssh-Zy-pX_-e-X-{¥-

sØ∏‰n' F-∂ X-es°-ń-se-gpXn-b B {]-_-‘w
N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰hpw A-km-[m-c-W-am-b im-kv-
{X{]-_-‘-ßfn-sem-∂mWv.13 A-Xn-s‚ D-≈S-°w
A-km-[m-c-W-ambn-cp∂p, cN-\mco-Xnbpw A-ß-
s\X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. A-Sn-°p-dn-∏p-Itfm A-\p-
_‘-ßtfm C√m-sX, K-Wn-X{In-b-I-fn√m-sX F-
gpXn-b B c-N-\bn¬ ap-ºn-dßn-b H-cp {]-_-‘-
Øn¬\n-∂p-ap-≈ D-≤-c-Wn-I-fn√m-bn-cp∂p. kzm-[o-
\w sN-ep-Øn-b G-sX-¶nepw ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚tbm
hy-‡n-bpsStbm t]-cn√m-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xn¬ \-μn
tc-J-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv H-scm-‰-bm-fp-sS k-lmbØn-\p
am-{Xw-˛˛˛t]‰‚ v Hm-ô-kn¬ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-
bn-cp∂ ssa°¬ s_-t m-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. "B-
cp-sSbpw k-lm-b-an√msX, B-cp-sS A-`n{]m-bhpw
kzo-I-cn-°m-sX, kz-¥w Nn-¥ H∂p-sIm-≠p-am-{Xw
\n-K-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn F-∂ co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p
sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ {]-_‘w.14 AXn-ibsa-∂√m-sX
F-¥p ]-d-bm≥. G-d-°p-sd A-X-ß-s\-X-s∂-bm-bn-
cp∂p Xm-\pw.'- kn. ]n. kvt\m F-gpXn.
sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ {]-ikv-X k-ao-Ic-Ww E=mc2

Cu {]-_-‘-Øn -en√m-bn-cp∂p. G-Xm-\pw am-k-
ßƒ-°pti-jw h-∂ sNdn-sbm-cp A-\p_-‘-Øn-
em-Wv A-t±-laXv A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. kv-Iq-fn¬
]Tn®Xv Hm¿-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw, Cu k-ao-I-c-W-Øn-
se E Du¿÷-sØ kq-Nn-∏n°p∂p, m ]n-fi-
sØ, c2 F-∂m¬ {]Im-ith-K-Øn-s‚ h¿Kw.
e-fn-X-am-bn Np-cp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ {Z-hyhpw Du¿-

÷-hpw ]-c-kv]-cw _‘s∏-´p-In-S-°p-∂p-sh-
∂mWv Cu k-ao-Ic-Ww kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. H-tc Im-
cyØn-s‚ c-≠p cq-]-am-Wv A-h. hn-tam-Nn-X-am-Ip-
∂ {Z-hy-amWv Du¿-Pw. AYhm Du¿-÷-am-Im≥
Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂ kw-K-Xn-bm-Wv {Z-hyw. {]Im-ith-K-
Øns‚ h¿-Kw AYhm c2 hf-sc hen-sbm-cp kw-
Jy-bm-bXp-sIm-≠v Cß-s\ kzX{¥-am-Ip-∂ Du¿-
Phpw hf-sc h-ep-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. A-XmbXv Hmtcm
h-kvXp-hnepw hf-sc henb tXm-Xn¬—ò-aamb
tXm-Xn¬—Du¿-÷w AS-ßn-bn-cn-∏p-s≠-∂mWv
Cu k-ao-Ic-Ww ]-d-bp-∂Xv. ∗
th≠{X i‡n-bn-s√∂v h√-t∏mgp-sam-s° \n-

ßƒ-°p tXm-∂n-°mWpw. F-∂m¬ i-cmi-cn h-
en-∏-ap-≈ ap-Xn¿-∂ hy-‡n-bm-Wv \n-ß-sf-¶n¬
\nßfp-sS i-co-c-Øn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂ Du¿-
÷-Øn-s‚ Af-hv 7 X1018 Pqƒ h-cpw.15 30 ò-
a≥ ssl-{U-P≥ t_mw-_p-Iƒ s]m-ń-bm¬ kz-X-
{¥-amIp∂ Du¿-÷-am-WXv. F√m h-kv-Xp-°-fn-ep-
w A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v Cu tXm-Xn¬ Du¿÷w. ]t£,
A-Xp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ am¿-§w B-hn-jv-I-cn-
°m≥ \-ap-°m-bn-ń-s√-∂p am-{Xw. \-ap-°m-hn-jv-I-
cn-°m≥ ]-‰n-bn-´p-≈-Xn-te-‰hpw Du¿-÷-Zm-b-Iam-
b bp-td-\n-bw t_mw-_n¬t]m-epw A-Xn-e-Sßn-bn-
´p-≈-Xns‚ H-cp i-X-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg Du¿÷-ta
kz-X{¥-am-Ip-∂p-≈q.16
sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ kn-≤m¥w a-‰p ]-e-Xn\p-sam-∏w

tdUntbm hn-In-cW-saß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip∂psh∂p
hn-h-cn-®p. a-™pI-´-sb-t∏m-se D-cp-In-Øocm-sX H-
cp Ij-Ww bp-td-\n-b-Øn¬\n-∂v D-∂-tXm¿-÷-
Øn-s‚ Xp-S¿{]-hm-lw F-ß-s\bp-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-
∂v hn-iZoI-cn-®p. (Xn-I®pw C-‘-\£a-X-tbmsS
A-Xv {Z-hy-sØ Du¿-÷-am-°n am-‰p-I-bm-Wv.
E=mc2F-∂ k-ao-Ic-WwX-s∂-bm-Wn-hn-sSbpw D-]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xv). C-‘-\w F-cn-™p Xo-cms-X tIm-
Sm-\ptIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ I-Øn \n¬-°m≥ \-£-
{X-ßƒ-°m hp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂Xp ]d-™pX∂p
(C-hn-sSbpw A-tX k-ao-Ic-WwXs∂). e-fn-Xam-
sbm-cp k-ao-Ic-Ww Ip-Øn-°p-dn-®n-´-Xn-eqsS
sF≥kv-ss‰≥ ù-a-im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°pw tPym-Xn-»m-
kv-{X-⁄¿°pw ap-∂n¬ Xpd∂n´-Xv tIm-Sm\p-tIm-
Sn h¿-j-ß-fp-sS km-[y-X-bmWv. AXn-s\m-s°
]pdsa hn-ti-jm-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥w H-∂pIq-Sn
hy-‡-am°n. {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ th-Kw ÿn-c-amWv,
A-Xv ]-c-tam-∂-X-hp-amWv. a-s‰m-∂n\pw A-Xn-s\
adnIS-°m-\m-hn√. Aß-s\ {]-]-©-sØ-°p-dn-®p-
≈ \-Ωp-sS [m-c-W-I-fn-te°v A-Xp {]-Im-iw sNm-
cn™p. k¿-h-hym-]nbm-b Cu-Y¿ F-∂ {]tl-fn-
Ibv°pw sF≥-ssÃ≥ ]-cn-lm-cw I≠p. A-ßs\-
sbm-∂n-s√-∂v At±lw hy-‡-am°n. Cu-Y-dn-s‚
B-h-iy-an√m-sØm-cp {]-]-©sØ sF≥-ssÃ≥
\-ap-°p X-∂p.
* {]Im-ith-K-sØ kq-Nn-∏n-°m≥ c h-∂-sX-
ß-s\-sb-∂ Imcyw Zp-cq-l-am-Wv. {Zp-X-K-Xn-sb-∂¿-
Yap≈ celeritas F-∂ em-‰n≥ hm-°n¬\n-
∂mImw A-Xp h-∂-sX-∂m-Wv tU-hn-Uv s_m-Um-
\n-kv ]d-bp-∂Xv. sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ kn-≤m-¥w h-cp-
∂-Xn-\p ap-ºp-≈ Hm-Iv-kv^-Uv Un-Ivjv-W-dn-bp-sS
hmeyß-fn¬ Im¿-_äp-X¬ {In-°-‰vh-sc ]-e-Xn-
s‚-bpw Np-cp-°kw-⁄-bm-bn c sIm-Sp-Øn-´p≠v.
F-∂m¬ {]-Im-i-Øns‚tbm {Zp-X-th-K-
Øns‚tbm Imcyw A-Xn¬-]-d-bp-∂n√.
t]-‰‚ v Hm-ô-kn-se H-cp ¢m¿-°n-s‚ {]-_-‘-

ßƒ-°v kzm-`m-hn-Iambpw im-kv{X-tem-Iw hen-b
hn-e Iev-]n-®n√. hn-e-]n-Sn® hn-h-c-ßƒ [m-cm-f-ap-
≠m-bn´pw A-Xn-\p hen-b {i-≤- In-ń-bn√. {]-]-
©-Øn-se ]-e k-a-ky-Iƒ°pw DØ-cw \¬In-
btijw sF≥-ssÃ≥ k¿-h-I-em-im-ebn¬ e-Iv-
N-d¿ X-kv-Xn-I-bn¬ \n-b-a-\-Øn-\m-bn A-t]-
£n®p. B A-t]£bpw X-≈n-t∏mbn. ]n-s∂
ssl-kv-Iqf-[ym-]-I X-kv-Xn-I-bn-te-°v At]£
\¬In. AXpw X≈n. A-ß-s\-b-t±-lw ho≠pw
t]-‰‚ v Hm-ô-kn-se aq∂mw ¢m-kv ]cn-tim-[-I-
\m-bn Xp-S¿∂p. ]-t£, A-t∏m-gp-a-t±-lw Nn-¥-b-
hkm-\n-∏n-®n√. Nn-¥ A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\∏-
‰n Nn-¥n®p-t]m-ep-an√.
I-hn t]mƒ h-te-dn H-cn°¬ sF≥-ssÃt\m-

Sv tNm-Zn-®p-: "F-¥mWv Xm¶-fp-sS coXn? ]pXn-b
B-i-b-ßƒ D-Zn-°p-tºmƒ A-Xv t\m-´p]p-kv-XI-
Øn¬ F-gp-Xn-hbv°ptam?' sF≥-kv-ss‰≥ A¤p-
X`m-h-Øn¬ h-tednsb t\m°n. "Hm A-Xn-s‚ B-
h-iy-ap-≠m-Im-dn√, F-\n-°ß-s\ C-Sbv°nsS B-
ib-ß-sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-Im-dn√'17 F-∂p a-dp-]-Snbpw
\¬-In. sF≥ssÃ\v h√-t∏m-gp-ap-≠m-Ip∂ B-i-
b-ßƒ ]t£, H´pw tam-i-am-bn-cp∂n√. F-°m-e-
sØbpw G-‰hpw a-lØm-b B-i-b-ßfn-sem-∂m-
Wv ASpØ-Xm-bn A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-\- n-ep-Zn-®Xv.
B-W-him-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ D÷ze N-cn-{X-sa-gpXn-b
_q¿-kn-s‚bpw tam-Sv-kn-s‚bpw ho-h-dp-sS-bpw A-`n-
{]mb-Øn¬ "am-\-hN-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp
hy-‡n-bp-sS a-\- n¬\n∂p-Zn-® B-i-b-ß-fp-sS Iq-´-
Øn¬ _u≤n-I-am-bn G-‰hpw Db-sc \n¬°p-∂'
B-ibw.18
1907˛tem at‰m \-S-°m-\n-dßn-b sF≥-ssÃ≥

H-cp sXm-gn-em-fn ta¬°q-c-bn¬\n-∂p ho-gp∂-Xp
I-s≠∂pw A-ß-s\-bm-W-t±-lw Kp-cp-Xz-
_esØ∏-‰n Nn-¥n-°p-∂-sX∂pw Nn-e ]p-kv-X-I-
ß-fn¬ Im-Wmw. ]-e \√ I-Y-I-sfbpwt]mse,
CXpw sI-´pI-Y-bm-Im-\m-Wv km-[y-X. I-tk-c-
bn¬ sh-dp-sX-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv C-tX-°p-dn-®p-≈
Nn-¥ a-\- n-se-Øn-b-sX∂v sF≥ssÃ≥X-s∂ ]-d-
™n-´p≠v.19 Aßs\ Nn-¥n-®-t∏mƒ sF≥ssÃ\v
H-cp Imcyw t_m-[y-am-bn. hn-in-„m-t]-£nI-Xmkn-
≤m-¥-Øn-¬ hn´p-t]mb Im-cyw Kp-cp-Xz_-e-amWv.
hn-in-„m-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ hn-ti-jw X-
S- -an√m-sX N-en®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS
Imcyw am-{X-ta A-Xn¬ ssI-Imcyw sN-øp-∂p-≈p
F-∂-Xm-Wv. F-∂m¬ N-en®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂ H-
∂n-\v, D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v {]-Im-i-Øn-\v, Kp-cp-Xzm-
I¿jWw -t]m-sem-cp XS- w t\-cn-tS-≠nh-∂m¬ F-
¥p kw-`-hn-°pw? A-Sp-Ø ]Øph¿-j-°m-e-
tØ°v sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ Nn¥ C-Xm-bn-cp∂p.-
1917˛¬ A-sXmcp {]-_-‘-am-bn-dßn-: "km-am-\ym-
t]-£nI-Xm\n-b-a-Øn-se tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X ]-cn-K-
W-\-Iƒ.'20
"A-Xn-Kw-ò-c-hpw kp-{]-[m-\-hpam-sbm-cp c-N-\-

bm-bn-cp-∂p hn-in-„m-t]£nI-Xmkn≤m¥w. ]-
t£, 1905˛¬ sF≥-ssÃ≥ A-X-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-
∂ns√-¶nepw A-©m-dph¿-j-Øn\-Iw a-‰m-sc-
¶nepw A-Xp-am-sb-Øp-am-bn-cp∂p. Imc-Ww A-h-X-
cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm≥ Im-ØpIn-S-°p∂ kn-≤m-¥-am-bn-cp-
∂p AXv.
F-∂m¬ km-am-\ym-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥-Øn-
s‚ ÿn-Xn Xn-I-®pw hy-Xy-kv-X-amWv. sF≥-
ssÃ≥ A-Xp-am-sb-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ H-cp]t£
Ct∏mgpw \-m-a-Xn-\v Im-Øn-cn-t°-≠nh-cp-am-bn-cp-
∂p.'21kn. ]n. kv-t\m 1979˛¬ F-gpXn.
I-Sn-®p]n-Sn® ss]∏pw F-gp-∂p\n¬-°p-∂ ap-Sn-

bpw ku-lr-Zw Xp-fpºp-∂ ap-J-hp-ap-≈ sF≥-
ssÃ-\v a-‰p-≈-h-cp-sS {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-Sm-sX A[nIw
H-gn-™p\n¬-°m≥ ]‰n√. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂
1919˛¬ bp-≤w I-gn-™t∏mƒ tem-Iw s]m-Sp∂t\
A-t±l-sØ Xn-cn-®-dn™p. km-[m-c-W-°mc\v Dƒ-
s°m-≈m-\m-hm-Øh-Æw kp-{]-[m-\-amWvv A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥ß-ƒ. ]-t£, \m-´p-Im-cp-sS Im-
gvN∏m-Sn¬ hen-b am-‰-sam∂pw h-∂n√. \yq-tbm¿-
°v ssSwkv sF≥ssÃs‚ E=mc2 F∂ {]kn≤
_p°n-s\∏‰n hm¿Ø sIm-Sp-°m≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®-
t∏mƒ C‚¿hyq sN-øm≥ hn´-Xv A-hcp-sS tKmƒ-
^v I-dkv-t]m≠‚ v sl‚n t{Im-®n-s\-bmWv.
]-ehn-[ sX-‰p-IƒsIm-≠p k-ar-≤-am-bn-cp∂p

t{Im-®n-s‚ dn-t∏m¿´v.22 AXn-sem∂vv tem-I-{]-i-kv-
X-ambn. temI-Øn¬ 12 t]¿-°p am{Xw a-\ n-em-
°m\m-b H-cp ]p-kv-X-I-w {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥
sF≥-ssÃ-s\mcp {]km-[I-s\ In-ń F-∂- hn-h-c-
amWXvv. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ A-ßs\-sbm-cp ]p-kv-X-I-
an√m-bn-cp∂p, A-ßs\-sbm-cp {]-km-[-I\n√m-bn-
cp∂p, Aßs\-sbm-cp ]-{¥≠w-K ⁄m-\nkw-L-
hp-an√m-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂n-´pw A-∏-d™ Bi-bw P-
\-a-\- n-ep-d®p. B-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥w a-\- n-em-
Ip-∂-hcp-sS F-Æw P-\-`m-h-\-bn¬ Ipd-™pIpd-
™p h∂p. CØ-cw sI-´p-I-YIƒ X-I¿-°m≥ im-
kv-{Xk-aq-lw Im-cyam-sbm∂pw sN-bv-Xp-an√.
H-cn-°¬ H-cp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ {_n-ó-jv tPym-

Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ k¿ B¿-X¿ F-Un-Mv-S-t\m-Sv
tNm-Zn-®p-: "Cu temI-Øv B-t]-£nI-Xm kn-≤m-
¥w i-cn-°p a-\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≈ aq-∂p-t]-cn¬ H-
cmƒ Xm-¶-fm-sW∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv icnbmtWm?' H-
cp \n-an-jw Km-Vam-b B-tem-N-\-bn¬ ap-gp-In-bn-´v
F-Un-Mv-S≥ ]-d™p-: "B aq-∂m-a≥ B-sc-∂m-Wv
Rm\m-temNn-°p-∂Xv.'23 Un-^-d≥-jy¬ k-ao-I-c-
W-ßfpw tem-d‚ v-kv {Sm≥-kv-s^m¿ta-j\pwt]m-
ep-≈ k-¶o¿-W K-Wn-X-{In-b-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-
∂-Xm-bncp-∂n√ (k-¶o¿-WK-Wn-Xw A-Xn-ep-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p F∂-Xv i-cnXs∂. A-Xn¬ Nn-e-Xv sF≥-
kv-ss‰-\pX-s∂ _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p) B-
t]£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ Ip-g∏w. A-Xpƒ-
s°m≈p-I Xn-I®pw hn-j-aw X-s∂-bmbn-cp-∂p.
ÿ-ehpw Im-ehp-sam∂pw ]-c-a (absolute) a√,

a-dn-®v \n-co-£-I-s\bpw \n-co-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ h-kv-
Xp-hn-s\bpw A-t]-£n-®v hy-Xym-k-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv
AY-hm B-t]-£n-I-am-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv B-t]-
£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ c-Xv-\-®p-cp°w. \n-co-£-
Is‚tbm \n-co-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ h-kv-Xp-hns‚tbm
N-e-\th-K-a-\p-k-cn-®v Cu {]-`m-hw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-I-
S-am-Ipw.24 \-ap-s°m-cn°epw {]Im-ith-KØn-s\m-
∏-sa-Øm≥ I-gnbn√. {]Im-ith-KØn-s\m∏sa-
Øm≥ ITn-\-{i-aw \-S-Øn-bm¬ th-Kw h¿-[n-°p-
∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v ]pdta \n-∂p-≈ \n-co-£I-s\
A-t]-£n®v \-Ωp-sS B-Ir-Xn-bn¬ am-‰w h∂psIm-
≠n-cn-°pw.
Cu k-¶ev-]-ßƒ- km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°p a-\- n-em-

Ip-∂ co-Xn-bn-e-hX-cn-∏n-°m≥ im-kv-{X{]-Nm-c-I-cp-
sS {i-aw A-t∏mƒX-s∂ Xp-Sßn. C-°q´Øn-te-
‰hpw hn-P-bn®Xv(Np-cp-ßnb-Xv hm-Wn-PyX-e-Øn-
se-¶nepw) K-WnX⁄-\pw X-Øz-Nn-¥-I-\p-am-b
_¿-{Sm≥-Uv d- ¬ F-gpXnb "Z F._n.kn Hm-^v dn-
te-‰n-hn-‰n'-bmWv. A-Xn¬ d- -ep-]-tbm-Kn-® D-Zm-lc-
Ww ]-eh-´w ]n-∂o-Sv B-h¿-Øn-°-s∏´p. \q-dphm-
c \o-f-ap-≈ h-≠n {]Im-ith-K-Øns‚ 60 i-X-am-
\w th-K-Øn¬ k-©-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂p k-¶ev]n-
°m-\mWv d ¬ B-h-iy-s∏-´Xv. πm‰v-t^m-an-en-cp-
∂v Cu bm{X Im-Wp-∂-bmƒ-°v h-≠n-°v 80 hm-
c \o-f-ta-bp-≈q F-∂m-Wv tXm-∂p-I. h-≠n-°-I-
Øp-≈ Im-cy-ß-sf√mw AXp-t]m-se sN-dp-Xm-bn-
´p-≠m-Ipw. h-≠n-°p-≈n-ep-≈-hcp-sS kw-km-cw ]p-
d-Øp\n-∂p tI-´m¬ A-Xv \o-≠p-h-en-™v a-μ-ÿm-
bnbn-em-sW-∂p tXm∂pw. sd-t°m¿-Uv sπ-b¿ \-
t∂ th-Kw Ipd-®p ]m-Sn°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂t]m-
se Cg-™p \oßpw kw-km-cw. A-h-cp-sS
Ne\ßƒ-s°√mw CXp-t]m-sem-cp amμyw A-\p-
`-h-s∏-Spw. F-¥n-\v h-≠n-°p≈n-se t¢m-
°n\pt]mepw b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-ep-≈-Xns‚ A-©n-¬
\mev thKta tXm∂q.
]t£, Xo-h-≠n-bn-°p-≈n-en-cn-°p-∂-h¿-°v C-∏-

d-™ hy-Xym-ksam∂pw tXm-∂n√. Ah-sc kw-_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Xo-h-≠n-°-I-Øp-≈sX√mw km-
[m-c-W \n-e-bn¬-Ø-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw. F-∂m¬
πm‰v-t^m-an¬ \n¬-°p-∂ Cu \-Ωƒ Np-cp-ßn-t∏m-
b-Xmbpw \-Ωp-sS N-e-\-ßƒ a-μK-Xn-bn-em-bn-t∏m-
b-Xmbpw A-h¿-°p tXm-∂pw. N-en-°p∂ h-kv-Xp-
hn-s\ At]-£n-®p-≈ ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv Im-cy-sa-
∂¿Yw.
N-en®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºm-sg√m-an-Xv kw-`-hn-
°pw. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS Hc‰-Øp\n-∂v a-t‰ A-‰-tØ-
°p ]-d-°p-I. hn-am-\-an-d-ßp-tºmƒ ]p-d-Øp -≈h-
sc A-t]-£n-®v sk-°-‚n-s‚ Xo-sc-s®dn-sbm-cw-
iw {]m-bw Ipdbpw \n-ßƒ°v. ap-dn-bn-ep-em-Øp-
tºmƒt]mepw \n-ßƒ k-a-bIm-e A-\p-`-h-Øn¬
sNdn-b am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂p-≠v. a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 10 In-
tem-ao-‰¿ th-KØn-se-dn-™ t_-bv-kv t_mƒ B
bm-{X-bn¬ 0.000000000002 {Kmw ]nfiw Iq-Sp-X-em-
bm¿-÷n-°p-sa-∂v IW-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-Øn-´p≠v.25
B-t]-£n-I-Xbp-sS {]-`m-hw b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-ep≈-
XpX-s∂-bm-sW-∂m-Wv AXn\¿Yw. A-Xv I-W-
°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-Øn-´p-ap≠v. {]-iv-\-sa-¥m-sW-∂ph-
®m¬ \-ap-°v A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ G-‰hpw sNdn-b
hy-Xym-k-Øns\-°mƒ F-{X-tbm sNdp-Xm-Wv hy-
Xymkw. F-∂m¬ {]-]-©-Øn-se a-‰p Im-cy-ß-sf-
˛˛˛{]-Im-isØbpw Kp-cp-Xz-_-e-sØbpw {]-]-©-
sØ-Ø-s∂-bpw-˛˛˛˛kw-_-‘n-®n-StØm-fw
hyXymkw K-W-\o-b-amWpXm-\pw.
F-∂n´pw B-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥w a-\p-jym-Xo-

X-am-sW-∂p tXm-∂p∂p-s≠-¶ne-Xv \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-
Øn-¬ AXn-s‚ {]-`m-hw \-ap-°v A-\p-`-hs∏-Sp-
∂n√ F-∂Xp-sIm-≠mWv. F-¶nepw s_m-Um-\n-kv
]-d-™Xp-t]mse a-‰pX-cw B-t]-£n-I-X-Iƒ \-ap-
°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.26 D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v i–-Øn-
s‚ B-t]-£nI-X. ]m¿-°n¬ B-sc-¶nepw A-kz-
ÿ-P-\-Iamb kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ hm-bn-°p-
∂p-sh-∂p I-cp-Xp-I. Ip-td Zq-tc-°p am-dn-bn-cp-
∂m¬ D-]I-c-Wkw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚ i-–w Ip-d-™-
Xm-bn tXm-∂pw.
hm-kv-X-h-Øne-Xv i-–w Ip-d-™Xp-sIm-≠√,
i-–-Øn-s‚ t{km-X- ns\ A-t]-£n-®v \n-ß-fp-sS
ÿm-\w am-dn-bXp-sIm-≠mWv. F-∂m¬
]co£Ww \-S-Øm≥ I-gn-bmØ-{X sNdn-b, A-
s√-¶n¬ a-μ-K-Xn-bn¬ \o-ßp-∂, (DZm-lc-Ww H®v)
\n-co-£-I-\m-sW¶ntem? c-≠v ÿ-e-Øn-cp-∂v kw-
KoXw tIƒ-°p-∂ c-≠v \n-co-£-I¿-°p tXm-∂p-
I, hy-Xykv-X i-–-Øn-ep-≈ kw-Ko-X-am-Wv A-hn-
sS\n-∂p ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂-Xv F-∂mWv.
km-am-\ym-t]-£nI-Xm kn-≤m-¥-Øn-se a-\- n-

em-°m\pw Dƒ-s°m≈m\pw G-‰hpw _p-≤n-ap-´p-≈
Bi-bw ka-bw ÿ-e-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-sW∂-
XmWv. ka-bw A-\-iz-c-amWv, ]-c-a-amWv, am-‰-an√m-
Ø-Xm-Wv Fs∂ms°-bm-Wv \-Ωp-sS hn-izmkw.
k-a-bkq-Nn-bp-sS an-Sn-∏p am-‰m≥ H-∂n\pw I-gn-bn-
s√-∂p hn-iz-kn-°m-\m-Wv \-ap-°n„w. F-∂m¬ k-
a-bhpw am-‰-Øn\p hn-t[-b-am-sW∂pw A-Xv am-dn-
s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw A-Xn-\v cq]w t]m-
ep-ap-s≠-∂pw sF≥-kv-ss‰≥ ]-d™p. "ÿ-e-Øn-
s‚ aq-∂p am-\ßfpw ÿ-e˛Im-ew F-∂ \m-ema-
sØ am-\hpw' Ão-^≥ tlm-°n-ßns‚ hm-°p-I-
fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ "th¿-s]-Sp-Øm-\m-hm-Øhn-[w ]-c-
kv]-cw _‘s∏-´pIn-S-°p-I-bm-Wv.'
ÿ-e˛Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥, ]-c-

∂ F-∂m¬ h-f-bv-°mhp-∂, H-cp {]X-ew k-¶ev-
]n-°Ww. In-S°t]m-se A-s√-¶n¬ h-en-®p sIń-
b d-∫¿-jo-‰pt]m-se H∂v. A-Xn¬ `m-c-ap-≈ C-cp-
ºptKm-fw h-®n´p≠v. C-cp-ºptKm-fw h-® `m-Kw A-
Xn-s‚ `m-cwsIm-≠v Aev]-sam-∂p hf™p Xmgpw.
kq-cy-s\-t∏m-ep-≈ `m-c-ap-≈ h-kvXp(C-cp-ºp-tKm-
fw)°ƒ ÿe˛Im-e-(In-S-° A-s√-¶n¬ d∫¿
jo‰v)Øn¬ h-cp-Øp-∂ h-{I-X-bv°p kam\-am-
WnXv. C-\n sNdn-sbm-cn-cp-ºptKmfw Cu d∫¿-
jo-‰n-ep-cp-´p-I. \yq´s‚ \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v A-Xv
t\¿tc-J-bn¬ k-©-cn-°Ww. F-∂m¬ hen-b
Ccpºp-tKm-f-Øn-\v A-Sp-sØ-Øp-tºmƒ jo-‰n-se
Xm-gv-N-bv-°-\p-k-cn-®v AXv hf-™v henb tKm-f-
Øn-\-Sp-tØ°p \o-ßpw. A-Xv henb C-cpºptKm-
f-Øn-\-Sp-tØ-°v B-I¿-jn-°-s∏-Spw. C-Xm-Wv Kp-
cp-Xzm-I¿-j-Ww. AYhm ÿ-e˛Im-e-Øn-se h-{I-
X-bm-Wv Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-jWw.
]n-fi-ap-≈ G-sXm-cp h-kv-Xphpw ÿ-e˛Im-e-
Øn¬ sNdn-b h-{I-Xbp-≠m-°pw. A-Xm-b-Xv sU-
\nkv Hmh¿ss_ ]-d-™-Xp-t]mse, "D-e-bp∂ In-
S-°-bm-Wo {]-]-©w'.27 C-X-\p-k-cn-®v Kp-cp-Xz-sa-
∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- {]-tXyI _-ea√, F-¥n-s‚-sb-
¶nepw DXv-]-∂-hpa√. ÿ-e˛Im-e-Øn-se h-{I-
Xbp-sS D-t]mev-]-∂-am-Wv. ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥
an®ntbm Im°p ]-d™Xp-t]ms-e, "H-c¿-Y-Øn¬
Kp-cp-Xz_-ew F-s∂m-∂n√.28 ÿ-e-Ønsebpw k-
a-b-Øn-sebpw h-{I-X-bm-Wv {K-l-ß-sfbpw \-£-
{X-ß-sfbpw N-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv.'
Ip-gn-bp-∂ In-S-°-bpsS Cu D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v ]-

cn-an-Xn-bp≠v. ÿ-eØn-s‚ \o-fhpw ho-Xnbpw B-g-
hp-a√msX k-a-b-sa-∂ am-\w A-Xn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂n√.
A-Xv Cu D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-s‚am{Xw Ip-g-∏-a√, ÿ-
e-Øn-s‚ aq-∂p am-\-ßƒ-s°m-∏w k-a-b-sa-∂
\memw am-\wIq-Sn-bpƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ Nn{Xw k-¶ev-]n-
°m≥ \-Ωp-sS X-e-t®m-dn-s\-fp-∏-a√. s\-bv-Øpim-
e-bn¬ sI-´p]n-W-™pIn-S-°p-∂ \q-en-g-Iƒt]m-
se B-sI B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°paXv.
H-cp Im-cy-Øn¬ kw-i-b-ap-≠m-hn√—kzn-‰v-k¿-
e‚ v X-e-ÿm\-sØ t]‰‚ v Hm-ô-kn-s‚ P-
\-en-eq-sS ]p-d-Øp t\m-°n-bn--cp-∂ bp-hm-hn-s‚ a-
\- n¬ C-ßs\-sbm-cmi-bw D-Zn-s®-¶n¬ A-Xv a-
lØ-cwX-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬.
a-‰p ]-eXpw ]-d-™ Iq-´-Øn¬ sF≥-ssÃ≥ H-

∂pIq-Sn ]-d™p˛˛˛˛ -Cu {]-]-©w H-∂p-In¬ hn-
I-kn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv, A-s√-¶n¬ kt¶m-
Nn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄-
\m-bn-cp-∂n√, sF≥-ssÃ≥. AXp-sIm-≠v {]]-
©w A-\-iz-chpw ÿn-c-hp-am-sW-∂ A∂sØ Nn-
¥mK-Xn A-t±-lw kzo-I-cn®p. Aß-s\ X-s‚ k-
ao-I-c-Wß-fn¬ At±lw {]m-]©n-I ÿn-cm-¶w
(cosmological constant) Fs∂m∂v Xncp-In-°-
b‰n. A-Xv H-cp Xm¬-ImenI hn-cm-a-®-cSp-t]m-se
Kp-cp-Xz-Øns‚ kzm-[o\-sØ \n¿-ho-cy-am°n. Cu-
sbm-cp ho-gv-N-bv-°v imkv-{X]p-kv-XIß-sfm-∂pw
sF≥-ssÃ-s\ Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-dn√. ]-t£, im-kv{X-
temI-sØ G-sd-b-eń-b {]-iv-\-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
A-°mcyw a-‰m-sc-°mfpw \-∂mbn sF≥-ssÃ-\v
A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. "Po-hn-X-Øn-se G-‰hpw henb
A-_≤w' F-∂m-W-t±-lw A-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-
®Xv.
sF≥-ssÃ≥ X-s‚ k-ao-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ {]m-

]©n-I ÿn-cm-¶-sØ {]-Xn-jvTn-°p∂ A-tX k-
a-b-Øm-Wv sh-tÃm kvsse-^¿ F-∂ Aùa \m-
a-ap-≈ tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ bm-Zr-—n-I-am-bn H-
cp Imcyw I-s≠-ØnbXv. Acn-tkm-W-bn-se sem-
h¬ \£-{X\n-co-£-WtI-{μ-Øn¬ Kthj-I-\m-
bn-cp-∂ Cu C≥-Uym-\-°m-c≥ hnZq-c\-£-{X-ß-fp-
sS kv-s]-t{Œm{Km-^n-Iv hn-h-c-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-
I-bm-bn-cp∂p. A-h-bn¬\n-∂v H-cp Imcyw hy-‡-am-
bn—\-£-{X-ßƒ A-I∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
AXmbXv {]]-©w \n-›-ea√. kvsse-^-dp-sS \n-
co-£-W-Øn-ep-≈ \-£-{Xßƒ tUm-π¿ {]-`m-hw
Im-Wn-°p-∂p≠v. Im-tdm-´th-Zn-bn¬\n-∂p-b-cp∂
lqqqqqqqwwwwwww i-–wt]m-se \-£-{X-ßƒ°pw
tUm-π¿ {]-`m-hw ImWmw.* Cu {]-`m-hw {]-Im-
i-Øn\pw _m-[-I-amWv. A-I∂p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂
Km-e-Iv-kn-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ A-Xn-s\ Np-h-∏p\o-
°w F-∂m-Wv hn-fn-°p-∂Xv (AI-∂p t]m-Ip-∂
{]-Imi-t{km-X- n-s‚ kv-s]{Œw Np-h∏n-t\m-S-Sp-°p-
sa-∂-Xm-Wv Im-cWw. {]Im-it{kmX v A-Sp-
tØ°p h-cptºmƒ h¿-W-cm-Pn \o-e-bn-te-°m-Wp
\oßpI).
Cu {]-`m-hw {]-Im-i-Øn\pw _m-[-I-am-sW-∂v

B-Zy-am-bn I-s≠Ønb-Xv kvsse-^-dmWv; {]-]-©-
N-e-\-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ A-Xn
* 1842˛¬ Cu {]-Xn-`m-kw I-s≠Ønb sbm-

lm≥ {In-Ãy≥ tUm-π¿ F-∂ Hm-kv-{Sn-b≥
ùXnI im-kv-{X-⁄-s‚ t]-cm-W-Xn\v. N-en®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp \n-›-eh-kv-Xp-hn-s\ k-
ao-]n-°ptºmƒ A-Xn-se i-–X-cw-K-ßƒ kzo-I¿-
Øm-hn-se-Øn (D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v \n-ß-fp-sS
sNhn) X-ń sR-cp-ßpw. \n-›-eam-sbm-cp h-kv-Xp-
hn-te-°v a-s‰m-∂n-s\ tN¿-Ø-a¿-Øp-tºm-se. i-–-
X-cw-K-ßfpsS Cu sR-cp-°w B-hr-Øn-bn-se D-
b¿-®-bm-bm-Wv tIƒ-°p-∂-bmƒ-°p tXm-∂p-I. No-
dn-hcp∂ Im-dn-s‚ lqqqqq¶mci-–-Øn-\p Im-c-W-
a-XmWv. i-–t{kmX- v A-I-ep-tºmƒ i-–X-cw-
Kßƒ ]c-∂v ssZ¿Lyw hbv°p∂p. A-ß-s\-b-h-
bp-sS B-hr-Øn Ip-d-bpw. A-I-∂pt]m-Ip-∂ Imdn-
s‚ i-–w ap-cƒ-®-bm-bn am-dp∂p.
\p-≈ {]m-[m\yw B-Zy-am-bn a-\- n-em-°n-bXpw
A-t±-lwX-s∂. I-„-sa∂√m-sX-¥p ]-d-bm≥? A-
t±-lw ]-d™-Xv Im-cyambmcpw {i-≤n-®n√. sNm-
Δ-bn¬ \o¿-®m-ep-I-fp-s≠-∂p hn-iz-kn-® s]¿-kn-
h¬ sem-h-en-s‚ t]-cn-ep-≈ Cu \-£-{X-\n-co-
£-WtI-{μwX-s∂ H-c-km-[m-c-W ÿm-]\am-bn-cp-
∂p. tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-Øn-se A-[zm-\-{]n-b¿-°p≈
hnZq-c Imh¬\n-e-b-am-bn-cp-∂p 1910-I-fn¬ AXv.
sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ B-t]-£nI-Xm kn≤m¥sØ∏-‰n
kv-sse-^-dn-\-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. kvsse-^-dn-s\∏-‰n
]pdw-temIØn-\p-a-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠pX-s∂ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- Cu I-≠p]n-Sn-Ø-w H-cp
N-e-\-hp-ap-≠m°n-bn√.
]I-cw {]-i-kv-Xn-tb-‰p hm-ßm≥ th-sdm-cm-fp-

≠m-bn-cp∂p. A-l-¥bp-sS Bƒ-cq-]w F-∂p hn-
ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂ F-Uzn≥ l-_vƒ. sF≥ssÃ≥
P-\n-®v 10 h¿-j-Øn-\pti-jw 1889˛em-Wv l-_n-
fn-s‚ P-\-\w. ankq-cn-bnse H-km¿-°n-\-Sp-Øp≈
sIm-®p]-´-W-Øn¬ P-\n-® l-_vƒ Ahn-sSbpw
Cen-t\m-bn-se ho-‰-Wn-ep-am-bn h-f¿∂p. t\-´-ß-
fp-≠m°nb C≥-jp-d≥-kv D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p
A—≥. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ ]-WØn\pw Pohn-
Xku-I-cy-ßƒ°pw Ip-d-shm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√
F-Uzn\v.29 \-s√m-cp Imbn-IXm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p l-
_vƒ. kp-μc≥, Du¿-÷-kze≥, [oc≥, km-l-k-
{]nb≥. ap-ßn-Øm-gp-∂ \o-¥¬-°m-sc B bp-hmhv
c-£-s∏-SpØn I-cbv-s°-Øn®p, {^m≥-kn-se bp-
≤ta-J-e-I-fn¬\n-∂p `-b-t∂m-SnsbØnbh-sc kp-
c£n-Xÿm-\-ß-fn-se-Øn®p. tem-I -t_m-Iv-kn-Mv
Nmºy∑m-sc-t∏mepw {]-Z¿-i-\a-’-c-ß-fn¬ C-Sn-
®n´p. hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]bmk-w tXm-∂pw. ]-t£,
C-∏-d-™-sX√mw k-Xy-amWv. a-s‰m-∂pIq-Snbp≠v,
If-hp ]-d-bp-∂ Im-cy-Øn-epw tI-a-\m-bn-cp-∂p l-
_vƒ.
t\-´-ß-fn-eq-sS k-©-cn® B kp-h¿-WIme-Øv

b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ Ifhp ]-d-tb-≠ Imcy-sam∂pw F-
Uzn-\n√m-bn-cp-∂p. 1906˛¬ \-S∂ ssl-kv-Iqƒ
Imbn-Ita-f-bn¬ t]mƒ-hmƒ-´v, tjm-´v˛]p´v, Un-kv-
I-kv, lm-a¿ t{Xm, kv‰m‚nMv ssl-Pw]v, d-Æn-
Mv sslPw]v F-∂o-bn-\-ß-fn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w
A-h≥ t\Sn. H-∂m-a-sXØn-b dn-te So-an-epw
FUzn\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. H-scm‰ Imbn-Ita-f-bn¬ G-
gv H∂mw ÿm-\w.30 t]m-cm-Ø-Xn\v temMv-Pw-]n¬
aq∂mw ÿm-\-hpw. A-tX h¿-jwX-s∂ C-en-t\m-
bn¬ sslPw-]n¬ kwÿm-\ sd-t°m-Up-an-´p B
_me≥.
]T-\-Ønepw ]n-∂n-em-bn-cp-∂n√ l-_vƒ. AXp-

sIm-≠pXs∂, ùXnIim-kv-{X˛tPym-Xn-»m-kv-
{X]T-\-Øn-\v jn°mtKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ {]-
thi-\w In-´m≥ _p-≤n-ap-´p-≠m-bn√ (B¬-_¿-´v
ssa-°nƒ-k-Wm-bncp-∂p A-t∏m-g-hn-sS h-Ip-∏pta-
[m-hn). A-hn-sSh-®v l-_v-fn\v Hm-Iv-kv-Ûn-se
tdm-Uv-kv kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏v Inń. aq-∂p h¿j-sØ
Cw•-≠vhm-kw B bp-hm-hns\ B-sI am-‰n. sXm-
∏n-h®v, ss]-∏v ]p-I-®v {]-tXyI kwkmc-co-Xn-bp-
am-bm-Wv 1913˛¬ l-_vƒ ho-‰-Wn¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn-b-
Xv (B io-eßƒ A-t±lw ac-Wwh-sc D-t]-£n-
®n√). \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ c-≠mw Zi-Iw sI‚-°n-bn¬
A-`n-`m-j-I-hr-Øn-bn¬ ap-gp-In-bm-Wv I-gn-™-
sX∂vv l_vƒ ]-d-™n-´p≠v. F-∂m¬ C≥-Uym-
\-bn-se \yq B¬-_-\n-bn¬ ssl-kv-Iqƒ A-[ym-
]-I-\mbpw _m-kvI-‰v t_mƒ tIm-®m-bpw l-_vƒ
tPm-en t\m-°n-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-XpX.
ssh-In-bm-W-t±-lw tUm-Œ-td-s‰-Sp-°p-∂Xv. Ip-d-®p-
Im-ew ssk-\n-I-\mbpw {]-h¿-Øn®p (bp-≤hn-c-m-a-
Øn\v H-cp am-kw ap-ºm-W-t±-lw {^m≥-kn-se-Øn-
bXv. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ Hcn°¬-t]mepw sh-Sn-
hbv-t°-≠nh-∂n-√).
ap-∏Xmw h-b- n¬ 1919˛¬ A-t±-lw Imen-t^m¿-

Wn-b-bn-se-Øn temkv F-bv-©¬-kn-\-SpØv au-
≠v hn¬-k¨ \£-{X\n-co-£-Wim-e-bn¬
tN¿∂p. ssh-Im-sX G-d-°p-sd A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-
bn C-cp-]-Xmw \q-‰m-≠nse G-‰-hpw hen-b tPym-Xn-
»m-kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn amdn.
C-hn-sS H-cp \n-an-jw H-∂p \n¿-Øn, A∂-sØ

im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS {]]-©[m-c-W-sb-∏‰n-sbm-∂p
a-\- n-em-°-Ww. hf-sc ]-cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. Zr-
iy{]-]-©-Øn¬ 14,000 tIm-Sn Km-e-Iv-kn-I-fp-s≠-
∂m-Wv im-kv{X⁄¿ C-t∏mƒ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. hf-
sc hen-sbm-cp kw-Jy-bm-WnXv. \nßƒ I-cp-Xp-∂-
Xnepw hen-b kwJy. Cu Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ-°v ]-
b-dp-a-Wn-bp-sS h-en-∏-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ C-{Xbpw ]-
b-dp-a-Wn-IƒsIm-≠v hf-sc hen-sbmcp Hm-Un-t‰m-
dn-bw-˛˛˛tdm-b¬ B¬-_¿-´v lmtfm t_m-kv-‰¨
Km¿-Ut\m t]mep-≈ h-º≥ Hm-Un-t‰m-dn-bw-˛˛˛\n-
d-bv-°mw ({_q-kv {KnK-dn F-∂ imkv{X-⁄≥ A-
Xv IW-°pIqń-t\m-°n-bn-´p-≠v). ]-t£, 1919˛¬
l_vƒ Xs‚ sS-enkv-tIm-∏v B-Im-i-tØ--°p Xn-
cn-°p-tºmƒ \-ap-°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂-Xv H-scm‰ Km-e-
Iv-kn-bmWv
˛˛˛\-Ωp-sS B-Im-i-Kw-K. a-‰p-≈-h-sb√mw

BIm-iKw-K-bp-sS `m-K-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p [mcW.
A√m-Ø-h GtXm hnZq-c ]p-I-]S-ew am-{Xw.
henb A_-≤-am-Wn-sX∂v ssh-Im-sX l-_vƒ
sXfn-bn®p.
A-Sp-Ø ]-Xn-‰m≠p-sIm-≠v {]-]-©-Øn-se c-

≠p k-a-ky-Iƒ-°v l_vƒ ]-cn-lm-cw I-s≠Øn.
F-{X-bm-Wo {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ {]m-bw? F-{X h-ep-
Xm-W-Xv? Cu tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°pØ-cw I-s≠-Ø-W-
sa-¶n¬ c-≠p Imcy-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°Ww-˛˛˛F-{X
Zq-sc-bm-Wv Km-e-Iv-knIƒ? F-{X th-K-Øn-em-Wh
\-Ω-fn¬\n-∂-I-ep-∂-Xv? (recessional velocity F-
∂m-W-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv). Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ A-I-ep-∂-
Xn-s‚ th-Kw Nph-∏p\o-°-Øn¬\n∂p I-≠p-]nSn-
°mw. ]t£, A-Xn-\pap-ºp In-t´-≠ D-Øcw, F-
{X A-I-sebm-W-sX∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\p-≈ DØ-cw
Fß-s\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-°pw. A-Xp I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p∂Xn-
\v \£-{X{]-Im-iØn-s\m-cp GI-Iw thWw.
{]Im-iXo{hX B[nIm-cn-I-am-bn I-W-°p-Iq-ń-
sb-Sp-°m-hp-∂ \-£-{X-ß-ƒ I-s≠-ØWw
({]am-WZo-]ßƒ— standard candles—F-∂m-

W-h A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv). F∂n´-Xph-®v a-‰p \-£-
{X-ß-fp-sS {]Im-iXo{h-X I-≠p-]n-Sn-°Ww,
Aßs\ A-Xn-te-°p-≈ B-t]-£n-IZq-chpw I-W-
°m-°Ww.
C-hn-sS sl≥dn-‰m kzm≥ se-hn-‰v F-∂ kv-{Xo-

bp-sS cq-]-Øn-em-Wv `mKyw l-_v-fn-s\ tX-Sn-sb-
Øn-b-Xv. {]am-WZo]w I-s≠-Øm-s\m-cp am¿Kw
A-h-cm-hn-jv-I-cn®p. lm¿-hm-Uv tIm-f-Pv \-£-
{X_w-•m-hn¬ Iºyq-´-dmbn tPm-en t\m-°p-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p se-hn-‰v. (I-ºyq-´¿Xs∂. \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS
t^m-t´m-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®v IW-°pIq-´-ep-Iƒ \-S-
Øp-I-bm-Wv C-h-cp-sS ]Wn. AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv I-
ºyq-´¿ F-∂ t]-cp h-∂Xv.) ITn-\hpw hn-c-khpam-
b ]Wn. ]-t£, A-°me-Øv lm¿-hm-Un¬ (a-‰p
ÿe-ßfn-epw) - A-Xnepw an-I-s®m-cp tPm-en h-\n-
X-Iƒ-°p In-ń√m-bn-cp-∂p. hnth-N-\-]-csa-¶nepw
B kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-\v H-cp Kp-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
e`y-am-b {]XnÌ-fn¬ ]-Ip-Xn-t∏-sc-sb-¶nepw
km[m-cWK-Xn-bn-emcpw ssI-hbv-°m-Ø ta-J-e-
bn-te-°p Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sm≥ A-Xph-gn I-gn™p. ]p-cp-
j-∑m-cpsS IÆn¬
-s∏Sm-sXt]m-Ip-∂ kp-μ-c {]-]-©Nn-{X-ßƒ

Aß-s\ kv-{Xo-I-fpsS IÆn¬s∏´p.
lm¿-hm-Un¬ I-ºyq-´-dm-bn-cp-∂ B-\n Pw-]v

Im\≥ \-£-{Xß-sf X-cw-Xn-cn-°m-≥ an-I-s®m-cp
hgn-bmhn-jv-I-cn®p.31 C∂pw {]m-_-ey-Øn-ep≈,
Xn-I®pw {]m-tbm-Kn-Iamb am¿-Kw. Ip-td°q-Sn tI-a-
am-bn-cp-∂p se-hn-‰ns‚ kw-`m-h-\. sk-^nUv F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ H-cn\w \-£-{Xw (sk-ô-kv F∂ Xm-
cm-K-W-Øn¬ B-Zy-ambn I-s≠-Øn-bXp-sIm-≠m-
Wv A-Xn-\v B t]cp-In-ń-bXv). Ir-Xyam-sbmcp
Xm-f-Øn¬ an-Sn®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂-Xm-bn Ah¿ I-
s≠-Øn˛˛˛H-cp X-cw Xm-clr-Z-b kv-]-μ\w. sk-
^n-Up-Iƒ Gd-°psd A-]q¿-h-amWv. ]-t£, H-
cp sk-^-Un-s\ \-ap-°-dn-bmw—s]m-fm-cnkv. AtX,
{[p-h-\-£{XwXs∂. \-Ωp-sS {[p-h\-£{Xw Hcp
sk-^n-UmWv.
sk-^n-Up-I-fpsS Cu {]-tXy-I an-Sn-∏n-\p-≈
Imc-Ww \-ap-°n-t∏m-gdn-bmw. Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ {][m-
\Im-ew ]q¿-Øn-bm°n-b h-b- ≥ \-£-{Xß-fm-
Wh.32 Nph-∏pò-a≥ F-∂m-W-h A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
Nph-∏pò-a-s‚ ckX{¥w C-hn-sS \-Ωp-sS B-h-iy-
Ønepw I-Sp-∏-amWv (A-Xp a-\- n-em-°W-sa-¶n¬
G-I A-b-Wo-Ir-X lo-en-bw A-Wp-°-sf-∏-‰n-b-dn-
bWw, a-‰p ]-e-Xp-a-dn-bWw). F-fp-∏-Øn¬ C-
{Xbpw ]-d-bmw, A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂ C‘\w A-h¿
I-Øn-®pXo¿-°p∂-Xv {]-tXy-I Xm-f-Øn¬ {I-a-am-
bn A-h-bp-sS {]-Im-iw a-ßp-Ibpw sX-fn-bp-Ibpw
sN-øp-∂ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv. hn-hn-[ `m-Kß-fn-ep≈
sk-^n-Up-I-fp-sS {]-Im-iXo{h-X A-f-∂m¬ A-h
X-Ωn-ep≈ AI-ew Xm-c-Xayw sN-øm-sa-∂p I-s≠-
Øn-b-Xm-Wv se-hn-‰n-s‚ _p≤n. {]am-WZo]w F-
∂-h¿ A-Xn-\p t]-cn´p.33 C∂pw B t]-cn¬X-s∂-
b-h A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. \-£-{X-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ b-
Ym¿-Y Zq-c-a-f-°m≥ C-Xp-h-®p I-gn-bn√. B-t]£n-
IZq-c-am-W-f-°p-∂-Xv. F-¶n-epw hn-im-eam-b Cu
{]]©-Øn-s‚ A-f-sh-Sp-°m≥ B-Zyam-sbm-cp h-
gn Xpd-∂p In-´p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
(hnZq-c\-£-{X-ß-fp-sS A-hy-‡Nn-{X-ßƒ
am{Xw ssI-bn-ep-≠m-bncp-∂ se-hn-s‚bpw Im-\-\n-
s‚-bpw Dƒ-°m-gv-N-sb-{X-tØm-f-ap-s≠-∂-dn-bm≥ a-
s‰m-cp K-th-j-W-Øn-s‚ I-YIq-Sn tIƒ-°Ww.
tXm-∂p-tºm-sg√mw H∂mwIn-S Zq-c-Z¿-in-\n-bn-eq-sS
BIm-i\n-co£-Ww \-S-Øm≥ A-h-k-cap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂ lm¿-hm-Uv tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ hneyw
F®v. ]n-°-dn-Mv H-cp a-lmkn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v cq-]w
\¬-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-t∏mƒ. N-{μ-\n-¬ Im-Wp∂
C-cp-≠ ]m-Sv Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ tZ-im-S-I-cm-sb-
Øp-∂ Io-S-ßfp-sS Iq-´-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚ I-s≠-Ø¬).34
se-hn-‰n-s‚ Cu A-f-hp-tIm-epw sh-kv-t‰m

kvsse-^-dp-sS Nph-∏p\o°hpw kw-tbm-Pn-∏n-®v
l-_vƒ _-ln-cm-Imi-sØ Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø ÿe-
ß-fp-sS A-f-sh-Sp-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. B≥-s{Umao-U
\£-{X k-aq-l-Øn¬ Fw.31 F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂ ]p-I-]S-ew shdp-sam-cp ]p-I-]-S-e-a-s√∂v
At±lw 1923˛¬ sX-fn-bn-®p.35 A-sXm-cp \£-
{Xk-aq-l-amWv, H-∂pIqSn - hy-‡-am-bn-∏-d-™m¬
H-cp Km-e-Iv-kn-bm-Wv. Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv 900 {]-Im-i-
h¿jaI-se e-£w {]-Im-i-h¿-jw h-en-∏-Øn¬ ]-
S¿-∂pIn-S-°p-∂ Km-e-Ivkn. A-Xn-\¿Yw Cu {]-]-
©w hf-sc h-ep-Xm-sW-∂mWv. A-Xph-sc F√m-
hcpw I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xns\-°mƒ hf-sc hf-sc h-
ep-Xv. 1924˛¬ l-_vƒ kp-{][m-\ {]_-‘w A-
h-X-cn-∏n-®p: "kv-ss]-d¬ s\-_p-e-I-fn-se sk^n-
UpIƒ.' (ta-Lw F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ em-‰n≥hm°m-b
s\-_p-e-bm-Wv Km-e-Ivkn-°p ]-I-cw A-t±-lw D-]-
tbm-Kn-®Xv.) {]-]-©-Øn¬ £o-c-]-Y-sa-∂ H-scm-‰
Km-e-Iv-kn am-{X-a√ D-≈-sX-∂pw F{Xtbm kzX-
{¥ Km-e-Iv-knIƒ th-sd-bp-ap-s≠∂pw A-t±-lw
sX-fn-bn®p. Cu {]-]-©-Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ ]-eXpw £o-c-
]-Y-sØ-°mƒ F{Xtbm h-ep-XmWv. F{Xtbm A-
I-se-bm-W-hbp-sS ÿm\w.
l-_v-fn-s\ {]-i-kv-Xn-bn-te-°p-b¿-Øm≥ Cu-

sbm-cp I-≠p-]n-Sn-ØwXs∂ a-Xn-bm-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p.
]-t£, A-t±-lw A-hnSw-sIm-≠p \n¿-Ønbn√. {]-
]-©-Øn-s‚ h-en-∏w \n¿-W-bn-°m-\p-≈ \n-co-£-
W-ß-fn¬ apgpIn. Ip-td-°q-Sn hen-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-
Ø-Øn-te-°m-Wv A-Xp \-bn-®Xv. hnZq-cKm-e-Iv-kn-
I-fp-sS h¿-W-cm-Pn-I-sf-Sp-Øp ]Tn-®p, l-_vƒ.
Acn-tkmWbn¬ kvsse-^¿ Xp-S-ßn-h-® A-tX
]-Wn. au-≠v hn¬-k-Wn-se ]pXnb 100 C-©v lp-
°¿ sS-enkv-tIm∏pw _p-≤n-bp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v 1930I-
fp-sS XpS°-Øn¬ A-t±-lw I-s≠-Ønb-Xv {]-
]-©-Øn-se Km-e-Iv-knIƒ (\-ΩptSsXm-gnsI) \-
Ωn¬\n-∂v A-I∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂mWv.
A-t±-lw a-s‰m-∂pIq-Sn I-s≠Øn. Km-e-Iv-kn-I-fn-
te-°p-≈ A-I-ehpw A-h A-Iep-∂ th-Khpw ]-c-
kv]-cw _-‘-s∏-´p In-S-°p∂p. A-Xmb-Xv G-‰hpw
AI-se-bp-≈ Km-e-Iv-kn-bm-Wv G-‰hpw th-K-
Øn¬ A-I-ep-∂Xv.
A-º-c-∏n-°p-∂ hn-h-c-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. \m-\m-Zn-

i-I-fn-te°pw A-Xn-th-Kw H-tct]mse Cu {]]-
©w hn-I-kn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. A-t∏mƒ A-hn-
sS\n-∂v ]n-t∂m-´p hm-bn-®m¬ In-´p-I H-cp tI-
{μ_n-μp-hn¬\n-∂mWv {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°w F-
∂m-Wv. A-Xph-sc I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xp-t]m-se A-\-
iz-chpw ÿn-chpw \n-›-e-hpam-b H-∂√ {]-]©w.
AXn-s\m-cp Xp-S-°-ap≠v. A-t∏mƒ Xo¿-®-bm-bpw
H-Sp-°-hp-ap-≠m-Ipw.
hen-b A-¤p-Xw A-X√, {]-]-©w hn-I-kn®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmsW∂v A-Xph-sc B-cpw `m-h-\-
bn¬-t∏mepw I-cp-Xnbn-cp-∂n√.36 \n-›-eamb {]]-
©w AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ Ip-td-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ kz-
bw X-I-cp-sa-∂v \yq´\pw ]n¬°m-e tPym-Xn-»m-kv-
{X-⁄¿°pw tXm-t∂-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p. th-sdm-cp {]-
iv-\wIq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. \n-›-eam-sbm-cp {]-]-©-
Øn-en-cp∂mWv C°≠ \-£-{X-ß-sf√mw F-cn-
bp-∂-sX-¶n¬ Nq-Snß-s\ Iq-Sns°m-t≠-bn-cn-°pw.
\-ap-s°m∂pw k-ln-°m≥ ]-‰mØ-{X Nq-Sm-bn-cn-
°pan-hnsS. Aß-s\ kw`-hn-°m-Ø-sX¥p-sIm-
s≠∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\p-≈ DØchpw hn-I-kn-°p-∂
{]]-©w \¬In.
Nn-¥-I-s\-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ, an-I-s®m-cp \n-co-£-I-

\m-bn-cp-∂p l-_vƒ. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ C-°-≠
Im-cy-ß-fp-sS hym-]v-Xn F-{X-tØm-f-ap-s≠∂v
s]s´-∂-t±-l-Øn-\v ]q¿-W-am-bn a-\- n-em-°m-\m-
bn√. AXn-s\m-cp ImcWw sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ km-am-
\ym-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥-sØ∏-‰n A-t±-l-Øn-\v -
Imcyam-sbm-∂p-a-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F-∂-XmWv. hn-
iz-kn-°m≥ {]bmk-am-WXv. Im-cWw, sF≥-
ssÃ\pw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥hpw tem-I{]-
i-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p A-t∏m-tg-°v. t]m-cm-Ø-Xn-\v h-
tbm-[n-I-s\-¶nepw \nXm¥Pm{K-X ]p-e¿-Øp∂
B¬-_¿-´v ssa-°nƒ-k¨ F-∂ tPym-Xn-»m-kv{X-
⁄≥ C‚¿s^tdm ao-‰dp-sIm-≠v {]Im-ith-K-a-
f-°m-\m-bn At∏mƒ au-≠v hn¬-k-Wn-ep-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. Cu I-s≠-Ø-ep-I-fn¬ sF≥-ssÃs‚ kn-
≤m-¥w Fß-s\ {]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n A-
t±-lw l_vfn-t\m-Sv ]-d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ h-gn-bn√.
F-¥m-bmepw X-s‚ K-th-j-W-^-e-ßƒ°vv

ssk-≤m¥n-Icq-]w \¬Im-\p-≈ A-hk-cw l-
_vƒ \-„-s∏-Sp-Øn. tPm¿P-kv se-ams{X F-∂ ]p-
tcmln-X ]-finX-s‚ Np-a-en-em-Wv B tPm-en sN-
∂p ho-WXv. _¬-Pn-b-Øn¬ P-\n-®v Fw.sF.Sn-
.bn¬\n-∂v tUm-Œ-td-‰p-am-bn-dßn-b se-ams{X c-
≠n-s\bpw Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-®v H-cp÷z-ekn-≤m-¥-
Øn-\p cq-]w \¬-In. BZna-IWw (primeval atom)
F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ Pym-anXo-b_n-μp-hn¬\n-∂mWv
{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ D¤-hw F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ \n-K-a-\w. B _nμp s]m-ń-sØ-dn-®p hn-
I-kn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. C-t∏mgpw hn-I-kn®p-sIm-≠n-
cn°p-∂p. a-lmhnkv-t^m-S-\-sa-∂ B-[p-\n-Im-i-b-
Øn-s‚ _o-Pm-hm-]-am-bncp∂p, A-Xv. ]-t£, k-
a-b-saØpw ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p seams{X-bp-sS
kn≤m¥w. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ {]-]-t©m¬-]Øn-
sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ N¿-®-I-fn¬ seams{X-bp-sS ÿm-
\w \-Ω-fn-hn-sS sN-bv-XXp-t]m-se c-t≠m aqt∂m
h-cn-Ifn-sem-Xp-ßpw. a-lm-hnkv-t^mS-\w tI-h-em-
i-b-Øn¬\n-∂v kn-≤m¥Øn-te-°p \o-ßm≥ ]-
Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ th-sdbpw I-gn-tb-≠-Xp-≠m-bncp∂p.
\yq-P-gv-kn-bn-se i-–n-°p-∂ B‚n-\-bn¬\n-∂v
s]≥-kn-bm-kpw hn¬-kWpw {]m-]©n-I ]-›m-
Ø-e hn-Inc-Ww I-s≠-tØ-≠-Xp-≠m-bncp∂p.
a-lm-hnkv-t^m-S-\kn-≤m-¥w cq-]-s∏-´-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-
bp-≈ hen-b I-Y-bn¬ sF≥-ssÃ-\pw l-_n-fn\pw
hen-b ]-¶n√. ]t£, B-cpw A-tX-°p-dn-®p k-
¶ev-]n-®n´p-t]m-ep-an√m-Ø B Im-e-Øn-cp-∂v B
hen-b a-\p-jy¿ Xßƒ°p sN-øm-\p≈-Xv sN-bv-
Xp-h-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
"[q-a-Xm-cm-K-Wa-fiew' (The Realm of the Ne-

bulae) F-∂- t]-cn¬ l-_vƒ 1936˛¬ H-cp P-\-{]n-b
]p-kv-X-I-sa-gpXn.37 kz-¥w I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øßsf G-
Xm-≠v B-fl-{]-iw-k-tbm-f-sa-Øp-∂ ssi-en-bn¬
hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bncp-∂p B ]p-kv-XIw. G-Xm-
bmepw sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-sØ-°p-dn-®v X-\n-
°-dn-bm-sa-∂v Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ l-_vƒ sh-fn-
s∏-Sp-Øn. C-cp∂qtdmfw t]-Pp-≈ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬
\m-ep t]-Pv A-t±-lw A-Xn-\pth-≠n am‰n-h®p.
lr-Z-bm-Lm-X-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v 1953˛¬ l-_vƒ a-

cn®p. A-h-km-\-am-bn H-c-]q¿-h-XIq-Sn A-t±-l-sØ-
Im-Øp\n¬-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \n-KqVamb
GtXm A⁄m-XIm-c-W-Øm¬ l-_v-fn-s‚ i-h-
kw-kv-Im-cw \-S-Øm≥ `m-cy hn-k-Ω-Xn-®p. `¿-Øm-
hn-s‚ ar-X-tZ-lw F-¥p sN-bv-Xp-sh-∂v sh-fns∏-Sp-
Øm\pw A-h¿ hn-k-Ω-Xn®p. a-lm\m-b B tPym-
Xn»m-kv-{X⁄s‚ ù-Xn-Im-h-in-„-ß-sf-hn-sS F-
∂ Imcyw A-c\q-‰m-≠n-\pti-jhpw Zp-cq-l-am-bn
Xp-S-cp∂p.38 F¶nepw l-_v-fn-\v kv-a-c-Wm-Rv-P-en-
b¿-∏n-°W-sa-∂p-≈-h¿ am\-Øp t\m-°n-bm¬
aXn. A-hn-sS 1990˛¬ ÿm-]n-® Zq-c-Z¿-in-\n°v A-
t±-l-Øn-t\m-Sp-≈ B-Z-cm-Rv-P-en-bm-bn l-_vƒ kv-
s]-bv-kv sS-enkv-tIm]v F-∂m-Wp t]-cn-ń-cn-°p-
∂Xv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ¢m p-I-fn¬ i-cmicn sk-a-Ã-

dn¬ c-≠p Ip-ń-Iƒ-sh®p t]mepap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√:
t{Im∏¿, t{K-‰v ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 106.
2 H-cp s]-ń No-ń-s‚ D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-eq-sS F≥-

t{Sm-∏n-sb hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v : F∫nMv, P-\-d¬
sI-an-kv-{Sn, t]-Pv 755.
3 G-Xm-s≠√m X-cw ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sSbpw Xm-]-

KXn-I X-Øz-ßƒ : t{Im∏¿, t{K‰v ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv,
t]-Pv 109.
4 kq£v-aX-e-Øn¬ cm-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ°pw
Xm-]-K-Xn-Iw _m-[-I-am-sW-∂pw A-Xn-e-h kzm-[o-
\w sN-ep-Øp-∂p-s≠∂pw A-t±-lw : kvt\m Z ^n-
kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 7.
5 "Xm-]-K-Xn-I-Øn-se {]n≥-kn∏n-b' F-∂m-Wv Kn-

_v-kn-s‚ c-N-\ Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv: tI-hv¬kv, Z ^n-kn-
kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 33.
6 ssa-°nƒ-k≥ Ip-™m-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv A-
—-\-Ω-am¿-s°m-∏w A-ta-cn-°-bnte°p h-cp-∂Xvv:
tI-hv¬kv, Z ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 27˛8.
7 {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ th-Kw F√mbv-t]m-gpw—G-Xp

Zn-i-bn¬ G-Xp Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬ A-f-∂mepw H-
∂pX-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂-m-bn-cp∂p: tXm¨, ªmIv
tlmƒ-kv B≥-Uv ssSw hm¿-]vkv, t]-Pv 64.
8 H-cp]-t£ ùXn-I im-kv{X N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-

‰hpw hen-b \n-tj-[m-fl-I êam-bn amdn: t{Im-
∏¿, t{K-‰v ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 208.
9 ssa-°nƒ-k¨.... im-kv-{X-Øn-\v C-\n Im-cyam-

sbm∂pw sN-øm-\n-s√-∂pXs∂bmWv : t\®¿, ^n-
kn-Iv-kv {^w Z C≥-ssk-Uv 2001 Pq-em-bv 12, t]-Pv
121.
10 ùXn-I im-kv-{X N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰hpw a-

lØm-b {]-_-‘-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p AXn¬ aq-
s∂Æw: kvt\m Z ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 101.
11 ]m\o-b-ßƒ Ip-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kv-t{Sm-I-fn-
se {Zm-h-I-ß-fp-sS ùXnI imkv{Xw ,
E=mc2\nkt]-Pv 6.
12 A-t∏m-gm-W-dn-™-Xv B-cp-a-dn-bmsX K-thj-

Ww \-S-Øn-h-∂ sP. hn-em¿-Uv Kn-_v-kv: _q¿-kv
Xp-S-ßn-bh¿, Z B-‰-an-Iv k-b‚n-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 142.
13 B {]-_-‘w N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰hpw A-km-

[m-c-W-am-b im-kv-{X {]-_-‘ßfn-sem-∂mWv:
s^-dnkv, I-anMv Hm-^v F-bvPv C≥ Z an¬-°n th,
t]-Pv 193.
14 B-cp-sSbpw k-lm-b-an√msX, B-cp-sS A`n-

{]m-bhpw kzo-I-cn-°m-sX, kz-¥w Nn-¥ H∂p-sIm-
≠p-am-{Xw \n-K-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn F-∂ co-Xn-bn-em-bn-
cp∂p sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ {]-_‘w: kv-t\m, Z ^n-kn-
kn-Ãvkv, t]Pv 101.
15 \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂

Du¿-÷-Øn-s‚ Af-hv 7x1018 Pqƒ h-cpw : tXm¨,
ªm-Iv tlmƒ-kv B≥-Uv ssSw hm¿-]vkv, t]Pv 172.
16 bp-td-\n-bw t_mw-_n¬t]m-epw A-Xn-e-Sßn-
bn-´p-≈-Xns‚ H-cp i-X-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg Du¿÷-
ta kz-X{¥-am-Ip-∂p-≈q: s_m-Um-\nkv, E=mc2,
t]-Pv 77. hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øp-∂ B-Zy {]-_-‘w A-
®-Sn-®p h-∂Xv: s_m Um
17 Hm A-Xn-s‚ B-h-iy-ap-≠m-Im-dn√, F-\n-

°ß-s\ C-S-bv°nsS B-ib-ß-sfm∂p-ap-≠m-Im-
dn√: t\®¿, C≥ Z sF Hm-^v Z _n-tlmƒ-U¿,
2002 am¿-®v 21, t]-Pv 264.
18 tam-Sv-kn-s‚bpw ho-h-dp-sS-bpw A`n-{]m-b-

Øn¬ am-\-hN-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-sX-¶nepsam-cp hy-
‡n-bp-sS a-\- n¬\n-∂p-Zn-® B-i-b-ß-fp-sS Iq-´-
Øn¬ _u≤n-Iam-bn G-‰hpw Db-sc \n¬-°p-∂
B-ibw: _q-gvkpw a‰pw, Z B-‰-an-Iv k-b‚n-Ãvkv,
t]-Pv 53.
19 I-tk-c-bn¬ sh-dp-sX-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv C-
tX-°p-dn-®p-≈ Nn-¥ a-\- n-se-Ønb-sX∂v sF≥-
kv-ss‰≥X-s∂ ]-d-™n-´p-≠v: s_mUm\nkv,
E=mc2, t]-Pv 204.
20 1917˛¬ A-sXm-cp {]-_-‘-am-bn-dßn—km-am-
\ym-t]-£nI-Xm \n-b-a-Øn-se tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X ]-
cn-K-W-\-Iƒ: Kp-Øv, Z C≥-^v-tf-jW-dn bq\n-th-
gvkv, t]-Pv 36.
21 sF≥-ssÃ≥ A-Xp-am-sb-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-s√-
¶n¬ H-cp]t£ C-t∏mgpw \-m-a-Xn-\v Im-Øn-cn-t°-
≠nh-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p: kv-t\m, Z ^n-kn-kn-Ãv, t]-Pv
21. 22 ]-ehn-[ sX-‰p-IƒsIm-≠p k-ar-≤-am-bn-
cp∂p t{Im-®n-s‚ dn-t∏m¿´v: s_mUm\nkv, E=mc2,
t]-Pv 215. 23 B aq-∂m-a≥ B-sc-∂m-Wv Rm\m-
tem-Nn-°p-∂Xv : tlm-°nMv, F {_o-^v lnÃdn
Hm-^v ssSw, t]-Pv 91; B-Ivk¬, tKm-Uv-kv C-tIz-
j≥, t]-Pv 146. 24 N-e-\th-K-a-\p-k-cn-®v Cu {]-
`m-hw Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-I-S-am-Ipw: Kp-Øv, Z C≥-^v-tf-
jW-dn bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 37.
25 a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 10 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-Øn-se-dn-

™ t_-bv-kv t_mƒ B bm-{Xbn¬
0.000000000002 {Kmw ]n-fiw Iq-Sp-X-em-bm¿-÷n-°p-
sa-∂v IW°p Iq-ńsb-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v: t{_m-Iv-am≥
B≥-Uv am-‰vk¨, lu XnMvkv B¿, t]-Pv 263.
26 F-¶nepw s_m-Um-\n-kv ]-d-™Xp-t]m-se a-
‰p X-cw B-t]-£n-I-X-Iƒ \-ap°-\p`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂p≠v: s_mUm\nkv, E=mc2, t]-Pv 83.
27 sU-\nkv Hmh¿ss_ ]-d-™-Xp-t]mse, D-

e-bp-∂ In-S-°-bm-Wo {]]-©w : Hmh¿-ss_,
tem¨-en lm¿-Svkv Hm-^v Z tImkv-tamkvv, t]-Pv
55.
28 ùXn-I im-kv-{X-⁄≥ an®ntbm Im-°p ]-d-

™Xp-t]m-se, H-c¿-Y-Øn¬ KpcpXz_-ew F-s∂m-
∂n√: Im°p, Z Xnbdn Hm-^v bq-\n-th-gvkv, C≥
tjm¿ (F-Un), an-kv-‰-dokv Hm-^v sse-^v B≥-Uv
Z bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 161.
29 ]-W-Øn\pw Pohn-Xku-I-cy-ßƒ°pw Ip-d-

shm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F-Uzn\v: t{Im∏¿, t{K-‰v
^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 423.
30 H-scm-‰ Imbn-Ita-f-bn¬ G-gv H∂mw ÿm-\w:

{In-Ãy≥k¨, F-Uzn≥ l_vƒ, t]-Pv 33.
31 lm¿-hm-Un¬ I-ºyq-´-dm-bn-cp-∂ B-\n Pw-]v
Im-\≥ \-£-{Xßsf X-cw-Xn-cn°m-≥ an-I-s®m-cp
h-gn-bm-hn-jv-Icn®p: s^-dnkv, I-anMv Hm-^v F-bvP-v
C≥ Z an¬-°n th, t]-Pv 258.
32 Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ {][m-\ Im-ew ]q¿-Øn-bm°n-

b h-b- ≥ \-£-{X-ß-fm-Wh: s^¿-Kqk¨, sa-j-
dn-Mv Z bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 166˛7.
33 {]am-WZo]w F-∂-h¿ A-Xn-\p t]-cn´p.

C∂pw B t]-cn¬X-s∂-bh A-dn-bs∏-Sp∂p:
s^¿-Kqk¨, sa-j-dn-Mv Z bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 166.
34 N-{μ-\n-¬ Im-Wp∂ C-cp-≠ ]m-Sv Im-em-Im-

e-ß-fn¬ tZ-im-S-I-cm-sb-Øp-∂ Io-Sß-fp-sS Iq-
ámsW∂mbn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Is≠-Ø¬:
aq¿, ^b¿-sskUv B-kv-t{Sm-Wan, t]-Pv 63.
35 B≥-s{Umao-U \£-{X k-aq-l-Øn¬ Fw.31

F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]p-I]S-ew shdp-sam-cp
]p-I-]-S-e-a-s√-∂v A±lw 1923˛¬ sX-fn-bn®p :
Hmh¿ss_ tem¨-en lm¿-Svkv Hm-^v Z tImkv-
tamkv, t]-Pv 45, \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn, sUeyqj≥ Hm-
^v Z sk≥-{Sm-en-‰n, 2002 Un-kw-_¿˛2003 P-\p-hcn,
t]-Pv 28˛32.
36 hen-b A-¤p-Xw A-X√, {]-]-©w hn-I-kn®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂v A-Xp h-sc B-cpw `m-h-
\-bn¬-t∏mepw I-cp-Xnbn-cp-∂n√: tlm°nMv, Z bq-
\n-th-gv-kv C≥ F \-Sv-sj¬, t]Pv 71˛2.
37 [q-a-Xm-cm-K-W a-fiew F-∂- t]-cn¬ l-

_vƒ 1936˛¬ H-cp P-\-{]n-b ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gpXn:
Hmh¿-ss_, tem¨-en lm¿-Svkv Hm-^v Z tImkv-
tamkv, t]-Pv 13.
38 a-lm\m-b B tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X⁄-s‚ ù-

Xn-Im-h-in-„-ß-sf-hn-sS F-∂ Imcyw A-c \q-‰m-
≠n-\p ti-jhpw Zp-cq-l-am-bn Xp-S-cp∂p: Hmh¿-
ss_, tem¨-en lm¿-Svkv Hm-^v Z tImkv-tamkv,
t]-Pv 28.
A[ymbw 9
AWp-hn-s‚ i‡n
≥ssÃ\pw l-_v-fpw A-Xn-hn-im-eam-b
a-lm-{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ Npcpf-gn-°m≥ {i-an°p-tºmƒ
a-‰p Nn-e¿ ssI-∏n-Sn-bn-ep-≠m-bn´pw ]nSn-X-cm-sX
h-gp-Xp-∂ H-∂ns‚ Ip-cp-°-gn-s®-Sp°m-\p-≈ `-Ko-
c-Y{]-b-Xv\Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. sN-dn-b, Xo-sc-s®dn-b
F-∂m¬ \n-Kq-Vam-b ]-c-am-Wp (atom) -hn-s‚ ]n-
∂m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿.
hn-Jym-X im-kv-{X-⁄≥ dn-®m¿-Uv s^-bn≥-

am≥ H-cn-°¬ ]-d™p, im-kv-{XN-cn-{X-sØ H-scm-
‰ \n¿-Wm-b-Ihm-IyØn-sem-Xp-°m≥ ]-d-™m¬
A-Xn-ß-s\-bmIpw: "F√mw ]-c-am-Wp-°-sf-s°m-
≠p \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂p.'1 F√m-bn-S-Øp-ap≠-h.
F√mw \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p∂-Xv A-h-sb-s°m-≠mWv.
Np‰pw t\m-°p-tºmƒ Im-Wp-∂-sX√mw ]-c-am-Wp-
°-fmWv; Np-a-cpw ta-ibpw tkm-^bpw am-{Xa√,
A-h-bv-°n-S-bn-se hm-bp-hpw. F-{X- AWp-°-fp-
s≠∂m-sW-¶n¬ \n-ßƒ-°v H-cn-°epw k-¶ev-]n-
°m≥t]m-ep-am-ImØ-{X F∂mhpw D-Øcw.
]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ H-cp-an-®p tN-cp-tºmƒ X-∑m-{X-

(molecule)I-fp-≠mIpw (Ip-™p{Zhyw F-∂¿-Y-ap-
≈ em-‰n≥ hm-°n¬\n-∂m-Wv Cu ]-Z-ap-≠mbXv).
ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ H-cp-an-
®ptN¿-∂p kr-„n-°p-∂ GXms≠m-cp Zr-V kw-
hn-[m-\-am-Wv X-∑m{X. c-≠v ssl-{U-P≥ A-Wp-
°-fpsS Iq-sS Hcp Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ A-Wp tN¿-°p-
I. In-´p∂-Xv sh-≈-Øn-s‚ H-cp X∑m-{X-bm-Wv.
c-k-X-{¥-⁄¿ ]-e-t∏m-gpw ]-Zm¿-Yß-sf X-∑m-
{X-I-fm-bm-Wv Im-Wp-∂Xv; aq-e-I-ß-fm-b√ (F-gp-
Øp-Im¿ A-£-c-ß-fmb√, hm°p-I-fm-bm-Wv Nn-
¥n-°p∂Xv F-∂p ]-dbpwt]m-se). A-t∏mƒ c-
k -X-{¥-⁄¿ X-∑m-{X-I-sf-bm-Wv F-Æp-∂Xv. A-
ß-s\-sb-Æn-bm¬ F-{X In´pw F-∂m-Wv tNm-
Zysa¶nepw A-kwJyw F-∂m-Wv D-Øcw. D-Zm-l-
cW-Øn-\v k-ap-{Z\n-c-∏n¬ ]qPyw Un{Kn sk¬-
jy-kv Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ H-cp L-\ sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hm-
bp-sh-Sp-°pI (H-cp L-\sk‚n-ao-‰¿ F-∂p ]-d -
™m¬ H-cp ]-©-km-c-°-ńbp-sS h-en∏w). Cu ]-
©-km-c-°-ń(sugar cube)bp-sS h-en-∏-ap-≈ hm-
bp-hn-s‚ I-j-W-Øn¬ \m-e-c e-£w tIm-Snt°m-
Sn X-∑m-{X-I-fp-≠m-Ipw.2 H-scm-‰ L-\ sk‚o-ao-‰-dn-
se Im-cy-am-WnXv. P-\-en-eq-sS H-∂p ]p-d-tØ-°p
t\m°q. F-{X L-\ sk‚o-ao-‰¿ ÿ-eap-≠v ]p-
d-Øv? A-°m-Wp-∂ ÿ-ew \n-d-bv-°m≥ F-{X ]-
©-km-c-°-ń-Iƒ th-≠nhcpw? A-t∏mƒ Cu {]-]-
©w ap-gp-h≥ \n-d-bv-°m≥ F-{X-sbÆw th-≠n-h-
cpw? ]-d-™-Xn-{X-tb-bp≈q, C-„wt]m-ep≠v ]-c-am-
Wp°ƒ.
F-Æwt]m-seX-s∂-bm-Wv A-h-bp-sS B-bp- pw.

Cu Zo¿-Lm-bp- p Imc-Ww A-h-bnß-s\ \-ap-°p
Np‰pw F-{X Im-ew th-W-sa-¶nepw Idßn \-S-
°pw. \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-ep-≈ Hmtcm ]-c-am-Wp-
hpw F{Xtbm Imew ]-e-bn-S-ß-fn-eq-sS I-b-dn-bn-d-
ßn-bm-Wv A-hn-sS-sb-Øn-bXv. \-£-{X-ßfn-eq-sS,
e-£-°-W-°n-\v Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS I-S-∂ph-∂m-
W-h \n-ß-fpsS `m-K-am-b-Xv. a-c-W-tijw A-h ]p-
\x-Nw-{Ia-Ww sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂p. AXpsIm≠v \-Ωp-
sS tZ-l-Øp≈ ]-c-am-Wp-°-fn¬ H-cp ]-¶v, H-cp
\qdp-tIm-Sn-sb-Æw, H-cp]t£ tj-Iv-kv-]n-b-dp-sS
i-co-c-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw.3 th-sdm-cp
\qdp-tIm-Sn {io_p-≤-\n¬\n-∂p In-ń-b-Xm-Imw. sN-
¶n-kv Jm-s‚bpw _n-tYm-h-s‚bpw a-t‰-sX-¶nepw
N-cn-{X]p-cp-j≥-am-cp-sSbp-sams° `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂
]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ C-t∏mƒ \-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Øn-ep-≠m-
Imw. Ncn-{X]p-cp-j-∑m¿ F-∂p ]-d-bm≥ Im-c-W-ap-
≠v. H-cm-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-s‚ ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ hn-L-Sn-
®v ]p-\¿hn-\y-kn-°-s∏-Sm≥ ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-sf-Sp-°pw
(AXmb-Xv F¬-hn-kv {]n-kven-bp-sS i-co-c-Øn-s‚
`m-K-am-bn-cp-∂ ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ In-´-W-sa-∂v B-{K-
ln-®Xp-sIm-≠p Im-cy-an√ F-∂¿-Yw).
A-t∏mƒ H-c¿-Y-Øn¬ \-Ω-p-tS-sX√mw ]p-\¿-P-

∑-ß-fm-sW-∂p ]dbmw. \-Ωƒ a-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]-c-
am-Wp-°ƒ hn-L-Sn-®p kz-X-{¥-cm-hpw. A-h ]pXn-
b B-h-iy-°m-sc tX-Sn-t∏m-Ipw. a-t‰-sX-¶nep-sam-
cp hy-‡nbpsS, A-s√¶n-sem-cn-e-bp-sS, A-Xp-a-s√-
¶n¬ H-cp a-™pXp-≈n-bp-sS `mKam-hpah. Cu h-
kv-Xp-°ƒ \-in-°p-sa-¶n-epw ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ G-d-
°p-sd \m-i-an√m-sX Xp-S-cpw.4 ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ B-
bp-s -{X-sb-∂v Ir-Xy-am-bn B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√. am¿-
ń≥ do-hv-kn-s‚ I-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v A-Xv G-Xm-≠v
1035 h¿-j-amWv. hf-sc hen-b kw-Jy-bm-W-Xv,
KWn-Xkw-⁄-I-fn-se-gp-XmsX X-c-an√.
C-\n ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ sN-dp-∏-Øn-s‚ Im-cyw. hf-

sc sN-dp-XmW-X.v hf-sc h-f-sc sN-dpXv. A-©p
e-£w ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ \nc-∂p\n-∂mepw Hcp ap-Sn-
\m-cn-g-sIm-≠p a-d-bv-°mw. A-t∏mƒ ]n-s∂ H-scm-
‰ ]-c-am-Wp-hns‚ h-en-∏w k-¶ev]n-°m-hp-∂-Xnepw
sN-dp-Xm-Ip-sa-∂p-d∏v. F-¶nepw \ap-s°m∂p k-
¶ev-]n-®p t\m-°mw.
H-cp an√o-ao-‰-dn¬ Xp-S-ßmw. "-' G-Xm-≠o h-c-

bpsS \o-f-ap-≠mIpw A-Xn-\v. C\n Cu an√o-ao-
‰¿ hc-sb B-bn-cw Xp-ey-`m-K-ß-fm-bn ho-Xn°p-
I. AXn-sem-∂n-\v H-cp ssa-t{Im¨ \o-f-ap-≠m-
Ipw. kq-£-vaPo-hn-Ifp-sS A-fhp-tIm-em-Wv ssa-
t{Im¨. ip-≤P-e-Øn¬ Im-Wp-∂ ]m-c-aokn-bw
F∂ G-I-tIm-iPo-hn-°v c-≠p ssa-t{Im¨
\ofap-≠m-Ipw. AXmbXv 0.002 an√o-ao-‰¿. H-cp Xp-
≈n sh-≈-sa-Sp-Øv A-Xn-¬ \o-¥n-Øp-Sn-°p∂ ]m-
c-ao-knbsØ shdpwIÆp-sIm-≠v Im-W-W-sa-
¶n¬ B sh-≈-Øp≈n-sb 12 ao-‰¿ hym-kw
hcpwhn-[w h-ep-Xm-°-Ww.5 A-t∏mƒ B sh-
≈Øp-≈n-bn-se ]-c-am-Wp°-sf Im-W-W-sa¶n-
tem A-Xn-s\ 24 In-temao-‰¿ hym-kw hcpwhn-[w
h-ep-Xm-°Ww.
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ Af-hv th-sdm-cp kq£v-aX-e-

Øn-em-sW-∂¿Yw. AXnte-s°-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬
t\c-tØ ]-d™ ssa-t{Im-¨ I-j-W-ßfn-
sems∂-Sp-Øv ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw I-j-W-ß-fm-bn `m-Kn-
°Ww. A-Xp-sImt≠ ]-cam-Wp-hn-s\ A-f-°m-
\mIq. k-¶ev-]n-°m-\m-hp-∂-Xn-epw F{Xtbm
t\¿Ø-Xm-Wo I-jWw. F-¶n-epw G-Xm-≠v H-cp
[m-c-W In-´m≥ H-cp-Zm-lcWw ]-d-bmw. ]-c-am-Wp-
hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-tºmƒ t\-ctØ- ]-d-™
an√oao-‰¿ h-c-bp-sS h-en∏w Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Øm-fn-
s‚ I-\-hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-tºmƒ F-º-b¿
tÃ-‰v _n¬-Un-ßn-s‚ D-b-c-sa-{XbmtWm A-{Xbp-
am-bn-cn-°pw.
C-„wt]m-ep-≠v F-∂Xpw B-bp-t -sd-bmsW-

∂Xpw ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ {]-tbmP-\w h¿-[n-∏n-
°p∂p. \-t∂ sN-dp-Xm-sW∂-Xv A-tX-°p-dn-®p-≈
]T-\w hn-j-aam-°p-IbpwsNøp∂p. ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ
A-kw-Jy-ap-s≠∂pw A-h Xo-sc-s®-dp-Xm-sW∂pw
G-d-°p-sd \-in-∏n-°m-\m-Im-Ø-Xm-sW-∂pw tem-I-
Øp-≈-sX√mw A-h-sb-s°m-≠p \n¿-an-®-Xm-sW-
∂pw B-Zy-am-bn Xncn-®-dn™-Xv A-¥zm≥ temd‚ v
em-thm-kn-tb-bm-sW-∂p I-cp-Xn-bm¬ sX‰n. sl≥-
dn Im-h≥Untjm lw{^n tUhntbm B-sW-∂p
I-cp-Xnbmepw sX‰n. hen-b hn-Zym-`ym-k-sam-∂p-
an√m-Ø Z-bm-ephm-sbm-cp Cw•njv {In-kvXo-b k-
`mw-KamWm _-lp-a-Xn-°¿l≥˛˛tPm¨ Umƒ-´≥.
G-gm-a[ym-b-Øn¬ ]-cn-N-b-s∏-´ Umƒ-´≥Xs∂.
se-bv-°v Pn√-bn¬ tIm-°¿-a-Øn\-Sp-Øv 1766˛¬

Izm-°¿ hn-izm-k k-`m-wK-ßfm-b s\-bv-Øp-Im-cp-
sS Ip-Spw-_-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Umƒ´-s‚ P\\w (C-
tX ÿ-e-Øm-Wv \m-ep h¿-j-Øn-\ptijw I-hn
hneyw th-Uv-kvh¿Øv P-\n-®-Xv). A-Xp-ey-{]-Xn-`-
bp-≈ hn-Zym¿-Yn-bm-bn-cp-∂p tPm¨ Umƒ-´≥.
Aß-s\ ]-{¥≠mw h-b- n¬ B Ip-ń \m-ń-se
Izm-°¿ kv-Iq-fn-s‚ \SØn-∏p-Im-c-\mbn. kv-Iq-fn-
s‚ \n-e-hm-cw A-{X-tb D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q
F∂XpsIm≠√; {]m-b-Øn¬ I-hn-™ _p-≤n-bp-
≈-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p Umƒ-´≥ F-∂Xp-sIm-≠pXs∂.
B {]m-b-Øn¬ \yq-´-s‚ "{]n≥-kn∏n-b', AXpw
em-‰n-\n-ep-≈ aq-e-IrXn, hm-bn-® Im-cyw Umƒ´-s‚
U-b-dn-bn-ep≠v. {]n≥kn∏n-b am-{X-a√, I-Sp-I-ńbm-
b ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ ]-e-Xpw B Ip-ń hm-bn®p. ]-Xn-
\©mw h-b- n¬ Umƒ-´≥ k-ao-]-]-´-Wam-b sI≥-
Um-en¬ tPmen°p tN¿∂p. H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-≠p I-gn-
™-t∏mƒ am-©-kv-‰-dn-te-°p t]mbn. ]n∂oSp-≈
Aº-Xp h¿-j-°m-ew A-hn-sSØ-s∂ I-gn-™p.
\m-\m-hn-j-b-ßfn¬ {]-_-‘-ßfpw ]p-kv-X-I-
ßfpw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®v am-©-Ã-dn-e-t±-lsamcp
_u-≤n-I-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰pX-s∂ Xo¿Øp. Im-emh-
ÿmim-kv-{Xhpw hym-I-c-Whpwap-X¬ h¿-Wm-‘-
Xh-sc A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ {]-_-‘-ßƒ-°p hn-j-b-
am-bn (Umƒ-´-\pw h¿-Wm-‘-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C-
tX-°p-dn-®-t±-lw \S-Øn-b ]T-\-ßƒ Imc-Ww G-
sd-°m-ew h¿-Wm-‘-X Umƒ-´-\n-kw F-∂m-W-dn-b-
s∏-´-Xv). Cu {]-_‘-ß-sfm-∂p-a√, "Z \yq kn-Ãw
Hm-^v sIan-°¬ ^n-temk-^n' F-∂ X-e-s°-ń¬
1808˛¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn® XSnb≥ ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv A-
t±l-sØ hn-Jym-X-\m-°n-bXv.
sXm-≈m-bn-c-Øn-te-sd t]-Pp≈ B ]p-kv-X-I-

Ønse A-©p t]-Pp am-{X-ap≈ sN-dp A-[ym-b-
Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv im-kv-{XX¬-]-c¿ ]-c-am-Wp°sf-
°p-dn-®p-≈ B-[p\n-I Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv B-Zy-am-bn ]-
cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. "XoscsNdn-b A-t`-Zyamb sIm-
®pI-W-ßƒsIm-≠m-Wv F√m h-kv-Xp-°fpw \n¿-
Ωn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-sX'-∂v A-t±-lw F-gp-Xn. "ssl-
{UP-s‚ H-cp IWsØ \n¿-Ωn°mt\m \-in-
∏n°mt\m I-gn-bp-sa-¶n¬ ku-c-bq-YØnse G-
sX¶nep-sam-cp {Kl-sØ \-in-∏n°mt\m ]p-Xn-b-
sXm-∂n-s\ kr„n-°mt\m \-ap-°p I-gnbpw.'6 ]-
c-am-Wp°-sf \-in-∏n-°m\pw kr-„n-°m\pw I-gn-
bns√-∂p hy-‡-am-°n-s°m-≠v A-t±-lw F-gpXn.
]-c-am-Wp F-∂ Bi-btam B-‰w F-∂ hm-

t°m ]t£, ]p-Xn-b-Xmbn-cp-∂n√. ]p-cm-X-\ {Ko-
°p-Im-cp-sS kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv c-≠pw. Cu ]-c-
amWp°-fp-sS Xm-cX-ayh-en-∏hpw ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fne-Xv
Fß-s\ tN¿-∂pIn-S-°p∂p-sh-∂ Im-cyhpw a-\- n-
em-°n-sb-∂-Xm-Wv Umƒ´-s‚ a-lØzw. G‰hpw
`m-cw Ip-d-™ aqe-Iw ssl-{U-P-\m-sW∂vv A-t±-
l-Øn-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. A-Xn-s‚ A-Wp-`m-cw H-
∂v B-sW-∂v A-t±-lw hy-‡-am-°n. Ggv Hm-Iv-kn-
P≥ B-‰hpw H-cp ssl-{U-P≥ B-‰hpw tN¿-∂-Xm-
Wv P-e-sa-∂v At±lw hn-iz-kn®p. AXp-sIm-≠v
Hm-Iv-knP-s‚ A-Wp-`m-cw G-gm-sW∂v ]-d-™p. C-
tX co-Xn-bn¬ an-° aq-e-I-ß-fp-sS-bpw Xm-cX-ay`m-
cw A-t±lw \n¿-W-bn®p. Umƒ´s‚ Cu I-W-°p-
Iƒ ap-gp-h≥ icn-sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp∂n√. HmIv-knP-
s‚ A-Wp-`m-cw G-g√, 16 BWv. ]-t£, A-t±-l-
am-hn-jvI-cn-® XØzw Kw-ò-c-am-bn-cp∂p. B-[p\n-
I c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-bn´-X-XmWv; H-cp ]cn-
[nh-sc B-[p\n-Iim-kv-{X-Øn-\pw.
Cu ]T-\-^-e-ßƒ Umƒ´-s\ {]-i-kv-X-\m-°n.
{]-i-kv-Xn-sb-∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Cw-•-≠n-se H-cp hn-
izm-k k-aq-lmw-K-Øn-\p In-´m-hp-∂ sNdp In-S {]-
i-kv-Xn. {^-©v c-k-X-{¥-⁄≥ ]n. sP. s]-t√-
tXy 1826˛¬ Cu B-W-h\m-bI-s\ Im-Wm≥ t]m-
bn.7 GtXm h-en-b ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ Kthj-W-
Øn¬ ap-gp-In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-hpw Umƒ-´≥ F-∂m-W-
t±-lw I-cp-Xn-bXv. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ {]m-Yan-I
hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬ sIm-®p-Ip-ńIsf I-W°p ]Tn-
∏n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ im-kv-{X-⁄-s\ I-≠v A-t±-
lw sR-ń. A-ºc∂ s]-t√tXy Umƒ-´-t\m-Sv hn-
°n hn°n kw-km-cn-® Imcyw im-kv-{X N-cn-{X-Im-
c≥ C. sP. tlmw-bm¿-Uv F-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v.8
"_-lp-am-\-s∏-´ Umƒ-´s\-sbm-∂p Im-Wm≥ I-

gn-™m¬ Rm≥ A-\p-Krlo-X-\m-bn.' ap-∂n-¬ Ip-
ń-sb I-W-°n-s‚ {]m-Yan-I]mT-ßƒ ]Tn-
∏n°p∂Xv hn-Jym-X c-k-X{¥-⁄-\m-sW-∂p hn-
iz-kn-°m-\m-Im-sX s]t√tXy ]-d™p. "icn', Im-
cy-am-{X{]-k-‡-am-bn Izm-°¿ a-dp]-Sn \¬-In:
"Aev-]-an-cn°q, Rm-\o Ip-ń-bp-sS IWs°m-∂p i-
cn-bm°s´.'
_-lp-a-Xn-I-fn¬\n-s∂√mw hn-´p\n¬-°m-\n-„-
s∏´ Umƒ-´≥ Xm¬-]-cy-an√mbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw tdm-
b¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bn-te-°p sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.
]pckv-Im-c-ßƒ ]-eXpw A-t±lsØ tX-Sn-
sbØn. k¿-°m¿ \-s√m-cp Xp-I s]≥-j-\pw \¬-
In. 1844˛¬ Umƒ-´≥ a-cn-®-t∏mƒ B-Z-cm-Rv-P-en-
b¿-∏n°m-s\-Øn-b-Xv \m-ev-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw t]-cmWv.9
"Un-IvjvWdn Hm-^v \mj-W¬ _-tbm-{K-^n-'bn-se
G-‰hpw ssZ¿-Ly-tadn-b hn-h-c-W-ßfn-sem-∂mW-
t±l-Øn-t‚Xv. ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-se im-kv-
{X-⁄-cp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬ AXn-s\m-∏w \n¬-°p∂-Xv
Um¿-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw se-bv-en-s\-°p-dn®p-ap≈ hn-h-
c-Wßƒ am-{X-amWv.
Umƒ-´-s‚ A-Wp-kn-≤m-¥w h-∂v H-cp \q-‰m-≠p

I-gn-™n´pw C∏-d™-sX√mw Xn-I®pw km-¶ev-]n-
I-am-sW-∂pX-s∂ an-°-hcpw I-cp-Xn.10 ]c-am-Wp
F-s∂m-∂n-s√-∂p-d-∏n-®-h-cn¬ Nn-e hn-Jym-X im-
kv-{X-⁄-cp-ap≠m-bn-cp∂p. hn-b-∂-bn-se ùXn-
Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ F-¨-kv-‰v am-Iv D-Zml-cWw (i-
–-th-K-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ H-cp GI-Iw A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ t]cnemWv). "C-{μn-b-tKm-N-c-a√ ]-c-am-
Wp°ƒ. A-Xv a-\- n-s‚ kr-„n-bmWv', A-t±-l-sa-
gpXn. ]-c-am-Wp-°-fp-sS A-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ cq-£amb
k-tμ-ltØm-sS-bm-Wv P¿a≥ kw-km-cn-°p-∂ cm-
Py-ßƒ ho-£n-®Xv. ]-c-am-Wp°-fn¬ Xm¬-]-cy-sa-
Sp-Ø ep-Uv-hn-Kv t_mƒ-Sv-kv-a≥ F∂ ssk-≤m¥n-
I ùXn-Iim-kv-{X⁄-s‚ B-fl-l-Xy-bv-°p Im-c-
W-amb-Xv k-aq-l-Øns‚ Cu \n-e-]m-Sm-sW-∂v ]-
d-b-s∏-Sp∂p.11
]-c-am-Wp-°-fp-sS A-kv-Xn-Xz-Øn-\v B-Zy-sØ

A-\n-tj-[ysX-fn-hp \n-c-ØnbXv sF≥-ssÃ-\m-
Wv. 1905-˛¬ {_u-Wn-b≥N-e-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ {]-
_-‘-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ]-t£, A-Xv A-[n-
I-amcpw {i-≤n-®n√, sF≥ssÃ-\m-sW-¶n¬ km-
am-\ym-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ ]-Wn-∏p-c-bn-
te°p I-S-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Aß-s\ B-W-h-bp-
K-Øn-s‚ B-Zy \m-b-I≥ F-∂ _-lpa-Xn G-W-
Ãv dY¿-t^m¿-Uv I-c-ÿ-am°n.
kv-tIm-Sv-e≥-Un¬\n-∂v \yq-kn-e≥-Un-te-°p Ip-

Sn-tbdn-b Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ 1871˛em-Wv dY¿-t^m¿-Un-
s‚ P-\\w. Ipd-®p N-W-s®-Sn-Ifpw Iptd-tbsd
Ip-ń-I-fp-ap-≈ hen-b Ip-Spw_w.12 hnZq-ccm-Py-Øn-
s‚ hn-Zq-cam-sbmcp tImWn¬ h-f¿-∂ dY¿-t^m¿-
Uv ap-Jy-[m-cmim-kv{X-temI-Øp-\n∂v AIem-
hp∂{X A-I-se-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]-t£, 1895˛¬ kv-
tIm-f¿-jn-∏v t\-Sn tIw{_n-Uv-Pnse Im-h≥-Un-jv
e-t_m-d-´-dn-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ÿn-Xn amdn. A-∂v
ù-Xn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS ]-dp-Zo-k-bm-bncp-∂p Im-
h≥-Un-jv e-t_md-´dn.
ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄¿°v a-‰p im-kv-{Xim-J-I-fn-

ep-≈h-tcm-Sp-≈ A-h-⁄ Ip-{]-kn-≤-amWv. Hm-kv-
{Sn-b≥ ù-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ thmƒ-^v-Km-Mv
]ufnbp-sS `m-cy H-cp c-k-X-{¥-⁄-s‚ Iq-sS H-fn-
t®m-Sn. hn-h-c-a-dn-™ ]ufn sR-ń-Ø-cn-®pt]mbn.
A-h-sfm-cp Im-f-t∏m-cp-I-mc-s‚Iq-sS-bm-Wv t]m-
bncp-∂-sX-¶n¬ a-\- n-em-°mw, C-Xv H-cp c-k-X-{¥-
⁄≥.'13 A-t±-lw kplrØn-t\m-Sv k¶-Sw ]-¶p-
h®X-ß-s\-bmWv.
]u-fn-bpsS hn-Im-cw dY¿-t^m¿-Un-\p a-\- n-em-

Ipw.14 "im-kv{Xw F∂p ]-d-™m¬ ùXn-Iim-kv-
{X-amWv. _m-°n-sb√mw Ãm-ºv ti-Jc-Ww am{Xw'
F-∂p ]-d-™n-´p-≈-bm-fm-W-t±lw. dY¿-t^m¿-
Uns‚ Cu hm°p-Iƒ F{Xtbm ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬
]-eh-´w D-≤-cn-°-s∏-´p. ]-t£, hen-sbmcp ssh-cp-
[yw A-t±l-sØ Im-Øn-cn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1908˛¬
dY¿-t^m¿-Un\v t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-ńb-Xv ù-
Xn-I-im-kv-{X-Øn\√, c-k-X-{¥-Øn-\mWv.
dY¿-t^m¿-Uv `m-Ky-hm-\m-bn-cp∂p. {]-Xn-`m-im-en-

bm-bn-cp-∂p F∂-Xv B-Zy`m-Kyw. ù-Xn-I-im-kv-
{Xhpw c-k-X-{¥-hpw D-W¿-∂p-tØ-Pn-X-am-hp-Ibpw
`n-∂t`-Z-an√m-sX H-sØm-cp-an®p I-gn-bp-Ibpw sN-
bv-X Ime-Øv Po-hn-°m-\m-bn F∂-Xv c-≠ma-sØ
`m-Kyw. A-Xn-\pti-j-sam-cn-°epw A-h-bß-s\ ]-
c-kv-]-c-_-‘-tØm-sS H-sØm-cp-an-®p I-gn-™n-ń√.
ssI-h-® ta-J-e-I-fn-se√mw hnP-bw h-cn-s®-¶n-

epw, dY¿-t^m¿-Uv Hckm-am-\y _p-≤n-imen-sbm-
∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√. I-W-°n¬ hf-sc tam-ihpw.
¢m- n¬ k-ao-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿-[mc-Ww sN-øp-tºmƒ
A-t±-lw ]m-Xn-h-gnbn¬ \n∂p-t]m-Ipw, ]n-s∂-b-h
ap-gp-h-\m-°p∂-Xv hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-fm-Wv.15
\yqt{Sm¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn-® sP-bnw-kv Nm-Uvhn-Iv G-

sd-°m-ew dY¿-t^m¿-Uns‚ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-bn-
cp-∂p. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂-Xv ]-co-£-W-ßƒ \-
SØp∂ Im-cy-Ønepw dY¿-t^m¿-Uv hen-b tI-
a-s\m-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂mWv. ]-t£, A-t±-lw
Zr-V-Nn-Ø-\m-bn-cp∂p. Xp-d-∂ a-\- p-ap-≠mbncp∂p.
_p≤nIq¿-a-XbpsS Ip-d-h-v hn-th-Ihpw km-l-kn-
Ia-t\m-`m-hhpw sIm≠-t±lw ]-cn-l-cn®p. "F-
t∏mgpw A-Xn-cp-Iƒ-°p ]p-d-tØ-°p k©cn-®-
Bƒ'16 F-∂m-Wv H-cp Po-h-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ dY¿-
t^m¿-Un-s\ hn-tijn∏n-®Xv. a-‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n-∂-
t±l-sØ th¿-Xn-cn-®-Xpa-XpXs∂. ]-cn-lm-c-ans√-
∂p tXm-∂p-∂ H-cp {]-i-v\-w ap∂n¬-s∏-´m¬ A-Xp
]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn F¥p ITn-\-m[zm-\-Øn\pw
X-øm-dm-Ipw. ]-c-º-cm-K-Xco-XnI-sf XInSwadn-°p-
∂ G-Xp-Ø-chpw kzo-I-cn-°pw. H-cp Xn-c-»o-e-bv-°p
ap-∂n¬ £am]q¿-hw a-Wn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw Ip-Øn-bn-
cp-∂v B¬-^m-I-WD¬-k¿-÷-\w (alpha particle
scintillation) F-Æn-\-SØn-b ]-co-£-W-Øn-eq-sS-
bm-Wt±-lw X-s‚ G-‰hpw hen-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw
\-S-Øn-b-Xv. th-dm-sc-¶n-epam-sW-¶n¬ C∏-Wn a-‰m-
sc-sb-¶n-ep-taev]n-®p am-dn\n¬-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]-c-
am-Wp-hn-e-S-ßn-bncn-°p-∂ Du¿-÷w tX-®p-an-\p-°n-
sb-Sp-Øm¬ Cu `qansb Np-´p-Nm-º-em-°m≥ ti-
jn-bp≈ t_mw-_p-≠m-°m-sa-∂v B-Zyambn a-\- n-
em-°n-b-h-cn¬ H-cm-fmWv˛˛˛˛H-cp]-t£ B-Zy-sØ-
bmƒXs∂˛˛˛˛dY¿-t^m¿Uv.17 ò-am-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-
∂p dY¿-t^m¿Uv; B-scbpw hn-d-∏n-°m≥t]m-∂
apgßp-∂ i-–-hpw. A-‰v-em‚n-°n-\-∏p-d-tØ--°v
dY¿-t^m¿-Uv tdUntbm {]`mj-Ww \-S-Øp-∂p-
sh-∂v tI-´-t∏mƒ "A-Xn-s\-¥n-\m-Wv tdUnt-
bm?'18 F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p H-cp hn-Zym¿-Yn-bp-sS tNmZyw.
cq-]hpw i-–hpwt]m-seXs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ B-fl-hn-izm-k-hpw. Xm-¶-sf-t∏mgpw hn-P-
bØn-c-am-e-bv°p ap-I-fn-em-Wt√m F∂m-tcm A-`n-
{]m-b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ dY¿t^m¿-Un-s‚ a-dp]-Sn "B Xn-
c-am-e-bpw Rm-\p-≠m-°n-bX-t√?' F-∂m-bncp∂p.
H-cp X-ø¬-°-S-bn¬h-®v tI-´ dY¿-t^m-¿-Un-s‚
kw-km-c-sØ∏-‰n kn. ]n. kvt\m F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v:
"Rm≥ Zn-\w{]-Xn h-Æw h-®p-h-cn-I-bmWv, a-t\m-`m-
h-Ønepw B h-f¿-®-bp-≠v.'19
F-∂m¬ 1895˛¬ Im-h≥-Un-jv e-t_m-d-´-dn*-bn-

seØp-tºmƒ Cu hÆhpw {]-i-kv-Xn-bp-sa√mw
dY¿-t^m¿-Un-s\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw ssI-sb-
ØmZq-c-Øm-bn-cp∂p. im-kv{X-tem-I-sØ kw-_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kw`-h-_-lp-eam-b A-km-[m-c-
WIm-e-a-m-bn-cp-∂p AXv. dY¿-t^m¿-Uv -tIwI-em-
im-e-bn¬ hn¬-lw tdm¨-Sv-P≥ F-Iv-kv˛td I-≠p-
]n-Sn-®Xv. A-SpØ h¿jw sl≥-dn s_-Iz-d¬
tdUntbm B-Œn-hn-‰n I-≠p-]n-Sn®p. Im-h≥Un-
jnepw t\-´-ß-fp-sS Im-ew Xp-S-ßp-Ibmbn-cp-∂p.
A-hn-sS-h-®v 1897˛¬
* sl≥dn Im-h≥-Un-jn-\p P-∑w sIm-Sp-Ø A-

tX Im-h≥-Un-jv Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n-∂pX-s∂-bmWv
Cu t]-cp h-∂Xv. sU-h¨-j-b-dn-se Ggmw {]-
`p-hm-bn-cp-∂ hneyw Im-h≥-Un-jm-Wv C-Xn-se
\mbI≥. A-\p-Krlo-X K-Wn-X-⁄\m-b hneyw
Im-h≥-Unjv hn-tŒm-dn-b≥ Cw-•-≠n-se D-cp-°phy-
hkm-b cm-Pm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1870˛¬ A-t±-lw tIw-
{_n-Uv-Pv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bv-°v ]-co-£-W im-e-bp-
≠m-°m≥ 6,300 ]u-≠v kw-`m-h-\ sN-bvXp. A-ß-
s\-bm-Wv Im-h≥-Un-jv e-t_m-d-´-dn-bpsS XpS°w.
{_n-Uv-Pn-seØn-b A-tX h¿-j-am-Wv P¿-a-\n-bn-

se hq-kv-_¿-Kv k¿hsP. sP. tXmw-k-Wpw Iq-´p-
Imcpw tN¿-∂v C-e-t{Œm¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn®p. AhnsS-
h-®p-X-s∂ 1911˛¬ kn. Sn. B¿. hn¬-k¨ ]m¿-
ń-°nƒ Un-‰-Œ¿ I-≠p]n-Sn®p (A-tX∏-‰n ]n-∂o-Sp
]-dbmw). 1932˛¬ sP-bnw-kv Nm-Uv-hn-Iv \yqt{Sm¨
I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xpw A-hn-sS h-®pX-s∂. Im-ew ]n-
s∂bpw ap-t∂m-´p \oßth 1953˛¬ A-tX Im-h≥-
Un-jn¬ h-®pX-s∂-bm-Wv sP-bnw-kv hm-Sv-k-Wpw
{^m≥-kn-kv {In°pw tN¿∂vv Un.F≥.F.L-S-\ I-
≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂Xv.
tdUntbmX-cw-K-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ K-th-j-W-
Ønem-Wv d-Y¿-t^m¿-Uv Xp-S-ßn-bXv. A-Xn¬ tam-
i-a√m-Ø t\-´w ssI-h-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Hcp
ssa¬ A-I-te-°v tdUntbm kn-Kv\-se-Øn-°p-∂-
Xn¬ A-t±-lw hnPbn®p. A∂-Xv hen-sbmcp
ImcywX-s∂-bmWv. tdUn-tbm-bv-°v hen-b
`mhnsbm-∂p-an-s√-∂v ap-Xn¿-∂ k-l-{]-h¿-ØI≥
D-]-tZ-in-®-t∏mƒ A-t±-lw thsd h-gn-I-fn-te--°p
I-S-∂p.20 aq-∂p-h¿-jw Im-h≥-Un-jn¬ I-gn-™-
t∏mƒ dY¿-t^m¿-Un\p tXm-∂n Cß-s\ t]m-
bm¬ F-hn-sS-bp-sa-Øn-s√∂v. Aßs\-b-t±-lw
tam≥-{Sn-b-en-se a§n¬ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬
tN¿∂p. AhnsSh-®m-W-t±-lw h-f¿-®-bp-sS ]-S-
hp-Iƒ Xm-≠n-bXv. t\m-_¬ k-Ωm\w In-´p-tºm-
tg-°v (]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS in-Yn-eo-I-c-W-sØbpw
tdUntbm BŒnhn-‰n-bp-sS c-k-X-{¥-sØbpw Ip-
dn-®p \-SØn-b A-t\z-j-W-ß-fm-W-t±lsØ k-
Ωm-\n-X-\m-°n-b-sX∂vv t\m-_¬ k-an-Xn-bp-sS {]-
i-kv-Xn]-{X-Øn¬ hmbn-°mw.) A-t±-lw am-©-kv-
‰¿ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-te-°p am-dn-bn-cp∂p. b-Ym¿-
Y-Øn¬ A-hn-sS-h-®m-W-t±-lw G-‰-hpw hen-b I-
≠p-]n-Sn-Øw \-SØn-b-Xv—]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ L-S-\-
bp-w kz-`m-h-hn-ti-jßfp-w.
]-c-am-Wp-hn-\p-≈n¬ th-sdbpw I-Wßfp-

s≠∂vv C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m≠n-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬X-
s∂-b-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. tXmw-k¨ Ce-t{Œm-¨ I-
≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXm-sS A-°mcyw D-d-∏m-Ip-IbpwsN-
bvXp. ]t£, F-{X `mKß-fp-s≠t∂m A-h-bp-sS
cq-]-sa-¥m-sWt∂m F-ß-s\-bm-Wh _-‘n∏n°-
s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-sXt∂m B¿-°padn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p.
B-‰-Øn-\v k-a-N-Xp-c°-ń-bp-sS cq-]-am-sW-∂m-Wv
Nn-e im-kv-{X-⁄¿ I-cp-Xn-bXv.21 A-ß-s\bm-hp-
tºmƒ ÿ-ew ]m-gm-°m-sX-b-h hr-Øn-bmbn A-
Sp-°n-hbv-°mw. ]t£, A-∂p {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-
cp-∂ amXr-I a-s‰m-∂m-bn-cp∂p—D-W-°-ap-¥ncn \n-
d-™ πw-tI-°vt]m-se-bmW-Xv ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s\ k-
¶ev-]n-®Xv. t]mkn-‰o-hv Nm¿-Pp-≈ I-ń-bp-≈ h-
kvXp, A-Xn¬ tI-°n-se ap-¥n-cnt]mse ]‰n-∏n-
Sn®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv s\-K-‰o-hv Nm¿-Pp-≈ Ce-t{Œm-
Wp-Iƒ.
hn-Zym¿-Ynbm-b lm≥-kv Ko-Kdp-sam-Øv 1910˛¬

dY¿-t^m¿-Uv t\¿Ø kz¿-W-Ø-In-Sn-te--°v A-
b-WoIr-X lo-en-bw A-Wp-°ƒ* (A-Y-hm
B¬^mI-Wßƒ) I-S-Øn-hn´p. sR-ń-°p-∂-Xm-
bn-cp-∂p êw. Nn-e IW-ßƒ kz¿W-ØIn-Sn¬
X-ń Xn-cn®p-t]m-∂p. \n-h¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-® I-S-em-
knte°p sh-Sn-hbv-°p-I. sh-Sn-bp-≠ I-S-em-
kn¬Ø-ń Xn-cn-®ph-∂v tZlØp
* lm≥kv KoKdmWv ]n∂oSv tdUntbj≥

Un‰IvS¿ I≠p]nSn®Xv. At±lØns‚
t]cpXs∂bmWXn\v. ]n¬°meØv IdIf™
\mkn A\p`mhnbmbn F∂ Ip{]kn≤nbpw
KoKdn\p≠v. a\xkm£n°pØv H´pan√mØ
At±lw PqXcmb kl{]h¿ØIsc
H‰ns°mSpØp. HcpImeØv X\n°v Gsd
klmbßƒ sNbvXhsct∏mepw shdpsX
hnń√.
I-b-dnbmtem? AXp-t]m-se A-ºc∏n-°p-∂ I-
s≠-Ø-em-bn-cp-∂p AXv˛˛˛˛-dY¿-t^m¿-Uv ]-
d™p. A∂-sØ [m-c-W-b-\p-k-cn-®v Aß-s\
kw-`-hn°m≥ ]m-Sn√m-Ø-XmWv. Ipsdbm-tem-Nn-®v
A-t±-l-aXn-s\m-cp hni-Zo-IcWw I-s≠Øn. ]-c-
am-Wp-hn-s‚ a-[y-Øn-ep-≈ sN-dp-sX-¶n-epw km{μ-
X-tbdnb `mK-Øp X-ń-b I-W-ß-fmh-Ww Xn-cn-
®ph-∂Xv. a-‰p `m-K-ß-fn-eq-sS IS∂pt]m-b-h
XS- w Iq-Sm-sX a-dp-]p-d-sØØn. A-Xn-\¿-Yw I-
ń-tbdn-b sNdptI-{μ-`m-K-hpw Gd-°p-sd iq-\y-sa-
∂p ]-d-bm-hp-∂ hen-sbmcp `m-K-hp-a-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv
]-c-am-Wp F-∂mWv. hf-sc hen-sbm-cp I-≠p-]n-Sn-
Ø-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]t£, hen-sbm-cp {]-iv-\-ap-
≠m-bn-cp∂p. A∂-sØ ùXn-I \n-b-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn-
®v A-ßs\-sbm-cp ]-c-am-Wp-hn-\v \n-e-\n¬-°m-\m-
hn√. ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒX-s∂-bn√ F-∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-
em-W-t∏m-sgØpI.
C-hn-sS H-cp \n-an-jw \n¿Øn, ]-c-am-WpL-S-\-

sb∏-‰n H-∂p Nn-¥n°mw. C-∂p \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂
A-Wp-am-Xr-I-sb-∏-‰n-bm-Wp ]-d-bp∂Xv. aq-∂v
ASnÿm-\I-W-ßƒ tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv ]-c-amWp.
t]m-kn-‰o-hv ssh-Zyp-XNm¿Pp-≈ t{]m-t´m¨, s\-K-
‰o-hv Nm¿-Pp-≈ Ce-t{Œm¨, Nm¿-sPm-∂p-an√mØ
\yq-t{Sm¨. A-Wp-tI-{μ-Øn¬ AY-hm \yq-¢n-b n-
¬ sR-cp-ßn-°-gn-bpI-bm-Wv t{]m-t´mWpw \yq-
t{Sm-Wpw. C-e-t{ŒmWp-Iƒ A-Xn-\p Np‰pw
]m™p\-S°pw. t{]m-t´m-Wp-I-fp-sS F-Æ-am-Wv
B-‰-Øn-\v cm-k-hy-‡nXzw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.22 D-Zm-l-
c-W-Øn-\v H-cp t{]m-t´m¨ am-{X-ap-≈ B-‰-am-Wv
ssl{UP≥. c-≠v t{]m-t´m-Wp-s≠-¶n¬ lo-enbw.
aq-s∂-Æ-ap-s≠-¶n¬ enYnbw. A-ß-s\-b-ßs\.
Hmtcm t{]m-t´m¨ Iq-Sp-tºmgpw ]pXn-sbmcp aqe-
Iw In-´pw (F-{X t{]m-t´m-Wpt≠m A-{X-bpw Ce-
t{Œm-Wp-I-fp-ap≠mIpw A-Wp-hn¬. AXp-sIm-
≠pX-s∂ C-e-t{Œm-Wp-I-fp-sS F-Æ-amWv aq-e-I-
Øn-s‚ cm-kkz-`m-hw \n-›-bn-°p-∂-sX-∂v Nn-e
]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ Im-Wpw. c≠pw H-∂pX-s∂. t{]m-
t´m-Wp-Iƒ B-‰-Øn-\v kzXzw \¬-Ip∂p. C-e-
t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ hy-‡nXzw \¬-Ip-∂p F-∂m-Wv
Rm≥ ]Tn-®n-´p≈Xv).
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ kzXzw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬

\yq-t{Sm-Wn-\v hen-b ]s¶m-∂p-an√. F-∂m¬ `m-
cw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A-Xn-\p ]-¶p≠v. \yqt{Sm-
Wn-s‚ F-Æhpw t{]m-t´m-Wn-s‚ F-Æhpw km-
[m-c-W-\n-e-bn¬ Xp-ey-am-bn-cn-°pw. F-¶nepw sNdn-
b hy-Xym-k-sam-s° h-cmw. ]-c-am-Wphn¬\n-∂v
Ht∂m ct≠m \yq-t{Sm¨ F-SpØp am-‰p-I. A-
s√-¶n¬ Ht∂m ct≠m Iq-ń-t®¿-°p-I. A-t∏mƒ
\n-ßƒ-°p In´p-I sF-tkm-tSm-∏mWv.23 ]p-cm-h-kv-
Xp-°-fp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n ]-d-bp-
tºmƒ Cu t]-cp tI-´p-Im-Wpw. Im¿-_¨ 14 D-
Zm-l-c-Ww. B-dv t{]m-t´mWpw F-´v \yq-t{Sm-Wp-ap-
≈ Im¿-_¨ B-‰-am-W-Xv (c-≠n-s‚bpw Xp-I-bm-
Wv 14).
\yq-¢nb-kv F∂ A-Wp-tI-{μ-Øn-em-Wv t{]m-

t´mWpw \yq-t{Sm-Wpw. \t∂ sN-dp-Xm-Wv \yq-¢n-
bkv. ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ sam-Øw h-en-∏-Øn-s‚ \qdp-
tIm-Snbn-sem-cw-i-Øn-s‚ ]-Øp-e-£Øn-sem-cw-
iw am-{X-am-W-Xn-s‚ h-en∏w.24 sN-dp-Xm-sW-¶nepw
I-ń-tb-dn-b-Xm-W-Xv. `-b-¶-c-am-W-Xn-s‚ km-{μ-X.
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ `m-cw ap-gp-h≥ tI-{μo-I-cn-®n-cn-
°p∂Xv Cu CØncn ÿ-e-ØmWv. C-Xp a-\- n-em-
°m≥ t{Im∏¿ H-cp-Zm-lc-Ww \¬-In-bn´p≠v. ]-c-
am-Wp-hn-s\ H-cp `-{Zm-k-\-∏-≈n-bpsSb{X h-ep-Xm-
°p-I, A-t∏mƒ H-co-®-bp-sS h-en-∏-am-Wp-≠mhp-I
\yq-¢-nb-kn\v. ]t£, Cu Cu-®-bv-°v ]-≈n-bp-sS
`m-c-Øn-s‚ B-bn-c-am-bn-cw Cc-ń `m-c-ap-≠m-Ipw.25
Cu hn-ime-X-bm-Wv˛˛˛G-d-°p-sd iq-\y-am-bn-°n-S-
°p-∂ Cu hen-b ÿ-e-amWv˛˛˛1910Ifn¬ dY¿-
t^m¿-Un-s‚ Dd-°w sI-Sp-Øn-bXv.
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ hen-sbm-cp ]-¶pw iq-\y-am-sW-

∂p ]-d-™m¬, Np‰pw \Ω-fo Im-Wp-∂ L-\-hpw
Zm¿-Vy-hp-sa√mw tXm-∂-em-sW-∂p ]-d-™m¬,
Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ Aev-]w hn-j-a-amWv. c-≠p h-kv-Xp-
°ƒ˛˛˛˛_n-eym¿-Uv-kv t_m-fm-Wv km-[m-c-W D-Zm-
l-c-W-am-sb-Sp-°m-dv˛˛˛˛A-Sp-Ø-Sp-Øv h-cp-tºmƒ
b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-e-h Iq-ń-bn-Sn-°p-∂n√. Xn-tam-Øn
s^-cn-kn-s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ "c-≠p ]-
¥n-s‚bpw s\-K-‰o-hv Nm¿-Pp-Iƒ ]-c-kv]-cw hn-
I¿-jn-°p-I-bm-WpsN-øp-∂Xv. ssh-Zyp-XNm¿-Pn√m-
bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ c-≠p KmeIv-kn-Iƒ I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-
tºm-se X-Ωn-en-Sn-°m-sX H-∂p a-s‰m-∂n-s‚
D≈neq-sS I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.'26 \n-ß-sfm-cp
I-tk-c-bnencn-°p-tºmƒ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ A-Xn-en-
cn-°p-I-b√, I-tk-c-bv-°v Aev-]w ap-I-fn¬
Aßs\ s]m-ßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. Aev-]w ap-I-
fn¬ F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ H-cp B-Mvkv-t{Smw(H-cp
sk‚o-ao-‰-dn-s‚ ]-Øp tIm-Snbn-sem-cp `m-Kw) ap-I-
fn¬. AXnep-a-Sp-Øp-h-cm≥ \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-
se C-e-t{Œm-Wn-s‚bpw I-tk-cbn-se C-e-t{Œm-Wn-
s‚bpw hn-I¿j-Ww k-Ω-Xn-°n√.
B-‰w F-∂p tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ a-\ n-tem-Sn-sbØp-

I {K-l-ßƒ kqcys\-®p-‰p-∂-t]m-se Ht∂m
ct≠m Ce-t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ \yq-¢n-b-kn-s\ hewhbv-
°p-∂ Nn-{X-am-bn-cn°pw. G-Xm-s≠m-cp Du-lwh-®v
l‚mtcm \m-Kthm° F-∂ P-∏m≥-Im-c\m-b ù-
Xn-I-im-kv-{X-P-R≥ 1904˛¬ kr-„n-® Nn-{X-amW-
Xv. Xo¿Øpw sX-‰m-W-Xv. F-¶nepw C-t∏m-gp-a-Xv
D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. sFk-Iv Akn-tam-hv ]-
d™t]mse F{Xtbm im-kv-{XIev]n-XI-YmIm-
c≥-am-sc D-tØ-Pn-∏n®p, Cu Nn-{Xw. ]-c-am-Wp°-
sf P-\-hm-k-ap-≈ Ip-™p ku-c-bq-Y-ß-fm-bpw
ku-c-bqY-sØ ò-a≥ {]-]-©-Øn-se ]-cam-Wp-°-
fmbpw k-¶ev-]n®p-sIm-≠-h¿ A-¥¿tem-I-ß-sf-
∏-‰n I-Y-I-sfgpXn. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ B-W-h K-th-j-
W G-P≥-knbm-b tkWn (CERN)s‚ sh-_v-
ssk-‰n-se tem-tKm-bn¬ C-t∏mgpw \m-K-thm-°-
bpsS ]-c-am-Wp Nn-{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬
Ce-t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se {KlsØ-t∏m-
se \yq-¢n-b-kn-s\ h-ew-hbv°p-I-b-s√-∂v im-kv-
{X-⁄¿ sshImsX a-\- n-em°n. ^m-\n-s‚ Nn-d-
Ip-t]m-em-W-h-bp-sS N-e-\w. A\ph-Zn-°-s∏´ {`-a-
W-]-Y-Øn-s‚ ap-gp-h≥ ÿ-eØpw H-tc- k-a-bwX-
s∂ Ah \n-d-bp∂p (hen-sbm-cp hy-Xym-k-ap≠v:
^m-\n-s‚ Nn-d-Iv H-tc kabw F√m-bn-S-Øp-ap-s≠-
∂v \-ap°vv tXm-∂p-∂-XmWv. Ce-t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ b-
Ym¿Y-Øn¬ H-tc kabw F√m-bn-S-Øpw F-Øp-
∂p-≠v).
]-t£, 1910˛¬ C-∏-d-™ Im-cy-ß-sfm-∂pw A-

dn-bn√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n-s∂-bpsa{Xtbm h¿j-ß-tfm-
fw A-dn-bn√m-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠pX-s∂
dY¿t^m¿-Un-s‚ I-s≠-Ø¬ {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬ sN-
∂p Xń. X-ń-Ø-I-cm-sX Ce-t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ-°v \yq-
¢n-b n-s\ h-ewhbv-°m-\m-hn√ F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p
{]-[m-\ {]-iv-\w. ]-c-º-cm-KX ssh-Zyp-X-KXn-I\n-
b-a-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®v Np-‰n∏-d-°p-∂ Ce-t{Œm-Wn-\v
£-Wt\-cwsIm-≠pXs∂ Du¿÷\-„-w kw-`h-
n°pw. A-t∏mg-Xv Np-‰n-hf-™v A-Wp-tI-{μ-Øn¬
sN-∂n-Sn-°pw. c-≠ns‚bpw X-I¿-®-bmhpw êw.
th-sdm-cp {]-iv-\wIq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. t]mkn‰o-hv
Nm¿-Pp-≈ t{]m-t´m-Wp-Iƒ-s°ß-s\ A-Wp-tI-{μ-
Øn-se CØncn ÿe-Øv sR-cp-ßn-°-gn-bm-\m-
Ipw, ]-c-kv]-cw hn-I¿-jn-®-I-∂v A-WptI{μ-sØ
X-I¿-t°-≠X-t√ A-Xv? H-cp Imcyw hy-‡-am-hp-I-
bm-bn-cp∂p, Cu Ip™p-temI-Øv \-S-°p-∂ Im-
cy-ß-sf \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv \-ap-°p Nn-c-]-cn-Nn-
Xamb hnimetemI-sØ \n-b-a-ßf√.
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ D-≈-d-I-fn-te-°n-d-ßn-s®-∂-
t∏mƒ im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°p hy-‡-am-bn—A-hnS-sØ
Im-cy-ßƒ \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ Im-cy-ß-fn¬\n-∂p
hy-Xy-kv-X-am-sW-∂p am-{Xa√ \-Ωƒ k-¶ev-]n-®n-
´p-≈ Im-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-WXv. s^-
bn≥-am-s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ "]-c-am-Wp°-
fp-sS kz-`m-hw \-Ωp-sS ]-cn-N-b-Øn¬ h-cp-∂ Im-
cy-ß-fn¬\n-∂p Xo¿Øpw `n-∂-am-bXp-sIm-≠v A-
Xv hn-Nn-{Xhpw \n-Kq-V-hp-am-sW-∂p tXm-∂pw;27
]pXp-Xm-bn B tem-I-tØ--°p I-S-°p-∂ hn-Zym¿-
Yn-Iƒ-°p am-{Xa√, ]-cnN-bk-º-∂cm-b im-kv-{X-
⁄¿-°pt]m-epw.' Cu hn-Nn-{X tem-I-hp-am-bn
imkv-{X-⁄¿-°v A-c\q-‰m-≠p-Im-e-sØ ]-cn-N-b-
am-b-Xn-\pti-j-am-Wv s^-bn≥-am≥ C-Xp ]-d-
™Xv. A-t∏mƒ B \nKqVtemI-Øv B-Zy-ambn
I-S-∂- dY¿-t^m¿-Un\pw Iq-´p-Im¿-°p-ap≠m-b A-
º-c-∏v F-{X-tØm-f-ap≠m-Ip-sa∂v Du-ln-°m-hp-∂-
tX-bp≈q.
dY¿-t^m¿-Un-s‚ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS Iq-´-

Øn¬ \o¬-kv t_m¿ F-s∂m-cp ar-Zpkz-`m-hn-bmb
Um-\n-jv bp-hm-hp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-c-am-Wp L-S-\-
sb-°p-dn-®p Nn-¥n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂ t_m-dn-s‚
a-\- n¬ s]s-´s∂m-cm-i-b-ap-Zn®p. a-[p-hn-[p am-‰n-h-
®v t_m¿ {]-_-‘c-N-\-bn-te¿-s∏´p. B {]-_-
‘w im-kv-{XN-cn-{X-Øn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-Iÿm-\w
t\-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp.
\-t∂ sNdnb ]-c-am-Wp-hns‚ LS\ I-≠p a-

\- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bns√-∂Xp-sIm-≠v im-kv-{X-
⁄¿ th-sdm-cp h-gn-bmWvv kzo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]p-d-
sa\n-∂p {]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Im-cy-ß-tfm-Sv A-sX-ß-
s\-bm-Wv {]-Xn-I-cn°p-∂-sX-∂p t\m-°pw (d-Y¿-
t^m¿-Un-s‚ B¬-^mI-W ]-co£-Ww t]m-se).
CØ-cw ]-co-£-W-ß-fp-sS ^-e-ßƒ Nn-e-t∏m-sgm-
s° B-i-b°pg-∏w h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp sN-øpI.
ssl-{U-P≥ B-‰-Øn-s‚ h¿-Wcm-Pn-bn-se X-cw-
K-ssZ¿-Ly-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w Cß-s\ G-sd-
°m-ew B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m°n. Nn-e {]-tXy-I X-
cw-K-ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≈ X-cw-K-ß-fm-Wv ssl-{U-P≥
B-‰w ]p-d-Øp-hn-´Xv. a-‰p X-cw-K-ßƒ A-Xn¬ I-
≠tX-bn√. \-Ωp-sS \n-co-£-W-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-
bmƒ Nn-e {]-tXy-I ÿ-eßfn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-
Sp∂p. F-∂m¬ AXnsem-cp ÿ-e-Øp-\n-∂v a-t‰
ÿ-etØ°-bmƒ t]m-Ip∂-Xv B¿°pw Im-Wm-
\m-Ip-∂p-an√, G-Xm-≠Xpt]mse-bm-Wn-∏-d-™
Im-cyw.
Cu-sbm-cp {]-iv-\-Øn¬ X-e-]p-I-bv-°p-tºm-gm-

Wv t_m-dn-s‚ a-\- n¬ H-cm-i-b-ap-Zn-®Xpw A-t±-lw
B {]-i-kv-X {]-_-‘-Øn-\p cq-]w \¬-Inb-Xpw.
"]-c-am-Wp-°-fp-sSbpw X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sSbpw L-S-\-
sb∏-‰n' F∂ B {]-_-‘w C-et{Œm-WpIƒ
Du¿-÷w \-„-s∏-´v \yq-¢n-b- n-te-°p ]-Xn-°m-Ø-
sX¥p-sIm-s≠-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p. {]-tXy-Iw \n¿-
h-Nn-°-s∏´ {`-a-W-]-Y-ß-fn¬ am-{X-ta C-e-t{Œm-
Wp-Iƒ-°p N-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bq F-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p
t_m-dn-s‚ B-ibw. C-X-\p-k-cn-®v H-cp {`-a-W-]-
YØn¬\n∂v as‰m-∂n-te-°p k-©-cn-°p-∂ Ce-
t{Œm¨ H-∂n¬\n-∂-{]-Xy-£-am-bn X¬£Ww a-
s‰m-∂n¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp sN-øp-∂Xv. C-S-
bv-°p-≈ ÿe-ØpIq-Sn A-h I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-∂n√.
C-Xm-Wv {]-i-kv-Xam-b Izm-≠w Nm-´w. hn-Nn-{X-a-m-
bn-cp-∂p B B-ibw. ]t£ A-X-n-\v i-cn-bm-Im-Xn-
cn°m-\m-hn√m-bn-cp∂p. {`-a-W-]-Y-Øn-s‚ hym-kw
Ipd-™pIpd-™p h-∂v Np-‰n-°d-ßn Ce-t{Œm¨
\yq-¢n-b- n¬ sN-∂p X-ń X-I-cp-∂-Xn-s\ AXp X-
S™p. ssl{U-P≥ B-‰-Øn-s‚ h¿-W-cm-Pn-bp-sS
k-hn-ti-j-X-bv°p hn-i-Zo-I-c-Whpw \¬In. Nn-e
{]-tXy-I {`-a-W]-Y-ß-fn¬ am-{X-ta Cet{Œm-Wp-
Iƒ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p≈q. Imc-Ww, AØ-cw {`-
a-W-]-Yßfn¬ am-{X-ta A-Xn-\v \n-e-\n¬-]p≈q.
Cu-sbm-cm-i-bw 1922˛¬ t_mdn\v ùXn-I-Øn-
\p≈ t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp. sF≥-
kv-ss‰\p Inń-b-Xn-s‚ A-Sp-Ø h-¿jw.
A-t∏m-tg°pw dY¿-t^m¿-Uv ]pXn-sbm-cp A-

Wpam-Xr-I-bp-am-bn cwKsØ-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]-c-am-
WptI{μw F¥p-sIm-≠p s]m-ń-Ø-I-cp-∂n√
F∂-Xn-s‚ hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww A-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p
(sP. sP. tXmwk-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn Im-h≥-Un-jv
e-t_m-d´-dn ta-[m-hn-bm-bn \n-b-an-X-\m-bncp∂p A-
t∏m-tg-°-t±-lw). t{]m-t´m-Wn-s‚ t]m-kn-‰o-hv Nm¿-
Pn-s\ a-dn-I-S°m≥ Nne \n¿-ho-cyI-W-ßƒ \yq-
¢n-b- n-ep-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v A-t±-lw hmZn®p. A-Xn-s\-
b-t±-lw \yq-t{Sm¨ F-∂p hn-fn-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
e-fn-X-am-bncp∂p Cu B-ibw, kzo-Im-cy-hpw.
]t£, sX-fn-bn-°m-s\-fp-∏-a√m-bn-cp∂p. dY¿-
t^m¿-Un-s‚ Iq-´m-fn sP-bnw-kv Nm-Uv-hn-Iv \o-≠
11 h¿-jw A-Xp Is≠-Øm-\p-≈ A-t\z-j-W-
Øn¬ ap-gpIn. H-Sp-hn¬ 1932˛¬ AXn¬ hn-P-bn-
°p-IbpwsNbv-Xp. 1935˛¬ A-t±-l-Øn\pw ù-Xn-
I-Øn-\p≈ t\m_¬ k-Ωm-\w Inń. C-Xn-s‚ N-
cn-{X-sa-gpXn-b _q¿kpw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw A-`n-
{]m-b-s∏´t]m-se \yq-t{Sm¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ A-
{Xbpw Xm-a-kn®Xp \-∂mbn.28 Imc-Ww, AWp-
t_mw-_p-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\v \yq-t{Sm-Wn-s‚ \nb{¥-
Ww B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p (Nm¿-Pn√m-ØXp-sIm-≠v
]-c-am-Wp-lr-Z-b-Ønse ssh-Zyp-Xafi-ew \yq-
t{Sm-Wn-s\ hn-I¿-jn-°n√. AXp-sIm-≠h-sb
AWptI-{μ-Øn-te-°v tSm¿-]ntUmt]m-se sXm-Sp-
Øphn-Smw. A-Wphn-LS-\-sa-∂ \-io-I-c-W-{]-h¿-
Ø-\-Øn-\p Xp-S-°-an-Smw). 1920I-fn¬Ø-s∂ \yq-
t{Sm¨ th¿-Xn-cn-°m-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ "BZyw
AWp-t_mw-_v \n¿-Ωn°p∂-Xv an-°-hmdpw bq-tdm-
∏n-emIpam-bn-cp-∂p; A-Xpw P¿-a≥-Im¿.'
bq-tdm-]y∑m¿ A-t∏mƒ Ce-t{Œm-Wn-s‚ hn-Nn-
{Xco-Xn-I-fp-sS c-lkyw Np-cp-f-gn-°m-\p-≈ {i-a-
Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. C-e-t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ Nn-e-t∏mƒ
IWß-fp-sS cq-]-Øn¬ s]-cp-am-dpw; a-‰p Nn-e-
t∏mƒ Xcw-Kcq-]-Øn-epw. Akm[yamb Cu Zz-
μz-`m-hw im-kv-{X⁄-sc {`m-¥p-]n-Sn-∏n-®p. C-Xn-\p-
≈ hni-Zo-Ic-Ww I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p-≈ Xo-{h-{i-a-
Øn-¬ ap-gpIn, A-Sp-Ø H-cp ]Xn‰m-≠p-Im-ew im-
kv-{X-⁄¿. ]-e B-i-b-ß-fp-am-bn ]-e-cpw ap-t∂m-
´ph∂p, H∂n-s\m-∂p anI® kn-≤m-¥-ß-ƒ h-∂p.
C-e-t{Œm-WpI-sf X-cw-K-am-bn I-≠m¬ ]-e {]-iv-
\-ßƒ°pw ]-cn-lm-c-am-hp-sa-∂v {^m≥-knse {]-
`pIpSpw-_-mw-Kamb eq-bn Zv t{_m-•n I-s≠Øn.
F¿-hn≥ t{jm-Unß¿ F∂ Hm-kv-{Sn-b-°mc-s\ C-
Xm-I¿-jn®p. t{_m-•n-bp-sS B-i-b-Øn¬ A-Xn-hn-
ZKv-[-am-bn Nn-e ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßƒ h-cp-Øn A-t±-
lw X-cw-K-_-e-X-{¥w (wave mechanics)F-∂ kw-
hn-[m-\-Øn-\p cq-]w \¬In. G-Xm≠-tX k-a-b-
ØmWv sh¿-W¿ ssl-k≥-_¿-Kv Ip-td-°q-Sn an-
I-® am-{Sn-Iv-kv _-e-X-{¥-hp-am-sb-Øp-∂Xv. A-Xn-
k-¶o¿-W K-Wn-X-{In-b-I-f-Sßn-b Cu kn≤m¥w
]q¿Wa-mbm¿°pw a-\- n-em-bn√, ssl-k≥-_¿-Kn-
\pt]m-epw.(F-¥m-Wv am{SnIv-kv F∂p-t]mepw F-
\n-°-dn-bn√ F-∂m-Wv ssl-k≥-_¿-Kv H-cn-°¬
kp-lrØn-t\m-Sp ]-d™Xv).29 ]-t£, t{jm-Unß-
dp-sS Xcw-Kkn-≤m-¥Øn-\p ]-cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø
]-e {]-iv-\-ßƒ°pw A-Xp ]-cn-lm-c-taIn.
C-Xn-s‚ ]-cy-h-km-\-sa-¥m-bn-cp-s∂-t∂m? ]-c-

kv-]-c-hn-cp-≤amb A\pam-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂v ùXn-
Iim-kv-{X-Øn-\v c-≠p kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ Inń, c-
≠ns‚bpw ^-ew H-∂pw. A-sXß-s\ i-cn-bm-Ipw?
H-Sp-hn¬ 1926˛¬ ssl-k≥-_¿-Kv hn-Jym-Xam-

sbm-cp H-Øp-Xo¿-∏p-ambn cw-K-sØØn. H-cp ]pXn-
b ]T-\im-J-bp-sS Xp-S-°-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv—
Izm≠w _-e-X-{¥w AY-hm kq-£v-aI-W _-e-
X{¥w (quantum mechanics). sslk≥-_¿-Kn-s‚
A-\n-›nX-Xz kn-≤m-¥-am-Wv Izm-≠w _-e-X-{¥
-Øn-s‚ B-flmhv. Ce-t{Œm¨ H-cp I-W-am-
sW∂pw F-∂m¬ B IWsØ Xcw-Kcq-]-Øn¬
hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-Ip-sa-∂p-am-W-Xn¬ ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
C-\n-b-Xnse A-\n-›n-X-Xzw F-¥m-sW-∂ph-®m¬
C-e-t{Œm-Wn-s‚ k©mc]m-X-tb-Xm-sW-∂v \-ap-
°p a-\- n-em-°mw, \n›n-Xka-bw A-sX-hn-sSbm-
sW∂pw a-\- n-em-°mw, F-∂m¬ H-tc ka-bw
c≠pwIq-Sn a-\- n-em°m≥ \-ap°p ]-‰n√*. H-∂-f-
°m-\p-≈ {i-aw a-t‰-Xn-s\ Xm-dp-am-dm-°pw. Iq-Sp-
X¬ Ir-Xy-X-bm¿-∂ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒsIm-≠v ]-cn-l-
cn-°m-hp-∂ {]-iv-\-a√ AXv.30 Cu {]-]-©-Øn-s‚
auenI k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv.
{]m-tbmKn-IX-e-Øn¬ A-Xn-\¿-Yw, H-cp {]-tXy-

I \n-an-jw Ce-t{Œm¨ F-hn-sS-bm-Wp-≠m-
hpIsb-∂v {]-h-Nn-°m≥ H-cn-°epw I-gn-bn√ F-
∂-XmWv. H-cp {]-tXy-I ÿm\-Øv A-Xp-≠m-hm≥
km-[y-X-bp-s≠∂p ]-dbm-sa-∂p am-{Xw. sU-\n-kv
Hm-h¿-ss_ ]-d-™Xp-t]m-se \n-co-£n-°s∏Sp-
whsc Ce-t{Œm-Wn-\v A-kv-Xn-Xz-an√. AY-hm \n-co-
£n-°-s∏Spw-hsc H-∂p-In¬ Ce-t{Œm¨ F√m-bn-
S-Øp-ap≠v, A-s√-¶n¬ F-hn-sS-bp-an√ F∂p I-cp-
Xn-s°m-≈Ww.31
C-Xp tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ B-I-∏m-sS Nn-¥m-°pg-∏w

tXm-∂p-∂pt≠m? hn-j-an-t°-≠. \n-ß-fp-sS Ip-g-
∏-a√. im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°ph-sc B-i-b-°pg-∏-a-
p≠m°n-b Im-cy-am-W-Xv. Hm-h¿ss_ F-gp-Xnb-Xv
t\m°pI: \o¬kv
* ssl-k≥-_¿-Kn-s‚ XØz-Øn-\v A-\n-›nX-
Xzkn-≤m-¥w F-∂pX-s∂bmtWm ]-d-tb≠-Xv
F∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ A-`n-{]m-bhy-Xym-k-ap-≠v. P¿-
a≥ hn-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ C-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m≥
Unsicherheit, Unscharfe, Un-
genauigkeit, Unbestimmtheit F-
∂nß-s\ hy-Xykv-X]-Z-ß-fp-]-tbmKn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-
bn ssa-°¬ ss{^≥ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. Cw-•n-
jnse Uncertainty °p Xp-ey-a√ C-sXm∂pw.
A-\n-›nX-Xza√, A-\n¿-W-b-
Xz(Indeterminability)am-Wv Ip-td-°q-Sn i-
cn-sb-∂v At±lw ]-d-bp∂p. ssl-k≥-_¿-Kv km-
[m-c-W-bp-]-tbm-Kn-°mdv Unbestimmtheit F-
∂mWv.
- t_m¿ H-cn-°¬ ]-d-™p: "Izm-≠w kn-≤m-¥w

B-Zy-am-bn tIƒ-°p-∂bmƒ B-sI A-kz-ÿ-\m-
bn-s√-¶n¬ A-Xn-\¿-Yw A-bmƒ-s°m-∂pw a-\n-em-
bn-ń-s√-∂mWv.'32 H-cmƒ ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s\ hn-`mh-\w
sN-tø-≠-sXß-s\-bmsW-∂p tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ
ssl-k≥-_¿-Kn-s‚ a-dp]-Sn, "A-Xn-\p {i-an-°m-Xn-
cn-°p-I-bm-Wv \√-Xv'33 F-∂m-bn-cp∂p.
Np-cp-°-Øn¬, an-°-bm-fp-I-fpw kr-„n® Nn-{X-
ß-fn¬\n-∂p Xn-I®pw `n-∂-am-Wv B-‰-ßƒ F-
∂ph∂p. {K-l-ßƒ kq-cy-s\ -Np‰pwt]m-seb√
Ce-t{Œm¨ A-WptI-{μ-sØ Np-‰p-∂-Xv. a-dn-®v, ta-
Lwt]m-se A-hy‡cq]-amW-Xv ssI-s°m-≈p-
∂Xv. Nn-e Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ ImWpwt]m-se I-ń-
bps≈m-cp ]p-dw]mfn-sbm∂pw B-‰-Øn-\n√. B-
hnt]m-ep≈ Cu Ce-t{Œm¨ta-L-Øn-s‚ ]p-dw`m-
Kw am-{X-am-Wv A-Xv. Cu ta-Lw F-∂p ]d-bp∂-
Xv Ce-t{Œm-Wp-Iƒ Im-W-s∏-Sm≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈
ÿ-e-ßƒ am-{X-amWv.34 A-Xn-\p ]p-d-tØt°m A-
I-tØ-t°m A-h k-©-cn-°m≥ km[y-X Ip-dhm-
sW-t∂ A-Xn-\¿-Y-ap≈q. I-ń-bp≈ tem-l-tKm-
f-sØ-°mƒ ar-Zphmb sS-∂o-kv t_mfn-t\m-Sm-Wv
B-‰-Øn-\p km-ayw. F-∂p-h®v B-‰w sS-∂o-kv
t_mƒ-t]m-em-sW-∂v I-cp-X-cpXv. \n-ßƒ I-≠n-´p-
≈ H-cp h-kv-Xp-hns\bpwt]m-e√ B-‰w F-∂-Xm-
Wv h-kv-Xp-X. \Ω-fo ImWp∂ temI-Øp\n∂v Xp-
temw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b a-s‰m-cp tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®m-
Wv C-∏-d-bp∂sX-∂p a-\- n-em°Ww.
ssh-Nn-{Xy-ßƒ ]n-s∂-bp-sa{Xtbm Im-Øn-cn-

°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sPbnw-kv s{S-^n¬ ]-
d™t]mse, "\-Ωp-sS X-e-t®m-dn-\v a-\- n-em-°m≥
]-‰m-Ø H-cp tem-I-hp-am-bp-≈ im-kv-{X-⁄-cpsS
BZy Iq-Sn-°m-gv-N-bmbn-cp-∂p AXv.'35 s^-bn≥-
am≥ ]-d™-Xpt]mse, "kq£vatemI-sØ Imcy-
ßƒ-°v \-Ωp-sS-bo ÿqetemI-sØ Im-cy-ß-fp-
am-bn H-cp km-ayhp-an√m-bn-cp-∂p.'36 B tem-I-tØ-
°n-d-ßn-s®-∂-t∏mƒ A-h¿-°p th-sdbpw Imcy-
ßƒ a-\- n-embn. C-S-bv-°p-≈ ÿ-ew Xm-≠m-sX
C-e-t{Œm-WpIƒ H-cp {`-a-W-]-Y-Øn¬\n-∂p a-s‰m-
∂n-te-°p k-©-cn-°p-∂p F∂-Xp am{Xa√ A-
hnS-sØ {]-tXyI-X. iq-\y-X-bn¬\n-s∂∂t]m-se
A-hn-sS {Zhyw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNøpw.37
Fw.sF.Sn.bn-se A-e≥ sse-‰v-am≥ ]d™ t]m-
se, "A-tX th-K-Øn¬ A-h A-{]-Xy-£-am-hp-
IbpwsN-øpw' F-∂p am{Xw.
Izm-≠w kn-≤m-¥-Øn-se \-ap-°pƒ-s°m-≈m≥

G-‰hpw {]-bm-k-ap≈ Im-cy-ßfn-sem-∂ph-cp∂Xv
thmƒ-^v-Km-Mv ]ufn 1925-¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-® A-]-
h¿÷\X-Øz (Exclusion Principle)Øn¬\n-
∂mWv. B-W-hI-W ß-fn-se Nn-e C-c-´-Iƒ A-h
X-Ωn¬ F-{X-am{Xw A-I-e-ap-s≠-¶nepw H∂p sN-
øp-∂-sX-s¥-∂v a‰-Xv X¬£Ww A-dnbpw F-∂m-
Wv A-Xp ]-d-bp∂Xv. Np-‰n-Øn-cn-bp-∂ kz-`m-h-ap-
≠v B-W-hI-W-ßƒ-°v. C-c-´-Ifn-sem∂n-s\ \n-
ßƒ Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂p I-cp-Xp-I. Izm-≠w kn-
≤m-¥-a-\p-kcn®v A-Xn-s‚ k-tlm-Z-cI-Ww, A-sX-
{X-am{Xw Zq-sc-bm-sW-¶n-epw X¬£Ww B hn-h-
c-a-dn-bpw. F-∂n-´v A-tX th-K-Øn¬ hn-]co-XZn-i-
bn¬ Np‰n°-d-ßm≥ Xp-S-ßpw.
im-kv-{Xte-J-I≥ tem-d≥-kv tPmk-^v H-cp-Zm-

l-c-W-Øn-eq-sS C°mcyw hy-‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. c-
≠p _n-eym¿-Uvkv t_m-fp-≠v \-ΩpsS I-øn¬.38
AXn-sem∂v ^n-Pn-bn-em-Wp-≈Xv. a‰-Xv H-l-tbm-
hn-epw. AXn-sem-∂v \mw I-d-°nhn-Sp-∂ A-tX ka-
bw a‰-Xv hn-]co-XZn-i-bn¬ I-d-ßm≥ Xp-S-ßpw.
{it≤-bam-b Im-cyw C-Xv 1997˛¬ sX-fn-bn-°-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp F-∂XmWv.39 t^m-t´m-Wp-I-sf
hn-]co-XZn-i-bn¬ Ggp -ssa¬ A-I-te-°-b®mWv
P\o-h k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se im-kv-{X-⁄¿ B
]-co£-Ww \-S-Øn-bXv. C-∏p-d-Øp-≈ {]Im-iI-
W-Ønt∑¬ G-sX-¶nepw hn-[-Øn¬ _m-ly CS-
s]-S-ep-≠m-b-t∏m-sgm-s° a-t‰ A-‰-Øp-≈ I-W-
Øn¬ AXns‚ {]-Xn-IcW-ap-≠mbn.
Im-cy-ß-fß-s\ h-´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ ap-
t∂m-´p Ip-Xn-®-t∏mƒ H-cp k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬
t_m¿X-s∂ ]-d™p, ]pXn-sbm-cp kn-≤m-¥w
hcptºmƒ A-Xp In-dp°mtWm F∂√, In-dp°-
{X aXntbm F-∂p tNm-Znt°-≠ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv Im-
cy-ß-fp-sS t]m-s°-∂v. Izm-≠w temI-sØ a-\- n-
em°p-I F-{X-tØm-fw _p-≤n-ap-´m-sW-∂p a-\- n-
em-°m-\mWv t{jm-Unß¿ {]-kn-≤am-b Nn-¥m]-
co£-Ww A-h-X-cn-∏n®Xv. H-cp km¶ev]nI-]q®-
sb s]-ń-bn-e-S-®n-ń-cn-°p-I-bmWv. tdUntbm B-
Œo-hv aqeI-Øns‚ Hc-Wphns\ ssl-t{Umk-b-
ss\-Uv B-kn-Un-s‚ H-cp Ip∏nbn¬ _-‘n-∏n-®v
s]-ń-bn-en-ń-´p≠v. Cu I-Ww H-cp a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n-
¬ £-bn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ip-∏n s]m-ń hn-j-h-
kv-Xp ]p-d-Øp-h-cp-∂ co-Xn-bn-emWXv k-÷o-I-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. A-t∏mƒ ]q-® Nm-Ipw. A-s√-¶n¬
Po-hn-°pw. ]t£, F-t∏m-gm-Wv tdUntbm B-Œo-
hvA-Wp £-bn-°p-Isb-∂-dn-bm-ØXp-sIm-≠v ]q-
®-bv°n-t∏mƒ Po-h-\pt≠m C√-tbm F-∂-v im-kv-
{Xo-bambdn-bm≥ ]-‰n√. A-t∏mƒ ]q-®-bv-°v Po-
h-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ 100 i-X-am-\w km-[y-X-bp-s≠-
∂p -I-cp-XWw. A-tX ka-bw A-Xp N-Øn´p-≠m-
Im-\pw 100 i-X-am-\w km-[y-X-bp-s≠-∂v I-cp-
XWw. th-sd h-gnbn√. AXn-s‚-b¿Yw, Ão-^≥
tlm-°n-Mv ]d-™-t]m-se, "{]-]-©-Øn-s‚
Ct∏mgsØ A-h-ÿX-s∂ Ir-Xy-am-b-dn-bm≥ ]-
‰m-Ø \-ap-°v `m-hn-bnse-¥p \-S-°p-sa-∂v Ir-Xy-
ambn {]-h-Nn-°m-\m-hn√ F-∂pX-s∂-bmWv.'40
Cu-sbm-cp A-km-[m-c-W-Xbpw hn-j-a-Xbpw Im-

c-W-amWv ]-e imkv{X⁄-¿°pw Izm-≠w kn-≤m-
¥-tØmSv, hn-ti-jn®pw A-Xn-s‚ Nn-e hißt-
fmSv A-\n-„w tXm-∂n-bXv. A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰hpw
tI-a≥ sF≥-ssÃ≥ X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. hen-sbm-
cp ssh-cp-[y-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn¬. Im-cWw,
{]Im-i-Øn-se t^m-t´mWpIƒ Nn-e-t∏mƒ X-cw-
K-ß-sf-t∏m-sebpw Nnet∏mƒ I-W-ß-sf-t∏m-se-
bpw s]-cp-am-dp-sa-∂v 1905˛¬ kp-hy-‡-am-bn
ÿm]n®-Xv A-t±-l-am-Wv. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ ]pXn-b
im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ lrZb`m-K-w Cu-sbm-cm-i-b-am-Wv.
"Izm-≠w kn-≤m-¥w Xn-I®pw tbm-Ky-am-sW'∂v a-
cym-Zm-]p-c cw sF≥-ssÃ≥ ]-d-™n-´p≠v. ]t£,
hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\-Xn-„-a√m-bn-cp∂p.
C-tX-∏-‰n-bp-≈ N¿-®-I-ƒ°v At±lw adp]-Sn \¬-
Inb-Xv "ssZ-hw ]-In-SI-fn-°m-c-\√' F-∂mWv.*
* ssZ-hw ]-In-S-I-fn-°m-c-\-s√∂v sF≥-ssÃ-≥
]-d-™-Xm-bmWv ÿn-c-am-bn D-≤-c-n-°-s∏-Smdv.
bYm¿Y-Øn-e-t±-lw ]-d-™-Xn-ß-s\-bm-
Wv˛˛˛ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ ssI-bn-se No-ń¬ H-fn-
™pt\m-°p∂-Xv Ffp∏am-sW-∂p tXm-∂p-∂n√,
]-t£ ssZ-hw ]In-S I-fn-°m-dp-s≠∂pw A-Xn-
\v ]-c-lr-Z-b-⁄m-\-ap-]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-s≠∂pw H-cp
\n-an-j-tØ°p-t]mepw hn-iz-kn-°m≥ F-\n-°m-
hn√.
F-°m-eØpw A-⁄m-X-am-bn Xp-S-cp-∂ Nn-e

Im-cy-ß-fpƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv ssZhw Cu {]]-©w
kr-„n-®-sX-∂v hn-iz-kn-°m≥ sF≥-ssÃ≥ X-øm-
dm-bn-cp-∂n√. A-Xpam-{Xa√, tIm-Sm-\ptIm-Sn ssa-
ep-Iƒ-°-∏pd-Øp In-S-°p-∂ H-cp ]-c-am-WpI-Ww
C-∏p-d-Øp-≈ I-W-Øn-\v hnh-cw ssI-amdp-sa-∂p
]-d-bp∂Xv sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ hn-in-„m-t]-£nI-
Xmkn-≤m-¥-Øn\p hn-cp-≤-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. {]Im-
ith-KØn-s\m-∏w a-s‰m-∂n\pw k-©-cn-°m-\m-hn-
s√-∂m-Wv B-t]-£nI-Xm kn-≤m-¥w ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
F-∂m-en-hn-sS hnhcw
F-ßs\tbm A-tX-°mƒ th-K-Øn¬ ssI-am-d-
s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv im-kv{X⁄¿ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv (]-c-
am-WpI-W-ßƒ°vv F-ß-s\-bm-W-Xn-\p-≈ Ignhp
In-´p-∂-sX-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°m-
bn-ń√. im-kv-{X-⁄¿ C-tX-°p-dn-®p K-th-j-W-
ßƒ \-S-Ønb-Xv A-tX∏-‰n Nn-¥n-°m-sX-bm-
sW∂m-Wv41 ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ bm-In¿ Alm-
tcm-t\m-hv ]-d-bp∂Xv.)
Izm-≠w kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v th-sdbp-sam-cp Ip-g-∏-ap-

≠m-bn-cp∂p. ùXnIim-kv-{X-Øn-\v A-Xph-sc-bp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂ A-Sp-°pw Nn-´bpw A-tXm-sS \-„-
s∏´p. Cu {]-]-©-Øn-se Im-cy-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-
cn-°m≥ c-≠pX-cw \nb-a-ßƒ th-W-sa-∂ ÿn-
Xn h∂p˛˛˛˛hnim-e{]-]-©-Øn-se Im-cy-ßƒ°v
B-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥w, ]-c-am-Wp-hn-\p-≈n-se
kq£vatem-I-Ønse Im-cy-ßƒ-°v Izm-≠w kn-
≤m-¥w. {K-lßƒ kq-cy-s\ Np-‰p-∂-sX¥p sIm-
s≠-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m\pw Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ k-aq-l-
am-bn \n¬-°p-∂sX¥p-sIm-s≠-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-
°m-\pw B-t]-£nI-Xmkn-≤m-¥-Øn-se Kp-cp-
Xz_-e-Øn\p I-gn™p. F-∂m¬ kq-£v-aI-W-ß-
fp-sS temI-Øv AXn-s\mcp kzm-[o-\-hp-an√m-bn-
cp∂p. ]-c-am-Wp°-sf tN¿-Øp\n¿-Øp∂-sX-s¥-
∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥ th-sd _-e-ßƒ th-≠nh-∂p.
1930I-fn¬ A-Xn-\m-bn c-≠p _-e-ßƒ I-≠p-]n-Sn-
°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. {]_e A-Wp tI-{μo-b_-e-
hpw (strong nuclear force) ]-cn£o-W A-Wp-tI-
{μo-b_-ehpw (weak nuclear force). {]_e A-
Wp-tI-{μo-b_-e-am-Wv A-Wp°-sf tN¿Øp \n¿-
Øp-∂Xv; A-Wp-tI-{μ-Øn-\I-Øv t{]m-t´m-WpI-
sf tN¿-Øp \n¿-Øp∂-Xp-a-XpXs∂. a-‰p ]-e Zu-
Xy-ß-fp-am-Wv ]-cn£o-W_-e-Øn-\p-≈Xv. Nn-eX-
cw tdUntbm B-Œo-hv £-b-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xv \n-›-
bn°p-I Xp-S-ßnb tPm-enIƒ.
]-cn£o-W_-e-sa-∂m-Wv t]-sc-¶nepw Kp-cp-Xz-

_-e-sØ-°mƒ BbncwtIm-Sn \qdp-tIm-Sn \q-dp-
tIm-Sn i-‡n-bp-≠-Xn\v. {]_e A-WptI{μ_-e-
Øn-\v Xo¿-®-bmbpw A-Xnepw _-e-ap≠v.42 ]-t£,
\-t∂ sNdnb ÿe-ØmWv A-h-bp-sS i-‡n {]-
I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv. ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ hym-k-Øns‚ \q-
dm-bn-cØn-sem-cw-iw ÿ-e-Øm-Wv A-Wp-tI-{μ-_-
ew i-‡n sN-ep-Øp-∂Xv.43 AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv A-
WptI{μw C-{X sN-dp-Xm-bXv, C{Xbpw km{μ-am-
bXv. h-epXpw Xn-ßn-\n-d-™-Xpam-b A-Wp-tI-{μ-
ap-≈ aq-e-I-ßƒ Aÿn-c-am-Ip-∂Xpw AXp-sIm-
≠pXs∂. A-Xn-se t{]m-t´mWpI-sf Hcp-an-®p\n¿-
Øm≥ A-Wp-tI-{μo-b_-e-Øn-\v I-gn-bp-∂n√
F∂-Xm-Wp {]iv\w.
ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-Øn-\v c-≠p Iq´w \n-b-a-ß-fp-

≠m-bn F-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p C-Xn-s‚-sb√mw B-Xy¥n-
I^-ew. H-∂v, ÿq-e-{]-]-©-Øn-\v; a-s‰m-∂v,
kq£v-a{]-]-©-Øn-\v. Xn-I®pw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b c-
≠p tem-Ißƒ, hyXy- kv-Xam-b \n-b-aßƒ. C-
Xpw sF≥-ssÃ\v C-„-s∏-ń√. G-sX-¶n-epw hn[-
Øn¬ c-≠n-s\bpw _-‘n-∏n-®v H-cp alm G-I-
t£-{Xkn-≤m-¥w (Grand Unified Theory) hn-I-
kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv sF≥-ssÃ-≥ X-s‚ Ahkm-
\Im-ew \o-°n-h-®Xv.44 ]t£ A-Xn-e-t±-lw ]-cm-
P-b-s∏-´p. Xm≥ B kn≤m-¥-Øn-\-Sp-sØ-Øn-sb-
∂v ]-e-t∏mgpw A-t±-lw I-cpXn. ]t£, F√mbv-
t]m-gpa-Xv ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°m-sX h-gp-Xnamdn. A-Xn-s‚
ta¬ sI-ń-adn-™ ImeØv sF≥-ssÃ≥ ap-Jy-
[m-c-bn¬\n-∂v H-‰-s∏-´p. a-‰p-≈-h-cpsS k-l-Xm-]-
ta-‰p hm-ßn. "sF≥-ssÃ-s‚ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-
sc√mw I-cp-XnbXv, Ct∏mgpw I-cp-Xp-∂Xv, Po-hn-X-
Øn-s‚ c-≠mw]m-Xn A-t±-lw ]m-gm-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-
s∂-∂mWv'˛˛˛˛kn. ]n. kvt\m F-gpXn.
]-t£, a-dp-h-iw A-Xn-{Zp-Xw ]p-tcm-K-an®p. \m¬-

]-Xp-I-tfm-sS ]-c-amWp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ im-kv-{X-
⁄m-\w ]-c-tam-∂-Xn-bn-se-Øn. 1945˛¬ P∏m\n¬
c-≠v AWp-t_mw-_v s]m-ń®p-sIm-≠v A-hc-Xv
tem-I-Øn-\p icn°pw t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-
°p-IbpwsN-bvXp.
C-{X-bpam-b ÿn-Xn-°v ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ c-l-ky-

ßƒ ]q¿-W-am-bdn™p I-gn-s™-∂p [cn-s®-¶n¬
im-kv{X-temI-sØ A-Xn\p Ip-‰-s∏Sp-Øm≥ ]-
‰n√. ]t£, A-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√, h-kv-Xp-X. A-Wp-ù-
Xn-I-w Iptd°q-Sn k-¶o¿-W-am-Im≥ t]mhp-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p. B-bm-k-I-camb B I-Ybn-te-°p I-S-°pw-
ap-ºv t\c-sØ ]d-™ph-∂ I-Y ]q¿-Øn-bm-t°-
≠Xp-≠v \-ap-°v. Zp-cm-{K-lhpw h-©-\-bpw im-kv-
{Xm-`m-k-ßfpw A-\mhiy a-c-W-ß-fp-sa√m-a-Sßn-
b hocI-Y. H-Sp-hn¬, `q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-
bn°-s∏´ I-Y.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 F√mw ]-c-am-Wp-°-sf-s°m-≠p \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-
∂p: s^-bn≥-am≥, kn-Ivkv Cukn
]o-kkv, t]-Pv 4.
2 Cu ]-©-km-c-°-ń-bp-sS h-en-∏-ap-≈ hm-bp-

hn-s‚ I-j-W-Øn¬ \mec e-£w tIm-Sn-t°m-Sn
X-∑m-{X-I-fp-≠m-Ipw: {Kn-_n≥, Hmƒ-tam-kv-‰v F-h-cn-
h¨-kv ssKUv Sp k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 250.
3 AXp-sIm-≠v \-Ωp-sS tZ-l-Øp≈ ]-c-am-Wp-

°-fn¬ H-cp ]-¶v, H-cp \qdp-tIm-Sn-sb-Æw, H-cp
]t£, tj-Iv-kv-]n-b-dp-sS i-co-c-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn-
cp-∂n-cn-°mw: tU-hnkv, Z ^n-^v-Xv an-d-°nƒ, t]-Pv
127.
4 Cu h-kv-Xp-°ƒ \-in-°p-sa-¶n-epw ]-c-am-Wp-

°ƒ G-d-°p-sd \m-i-an√m-sX Xp-S-cpw: dokv, P-Ãv
kn-Iv-kv \-tº-gvkv, t]-Pv 96.
5 H-cp Xp-≈n sh-≈-sa-Sp-Øv A-Xn-¬ \o-¥n-

Øp-Sn-°p-∂ ]m-c-ao-knbsØ shdpw IÆp-sIm-≠v
Im-W-W-sa-¶n¬ B sh-≈-Øp-≈n-sb 12 ao-‰¿
hymkw hcpwhn[w h-ep-Xm-°-Ww: s^-bn≥-am≥,
kn-Ivkv Cu-kn ]okkv, t]-Pv 4-˛5.
6 ssl-{UP-s‚ H-cp IW-sØ \n¿-Ωn°mt\m

\-in-∏n°mt\m I-gn-bp-sa-¶n¬ ku-c-bq-Y-Ønse
G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp {Kl-sØ \-in-∏n°mt\m ]p-Xn-
b-sXm-∂ns\ kr-„n°mt\m \-ap-°p I-gn-bpw:
_q¿-kv-‰n≥, Z Un-kv-I-h-td-gvkv, t]-Pv 679.
7 {^-©v c-k-X-{¥-⁄≥ ]n. sP. s]-t√-tXy

1826-˛¬ Cu B-W-h\mb-I-s\ ImWm≥ t]m-bn:
tP¿-Ã≥, Z ¢m-kn-Ivkv Hm-^v k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 260.
8 A-º-c-∂ s]-t√tXy Umƒ-´-t\m-Sv hn-°n

hn°n kw-km-cn-® Imcyw im-kv-{X Ncn-{X-Im-c≥
C. sP. tlmw-bm¿-Uv F-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v: tlmw-
bm¿Uv, sa-bv-t°-gvkv Hm-^v sI-an-kv-{Sn, t]-Pv 222.
9 Umƒ-´≥ a-cn-®-t∏mƒ B-Z-cm-Rv-P-en-b¿-∏n-°m-

s\-Øn-b-Xv \m-ev-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw t]cmWv : Un-
IvjWdn Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-tbm-{K-^n, hmeyw 5,
t]-Pv 433.
10 Umƒ-´-s‚ A-Wp-kn-≤m-¥w h-∂v H-cp \q-‰m-
≠p I-gn-™n´pw C∏-d-™-sX√mw Xn-I®pw km-
¶ev]n-I-am-sW-∂pX-s∂ an-°-hcpw I-cp-Xn:
thm¨ _b¿, sS-bv-an-Mv Z B‰w, t]-Pv 17.
11 ]-c-am-Wp-°-fn¬ Xm¬-]-cy-sa-Sp-Ø ep-Uv-hn-Kv

t_mƒ-Sv-kv-a≥ F∂ ssk-≤m¥nI ùXn-I im-kv-
{X⁄-s‚ B-fl-l-Xy-bv-°p Im-c-W-ambXv kaq-
l-Øns‚ Cu \ne-]m-Sm-sW∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p:
sh-bn≥-_¿Kv, Z Un-kv-Ihdn Hm-^v k-_v B‰-an-Iv
]m¿-ń-°nƒkv, t]Pv 3.
12 -Ipd-®p N-W-s®-Sn-Ifpw Ip-td-tb-sd Ip-ń-I-fp-

ap-≈ hen-b Ip-Spw_w: sh-bn≥_¿Kv, Z Un-kv-
Ihdn Hm-^v k-_v B-‰-an-Iv ]m¿-ń-°nƒkv, t]-Pv
104.
13 A-h-sfm-cp Im-f-t∏m-cp-I-mc-s‚ Iq-sS-bm-Wv

t]m-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ a-\- n-em-°mw, C-Xv H-cp c-k-
X-{¥-⁄≥: t{Im∏¿, t{K-‰v ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]Pv
259.
14 ]u-fn-bpsS hn-Im-cw dY¿-t^m¿-Un-\p a-\- n-
em-Ipw: t{Im∏¿, t{K-‰v ^n-kn-knÃvkv, t]-Pv 317.
15 ¢m- n¬ k-ao-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿-[mc-Ww sN-øp-

tºmƒ A-t±-lw ]mXn-h-gn-bn¬ \n∂p-t]m-Ipw:
hn¬k¨, dY¿-t^m¿Uv, t]-Pv 174.
16 Ft∏mgpw AXncpIƒ°p ]pdtØ°p

k©cn°p∂bmƒ: hn¬k¨, dY¿t^m¿Uv,
t]Pv 174.
17 ]-c-am-Wp-hn-e-S-ßn-bn-°p-∂ Du¿-÷w tX-®p-

an-\p-°n-sb-Sp-Øm¬ Cu `q-an-sb Np-´p-Nm-º-em-
°m≥ ti-jn-bp≈ t_mw-_p-≠m-°m-sa-∂v B-Zy-
ambn a--\nem°n-b-h-cn¬ H-cm-fmWv: hn¬k¨,
dY¿-t^m¿Uv, t]-Pv 208.
18 A-Xn-s\-¥n-\m-Wv tdUn-tbm: t{Im∏¿, t{K-‰v

^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 328.
19 Rm≥ Zn-\w{]-Xn h-Æw h-®p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv, a-

t\m-`m-h-Ønepw B h-f¿-®-bp≠v: kv-t\m, sh-
ssd‰n Hm-^v sa≥, t]-Pv 47.
20 tdUn-tbm-bv-°v hen-b `mhn-sbm-∂p-an-s√-∂v
ap-Xn¿-∂ k-l-{]-h¿-ØI≥ D-]tZ-in-®-t∏mƒ A-
t±-lw th-td h-gn-I-fn-te-°p I-S-∂p: t{Im∏¿, t{K-
‰v ^n-knknÃvkv, t]-Pv 94.
21 B-‰-Øn-\v k-a-N-Xp-c-°-ń-bp-sS cq-]-am-sW-

∂m-Wv Nn-e im-kv-{X-⁄¿ I-cp-XnbXv: Akn-tam-
hv, Z ln-kv‰dn Hm-^v ^nknIvkv, t]-Pv 551.
22 t{]m-t´m-Wp-I-fp-sS F-Æ-am-Wv B-‰-Øn-\v cm-

k-hy-‡nXzw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv: KpØv, Z C≥-^v-tf-
jW-dn bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 90.
23 ]-c-am-Wp-hn¬\n-∂v Ht∂m ct≠m \yq-

t{Sm¨ F-SpØpam-‰p-I. As√-¶n¬ Ht∂m ct≠m
Iq-ń-t®¿-°p-I. A-t∏mƒ \n-ßƒ-°p In´p-I
sFtkm-tSm-∏mWv: B-‰v-In≥kv, Z ]ocn-tbm-Un-Iv
In-MvUw, t]-Pv 106.
24 ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ sam-Øw h-en-∏-Øn-s‚ \qdp-

tIm-Snbn-sem-cw-i-Øns‚ ]-Øpe-£Øn-sem-cw-
iw am-{X-am-W-Xn-s‚ h-en-∏w: {Kn-_n≥, Hmƒ-tam-kv-
‰v F-h-cnh¨kv ssK-Uv Sp k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 35.
25 ]t£, Cu Cu-®-bv-°v ]-≈n-bp-sS `m-c-Øn-
s‚ B-bn-c-am-bn-cw Cc-ń `m-c-ap≠mIpw: t{Im∏¿,
t{K-‰v ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 245.
26 ssh-Zyp-X Nm¿-Pn√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ c-≠p Km-

e-Iv-kn-Iƒ I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-tºm-se X-Ωn-en-Sn-°m-
sX H-∂p a-s‰m-∂n-s‚ D-≈n-eq-sS I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-am-
bn-cp-∂p: s^dnkv, I-anMv Hm-^v F-bvPv C≥ Z an¬-
°n th, t]-Pv 288.
27 ]-c-am-Wp-°-fp-sS kz`m-hw \-Ωp-sS ]-cn-N-b-

Øn¬ h-cp-∂ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p Xo¿-Øpw `n-∂-
am-bXp-sIm-≠v A-Xv hn-Nn-{Xhpw \n-Kq-V-hp-am-sW-
∂p tXm-∂pw: s^-bn≥-am≥, kn-Ivkv Cu-kn ]o-
kkv, t]-Pv 117.
28 \yq-t{Sm¨ I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ A-{Xbpw Xm-a-

kn®Xp \-∂mbn: _q¿kpw a-‰pw, Z B-‰-an-Iv k-
b‚n-Ãv-kv, t]-Pv 338.
29 F-¥m-Wv am-{Sn-Iv-kv F∂p-t]mepw F-\n-°-

dn-bn√ F-∂m-Wv ssl-k≥-_¿-Kv H-cn-°¬ kp-
lrØn-t\m-Sp ]-d™-Xv : t{Im∏¿, t{K-‰v ^n-kn-kn-
Ãvkv, t]-Pv 269.
30 Iq-Sp-X¬ Ir-Xy-X-bm¿-∂ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒsIm-

≠v ]-cn-l-cn-°m-hp-∂ {]-iv-\-a√ A-Xv: s^-dnkv, I-
anMv Hm-^v F-bvPv C≥ Z an¬-°n th, t]-Pv 288.
31 \n-co-£n-°-s∏Spwh-sc H-∂p-In¬ Ce-

t{Œm¨ F√m-bn-S-Øp-ap≠v, A-s√-¶n¬ F-hn-sS-
bp-an√ F-∂p I-cp-Xn-s°m-≈Ww: tU-hn-Uv F-®v
{ô-Uv-am≥, Izm-≠w se-bv-k¨kv, C≥ tjm¿
(F-Un.), an-kv-‰-dokv Hm-^v sse-^v B≥-Uv Z bq-\n-
thgvkv, t]-Pv 137.
32 Izm-≠w kn-≤m-¥w B-Zy-am-bn tIƒ-°p-∂-

bmƒ B-sI A-kz-ÿ-\m-bn-s√-¶n¬ A-Xn-\¿-Yw
A-bmƒ-s°m-∂pw a-\- n-em-bn-ń-s√-∂mWv:
Hmh¿ss_, tem¨-en lm¿-Svkv Hm-^v Z tImkv-
tamkvv, t]-Pv 109
33 A-Xn-\p {i-an-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv \√-Xv:

thm¨ _b¿, sS-bv-an-Mv Z B‰w, t]Pv 43.
34 Cu ta-Lw F-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv Ce-t{Œm-Wp-
Iƒ Im-W-s∏-Sm≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈ ÿ-e-ßƒ am-
{X-amWv: F-∫nMv, P-\-d¬ sI-an-kv-{Sn, t]-Pv 295.
35 \-Ωp-sS X-e-t®m-dn-\v a-\- n-em-°m≥ ]-‰m-Ø

H-cp tem-I-hp-am-bp-≈ im-kv-{X⁄-cpsS BZy Iq-
Sn-°m-gv-N-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv: s{S-^n¬, 101 Xn-Mv-kv
bp tUm≠v t\m F-_u-´v k-b≥-kv B≥-Uv t\m
h¨ F¬-kv U-kv F-bvZ¿, t]-Pv 62.
36 kq£vatemI-sØ Im-cy-ßƒ-°v \-Ωp-sS-bo

ÿqetemI-sØ Im-cy-ß-fp-am-bn H-cp km-ay-hp-
an√m-bn-cp-∂p: s^-bn≥-am≥, kn-Ivkv Cu-kn ]o-
kkv, t]-Pv 33.
37 iq-\y-X-bn¬\n-s∂∂t]m-se A-hn-sS {Zhyw

{]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-øpw: sse-‰v-am≥, ^-Ãv
_¿Øv, C≥ tjm¿ (F-Un.), an-kv-‰-dokv Hm-^v Z
sse-^v B≥-Uv Z bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 13.
38 c-≠p _n-eym¿-Uvkv t_m-fp-≠v \-ΩpsS I-

øn¬: tem-d≥-kv tPm-k^v, Cu-kv k-b≥-kv tIm-
a¨ sk≥kv, C≥ tjm¿ (F-Un.), an-kv-‰-dokv Hm-
^v sse-^v B≥-Uv Z bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 42˛3.
39 {i-t≤-bam-b Im-cyw C-Xv 1997˛¬ sX-fn-bn-

°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp F∂-XmWv: {In-kv-‰y≥ k-
b≥-kv tam-Wn-‰¿, kv-]q-°n B-Ivj≥ A-‰v F Un-
Ã≥-kv, 2001 H-tŒm-_¿ 4.
40 {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ C-t∏mg-sØ A-h-ÿX-s∂

Ir-Xy-am-b-dn-bm≥ ]‰mØ \-ap-°v `m-hn-bn-se-¥p
\-S-°p-sa-∂v Ir-Xy-ambn {]-h-Nn-°m-\m-hn√: tlm-
°nMv, F {_o^v ln-Ãdn Hm-^v ssSw, t]-Pv 61.
41 im-kv-{X-⁄¿ C-tX-°p-dn-®p K-th-j-W-ßƒ

\-S-Ønb-Xv A-tX∏-‰n Nn-¥n-°m-sX-bm-sW-∂m-Wv:
tU-hn-Uv F-®v {ô-Uv-am≥, Izm-≠w se-bv-k¨kv,
C≥ tjm¿ (F-Un.), an-kv-‰-dokv Hm-^v sse-^v
B≥-Uv Z bq-\n-th-gvkv, t]-Pv 141.
42 ]-cn£o-W _-e-sa-∂m-Wv t]-sc-¶nepw Kp-cp-

Xz-_-e-sØ-°mƒ B-bn-c-w-tIm-Sn \qdp-tIm-Sn \q-dp-
tIm-Sn i-‡n-bp-≠-Xn-\v: s^-dn-kv, Z tlmƒ sj-
_mMv, t]-Pv
297. 43 ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ hym-k-Øn-s‚ \q-dm-bn-
cØn-sem-cw-iw ÿ-e-Øm-Wv A-WptI-{μ-_-ew i-
‡n sN-ep-Øp-∂Xv: Akn-tamhv, B‰w, t]-Pv 258.
44 alm G-I-t£-{X kn-≤m-¥w hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn-\mWv sF≥-ssÃ≥ X-s‚ A-h-km-\ Im-ew
\o-°n-sh-®-Xv: kv-t\m, Z ^n-kn-kn-Ãvkv, t]-Pv 89.
A[ym-bw 10
Cu-bw ]p-d-tØ°v
-anbp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°m≥ ]pXn-sbm-

cp am¿-Kw ]-co-£n-°pIbm-bn-cp∂p, jn°mtKm
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-¬ _ncp-Zhn-Zym¿-Ynbmb s¢-
b¿ ]m-t‰-gv-k¨. seUv sF-tkm-tSm-∏v Im-e\n¿-
W-bco-Xn-bm-Wv Atbmbn¬ I¿-jI_me-\m-bn
]n-d-∂ ]m-t‰-gv-k¨ B-hn-jv-I-cn®Xv. 1940Ifp-sS
A-h-km-\-am-Wp kw-`hw. ]t£, A-t±-l-Øn-s‚
]-co-£-W-ßƒs°√mw H-cp Ipg-∏w ]-‰n˛˛˛K-th-
j-W-Øn-s\-Sp-Ø ]m-d-°-j-W-ß-sf√mw I-e¿-∏p-
≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p. I-e¿-s∏-∂p ]-d-™m¬ t]m-cm,
km-[m-c-W\n-ebn¬ {]-Xo-£n-°m-hp-∂-Xnepw C-cp-
∂q-dnc-ńh-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-h-bn¬ Imcob
(lead)Øn-s‚ Awiw. F-hn-Sp-∂ph∂p Cu Im-co-
b-sa∂p I≠p]nSn-°m≥ ]m-t‰-gvk-Wv ]-Øp h¿-
jw th-≠nh∂p. B A-t\zj-Ww hnc¬ Nq-≠nb-
Xv th-sdm-cm-fn-te--°mWv—tXma-kv an-Uv-Pv-en Pq-
\nbdn-te-°v.
F-©n-\o-b-dn-Mv I-gn-™n-d-ßn-b- Bfm-bn-cp-∂p

an-Uv-Pv-en. B tPm-enbn¬-Ø-s∂ A-t±-lw Xp-S¿-
∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \m-´p-Im¿ c-£-s∏-t´-s\. F∂m¬
A-Xp-sIm-≠p Xr-]v-X-\m-Im-sX c-k-X-{¥-Øn-s‚
hym-h-kmbntIm-]-tbm-K-ß-fn-em-Wv an-Uv-Pv-en {i-
≤ tI-{μo-I-cn-®-Xv. 1921˛¬ H-l-tbmhn¬ P-\-d¬
tam-t´m-gv-kv dn-k¿-®v tIm¿-∏-td-j-\pth-≠n tPm-en
sN-øptºmƒ ]pXn-sbm-cp kw-bp-‡-Øn-s‚ km-
[y-X-I-sf-∏-‰n-bm-bn A-t±-lØn-s‚ Nn-¥.
sS{SmCussY¬ se-Uv (i-cn-b-s√-¶nepw se-Uv
sS{SmCussY¬ F-∂pw ]-d-bm-dp-≠v) F-∂ Cu
kw-bp-‡-Øn-\v hm-l-\hy-h-kmb-Øn¬ \√ km-
[y-X-bp-s≠-∂p an-Uv-Pv-en°p tXm-∂n. tam-t´m¿ hm-
l-\ß-tfm-Sn-°p-tºmƒ F-≥Pn-≥ Cßs\ C-Sn-®n-
Sn-®p \n∂p-t]m-Ip∂ {]-iv-\ap≠v. F≥-Pn≥ t\m-
°v F-∂m-W-Xn-\p ]-d-bp-I. A-Xp ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥
Cu Imco-bkw-bp-‡w \√-Xm-sW-∂-t±-lw I-≠p-
]n-Sn®p.
A-]-I-S-Im-cnbm-b h-kv-Xp-hm-Wv Im-co-bw F-∂-

dn-bm-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ B-
ZyZ-i-I-ß-fn¬ hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏ń-cp-
∂p A-Xv. se-Uv tkmƒ-U¿ sIm-≠-S-® Sn-∂p-I-
fn-em-Wv `-£y-h-kvXp°ƒ h-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Im-co-bw
]qin-b Sm-¶p-I-fn-em-Wv sh-≈w kw-`-cn-®n-cp∂Xv.
]-g-ß-fn¬ Io-S-\m-in-\n-bm-bn se-Uv B-gv-k-t\-‰v
X-fn-®n-cp∂p. SqØv t]-Ãv Syq-_p-I-fnepw se-Uv-
D≠m-bn-cp∂p. D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-s‚ Po-hn-X-Ønte-°v
H-cev-]w Im-co-b-sa-Øn-°m-Ø D¬-]∂-ß-sfm-∂pw
A∂n√m-bn-cp∂p F-∂pX-s∂ ]-d-bmw. F-∂m¬
hm-l-\ C-‘-\-Øn-¬ tN¿-°m≥ Xp-Sßnb-tXm-sS-
bm-Wv A-Xv hy-hkmbtem-IØpw \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-
Ønepw A-\n-hmcyh-kv-Xp-hm-bn am-dn-bXv.
\m-Uohy-hÿ-sb _m-[n-°p-∂ hn-j-h-kv-Xp-hm-

Wv se-Uv. A-an-Xambn AI-ØpsN-∂m¬ X-e-t®m-
dpw tI-{μ \m-Uohy-h-ÿbpw A-]-cnlm-cy-amw-
hn[w Xm-dp-am-dm-hpw. Im-co-b-hp-am-bn A-[n-I-an-S-]-
g-Ip-∂-h-cn¬ Im-gv-N-°pdhv, D-d-°-an√m-bv-a, hr-°-
I-fp-sS X-I-cmdv, tIƒ-hn-°p-dhv, A¿_pZw, A-]-
kv-amcw, \m-Uo-kv-Xw`-\w Xp-S-ßn ]-ehn-[ {]-iv-
\-ßƒ ImWpw.1 ÿn-Xn Kp-cp-X-c-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sS
tcm-Kn t]-Sn-∏n-°p∂ an-Yym-{`-a-ßƒ-°-Sns∏Spw. ]n-
∂oS-Xv A-t_m-[m-h-ÿ-bn-te°pw a-c-W-Øn-te-
°pw \-bn-°pw.
a-dphi-Øv Nn-e Kp-W-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. se-

Uv th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥ F-fp-∏-amWv, AXp-sIm-
≠p≈ tPm-en F-fp-∏-amWv. hym-h-km-bn-I-am-bn
\n¿-an-®m¬ h-º≥ em-`hpw In-´pw. F√m-‰n-\pw
]pdta sS{Sm Cu-ssY¬ seUv hm-l-\ F≥-Pn-
\p-Iƒ C-Sn-®p \n¬-°p-∂Xp X-S-bp-IbpwsN-øpw.
A-ßs\ 1923˛¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-‰hpw henb
aq-∂p hy-hkm-b{Kq-∏pIƒ˛˛˛˛P-\-d¬ tam-t´m-gvkv,
Up t]m≠v, \yq-P-gv-kn-bn-se kv-‰m≥-tU¿-Uv Hm-
bn¬˛˛˛˛-Hcp-an-®p tN¿∂v Cu-ssY¬ Km-skm-en≥
tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ (]ns∂bXv shdpw Cu-ssY¬
tIm¿-∏-td-j-\mbn) F-s∂m-cp kw-cw`Øn-\p cq]w
\¬In. hy-hkmbtem-IØn-\v B-h-iy-ap≈{X
sS{SmC-ssY¬ se-Uv \n¿-an-®p \¬Ip-I F-∂-Xm-
bn-cp-∂p I-º-\n-bp-sS e-£yw. Kwò-c _n-
kn\kvXs-∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. s]-t{Sm-fn¬ tN¿-
°m-\p-≈ kw-bp‡sØ Cu-ssY¬ F-∂m-W-h¿
hn-fn-®Xv. se-Uv F-∂p ]-d-bp-tºm-gp-≈ A-]ISw
A-Xn-en-√s√m. 1923 s^{_ph-cn H-∂n-\v Cu-
ssY¬ hn-]-Wn-bn-en-d-ßn.
Cu-ssY¬ ^m-Œ-dn-I-fn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬

XpS-°wap-X¬X-s∂ Ip-g-∏-ßƒ I-≠pXp-Sßn. \-
S-°p-tºmƒ C-S-dn-t∏m-hp-I, _p-≤n i-cn-°p {]-h¿-
Øn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I Aß-s\ ]-eXpw. ]-cm-Xn h-
cp-tºm-sg√mw Cu-ssY¬ tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ Im-cy-am-
bnØs∂ A-Xp \n-tj-[n-°pw. ]-Xn‰m≠p-I-tfm-
fw A-Xß-s\ Xp-S¿∂p. hym-h-kmbn-I c-k-X-{¥-
sØ-°p-dn®p≈ "s{]m-an-Xy≥-kv C≥ Z em_v' F-
∂ D÷z-e ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ jmtcm¨ s_-¿-Sv-®v
aIvs{Kbn≥ C-°mcyw hn-h-cn-°p-∂p≠v. H-cp ^m-
Œ-dn-bn-se sXmgnem-fn-I-fn¬ am\-kn-I-{`-aw {i-≤-
bn¬-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Iº-\n h-‡m-hv ]-d™Xv AanX-
tPm-en Imc-Ww A-h-cp-sS a-t\m-\n-e sX-‰n-t∏m-
b-Xm-sW-∂mWv.2 s]-t{Sm-fn¬ se-Uv I-e¿-Øm≥
Xp-S-ßn-b-Xn-s‚ B-Zy\m-fp-I-fn¬X-s∂ Np-cp-ßn-
bXv ]-Xn\-©p t]¿ a-c-W-a-S-™p. F-{Xtbm B-
fpIƒ tcm-Kn-Ifmbn. tNm¿-®-bp-sSbpw hn-j-_m-[-
bp-sSbpw hn-h-c-ßƒ ]p-d-Øp- h-cm-Xncn-°m≥ I-
º-\n-Iƒ {i-an-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xp-sIm-≠v b-Ym¿-Y
IW-°v CXnep-sa-{Xtbm Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw. Nn-
e-t∏m-sg√mw hn-h-c-ßƒ aq-Sn-hbv°pI-sb-∂Xv A-
km-[y-am-bn-Øo¿-∂p. 1924˛¬ i-cn-°p Im-t‰m-´w In-
´m-Ø Hcp ^m-Œ-dn-bn¬ G-Xm\pw Zn-h-k-ßƒ-°p-
≈n¬ A-©p sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ acn®p-ho-gp-I-bpw 35
t]¿ am-dmtcm-Kn-I-fm-hp-Ibpw sNbv-X kw`-hw D-
Zml-cWw.
]pXn-b D¬-]-∂-Øn-s‚ A-]-I-S-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p

hm¿-Ø-Iƒ {]-h-ln®-t∏mƒ A-Xn-s‚ A-Xyp’m-
lnbm-b D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv tXma-kv an-Uv-Pven B-i-
¶-b-I-‰m≥ ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°m-bn H-cp {]-IS-\w
kw-L-Sn-∏n®p. kpc£ D-d-∏m-°p-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬
I-º-\n-°p-≈ {]-Xn-⁄m-_-≤-X-sb-°p-dn®p
hmNme-\m-b an-Uv-Pv-en ]-{X-°m¿ Im-Wm≥ sS{Sm
CussY¬ se-Uv X-e-bn-eqsS tIm-cn-sbm-gn-®p, A-
Xp \n-d-® _o-°¿ A-dp]-Xp sk-°≥-Uv t\-c-
tØ°vv ap-J-Ø-Sp-∏n-®p ]n-Sn®p. H-c-]-I-S-hp-an√m-
sX Zn-h-k-hp-an-Xm-h¿-Øn-°m≥ X-øm-dm-sW-∂v {]-
Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. se-Uv hn-j-_m-[-bp-sS
A]ISw i-cn-°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂-bm-fm-Wv an-Uv-Pv-
en.3 A-Xn-s‚ {]-iv-\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-®-bm-fp-am-W-
t±lw. ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI-sc t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n
hcp-tºm-g√m-sX I-gn-hXpw A-Xn-\-Sp-tØ-°p t]m-
Imdp-t]m-ep-an√ A-t±lw.
se-Uv tN¿-Ø s]-t{Smƒ \¬In-b hn-P-b-e-l-

cnbn¬ an-Uv-Pv-en as‰mcp {]-iv-\-Øn-te-°p {i-≤
Xn-cn-®p. 1920I-fn¬ io-Xo-I-c-Wn-Iƒ hen-sbmcp
{]-iv-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifm-b hm-X-I-ß-
fm-Wv d-{^n-P-td-‰-dp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-
∂Xv. Nn-e-t∏m-gh tNm¿-∂v ]pd-Øph-∂v
A]ISßfp-≠m°pw. 1929˛¬ H-l-tbm-hn-se ¢o-
hv-e-‚n¬ H-cm-kv-]-{Xn-bnse d{^nP-td-‰-dn¬\n-∂v
hn-j-hmX-Iw tNm¿-∂v \q-dn-te-sd-t∏-cm-Wv a-cn-
®Xv.4 d{^nP-td-‰-dp-I-fn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\v kp-c-
£n-Xam-sbm-cp hmX-Iw I≠p-]nSn-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p
an-Uv-Pv-en-bp-sS {i-aw. Xo-]n-Sn-°m-Ø, ÿn-c-X-bp-
≈, kpc£n-X-am-bn iz-kn-°m-hp-∂ hm-XIw. tJ-Z-
I-cam-b _o-`-’ I-≠p-]n-SnØßƒ \-S-Øm-\p≈
tNm-Z-\-bm-se-t∂m-Ww A-t±-lw t¢m-tdm-^vfqtdm
Im¿_-WpIƒ AY-hm kn. F-^v. kn. I-≠p-]n-
Sn®p.
t¢m-tdm-^vfq-tdm Im¿-_-sW-t∏m-se hy-hkm-
bk-aq-lw H-‰-b-Sn-°v c≠p-ssIbpw \o-ń hm-cn-∏p-
W¿-∂ a-s‰m-c-]ISw thsdbp-≠m-In√. 1930Ifn¬
kn.F-^v.kn. Iƒ hym-h-km-bn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
D¬-]mZ-\w Xp-Sßn. X¬£-WwX-s∂ Im¿ F.
kn. bn¬ ap-X¬ Zp¿-K-‘-a-I-‰m-\p-≈ kv-t{]I-
fn¬hsc \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p-]-tbm-Kw I-s≠-Øn A-
Xn-\v. A-]I-S-w a-\ n-em-°n-h-cp-tºm-tg°v A-c \q-
‰m-≠p I-gn-™p—A-¥-co-£-Øn-se kv{Smt‰mkv-
^n-b-dn-ep-≈ Hm-tkm-Wn-s\ Im¿-∂p Xn-∂pw kn.
F-^v. kn. AsXmcp \√ Im-cy-a-s√-∂v C-∂p \-ap-
°-dn-bmw.
Hm-Iv-kn-Ps‚-sbm-cp cq-]-amWv Hm-tkm¨. Hm-Iv-

kn-P-≥ X-∑m-{X-bn¬ c≠v Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ A-Wp-°-
fm-Wp-≈-sX-¶n¬ Hm-tkm-Wn¬ aq-s∂-Æ-ap≠v. X-
d-\n-c-∏n-ep-≈ Hm-tkm-Wn-s\ aen-\hm-X-I-am-bm-Wv
I-W-°m-°p-∂-sX¶n-epw D-b¿-∂v ap-I-fn¬ kv-{Sm-
t‰m-kv-^n-b-dn-se-Øp-tºmƒ A-Xv c-£-I\m-bn am-
dpw. A-]-I-S-Im-cnbm-b Aƒ-{Sm-h-b-e-‰v c-iv-an-Iƒ
`q-an-bn-se-ØmsX A-Xv h-en-s®-Sp-°pw. Kp-W-Zm-
bnbm-b Hm-tkm¨ ]-t£, A-¥-co-£-Øn¬
C„w-t]m-ep-s≠-∂p I-cp-X-cp-Xv. kv-{Sm-t‰m-kv-^n-b-
dn¬ H-tct]mse ho-Xn®m¬ Hm-tkm¨ ]m-fn-°v
shdpw c-≠p an√o-ao-‰¿ I-\-ta-bp-≠m-Iq. Hmtk-
m¨ F-fp-∏w \-in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw AXp-sIm-
≠pXs∂.
t¢m-tdm-^vfqtdm Im¿-_-Wp-Ifpw A-[n-I-sam-

∂p-an√. A-¥-co-£w ap-gp-h-s\-Sp-Øm¬ ]-Øp e-
£Øn-sem-∂v F∂ tXm-Xn-te A-h-bp-≠mIq. ]-
t£, \m-iw hn-X-bv-°m≥ A-Xp aXn. H-scm-‰ In-
tem-{Kmw kn.F-^v.kn.°v 70,000 In-tem-{Kmw Hm-
tkm-Wn-s\ ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øv \-in-∏n-°m-\mIpw.5 G-
sd°m-ew \n-e-\n¬-°m-\p-a-Xn-\m-Ipw, Np-‰p-ap-≈-Xn-
s\ \-in-∏n®p-sIm≠v GXms≠m-cp \q-‰m-≠pIm-
ew A-h-bß-s\ X-ßn\n¬-°pw. Nq-Sp ]n-Sn-s®-
Sp-°p∂ Im-cy-Ønepw tI-a-∑m-cm-Wv kn.F-
^v.kn.Iƒ. A-¥-co-£ Xm]\n-e Db¿Øp-∂ l-
cn-X-Kr-l-{]-`mh-sØ cq-£-am-°p-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬
Im¿-_¨ ssU HmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ H-cp X-∑m-{Xsb
A-t]-£n-®v ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-anc-ń i‡- am-Wv kn. F-
^v. kn. bp-sS H-cp X-∑m-{X.6 (l-cn-XKr-l{]-`m-
h-Øn-\v B°w Iq-´p-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ Im¿-_¨
ssU HmIv-sskUpw tami-a√ F-t∂m¿°Ww).
Np-cp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-se G-
‰hpw tam-iw I≠p]n-Sn-Ø-sa-∂ _-lpa-Xn kn. F-
^v. kn-.°p Inń.
]-t£, an-Uv-Pv-en A-°mcy-sam-∂p-a-dn-™n√.

kn. F-^v. kn.-bp-sS A] I-Sw tem-Iw a-\- n-em-
°p-∂-Xn-\p ap-ºv A-t±-lw a-c-W-a-S™p. B a-
c-Whpw A-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p.7 t]mfn-tbm- _m-
[n-®v Aw-K-ssh-Ieyw h∂ an-Uv-Pv-en i-co-cw N-en-
∏n-°m≥ H-cp kq-{X∏-Wn I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p. tamt´m¿
L-Sn-∏n-® I-∏nbpw N-c-Sp-I-fp-sa√m-ap-≈ H-cp b-
{¥w. AXv an-Uv-Pv-en-bp-sS B-h-iyØn-s\m-Øv
ssI-Im-ep-Iƒ N-en-∏n-°m-\pw sN-cn-®p In-S-Øm-
\psa√mw k-lm-bn-®p. 1944˛¬ H-cp Znh-kw b{¥w
{]-h¿-Øn-∏n-® an-Uv-Pv-en A-Xn-s‚ N-c-Sp-Iƒ-°p-
≈n¬ Ip-cp-ßn h-en-™p ap-dp-In izm-kw ap-ń
acn®p.
km-[-\-ß-fpsS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬

X¬-]-c-\m-Wv \n-ß-sf-¶n¬ 1940I-fn-se
jn°mtKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-Wv ]‰n-b ÿ-ew.
A-hn-sS-bt∏mƒ hn-em¿-Uv en-∫n td-Untbm Im¿-
_¨ Im-e-\n¿-W-bco-Xn B-hnjv-I-cn-°m-\p-≈
{i-a-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. A-ÿn-I-fp-sS-bpw a-‰p ssP-
hm-h-in„ß-fp-sSbpw Ir-Xyam-b Im-e-∏g-°w \n¿-
W-bn-°m-\p-≈ am¿-K-am-W-v AtXm-sS Xpd-∂pIn-
ń-bXv. A-Xn-\pap-ºv B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn \n¿-W-
bn°m\m-b G-‰hpw ]-g-b Im-ew Cu-Pn-]v-‰n-se
B-Zy cm-P-hm-gv-N-bp-sS˛˛˛˛GXm≠v _n.kn.
8
3000˛˛˛˛Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂m¬ A-h-km-\-sØ
a-™p-]m-fn D-cp-In am-dn-b-sX-s∂-∂v B¿°pw Ir-
Xy-am-b-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. t{Im-amKv\¨ a-\p-jy≥
{^m≥-kn¬ e-mkv-tIm-Iv-kn-se Kp-l-I-f-e-¶-
cn®sX-s∂-∂v A-dn-bm\pw h-gn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p.
Im-e\n¿-W-b-Øn-\v Xn-I®pw D-]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-bn-

cp-∂p en-∫n-bp-sS am¿Kw. A-Xn-\-t±-l-Øn-\v
1960˛¬ t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-´p-IbpwsNbvXp.
F√m Po-hn-I-fnepw Im¿-_-Wn-s‚ Hcp sF-tkm-
tSm-∏v˛˛˛˛Im¿-_¨ 14˛˛˛˛ASßn-bn-´p-s≠-∂ Xn-
cn-®-dn-hn¬\n-∂mWv Cu am¿-Kw P-\n-°p-∂Xv. Po-
hn ac-W-a-S-bp-∂ \n-anjw Cu Im¿-_¨ 14 £-
bn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßpw. Im¿_¨ 14˛s‚ A¿-[m-
bp v˛˛˛˛aq-e-I-Øn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xn £-bn-®p Xo-cm-s\-Sp-
°p-∂ k-abw˛˛˛˛5,600 h¿-j-amWv. A-t∏mƒ Inń-
b h-kv-Xp-hn-se F{X Im¿-_¨ 14 £-bn-s®-∂p
a-\- n-em-°n-bm¬ A-Xn-s‚ {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn°mw.
]t£, A-Xn-\p ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F-´v
A¿-[m-bp- p-Iƒ I-gn™m¬ BZy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂
Im¿-_¨ 14˛s‚ 0.39 i-X-am-\-w am{Xam-Wv A-
h-ti-jn-°p-I.9 C-Xp-sh-®v Ir-Xyam-b IW-°pIq-
´¬ F-fp-∏a√. AXmb-Xv \m¬-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw h¿-
jwh-sc ]-g-°-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS Im-e\n¿-W-
b-Ønt\ Cu am¿-Kw ^-e-{]-Z-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-°m-
\mIq.
Cu am¿-Kw hym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬X-s∂ A-Xn-

s‚ {]-iv-\-ßfpw shfn-s∏-Sm≥ Xp-S-ßn. Im¿-_¨
tU-‰n-ßn¬ IW-°pIq-´p-∂-Xn-\v UotI tIm¨-
kv‰‚ v F-s∂m-cp ÿn-cm-¶w D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p.
A-Xn¬ aq-∂p iXam-\w sX-‰p-s≠-∂v ssh-Im-sX
sh-fn-s∏´p. A-t∏m-tg-°v tem-I-Øn-s‚ \m-\m-`m-K-
ß-fnembn Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\v Im-e-\n¿W-bw \S-
∂pI-gn-™ncp∂p. A-sX√mw ho≠pw I-W-°pIq-
ń-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p ]I-cw Ir-Xy-a√m-Ø ÿn-cm-
¶w \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-bm-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ sN-bv-X-
Xv. AXmbXv Snw ^v-fm-s\-dn F-gp-Xnbt]mse,
"tdUntbm Im¿-_¨ tU-‰n-Mv {]Imcw IW-
°pIq-´p-tºmƒ In-´p-∂ {]m-bw i-cn-°p-≈-Xnepw
aq-∂p iXam-\w Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw.'10 A-Xp am-{X-am-
bn-cp-∂n√ {]-iv\w. Im¿-_¨ 14 km-ºn-fn¬ a-
‰p t{km-X- p-I-fn¬\n-∂p-≈ Im¿-_¨ I-e-cm-\p-
≈ km[yX-bp-s≠-∂p ssh-Im-sX sh-fn-s∏-´p. {i-
≤-°pd-hpsIm-≠v G-sX-¶nepw k-kym-h-in-„w I-
e¿-∂m¬ Im¿-_-Wn-s‚ Af-hp am-dpw, I-W°pw
sX‰pw. 20,000 h¿-j-Øn¬ Xm-sg {]m-b-ap-≈ km-
[-\-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ CX{X {]-iv-\-am-hn√. F-
∂m¬ ]-g-°w IqSpwtXm-dpw A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂ ]-c-
amWp°-fp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂Xp-sIm-
≠v A-Xn-se am-en\yw I-W°n-se ]ng h¿-[n-∏n-
°pw. "Bbn-cw tUm-f-sd-Æp-tºmƒ H-cp tUm-f¿
sX‰nt∏m-Ip∂-Xpt]m-se-bm-Wv B-Zy-tØXv.11 F-
∂m¬ F-Æm≥ c-≠p tUmf¿ am-{X-ap-≈-t∏mƒ
H-∂p sX-‰n-t∏m-Ip∂-Xpt]m-se-bm-Wv c-≠m-
atØXv'˛˛˛˛^vfm-s\-dn F-gp-Xp∂p.
A-¥-co-£-Øn-se Im¿-_¨ 14˛s‚ A-f-hn\pw

Po-hn-Iƒ A-Xv BKnc-Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-s‚
tXmXn\pw F-°m-e-Øp-sam-cp {I-a-ap-≠m-
bncps∂∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv en∫n Cu am¿-Kw
B-hn-jv-I-cn-®Xv. F-∂m-eß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ Im-
cyw. `q-an-bp-sS Im-¥afi-ew tIm-kv-an-Iv c-iv-an-
Isf hy-Xn-N-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ tXm-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v
A-¥-co-£-Øn-se Im¿_¨ 14˛s‚ Af-hv am-dp-
sa-∂v C-∂p \-Ωƒ-°-dn-bmw. A-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Im-
em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Im-cy-am-bn am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-
IbpwsNøpw. Nn-e Imeß-fn-se Im¿-_¨ 14 Im-
e-\n¿W-bw Iq-Sp-X¬ kw-i-bm-kv-]-Z-am-bn-cn°pw
F-∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw. a-\p-jy≥ B-Zy-am-bn A-ta-cn-
°-bn-seØn-b Im-ew A-Ø-cØn-sem-∂mWv.12 A-
tX-s®m√n-bp-≈ X¿-°-ßƒ C-t∏mgpw A-hkm-\n-
°m-Ø-Xn-\p Im-c-Whpw A-XpXs∂.
Bcpw I-cp-Xm-Ø Nn-e _m-lyL-S-I-ß-fp-sS

kzm-[o-\w I-W-°pIsf am-‰n-a-dn-°p-sa-∂-Xm-Wv a-
s‰m-cp Im-cyw. ]cn-tim-[n-°m-s\-Sp-Ø A-ÿn-I-fp-
sS D-S-a-I-fp-sS `-£-Wio-ew H-cp-Zm-l-cWw. kn-
^n-en-kn-s‚ XpS°w B-[p\n-IIm-e-Øm-bn-
cpt∂m {]mNo-\Im-e-Øm-bn-cpt∂m F-∂ X¿-°w
A-Xn-s‚ ^-e-amWv.13 H-cp k∂ymknaT-Øn-se i-
h-∏-d-ºn¬ \-SØn-b ]T\-Øn¬ A-hnS-sØ aTmw-
Kß-fn¬ kn-^n-en-kv _m-[-bp-≈-Xm-bn Is≠Øn-
bn-cp∂p. sIm-fw-_- n-s‚ I-∏¬-bm-{X-bv°pw ap-ºp-
≈-h-cm-W-h¿ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy \n-K-a\w. F-
∂m¬ h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw ao≥ I-gn-®n-cp-∂h-cm-Wo k-
∂ym-kn-am¿ F-∂p hy-‡-am-b-tXm-sS Im-e\n¿-W-
b-sØ-s®m√n kw-i-b-ap-b¿-∂p. Iq-Sp-X¬ a’yw
I-gn-®n-cp-∂Xp-sIm-≠mImw A-h-cp-sS F√n-\v Iq-Sp-
X¬ ]g-°w tXm-∂n-®Xv. A-h¿-°p kn-^n-en-kv ]n-
Sn-®n-cp-∂p F∂-Xv i-cn-bm-bn-cn-°mw. A-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂pw F-t∏m-sg-∂p-ap-≈ Im-cyw C-t∏mgpw \n-Kq-
V-am-bn Xp-S-cp∂p.
Cu ]-cn-an-Xn-I-sf√mw Imc-Ww im-kv-{X-⁄¿

{]mNo-\ h-kv-Xp-°fp-sS Im-e\n¿-W-b-Øn-\v ]pXn-
b am¿-K-ßƒ B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p. I-fn-a-Æn\p≈n¬
Ip-Sp-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂ Ce-t{Œm-Wp-I-fp-sS A-f-sh-Sp-
°p-∂ co-Xnbpw (thermoluminescence) Im-ew
\n¿-W-bn-t°-≠ h-kv-Xp-hn-te-°v ssh-ZypX Im¥n-
IX-cw-K-ßƒ I-S-Øn-hn-´v Ce-t{Œm-Wn-s‚ Id-°w
A-f-°p-∂ coXnbpw (electron spin resonance) A-
Xn¬-s∏-Sp∂p. ]-t£, A-h-bv°pw c-≠p e£w
h¿-j-Øn-\-∏p-d-tØ-°p I-S-°m≥ ]-‰n-bn√. A-
ssP-hh-kv-Xp-°fm-b ]mdI-fp-sSbpw I√n-s‚bp-
sam∂pw {]m-b-a-f-°m≥ A-h-bv-°p I-gn-bp-Ibp-
an√. `q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-a-dn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ A-Xm-Wt√m
th-≠Xv.
in-e-I-fp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xv A-tßb-
‰w _p-≤n-ap-´m-sW∂p h-∂-t∏mƒ H-cp L-´-Øn¬
an-°-hcpw A-Xn-\p-≈ {i-aw D-t]-£n®p. B¿-X¿
tlmw-kv F-s∂m-cp Cw-•n-jv s{]m-^- -dp-sS Zr-V-\n-
›-b-an√m-bncp-s∂-¶n¬ A-X-∂v F-hn-sS-bp-sa-Øm-
sX t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p.
ssI-h-cn-® t\-´-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ am-{Xa√,

Xc-Ww sNbv-X {]-Xn_-‘-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-sa-Sp-
Ømepw ho-tcm-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p tlmw-kn-s‚
ZuXyw. A-t±-lw I¿-a\n-c-X\mb 1920 I-fm-hp-
tºm-tg-°v im-kv-{X tem-I-Øn-\v `q-hn-⁄m-\o-b-
Øn¬ Xm¬-]cyw \-„-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p.
ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p A-t∏mg-sØ Xm-cw. `q-
hn-⁄m\o-b K-th-jW-ßƒ-°p-≈ ^-≠v \t∂
Ip-d-hm-bn-cp∂p; A-Xns‚ Cu-‰n√-am-bn-cp-∂ {_n-´-
\n¬ hn-ti-jn-®pw. U¿-lw k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬
Pn-tbmf-Pn h-Ips∏-∂p ]-d-™m¬ G-sd-°m-e-
tØ--°v tlmw-kv F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A¿Yw. ]m-d-I-
fpsS tdUntbm sa-{Sn-Iv Im-e\n¿-Wbw \-S-Øp-∂-
Xn-\v A-t±-lØn-\p ]e-t∏mgpw D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ I-
Sw hm-tß-≠nh-∂p. ]-gb-Xv s]mSn X-ń H-ń-s®-Sp-
t°-≠nh-∂p. k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬\n-s∂m-cp I-W-
°p-Iq´¬b{¥w A-\p-h-Zn-®pIn-´p-∂-Xn-ep-≈ Im-e-
Xma-kw Imc-Ww H-cn-°-et±-l-Øn-\v K-thj-Ww
H-cp h¿-j-tØ--°p \n¿-Øn-hbv-t°-≠nbpw h∂p.
Ip-Spw_w t]m-‰m≥th-≠n th-sd hgn-t\m-t°-≠n
h-∂ k-a-bhpw Ip-dh√. H-cn-°¬ \yq-Im-kn-en¬
Iu-Xp-Ih-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS I-S \S-Øn, A-t±-lw. Pn-
tbm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS hm¿-jn-I Aw-K-
Xz-ôkm-b A-©p tUm-f¿ \¬-Im≥t]mepw ]-e-
t∏m-gp-a-t±-lw hn-j-an®p.
e-fn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p tlmw-kv B-hn-jv-I-cn-® am¿-K-

Øn-s‚ ssk-≤m¥nI A-Sn-Ø-d. H-cp aq-e-I-Øn-
s‚ ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ £-bn-®v a-s‰m-cp aq-e-I-am-bn
am-dp∂-Xv Ir-Xy-am-bn {]-h-Nn-°m-hp-∂ \n-c-°n-em-
sW∂pw A-h-sb L-SnIm-cwt]m-se D-]-tbm-Kn-
°m-sa-∂p-ap-≈ dY¿-t^m¿-Uns‚ 1904˛se \n-co-
£-W-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-∂-Sn-ÿm\w. s]m-´m-ky-
w˛40 B¿-K¨˛40 Bbn am-dm≥ F-{X k-a-b-sa-Sp-
°p-sa-∂-dn-bm-sa-¶n¬ \-Ωp-sS ssI-h-i-ap-≈ hk-
vXphn¬ c-≠n-s‚bpw A-f-sh-Sp-Øm¬ A-Xn-s‚
]g-°w \n-›-bn-°mw. bptd-\n-bw Im-co-b-am-bn am-
dp-∂-Xn-s‚ \n-c-°-dn-™m¬ ]m-d-I-fp-sS {]mbw
\n¿-W-bn-°mw; A-Xph-gn `q-an-bp-sS-bpw F-∂-t±-
lw IW-°pIqń.
]-d-bp∂-{X F-fp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Im-cyßƒ. km-

t¶Xn-IX-S- -ßƒ ]-eXpw a-dn-I-S-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p tlmw-kn-\v. sNdn-b h-kv-Xp-°-fn¬\n∂p Ir-
Xy-am-b A-f-hp-I-sf-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A-Xnkq£v-a
D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ B-h-iy-am-bn-cp∂p. shdp-sam-cp
IW-°pIq-´¬b-{¥w In-´m≥ s]-Sm-∏mSp s]-tS-
≠nh-∂ tlmw-kn-\v CØ-cw A-Xym-[p\n-I D-]-I-
c-W-ßƒ kz]v\w Im-Wm≥ am-{X-ta I-gn-bp-am-bn-
cp-∂p≈q. Cu ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬\n∂psIm-≠v
1964˛¬ Xn-I-™ B-fl-hn-izm-k-tØm-sS A-t±-lw
\-SØn-b {]Jym ]-\w AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ \n- m-c-
am-bn-cp-∂n√. `q-an-°v Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv 300 tIm-Sn h¿-
jw {]m-b-ap-s≠-∂-t±-lw ]-d™p. A-X-Xnepw Iq-
Sm-\m-Wv km[y - X-sb-∂p Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw
sN-bv-Xp. A-t∏m-g-t±-l-Øn-\p t\-cn-Sm\p-≠m-bn-
cp∂-Xv a-s‰m-cp X-S- -am-bn-cp∂p.14 kz-¥w k-l-{]-
h¿-Ø-I-cpsS bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I a-t\m-`mhw. tlmw-
kn-s‚ K-th-j-WcoXn-tbm-S-h¿-°v FXn¿ ∏n√m-bn-
cp∂p. X-S- -hm-Zw th-sd-bm-bn-cp∂p. `q-an-bp-sS {]m-
ba√, `q-an \n¿-Ωn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-® km-a-{Kn-I-fp-
sS {]m-b-am-Wv tlmw-kv \n¿-W-bn®Xv. A-sXß-
s\ `q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-am-Ipw?
Cu k-a-b-Øm-Wv jn°mtKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-

bn-se lm-cn-k¨ {_uWn-s‚ cw-K-{]-thiw.
Bt·-bin-e-I-fnse (A-h-km-Z-ßƒ A-Sn™p-Iq-
Sn k-Ω¿-Zw aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p ]I-cw Xm-]-{]-
{In-b-bp-sS ^-e-am-bp≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv Bt·-bin-
eIƒ) seUv sF-tkm-tSm-∏p-I-fp-sS A-f-shSp°p-
∂-Xn-\p-≈ am¿-Kw A-t±-l-am-hn-jv-I-cn®p. A-{X-
sb-fp-∏-am-hn√ Cu tPm-en-sb-∂-dn-bm-hp-∂Xp-sIm-
≠v A-t±-la-Xv s¢-b¿ ]m-t‰-gv-k¨ F-∂ bp-hm-
hn-s\- ]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn Gev-
]n®p. Cu am¿-K-ap-]tbm-Kn-®v `q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw
\n¿-W-bn-°p∂-Xv A-\m-bm-k-am-sW-∂v At±lw
]m-t‰-gvk-Wv Dd-∏p \¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. hm-kv-X-
h-Øn¬ h¿j-ßƒ \o-≠ ITn-\b-Xv\-am-Wv Ah-
sc Im-Øp\n-∂Xvv.
]m-t‰-gvk¨ Cu K-thj-Ww Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xv 1948

emWv. tXma-kv anUv-Pv-en-bp-sS h¿-Wi-_-f t\-
´-ß-fn¬\n-∂p hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p ]mt‰gvks‚
Im-cyw. ]p-cm-X-\in-e-I-fn-se Im-co-b-Øn-s‚bpw
bp-td-\nbØn-s‚bpw A-f-hp-I-sf-Sp-Øp-≈ {i-a-I-
c-amb tPm-en-bp-am-bn \o-≠ Ggph¿-jw jn°m-
tKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bnepw ]n-s∂ Imen-t^m¿Wn-
b C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq´v Hm-^v sSIv-t\m-f-Pn-bn-epw
(1952˛em-W-t±-lw A-hn-tS--°p amdnbXv) A-t±-lw
{]-h¿-Øn-®p.
`q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p hen-sbm-

cp I-S-ºIq-Sn I-S°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. seÕn-
s‚bpw bp-td-\n-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]-c-ep-I-fp-≈
icn°pw {]m-No-\am-b ]m-d-Iƒ th-Ww ]-cn-tim-[n-
°m≥. `qan-tbm-fwXs∂ {]m-b-ap-≈ ]m-dIƒ. ]g-
°w Ip-d-hp-≈ ]m-d-°-j-W-ß-sf-Sp-Øp IW°p
Iq-ń-bm¬ DØ-cw sX-‰pw. {]mNo-\in-e-Iƒ In-
´m≥ {]-bm-k-am-sW-∂Xmbn-cp-∂p C-hnS-sØ {]-
iv\w. ]-t£, A-∂v 1940I-fn¬ B¿°pw A-Xns‚
{]m-[m\yw t_m-[y-s∏-ń√. `q-an-bn-se {]mNo-\in-
e-Iƒ F-hn-sS-t∏m-sb∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v DØ-cw In-
ńb-Xv a-\p-jy≥ _-ln-cmIm-ibp-K-Øn-te-°p
IS∂-Xn-\pti-j-am-Wv (^-e-IN-e-\-Øn-em-W-Xn-
s‚ D-Ø-c-ap-≈Xv, A-Xn-te°p \mw ]n-∂o-Sp I-S-
°pw). ]-cn-an-Xam-b km-a-{Kn-Iƒ h®m-bn-cp-∂p ]m-
t‰-gvks‚ K-th-jWw. H-Sp-hn¬ _p-≤n-]q¿-hw A-
t±-l-sam-cp Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øp. `qanbn-se ]m-d-I-fp-
sS Ip-d-hp ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ `q-an-°p ]p-d-tØ-°p I-S-
°pI, D¬-°-I-fn-te-°v.
Aev-]w km-l-kn-Iamb H-c-\p-am-\-Øn-s‚ ap-I-

fn-em-W-t±-lw D¬°I-fn-te-°p I-S-∂-Xv (B \n-
Ka\w i-cn-bm-sW-∂p ]n-∂o-Sv hy-‡-am-hp-Ibpw
sN-bv-Xp). ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚ B-Zy\m-fp-I-fn¬ ]-
Wn I-gn-™p _m°nh-∂ km-[-\-ß-fm-Wv b-Ym¿-
Y-Øn¬ D¬-°m-in-e-Iƒ. {]m-No-\hpw A-I-f-¶n-X-
hp-am-bn-cn-°p-a-h-bp-sS LS-\. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂
Ae-™pXncn-™p \-S-°p-∂ Cu in-e-I-fp-sS {]m-
bw \n¿-W-bn-®m¬ A-Xn¬\n∂v `q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-
Øn-te-s°-Ømw.
]-d-bp∂-{X F-fp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Im-cy-ßƒ. D¬-

°m-in-e-Iƒ A-{Xb-[n-I-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. D≈-
XpX-s∂ In-´m-s\-fp-∏-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. {_uWns‚
A-f-sh-Sp-°¬ co-Xn A-{X Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-bn-cp-
∂n√, ]m-t‰gvk-s‚ D]I-c-W-ßƒ A-]-cym-]v-X-
hp-a-m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m-t‰-gvk-s‚ km-ºn-fp-I-fmI-s´
A¥co-£-Øn-se se-Õp-am-bn {]-Xn-{]-h¿-Øn-®p
a-en-\am-hp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. AXp X-S-bm≥ hm-bp-
\n-_-≤am-sbm-cp ]-co-£-W-im-e-sbm-cp°n
5
At±lw.1
AØ-c-Øn¬ tem-I-Øm-Zy-tØ-sX-∂p ]-d-bm-

hp-∂ ]-co-£W-im-e.
A-¥n-a ]-co-£-W-Øn-\p th-≠ km-ºn-fp-Iƒ

]-cn-tim-[n-®p ti-Jcn-°m≥X-s∂ ]m-t‰-gv-k≥ G-
gp h¿-j-sa-Sp-Øp. 1952˛se h-k-¥-ImeØv B
ti-J-c-hp-am-bn A-t±-lw Cen-t\m-bn-se B¿-K¨
\m-j-W¬ e-t_md-´-dn-bn-seØn. A-hnS-sØ am-
kv kv-s]-t{Œm-{Km-^v- D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈ A-\p-
aXn A-t±-lw k-ºm-Zn-®n-cp∂p. {]mNo-\ ]-c-ep-
Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ Ip-Spßn°n-S-°p-∂ bp-td-\n-b-Øn-
s‚bpw se-Õn-s‚bpw Af-hv Ir-Xy-am-bn \n¿W-
bn-°m≥ ti-jn-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu am-kv kv-s]-
t{Œm-{Km^v. H-Sp-hn¬ A¥n-a^-ew e-`n-®-t∏mƒ
B-th-ihpw k-t¥m-jhpwsIm-≠v D∑-Øm-hÿ-
bnem-b ]m-t‰-gv-k¨ t\-tc P-∑-ho-ń-te-°p h-≠n
I-b-dp-I-bm-Wv sNbv-XXv. A-hn-sS-sb-Øn A-Ω-sb-
bpw Iq-ń B-kv-]-{Xn-bn-te-°v t]mbn. lrZ-bm-Lm-
Xw h-cp-∂pt≠m F-∂p ]cn-tim-[n-®p-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p D-t±-iyw.
ssh-Im-sX hn-kv-I¨-k-Wn¬h-®v ]m-t‰-gv-k¨
`q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn {]-Jym-]n-
®p˛˛455 tIm-Sn h¿jw. A-Xn¬ G-gp tIm-Sn h¿-
j-Øn-s‚ G-‰-°p-d-®n¬ h-t∂-°mw. A-c \q-‰m-
≠p I-gn-™n´pw B kw-Jy-bn¬ am-‰w h-∂n-ń-√.16
Aß-s\ C-cp-\q-dp h¿-jw \o-≠ ITn-\ {i-a-ßƒ-
s°m-Sp-hn¬ `q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw \-Ωp-sS ssI-∏n-Snbn-
sem-Xpßn.
A-hnSw-sIm-≠p \n¿-Øn-bn√, ]m-t‰-gvk¨. A-

t±-l-Øn-s‚ {i-≤ I-mcobØn-s‚ A-]-I-S-ß-fn-te-
°p Xn-cn™p; A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ C-{X-b-[n-Iw se-
Uv h-∂-sX-hn-sS\n-s∂-∂ A-t\z-j-W-Øn-te°v.
a-\p-jyi-co-c-Øn¬ se-Uv Im-c-W-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ {]-
iv-\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ ]T-\^-e-ß-sf√mw sX‰n-≤m-
c-Wm-P-\-I-ß-fm-sW-∂v s]-s´-∂pX-s∂ ]m-t‰-gv-
k¨ a-\- n-em°n. A-Xn-e-¤p-X-hp-an√m-bn-cp∂p,
Cu K-th-j-W-ßƒ-s°√mw ]-Ww ap-S-°nb-Xv se-
Uv D¬]-∂-ßƒ \n¿-an-°p-∂ h-º≥ I-º-\n-I-fm-
bn-cp∂p.
A-Ø-cØn-sem-cp ]T-\-Øn-s‚ Npa-X-e \¬-In-

bXv cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ {]-tXy-In-®p
ssh-Z-Kv[y-sam-∂p-an√m-Ø H-cp tUm-Œ¿°mWv.17
A-©p h¿-jw \o-≠p\n-∂ B ]T-\-Øn¬ ]-s¶-
Sp-Ø k-∂-≤{]-h¿Ø-I-tcm-Sv hen-b A-f-hn¬ I-
dp-Øo-bw hn-gp-ßm\pw iz-kn-°m\pw B-h-iy-s∏-
´p. F-∂n-´-h-cp-sS aq-{Xhpw a-ehpw ]cn-tim-[n®p.
i-co-c-Øn\IØp sN√p-∂ se-Uv hn-k¿-Py-ß-fn-
eq-sS ]pd-Øph-cn-s√-∂v B tUm-Œ¿°v Adnbn√m-
bn-cp-∂n-cn-°pw. hn-k¿-Pn-®p t]m-In-s√-∂-Xm-Wv
se-Õn-s‚ G-‰hpw h-en-b A-]-I-SwXs∂. A-Xv
c-‡-Ønepw F√p-I-fnepw ti-J-cn-°-s∏-SpI-bm-
WpsN-øp-∂Xv. C-hn-sS c-‡tam Ft√m ]cn-tim-
[n-®n√. AXpsIm≠pX-s∂ se-Õn-\v Ipg-∏-sam-
∂p-an-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]cn-tim-[-\mêw.
A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ h≥-tXm-Xn¬ se-Uv- Ds≠-∂v

ssh-Im-sX ]m-t‰-gvk¨ sX-fn-bn-®p. AXv A-hn-
sSØ-s∂ sI-ń-°n-S-°p-IbpwsN-øpw. A¥-
co£Øn-se se-Õn-s‚ 90 i-X-am-\hpw h-cp∂-Xv
Im-dp-I-fp-sS ]pI-°p-g-epI-fn-eq-sS-bm-sW-∂pw ]m-
t‰-gv-k¨ a-\- n-em°n.18 ]-t£, A-sX-ßs\ sX-
fn-bn-°pw? H-cp h-gn-tb-bp≈q˛˛˛˛A-¥-co-£-Øn¬
C-t∏m-gp-≈ seÕns‚ A-f-hn-s\ hym-h-km-bn-Im-Sn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ sS{SmCu-ssY¬ seUv \n¿-Ωm-Ww
Xp-S-ßn-b 1923˛\p ap-ºp-≈ A-f-hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw
sN-øp-I. AsX-ß-s\ I-gn-bpw? A-Xn-\p-≈ DØ-
cw H-fn-™pIn-S-°p∂-Xv a-™p]mfnI-fn-em-sW-∂v
]m-t‰-gvkWp tXm∂n.
{Ko≥-e≥-Uv t]m-ep-≈ ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ho-gp-∂

a™vv hm¿jn-I]m-fnI-fm-bm-Wv Dd™p In-S-°p-
∂-Xv. th-\¬-°m-eØpw a-™p-Im-e-Øp-ap≈
a™n-s‚ \n-d-Øn¬ sNdn-b am-‰w h-cpw. AXp-
sIm-≠pX-s∂ A-Sp-°p-Iƒ th¿-Xn-cn-®p Im-Wmw.
Hmtcm A-Sp-°m-bn Xm-tgm-´p k-©-cn-®v A-Xnse
seÕn-s‚ A-f-sh-Sp-Øm¬ I-gn-™Ime-sØ A-
¥-co-£-Øn-s‚ Nn{Xw e-`n-°pw. \qtdm B-bn-
ctam h¿-jw ]n-∂n-te-°v Cß-s\ k-©-cn-°mw.
]m-t‰-gvks‚ Cu B-i-b-am-Wv a-™p-]m-fn ]T-
\-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´Xv.19 B-[p\nI Im-emh-
ÿm]T-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\hpw AXpX-s∂.
a-™p]m-fn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-® ]m-t‰-gv-k¨ {]-

Xo-£n®-XpXs∂ Is≠Øn. 1923˛\p ap-ºv A-¥-
co-£-Øn¬ seÕn-s‚ Aw-iw G-d-°p-sd iq-\y-am-
bn-cp-∂p. A-Xn-\pti-ja-Xv {I-a-Øn¬ F-∂m¬ A-
]-I-S-I-camw co-Xn-bn¬ Iq-Sn-°q-Sn h-∂p. ]m-t‰-gvk-
s‚ ]n∂-sØ Po-hn-Xw s]-t{Smfn¬-\n-∂v se-Uv
\o-°m-\p-≈ A-hn-{i-a {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-bn-cp∂p. A-
Xn-\p th-≠n-bp-≈ {]-Nm-c-W-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-e-t±-
lw se-Uv hy-h-km-b-Øns‚bpw A-h-cp-sS Xm¬-
]-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw I-Sp-Ø hn-a¿-i-I-\mbn. A-hcpsS
ap-Jy-i-{Xp-hmbn.
Zp-jv-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p B {]-Nm-c-W- {]-h¿-Ø-

\ßƒ. kzm[o-\i-‡n-bp≈ h-º≥ B-tKm-f-°-
º-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu-sY¬ tIm¿-∏-td-j≥. A-[n-
Im-cØn-s‚ D-∂-Xÿm-\-ß-fn-se√mw kz-¥-°m-cp-
≈h¿ (kp-{]ow tImS-Xn P-kv-‰n-kv se-hn-kv
]h¬, \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^n-Iv skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS
Kn¬_¿-´v t{Km-kvsh-\¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-scm-s°-bm-
bn-cp∂p I-º-\n-bp-sS UbdŒ¿-am-¿). A-h-cp-sS k-
Ω¿-±-ßƒ ^-ew I-≠p Xp-S-ßn. ]m-t‰-gvk-Wv
KthjWw \-S-Øm-\-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂ ^-≠v ]-
e-Xpw s]-s´-∂v d±m-°-s∏´p. ]p-Xp-Xm-bn ^-≠v In-
´m-\p-≈ {i-a-ßƒ hn-^-e-am-bn. A-ta-cn-°≥
s]t{Smfn-bw tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ ]m-t‰-gv-k-Wp-am-bp-≈
K-th-j-W-°-cm¿ d-±m°n. \njv]-£, k¿-°m¿ G-
P≥-kn-sb-∂p I-cp-X-s∏-Sp∂ bpss\-‰Uv tÃ-‰v-kv
]ªnIv sl¬-Øv k¿-ho-k-kpw K-th-j-W-
Øn¬\n-∂p ]m-t‰-gvk-sW \o°n.
se-Uv hy-h-km-b-Øn-s‚ k-Ω¿-±X-{¥-ßƒ ap-

dp-In-b-tXm-sS kz-¥w ÿm-]-\-Øn\pw ]m-t‰-gv-
k¨ H-cp `m-c-am-bn-. ]m-t‰-gvk-sW ]p-d-Øm-°n-
bm¬ Im¬-sS-°n¬ ]pXn-sbm-cp sN-b¿ Xp-S-ßm-
\p-≈ ]-Ww \¬-Imsa∂v Cu-ssY¬ F-Iv-kn-Iyq-
ó-hp-Iƒ hm-Kv-Zm-\w sN-bv-X-Xm-bn "Z t\j\n'¬
F-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn¬ Pm-an en-¶¨ In-‰v-am≥ sh-
fn-s∏-SpØn.20 A¥co£Øn-se Im-co-b- hn-jmw-
i-sØ-°p-dn-®p ]Tn-°m≥ \m-j-W¬ dn-k¿-®v
Iu¨-kn¬ 1971˛¬ \n-tbm-Kn-® k-an-Xn-bn¬\n-∂v
A∂v Cu cwK-Øv AZznXo-b-\m-bn-cp∂ ]mt‰-gv-
k≥ X-g-b-s∏´p.
Xn-cn-®-Sn-Iƒ ]-e-Xp-≠m-sb-¶nepw ]m-t‰-gv-k¨

]-X-dn-bn√. A-t±-lØn-s‚ t]m-cm-´-ßƒ ^-ew
I≠p. Aßs\ 1970˛¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ A¥co-
£ a-en-\o-Ic-Ww X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ¢o≥ F-b¿
\nb-aw h∂p. se-Uv tN¿-Ø s]-t{Sm-fn-s‚ hnev]-
\ 1986˛¬ A-ta-cn-° \n-tcm-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A-tXm-Sp-Iq-SnØ-s∂ A-ta-cn-°-°m-cp-sS c-‡-Øn-
se Im-co-bØn-s‚ A-f-hv 80 i-X-am-\w I-≠p Ip-
d™p.21 ]t£, H-cn-°¬ AIØpsN-∂ se-Uv
A-hn-sS-Ø-s∂ In-S-°p-sa-∂XpsIm-≠v C-∂p Po-
hn-®n-cn∏p≈ Hmtcm A-ta-cn-°-°m-c-s‚bpw i-co-c-
Øn¬ H-cp \q-‰m-≠pap-ºv Pohn®n-cp-∂h-scA-t]-
£n-®v 625 Cc-ń se-Uv- D≠v.22 A-¥-co£-Øn-se
seÕpw h¿-j-Øn¬ H-cp e-£w S¨ F∂ tXm-
Xn¬ \n-b-ahn-t[-b-am-bnØs∂ IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p∂p.23 J-\\w, tem-l-kw-kv-Ic-Ww Xp-Sßn-b
hy-hkmbta-J-e-I-fn¬\n-∂m-W-Xn-s‚ D-Zv-`-hw. A-
I-Ø-f-ß-fn-se s]-bn‚p-Ifn¬ se-Uv tN¿-°p-∂-
Xpw A-ta-cn-° \n-tcm-[n®p. ]-t£ an° bq-tdm-
]y≥ cmPy-ß-fnepw \n-tcm-[w h-∂v 44 h¿-jw I-
gn-™m-bn-cp-∂p AXv. F-∂m¬ hn-jmw-iw G-sd-
bp-≠m-bn´pw `-£yh-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS Sn-∂n¬ se-Uv
tkmƒUdn-Mv D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-
Sm≥ 1993 h-sc Im-t°≠n h∂p.
Cu-ssY¬ tIm¿-∏-td-j≥ C-t∏m-gpw H-cp {]-

_-e ÿm-]-\-am-bn XpScp∂p (Pn.FΩpw Up -
t]m≠pw kv-‰m≥-tU¿-Uv Hm-bnepw C-t∏m-g-Xn-s‚
`m-Ka√. B¬-s_-am¿-se t]-∏¿ F-∂ I-º-\n-°m-
W-h¿ 1962˛¬ X-ßfpsS Hml-cn hn-‰Xv.) se-Uv
tN¿-Ø s]-t{Smƒ a-\p-jy-s‚ B-tcm-KyØnt\m
]-cn-ÿn-Xnt°m F-s¥-¶nepw tIm-´-ap-≠m-°p-sa-
∂v sX-fn-bn-°m≥ K-th-j-W-ßƒ-°m-bn-ń√ F-
∂m-Wv Iº-\n C-t∏mgpw hm-Zn-°p-∂-sX-∂v a-Iv
s{Kbn≥ Fgp-Xp∂p.25 "2001˛¬ t]m-epw A-h-cp-sS
sh_v-ssk-‰n¬ B A-hIm-ihm-Zw Im-Wmw.
sh_v-ssk-‰n¬ I-º-\n-bp-sS N-cn{Xw hn-hcn-°p-∂
`m-K-sØßpw se-Uv F-∂ hm-t° Im-Wn√. tXma-
kv an-Uv-Pv-enbp-sS t]-cp-an√. Nn-e cm-kh-kv-Xp-°-
fp-sS kw-bp-‡w F-∂m-Wv B-tZym¬]∂-sØ A-
h¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.'
se-Uv tN¿-Ø s]-t{Smƒ C-t∏mƒ Cu-

ssYen¬\n-∂n-d-ßp-∂n√. F-¶nepw sS-{SmCu-
ssY¬ se-Uv A-h¿ hn¬-°p-∂p-≠v. 2000˛¬ 2.51
tIm-Sn tUm-f-dn-s‚ sS-{SmCu-ssY¬ seUv (sS¬
F-∂m-W-Xn-s\ hn-fn°p-∂-Xn-t∏m-ƒ) hn-‰-Xm-bn
(sam-Øw hn-‰p-h-c-hv 79.5 tIm-Sn tUmf¿) 2001˛se
Iº-\n hc-hpsNe-hp I-W-°p-I-fn¬ Im-Wmw. sS-
en-s‚ D-]tbm-Kw tem-I-saßpw Ip-d-®psIm-≠p-h-
cp-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ A-Xn¬ \n-∂p-≈ h-cp-am-
\w ]-c-amh-[n h¿-[n-∏n-°m-\m-Wv Iº-\n e-£y-an-
Sp-∂sX∂v A-h-cp-sS dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ ]-d-bp∂p. Cw-
•-≠n-se A-tkm-tjy‰-Uv H-sŒ¬ en-an-‰-Up-am-bp-
≈ [m-c-W-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu-ssY¬
tem-Isaßpw sS¬ hn¬-°p-∂Xv.
tXma-kv an-Uv-Pv-en X-∂n´p-t]m-b a-t‰ hn-]-

Øns‚—kn.F-^v.kn.-bpsS˛˛˛Im-cyw F-¥m-
sb∂v C\n t\m-°mw. 1974˛¬ A-ta-cn-° kn.F-
^v.kn. \n-tcm-[n®p. ]-t£, A-Xn-\p ap-ºv ]p-d-
Øp-hn-´ kn.F-^v.kn.-Iƒ hn´p-t]m-Im-Ø Ip-ń-s®-
Ip-Øm≥-am-sc-t∏mse C-t∏m-gp-an-hn-sS Np-‰n∏-‰n
\n¬°p-∂p≠v. Rm\pw \n-ßfpw hn-S-]-d-™m-epw
Hm-tkm-Wn-s\ Im¿-∂pXn∂psIm-≠v A-h C-hn-sS-
Ø-s∂-bp-≠m-Ipw.26 A-Xp am-{X-a√ {]-iv\w,
h≥tXm-Xn¬ kn.F-^v.kn C-t∏mgpw A-¥-co-£-
Øn-te-°p-b¿∂p-sIm-≠ncn°p-∂p≠v. 150 tIm-Sn
tUm-f¿ hn-e h-cp-∂ 2.7 tIm-Sn In-tem-{Kmw
kn.F^v.kn.Iƒ Hmtcm h¿-jhpw hn-]-Wn-bn-se-
Øp-∂p-s≠-∂m-Wv h-bv\v _n-Uv¬ ]-d-bp-∂Xv.27
A-t∏mƒ B-cm-W-h \n¿-Ωn-°p∂Xv? \-ΩƒXs∂.
hn-tZi-Øp-≈ ^m-Œ-dn-I-fn¬\n-∂v Nn-e h-º≥ I-
º-\n-Iƒ C-t∏m-gp-a-h \n¿-Ωn-°p∂p. aq∂mw tem-
I cm-Py-ß-fn¬ kn. F-^v. kn. \n-tcm-[n-°-Wsa-
¶n¬ 2010 F-¶n-ep-am-Ip-sa-∂-Xm-Wv ImcWw.
s¢-b¿ ]m-t‰-gv-k¨ 1995˛¬ a-cn®p. A-t±-l-Øn-

\v t\m-_¬ k-Ωm\w In-ń-bn√. Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰p-
Iƒ-°p t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-ń√. A-Xp t]ms´
A-c \q-‰m-≠p Im-ew \o-≠ \n-kzm¿-Y {]-h¿-Ø-
\-Øn-\p-≈ Aw-Ko-Imctam {]-i-kv-Xntbm A-t±-l-
Øn-\p In-ń-bn√. C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s\ G-‰-hp-
a[n-Iw kzm-[o-\n-® Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰m-Wv ]m-t‰-gv-k-
sW-∂p th-W-sa-¶n¬ ]dbmw. ]-t£ F-{X t]¿
B t]-cp tI-ń-´p≠v? an-° Pn-tbmf-Pn ]pkvXI-
ß-fnepw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cp Im-Wn√. `q-an-bp-
sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn°p-∂-Xn-s‚ N-cn{Xw hn-h-cn®p-
sIm-≠v A-Sp-Ø-bn-sS-bn-dßn-b c-≠p P-\{]n-b ]p-
kv-X-I-ß-fn-¬ ]m-t‰-gvks‚ t]-cv sX-‰-n®m-W-Sn-®n-
cn-°p-∂-Xv.28 2001˛s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ "t\-®¿' am-kn-
I-bv-°p th-≠n B ]p-kvX-Iw AhtemI\w sN-
bv-X-bmƒ a-s‰m-c_-≤wIq-Sn Im-Wn®p. ]m-t‰-gvk-
sW H-cp kv-{Xo-bm-bm-Wv A-Xn¬ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xv.29
F-¥m-bm-epw ]m-t‰-gvk-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\^-e-am-
bn 1953 B-hp-tºm-tg°v `q-an-°v k¿-hkzo-Im-cyam-
sbm-cp {]m-bw Inń. ]t£ H-scm‰ {]iv\w Iq-Sn-
bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. `q-an-bp-sS {]mbw B `q-an-sb-°q-
Sn Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ {]m-bsØ-°mƒ
Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cp∂p.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 Im-co-b-hp-am-bn A-[n-I-an-S-]-g-Ip-∂-h-cn¬ Im-

gv-N-°pdhv, D-d-°-an√m-bv-a, hr-°I-fp-sS X-I-cmdv,
tIƒ-hn-°p-dhv, A¿-_pZw, A-]-kv-amcw, \m-Uo-kv-
Xw`-\w XpSßn ]-ehn-[ {]-iv-\-ßƒ ImWpw: a-Iv
s{K-bn≥, s{]m-an-Xy≥-kv C≥ Z em_v, t]Pv 88.
2 Iº-\n h-‡m-hv ]-d™-Xv AanX tPm-en

Imc-Ww A-h-cp-sS a-t\m-\n-e sX-‰n-t∏m-b-Xm-sW-
∂m-Wv: a-Iv s{K-bn≥, s{]m-an-Xy≥-kv C≥ Z em_v,
t]-Pv 92.
3 se-Uv hn-j-_m-[-bp-sS A-]I-Sw i-cn-°-dn-bm-

am-bn-cp-∂-bm-fm-Wv an-Uv-Pv-en: a-Iv s{K-bn≥, s{]m-an-
Xy≥-kv C≥ Z em-_v, t]-Pv 92.
4 1929˛¬ H-l-tbm-hn-se ¢o-hv-e-≥-Un¬ H-cm-kv-
]-{Xn-bn-se d-{^n-P-td-‰-dn¬\n-∂v hn-j-hmX-Iw
tNm¿-∂v \q-dn-te-sd-t∏-cm-Wv a-cn-®-Xv: a-Iv s{K-bn≥,
s{]m-an-Xy≥kv C≥ Z em-_v, t]-Pv 96.
5 H-scm-‰ In-tem-{Kmw kn. F-^v. kn-.°v 70,000

In-tem-{Kmw Hm-tkm-Wns\ ]n-Sns®-Sp-Øv \-in-∏n-
°m-\m-Ipw: _n-Uv¬, F ô¬-Uv ssK-Uv Sp Z C≥-
hn-kn_vƒ, t]-Pv 62.
6 A-¥-co-£ Xm-]\n-e D-b¿-Øp-∂ l-cn-X-Kr-l-

{]-`mh-sØ cq-£-am-°p-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ Im¿-_¨
ssU HmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ H-cp X-∑m-{Xsb A-t]-£n-
®v ]Xn-\m-bn-c-anc-ń i-‡-am-Wv kn. F-^v. kn.bp-
sS H-cp X-∑m{X: k-b≥kv, Z Ak‚ v Hm-^v A‰v-
tam-kv-^n-b-dn-Iv k-b≥k-kv, 2000 H-tŒm-_¿ 13,
t]-Pv 299.
7 B a-c-Whpw A-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p: t\-

®¿, 2001 k-]v-Xw-_¿ 27, t]-Pv 364.
8 A-Xn-\p ap-ºv B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn \n¿-W-bn-

°m\m-b G-‰hpw ]-g-b Im-ew Cu-Pn-]v-‰n-se B-Zy
cm-P-hm-gv-N-bp-sS Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p: hn-em¿-Uv en_n,
tdUntbm Im¿-_¨ tU-‰nMv, t\m-_¬ {]-`m-j-
Ww, 1960 Un-kw-_¿ 12.
9 F-´v A¿-[m-bp- p-Iƒ I-gn-™m¬ B-Zy-ap-≠m-

bn-cp∂ Im¿-_¨ 14s‚ 0.39 i-X-am-\-w am{Xam-Wv
A-h-ti-jn-°p-I: {Kn-_n≥ B≥-Uv {Kn-_n≥, sF-
kv FbvPv, t]-Pv 58.
10 tdUntbm Im¿-_¨ tU-‰n-Mv {]-Im-cw IW-

°p Iq-´p-tºmƒ In-´p∂ {]m-bw icn°p-≈-Xnepw
aq-∂p i-X-am-\w Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw: ^v-fm-s\dn, Z C-
t‰-W¬ {^-≠nb¿, t]-Pv 174.
11 Bbn-cw tUm-f-sd-Æp-tºmƒ H-cp tUm-f¿ sX-

‰n-t∏m-Ip∂-Xpt]m-se-bm-Wv B-Zy-tØ-Xv: ^v-fm-
s\dn, Z ^yq®¿ Cu-t‰-gvkv, t]-Pv 151.
12 a-\p-jy≥ B-Zy-am-bn A-ta-cn-°-bn-seØn-b

Im-ew A-Ø-cØn-sem-∂m-Wv: ^v-fm-s\dn, Z C-t‰-
W¬ {^-≠nb¿, t]-Pv 174˛5.
13 kn-^n-en-kn-s‚ XpS-°w B-[p\n-I Im-e-Øm-
bn-cpt∂m {]mNo-\ Im-e-Øm-bncpt∂m F-∂ X¿-
°w A-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-Wv: k-b≥kv, Im≥ Po≥kv
tkmƒ-hv Z kn-^n-en-kv an-Ã-dn, 2001 sa-bv 11, t]-Pv
109.
14 A-t∏m-g-t±-l-Øn-\p t\-cn-Sm-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv
a-s‰m-cp X-S- -am-bn-cp∂p: se-hnkv, Z tU-‰n-Mv sK-
bnw, t]-Pv 204.
15 A-Xp X-S-bm≥ hm-bp-\n-_-≤am-sbm-cp ]-co-

£-W-im-e-sbm-cp-°n A-t±-lw: ]h¬, an-Ã-dokv
Hm-^v sS-dm -s^¿-a, t]-Pv 58.
16 A-c \q-‰m-≠p I-gn-™n´pw B kw-Jy-bn¬

am-‰w h-∂n-ń-√: a-Iv s{Kbn≥, s{]m-an-Xy≥-kv C≥
Z em-_v, t]-Pv 173.
17 A-Ø-cØn-sem-cp ]T-\-Øn-s‚ Npa-X-e \¬-

InbXv cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS Imcy-Øn¬ {]-tXy-In-
®p ssh-Z-Kv[y-sam-∂p-an√m-Ø H-cp tUm-Œ¿-°m-Wv:
a-Iv s{Kbn≥, s{]m-an-Xy≥-kv C≥ Z em-_v, t]-Pv
94.
18 A-¥-co-£-Øn-se se-Õn-s‚ 90 i-X-am-\hpw
h-cp∂-Xv Im-dp-I-fp-sS ]p-I-°p-gep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-
sW-∂pw ]m-t‰-gv-k¨ a-\- n-em-°n: t\j≥, Z ko-
{I-´v lnÃdn Hm-^v se-Uv, 2000 am¿-®v 20.
19 ]m-t‰-gvks‚ Cu B-i-b-am-Wv a-™p-]m-fn

]T-\-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´-Xv: ]h¬, an-Ã-dokv Hm-
^v sS-dm -s^¿-a, t]-Pv 60.
20 ]m-t‰-gvk-sW ]p-d-Øm-°n-bm¬ Im¬-sS-

°n¬ ]pXn-sbm-cp sN-b¿ Xp-S-ßm\p≈ ]-Ww
\¬-Im-sa∂v Cu-ssY¬ F-Iv-kn-Iyq-ó-hp-Iƒ hm-
Kv-Zm-\w sN-bv-XXm-bn: t\j≥, Z ko-{I-´v ln-Ãdn
Hm-^v se-Uv, 2000 am¿-®v 20.
21 A-tXm-Sp-Iq-SnØ-s∂ A-ta-cn-°-°m-cp-sS c-
‡-Øn-se Im-co-b-Øn-s‚ A-f-hv 80 i-X-am-\w I-
≠p Ip-d-™p: a-Iv s{K-bn≥, s{]m-an-Xy≥-kv C≥ Z
em-_v, t]Pv 169.
22 C-∂p Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p-≈ Hmtcm A-ta-cn-°-°m-

c-s‚bpw i-co-c-Øn¬ Hcp \q-‰m≠p ap-ºv Po-hn-
®n-cp-∂h-sc A-t]-£n-®v 625 Cc-ń se-Uv- D≠v:
t\j≥, am¿-®v
20.
23 A-¥-co-£-Øn-se se-Õpw h¿-j-Øn¬ H-

cp e-£w S¨ F∂ tXm-Xn¬ \n-bahn-t[-b-am-
bnØs∂ Iq-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p: {Ko≥, hm´¿,
sF-kv B≥Uv kv-t‰m¨, t]-Pv 258.
24 ]-t£, an° bq-tdm-]y≥ cm-Py-ß-fnepw \n-

tcm-[w h-∂v 44 h¿-jw I-gn-™m-bncp-∂p A-Xv: a-
Iv s{K-bn≥, s{]m-an-Xy≥-kv C≥ Z em-_v, t]-Pv 191.
25 se-Uv tN¿-Ø s]-t{Smƒ a-\p-jy-s‚ B-tcm-

Ky-Ønt\m ]-cn-ÿn-Xnt°m Fs¥¶nepw tIm-´-ap-
≠m-°p-sa-∂v sX-fn-bn-°m≥ K-th-j-W-ßƒ-°m-bn-
ń√ F-∂m-Wv Iº-\n C-t∏mgpw hm-Zn-°p-∂-sX-∂v:
a-Iv s{K-bn≥, s{]m-an-Xy≥-kv C≥ Z em_v, t]-Pv
191.
26 Rm\pw \n-ßfpw hn-S-]-d-™m-epw Hm-tkm-

Wn-s\ Im¿-∂pXn∂p-sIm≠v A-h C-hn-sS-Ø-s∂-
bp-≠m-Ipw: _n-Uv¬, F ô¬-Uv ssK-Uv Sp Z C≥-
hn-kn-_vƒ, t]-Pv 110˛11.
27 h≥-tXm-Xn¬ kn. F-^v. kn. C-t∏mgpw A-

¥-co-£-Øn-te°p-b¿∂p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂p≠v: _n-
Uv¬, F ô¬-Uv ssK-Uv Sp Z C≥-hn-kn-_vƒ, t]-
Pv 63.
28 `q-an-bp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ N-

cn{Xw hn-h-cn®p-sIm-≠v A-Sp-Ø-bnsS-bn-dßn-b c-
≠p P-\-{]n-b ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn-¬ ]m-t‰-gvks‚ t]-cv
sX-‰-n®m-W-Sn®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv : an-Ã-dokv Hm-^v sS-dm
-s^¿-a, Z tU-‰n-Mv sKbnw F-∂n-h-bmWv Cu ]p-kv-
X-Ißƒ. c-≠nepw Claire F-∂m-W-t±-l-Øn-s‚
t]-cp \¬-In-bn-cn°p-∂Xv (Cu Ip-dn-∏v B-Zy-a-®-Sn-
®p h-∂-Xn-\p-ti-jw c-≠ma-sØ ]p-kv-X-IØn-s‚
c-N-bn-Xmhmb sN-dn se-hn-kn-s‚ i-‡amb \n-
tj-[-°p-dn-∏v F-\n°p In-ń. t]-cv sX-‰n-t∏m-bX√,
t_m-[-]q¿-hw A-ß-s\-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xm-sW∂pw
]mt‰gvk-s‚ `m-cy-bp-am-bn \-S-Ønb I-Øn-S-]m-Sp-
I-fn¬ \n-∂p Inń-b hn-h-c-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv A-Xp
sN-bv-X-sX∂pw A-Xn¬ ]-d-bp∂p. ]-t£, t\c-
tØ ]-d-™ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-e√m-sX th-td F-hn-tS-
bpw t]cv Cu co-Xn-bn¬ F-gp-Xn-°-≠nń√. {]apJ
tP-W-ep-I-fn¬ h-∂ N-c-a-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn-sem∂nepw
A-ß-s\- F-gpXn-°-≠n-ń√. H-cm-sf-∏-‰nbpw A-bm-
fp-sS t]-cn-s\-∏-‰n-bp-w a-\- n-em-°m-\p≈ A-h-km-
\-hm-°v C-Ø-cw N-c-a-°p-dn-∏p-I-fm-W-t√m. F-
¶nepw t]-cn-ß-s\-sb-gp-Xnb-Xv t_m-[-]q¿-h-am-
sW-∂ se-hn-kn-s‚ hm-Zw Rm≥ k-t¥m-j-]q¿-
hw kzo-I-cn-°p∂p. F-s‚ ]-cm-a¿-iw-sIm-≠v A-
h¿-°p hn-j-a-ap-≠m-sb-¶n¬ \ncp]m-[n-I-w am-∏p
tNm-Zn-°p∂p.
29 ]m-t‰-gvk-sW H-cp kv-{Xo-bm-bm-Wv A-Xn¬

Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv: t\®¿, Z tdm-°n tdm-Uv Sp
tU-‰n-Mv Z F¿-Øv, 2001 P-\-phcn 4, t]-Pv 20.
A[ym-bw 11
Ip-™pI-W-ß-fp-sS \n-KqVtemIw
ag ta-L-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp∂-Xp ]Tn-°m≥ s_≥

s\-hn-kv sIm-Sp-ap-Snbn-e-e-™p \-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p {_n-ó-jv im-kv-{X-⁄≥ kn. Sn.
1
B¿.hn¬k¨. 1911˛em-Wp kw-`hw. kZm Cu-d-
\-Wn-™p In-S-°p∂ B kvtIm-ń-jv a-e-ap-I-fn¬
\n¬-°p-tºmƒ A-t±-lØn-s\m-cmi-bw tXm-∂n.
ta-L-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p ]Tn-°m≥ H-sc-fp-∏h-gn t\m-
°n-bm-se-¥m? Xn-cn-®v tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn-se Im-h≥-Un-
jv e-t_m-d-´-dn-bn-se-Øn- A-t±-l-sam-cp Ir{Xna
ta-L-ap-dn Xo¿Øp. hf-sc e-fn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p kw-K-
Xn—B-h-iy-Øn-\v Cu¿∏w IS-Øn hn-´-ti-jw ap-
dn-bn-se hm-bp X-Wp-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-I. A-t∏mg-Xn¬
ta-Lw cq-]-s∏-Spw.
{]-Xo-£n-®-Xnepw \-∂m-bn {]-h¿-Øn®p, Cu

kw-hn-[m\w. {]-Xo£n-°m-Ø a-s‰m-cp t\-´wIq-Sn
k-Ωm-\n-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. ta-L-]m-fnIsf H-cp-an-
®p tN¿-°m-\m-bn hn¬-k¨ B ap-dn-bn-te--°v
B¬-^m I-Ww sXmSpØp hn´p. sP-‰v hn-am-\w
t]m-Ip-tºm-gp-≈ hct]m-se B¬-^m I-Ww k-
©-cn-® ]m-X ap-dn-bn¬ sX-fn-™ph∂p. ]-c-am-
WpI-Wß-sf I-s≠-Øm-\p-≈ ]m¿-ń-°nƒ Un-‰-
Œ-dn-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. H-∏w ]-c-am-
Wp-hn-\p-≈n¬ ]n-s∂bpw I-W-ß-fp-s≠-∂-Xn-\p-
≈ A\ntj[y sXfnhpw.
ssh-Im-sX Im-h≥-Un-jn-se c-≠p im-kv-{X-
⁄¿ Ip-td-°q-Sn i-‡ambn t{]m-t´m¨ In-c-W-
ßƒ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-\p-≈ D-]-I-c-Ww hn-I-kn∏n-
s®-SpØp. Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn¬ G-W-kv-‰v tem-
d≥-kv _¿-°v-en {]ikvXam-b ssk-¢-t{Sm¨
F∂ A-Wp-t`-Z-I-w I-≠p-]n-Sn®p. Cu kq-{X-
∏Wnb-{¥-ß-sf√mw {]-h¿-Øn®-Xv (C-t∏mgpw {]-
h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv) H-tc XØz-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn-emWv. t{]m-t´mtWm a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw Nm¿Pp≈
IW-ßtfm A-Xnth-K-Øn¬ H-cp ]m-X-bn¬ (Nn-e-
t∏mg-Xv hr-Øm-Ir-Xnbn-ep-≈ ]m-X-bmIpw; a-‰p Nn-
e-t∏mƒ t\¿-tc-J-bn¬) ]m-bn-°p-I. A-Xv as‰m-cp
I-W-Øn¬ sN-∂n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ F-¥m-Wp-≠m-hp-I-
sb-∂p \n-co£n°pI. ]-c-am-Wp°-sf Cß-s\ C-
Sn-®p X-I¿-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Whsb A-Wp-t`-Z-I-
ßƒ F-∂p hn-fn-®Xv. A-{X henb im-kv{X-sam-
∂p-an√ AXn¬; ]-t£, i-cn°pw ^-e-{]-Zw.
Iq-Sp-X¬ hen-b, Iq-Sp-X¬ an-I-®, A-Wp-t`-Z-

I-ßƒ h-∂-tXm-sS imkv{X⁄¿ Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-
Sp-X¬ ]-c-am-WpI-W-ßfpw I-W-k-aq-l-ßfpw
Is≠Øn, A-s√-¶n¬ A-h-bp-sS km-∂n-[yw Du-
ln-s®-Sp-Øp. ayqthm¨, ]tbm¨, ssl]-tdm¨,
sa-tkm¨, sI˛satkm¨, ln-Kv-kv t_m-tkm¨,
C‚¿-ao-Unb-‰v sh-Œ¿ t_m-tkm¨, _mcn-tbm¨,
Sm°n-tbm¨ XpS-ßn \n-c-h-[n-sb-Æw Aß-s\ h-
cm≥ Xp-S-ßn. A-tXm-sS im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS A-kz-
ÿ-Xbpw h¿-[n®p. C-tX-Xp I-W-am-sW-∂ kw-
i-b-hp-am-bn H-cp hn-Zym¿-Yn-sb-Øn-b-t∏mƒ F≥dn-
t°m s^¿an- \¬In-b a-dp]Sn "tam-t\ C-Xn-s‚-
sb√mw t]-tcm¿-an-®p-hbv°m≥ I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ Rm-s\mcp k-ky-im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-Ip-am-bn-
cp∂p' F-∂mWv.2
C∂-sØ A-Wp-t`-Z-I-ß-fp-sS t]-cp tI-´m¬

^v-fm-jv tKm¿-Us‚ bp-≤km-a-{Kn-I-fm-sW-∂p
tXm-∂pw: kq-∏¿ t{]m-t´m¨ kn-t{¶m-t{Sm¨, em¿-
Pv C-e-tŒm¨˛t]m-kn-t{Sm¨ sIm-ssfU¿, em¿-
Pv lm-t{Um¨ sImssf-U¿, dn-te-‰o-hn-Ãn-Iv sl-
hn A-tbm¨ sIm-ssf-U¿ F-∂n-ßs\. h≥-tXm-
Xn¬ Du¿-÷-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ A-h-bv-°v (A-Sp-
Øp-≈ ]-´-W-ßfn-se _ƒ-_p-I-fp-I-fp-sS {]-Im-
iw a-ßp∂-Xv A-dn-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ A-hbn¬
]eXpw cm-{Xn ssh-In-bm-Wv {]-h¿-Øn-∏n-°mdv) H-
cp sk-°≥-Un¬ Xm-sg ka-bwsIm-≠v Ce-
t{ŒmWn-s\ G-gp In-tem-ao-‰¿ Xp-c¶Øn¬ 47,000
h-´w Np-‰n-°m≥ ]-‰pw.3 A-an-Xm-th-i-Øn¬ im-kv-
{X-⁄¿ \-S-Øp∂ CØcw ]-co-£-W-ßƒ X-
tam-K¿-Ø-ß-fpsStbm hn-Nn-{X Izm¿-°p-Iƒ F-
∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ I-W-ß-fpsStbm kr-
„n-°p hgn-sbmcp-°n-tb°ptam F-∂ B-i-¶ ]-
e¿-°p-ap≠v. Cu I-W-ßƒ a-‰v B-Whm-\¥-c I-
W-ß-fp-am-bn {]-Xn-{]-h¿-Øn-®v \n-b-{¥n-°m-\m-hm-
Øhn-[w ]-S¿-∂v \miw hn-X-bv-°pw. t]-Sn-t°≠,
Cu-sb-gp-Xnb-Xv hm-bn®p-sIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp
\nß-sf-¶n¬ A-Xn-\¿-Yw C-Xph-sc A-ßs\-sbm-
c-]I-S-ap-≠m-bn-ń√ F-∂mWv.
Cu I-Wn-II-sf I-s≠-Øp∂-Xv F-fp-∏-am-sW-

∂p I-cp-X-cpXv. Ahbp-sS sN-dp-∏hpw th-Khpw
am-{X-a√ {]-iv-\w. l-Xm-i-cm°pwhn-[w £WnIP-
∑-ß-fmW-h. Nn-e-t∏mƒ H-cp IWn-I {]-Xy-£-
s∏-´v C√m-Xm-Ip∂Xv -24sh-dpw
0.000000000000000000000001 sk-°≥Uv (10 sk-
°≥Uv) sIm≠mIpw. G-‰-hpw a-μ-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ I-
Wn-I-bv°pt]m-epw 0.0000001 sk°≥-Un¬ (10˛7
sk-°≥Uv) Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-e-\n¬-∏n√.4
Nn-e I-Wn-I-I-fm-I-s´ h√msX h-gp-Xn-am-dp-
Ibpw sNøpw. Hmtcm sk°≥Unepw ]-Xn-\m-bn-
cw e-£w tIm-Sn e-£w tIm-Sn `m-c-an√m-Ø
Ip™p \yq-{Sn-t\m-Iƒ `q-an-bn-se-Øp-∂p-≠v (kq-
cy-\n-se B-W-h{]-{In-b-I-fneqsS-bm-Wn-h-bn-te-
sd-bp-w P-\n-°p∂Xv). F-∂m-e-h-bn-te-Xm-s≠√mw
`q-ansb-bpw Rm\pw \n-ß-fp-aS-°w `q-an-bn-ep-≈
F√m-‰n-s\-bpw, ap-∂n¬ Aßs\-sbm-∂n-s√-∂ `m-
h-Øn¬, A-\m-bm-kw Xm-≠n IS-∂pt]m-Ip∂p.
AXn¬ Ip-d-s®-Æ-Øn-s\ ]n-Sn-Iq-S-W-sa-¶n¬
57,000 L-\ao-‰¿ L-\-P-e-ap-≈ (ssl{UPs‚
sF-tkm-tSm-∏v B-b Uyq-‰o-cn-bw [m-c-mf-ap-≈ P-
e-am-Wv L-\Pew) Sm-¶v k-÷-am°Ww. a-‰v hn-
In-cW-ß-sfm∂pw IS-∂psN√mØ `qK¿-` A-d-I-
fn¬ (]-g-b J-\n-I-fm-Wv km-[m-c-W C-Xn-\p-]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂Xv) thWw Cu kw-`-cWn-sbm-cp-°m≥.
Nn-e-t∏mƒ AXn-sem-cp \yqSnt\m sh-≈-Øn-s‚

A-Wp-hn¬ sN-∂nSn-°pw, C-Øncn Du¿-÷w ]p-d-
s∏-Sp-hn-°pw. im-kv-{X-⁄¿ A-X-f-°pw. Aßs\
Cu {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ A-Snÿm-\ {]-Ir-Xn-sb∏-‰n
C-Øn-cn-bdnhpIq-Sn \-ap-°p In-´pw. A-ß-s\
1998˛¬ P-∏m-\n-se \n-co-£-I¿ \yq-{Snt\m-bv-°v `m-
c-ap-s≠-∂p I-s≠Øn.5 A-[n-I-sam-∂p-an√, Ce-
t{Œm-Wn-s‚ tIm-Snbn-sem-cw-iw am-{Xw.
Cu Ip-™p-I-Wß-sf I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v ]-W-

s®e-hp Ip-d-®p≠v. Ip-d®√, h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw. A-
t\z-jn-°p-∂ km-[-\-ßfp-sS h-en-∏w IpdbpwtXm-
dpw A-Xn-\p th-≠n-h-cp-∂ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw
kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw h-en-∏w h¿-[n-°p-sa-∂-Xm-
Wv Iu-Xp-I-I-cam-b Im-cyw. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ BWh
K-th-j-W G-P≥-knbm-b tk¨ (CERN) H-cp
sIm-®p \K-cwX-s∂-bmWv. {^m≥-kn-s‚bpw kzn-
‰v-k¿-e≥-Un-s‚bpw A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ Cu
Kthj-Wim-e-bn¬ aq-hm-bn-c-am-fp-Iƒ tPm-en-sb-
Sp-°p-∂p. tk-Wn-s‚ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-sa-{X-sb-∂p
tNm-Zn-®m¬ N-Xpc-{i ao-‰-dne√, N-Xp-c-{i In-tem-
ao‰-dn-em-Wv DØ-cw In-´p-I. sF-^¬ S-h-dn-s\-
°mƒ h-en∏-ap-≈ Im-¥-ap-≠-hn-sS. 26 In-tem-ao-‰¿
\o-f-ap-≈ Xp-c-¶-hpw.
A-Wp-hn-s\ ]n-f¿-°p∂-Xv {]-bm-k-ap-≈ Im-cy-

a-s√-∂v sP-bnw-kv s{S^n¬ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.6
Hmtcm X-h-W ho-ń-se Syq_v -sse‰v HmWm°p-
tºmgpw A-Wp-t`Z-\w \-S-°p-∂p≠v. ]-t£, A-
Wp-tI{μw ]n-f¿-°Wsa-¶n¬ ]-W-ta-sd- th-Ww.
[m-cm-fw ssh-Zyp-Xnbpw thWw. F-∂m¬ Izm¿°n-
s‚ X-e-Øn-te-s°-Øp-tºmƒ (Izm¿-°p-I-sf-s°m-
≠m-Wv BW-h I-W-ßƒ \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv) A-
Xp-w a-Xn-bm-hm-sX h-cpw. e-£w tImSn thmƒ-
´v ssh-Zyp-Xn th-W-a-Xn\v. A-ta-cn-°-bn-se sNdn-
sbm-cp kw-ÿm-\Øn-s‚ _-P-‰pw. tk-Wn¬
2005˛¬ {]-h¿Ø-\w Xp-S-ßm-\n-cn-°p-∂ em¿Pv
lmt{Um¨ sIm-ssf-U-dn-s‚ \n¿-am-W-s®-e-hv 150
tIm-Sn-bn-tesd tUmf-dm-Wv. 14 e-£w tIm-Sn
thmƒ-´v ssh-ZypXn-sIm-≠mW-Xv {]-h¿-Øn-
°pI.* 7
-sS-Iv-km-kn-se hm-Iv-km-l-Nn-bn¬ 1980I-fn¬

\n¿-am-Ww Xp-S-ßnbn-cp-∂ kq-∏¿ I-≠-Œn-Mv kq-
∏¿ sIm-ssf-U¿ bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ C-∏-
d-™ I-W-°p-I-sf√mw \n-jv-{]-`-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
{]-]-t©mXv]-Ønbp-sS B-Zy \n-an-j-Øn-s‚ Z-i-
e-£Øn-sem-cw-iw k-ab-sØ A-h-ÿ G-Xm-≠p
]p-\xkr-„n-®v {Z-hy-Øn-s‚ B-Xy-¥n-Im-h-ÿ a-
\- n-em-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p D-t±-iyw. A-Xn-\m-bn 99 e-
£w tIm-Sn thmƒ-´v Du¿-÷w kr„n®v 84 In-tem-
ao-‰¿ ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≈ Xp-c-¶-Øn-eq-sS I-Wn-II-sf
]m-bn-°p-I. Kwò-c]-≤-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. a-Xn-∏p
\n¿-am-W-s®-e-hv 800 tIm-Sn tUmf¿ (A-Xp ]n-
∂o-Sv 1000 tIm-Sn tUm-fdm-bn D-b¿-∂p). {]-h¿-Ø-
\-s®ehv h¿j-Øn¬ tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p tUm-f¿
th-sd-bpw. G-Xm-bmepw A-Xp th-≠nh∂n√. ]-c-
am-Wp-°-fp-am-bp-≈ kw-L-´-\-Øn-\p ]I-cw A-ta-
cn-°≥ {K-kp-am-bm-Wv A-hnsS G-‰p-ap-´-ep-≠m-bXv.
-tIm¨
* B-W-h]-co-£-W-ß-fm-Wv tk-Wn-s‚ e-£y-

sa-¶n-epw Nn-e h-º≥ D-t]m¬]-∂-ßfpw A-hnsS
\n-∂p h-cm-dp-≠v. thƒ-Uv ssh-Uv sh-_v (www)
D-Zm-l-cWw. tk-Wn-se Snw _¿-tW-gv-kv eo
1989˛emW-Xp hn-I-kn-∏n-®Xv. hnh¿Ø-Is‚ Ip-
dn∏v : tkWnse em¿Pv lmt{Um¨ sImssf-
Udn(F¬.F-®v.kn.)¬ ùXn-Iimkv{X ]co-
£Ww XpS-ßn-bXv 2008 emWv. Nne kmt¶-XnI
Imc-W-ß-fm-emWv AXv {]h¿Ø\k-÷-am-Im≥
sshIn-b-Xv. 100 ao‰¿ Bg-Øn¬ 27 Intem-ao-‰¿
ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Xpc-¶-Øn-emWXp ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. (]pXn-b F¬.F-®v.kn.-bn¬\n-∂p-≈ hn-h-
c-ßƒ hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øm≥ \n-ehn-ep-≈ I-ºyq-
´¿irw-Je t]m-sc-∂p tXm-∂n-b-t∏mƒ tk¨ {Kn-
Uv kw-hn-[m-\w hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-SpØp. A-Xn-thKw
h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw hnh-cw ssI-am-dm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-
am-Wv {KnUv.)
]-Ww Ip-gn-®paq-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂-Xn-\v G-
‰hpw an-I® D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv Cu ]-≤-Xn. 200 tIm-
Sn tUm-f¿ sN-e-hn-´v 22 In-tem-ao-‰¿ Xpc-¶w \n¿-an-
® ti-jw 1993˛¬ ]≤-Xn th-s≠-∂p h®p. Aß-
s\ tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰hpw sN-e-thdn-b Xp-c-¶-ap-≈
ÿ-ew F-∂ _-lpa-Xn sS-Iv-km-kv Ic-ÿ-am°n.
"t^m¿-Sv h¿-Øv kv-‰m¿˛sS-en-{Kman' se kp-lr-Øv
sP-^v Kn≥ ]-d-™-X-v "\ncm-i ]q-≠p \n¬-°p-∂
G-Xm-\pw sN-dp]-´-W-ß-fpambn A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-
∂ hn-im-eam-b X-cn-ip\n-e-am-Wn-t∏mƒ ]-≤-Xn{]-
tZ-iw' F-∂mWv.8
kq-∏¿ sIm-ssf-U¿ Zp-c-¥-Øn-\pti-jw I-W-

ù-Xn-Iw Ip-td-°q-Sn sNe-hp Ip-d-™ ]-≤-Xn-I-fn-
te-°p {i-≤ Xn-cn®p. sNe-hv Ip-d-hm-sWs∂m-s°
]-d-bp-sa-¶nepw a-t‰-sX-¶nepw ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-am-bn Xm-
c-Xayw sNøptºmƒ h-º≥ sNe-hp h-cp-∂-h-bm-
Wv Ah.
ku-Øv U-t°m-´-bn-se tlmw-kv-s‰-bv-°v ssa-
\n¬ Xp-S-ßm-\n-cn-°p∂ \yq-{Snt\m \n-co-£-WtI-
{μ-Øn-s‚ a-Xn-∏p \n¿-am-Ws®-e-hv 50 tIm-Sn tUm-
f-dmWv.9 ]-g-sbm-cp J-\n-bn-em-Wn-Xp ]-Wn-bp-∂Xv.
J-\n C-Xn-\m-bn cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v 28.1 tIm-Sn
tUm-f¿ thtd thWw. Cen-t\m-bn¬ s^¿-an em-
_n-ep-≈ ]m¿-ń-°nƒ B-Iv-kn-e-td-‰¿ ]p-\x{]-Xn-
jvTn-°p-∂Xn-\p am{Xw th-≠nh-∂ sN-e-hv 26 tIm-
Sn tUm-f-dm-Wv.10
au-en-II-W ù-Xn-Iw ]-W-s®-e-thdn-b ]-cn-]m-

Sn-bm-sW-∂p Np-cp°w. A-Xn¬\n-∂p-≈ t\-´-ß-
fpw tam-i-a√. 150 te-sd auen-II-Wß-sf C∂p
I-s≠-Øn-°-gn-™n-´p≠v.11 th-sdm-cp \q-sd-ÆwIq-
Sn \n-co-£-W-Øn-emWv. ]t£ H-cp Ip-g-∏-ap≠v.
dn-®m¿-Uv s^-bn≥-am≥ ]-d™-Xpt]m-se, "Cu I-
W-ßƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sa-¥m-sW∂pw F-¥n-
\pth-≠n-bm-Wv {]-IrXn Ah-sb kr-„n-®-sX∂pw
a-\- n-em-°m≥ hen-b {]-bm-k-amWv.' H-cp s]ń I-
„-s∏-´p Xp-d-∂m¬ ImWp-I ]qń-b a-s‰m-cp s]-
ń-bmWv. {]-Im-i-sØ°mƒ th-K-Øn¬ k-©-cn-
°m≥ I-gn-hp-≈ Sm°n-tbm¨ F-s∂m-cpX-cw I-W-
ß-fp-s≠-∂m-Wv Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.12 Kp-cp-Xz_-e-
Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm\am-sW-∂p I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂ {Km-
hn-t‰m¨ F-∂ IWw I-s≠-Øm-sa-∂ {]Xo
£-bn-em-Wv a‰p Nne¿. Aß-s\ sN-∂p sN-

∂v A-tß-b‰-Øv F-∂p sNs∂Øm-\mIpw \-ap-
°v F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v DØ-cw I-s≠Øp-I F-fp-
∏-a√. "tImkv-tam-kn'¬ Imƒ km-K≥ H-cp km[y-
X ap-t∂m-´p hbv°p-∂p-≠v: "Ce-t{Œm-Wn-s‚ B-
g-ß-fn-te-°p IS-∂psN-∂m¬, A-º-Xp-I-fn-se
imkv{XI-YIsf Hm¿-an-∏n°pwhn-[w Hcp]-t£,
th-sdm-cp {]-]-©-amIpw ImWm-\m-hp-I-.13 A-hn-sS
A-h-cp-tSXm-b Km-e-Iv-kn-Ifpw a-‰p kw-hn-
[m\ßfpw I-t≠-°mw. A-Xn-s‚-bp-ap-≈n-te--°p
t]m-bm¬ CXp-t]m-se ASnÿm-\ I-W-ß-fn-se-
Øpw. A-h- th-sdm-cp X-e-Øn-ep-≈ {]-]-©-am-bn-
cn°pw, H-cp]t£. Aß-s\ Xm-tg--°p t]m-Ip-
t¥mdpw H-cp {]-]-©-Øn-\p-≈n¬ a-s‰m-cp {]-]-
©w. A-Xß-s\ A-\-¥-am-bn \o-fpw. aq-I-fn-te-°p
t]m-Iptºmgpw Aß-s\X-s∂.'
`q-cn-]-£-am-fp-Iƒ°pw a-\- n-em-°m≥ {]-bm-k-ap-

≈ Im-cy-ß-fm-Wnh. ]-d-™n-´p Im-cy-an√. I-
Wù-Xn-I-Øn-s‚ {]m-Yan-I]mT-ßƒ hm-bn-
°ptºmƒX-s∂ A-]-cnNn-X]-Z-ßfpw {]-tbm-K-ß-
fp-w h-gnap-S-°m-s\Øpw. H-cp-Zm-lc-Ww t\m-
°pI˛˛˛"Nm¿-Pp-≈ ]-tbm-Wp-I-ƒ £-bn®v ayp-
thmWpw B‚n\yq-{Sn-t\mbpw Bbpw B‚n ]-tbm-
Wp-Iƒ £-bn-®v B‚n aypthmWpw \yq-{Sn-t\m-bp-
am-bpw am-dpw.14 A-Xn-s‚ i-cmi-cn Pohn-XIm-em-
h[n 2.63 x 10˛8 sk-°-≥-UmWv. Nm¿-Pn√m-Ø
]-tbm¨ £-bn-®v c-≠p t^m-t´m-WpI-fm-bn am-
dpw. A-Xn-s‚ i-cmi-cn Pohn-XIm-em-h[n 0.8 x
10˛16 sk-°≥Upw. ayp-thm-Wp-Ifpw B‚n ayp-thm-
Wp-I-fpw £-bn-®v.....' Aß-s\ t]m-hp∂p AXv.
km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ Im-cy-ßƒ kv-]-„-am-b-h-X-cn-
∏n-°p∂ Ãoh≥ shbn≥-_¿-Kv km-[m-c-W hm-b-
\-°m¿-°pth-≠n-sb-gpXn-b ]pkv-X-I-Øn¬\n-∂p-
≈-Xm-Wo D-≤-c-Wn-sb-t∂m¿-°Ww.
kw-K-Xn Aev-]w e-fn-X-am-°m-sa-∂ D-t±-iy-

tØm-sS 1960-I-fn¬ Im¬sS-°n-se ap-td sKƒ-am≥
F-∂ im-kv-{X-⁄≥ ]pXn-sbm-cp X-cw IWßsf
A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p. Ão-h≥ sh-bn≥-_¿-Kn-s‚X-s∂
hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d™m¬ "A-k-wJyw lm-t{Um-
WpIsf H-s∂m-Xp-°n-sb-Sp°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p'
15
AXv. (t{]m-t´m-Wns\bpw \yq-t{Sm-Wns\bpw {]-
_-e A-Wp-tI-{μo-b _-e-Øm¬ \n-b-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp-
∂ a-‰p I-W-ßsfbpw tN¿-Øp s]m-Xp-hmbn ]-
d-bp-∂ t]-cm-Wv lm-t{Um¨. Cu lm-t{Um-Wp-
I-sf√mw A-Xnepw sNdnb A-Snÿm-\I-Wßƒ-
sIm-≠p \n¿-an-°-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p
sKƒam\n-s‚ kn-≤m-¥w. B A-Sn-ÿm-\I-Wß-
sf ]m¿-tSm-Wp-I-sf-∂p
hn-fn-°m-sa-∂m-Wv A-t±lØn-s‚ k-l-{]-h¿-

Ø-I\m-b dn-®m¿-Uv s^bn≥am≥ \n¿-t±-in-®Xv.16
B \n¿-t±-iw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-ń√. A-ß-s\-b-
hbv°v Izm¿-°p-Iƒ F-∂p t]-cph∂p.
^n-∂n-K≥-kv sh-bv-°v F-∂ {]-ikv-XIr-

Xnbnse "{Xo Izm¿-Iv-kv t^m¿ a-Ã¿ am¿-Iv' F-
∂ h-cn-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv sKƒam≥ Cu t]-cp kzo-I-
cn-®Xv. Izm¿-°n-s‚ au-en-Iem-fnXyw ]-t£, A-[n-
Iw Im-ew \n-e-\n-∂n√. Izm¿-°pI-sf ]n-s∂-bpw
D-]hn-`m-K-ß-fmbn hn-`-Pn-t°-≠-Xp-s≠-∂v hy-‡-
ambn. \n-d-tam (colour) kzm-tZm (flavour) a-t‰-sX-
¶nepw _m-lyKpWßtfm a-\- n-em-°m≥ ]-‰mØ-
{X sN-dp-Xm-Wv Izm¿-°p-I-sf-¶nepw Ahsb X-
cwXn-cn®-Xv I-f-sd∂pw ^v-tf-h-sd∂pw t]-cn-´ hn-
ti-j-ß-fp-sS t]cnemWv. ^v-tf-h-dn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ A]v, Uu¨, kv-s{S-bv©v, Nmw, tSm]v,
t_m-´w F-∂nß-s\ B-dm-bn Xn-cn-®p. I-f-dn-s‚
A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sdUv, {Ko≥, ªq F-∂n-ß-s\-
]n-s∂bpw Xn-cn®p.
C-sX-√mwIq-Sn tN¿-∂mWv ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ A-

¥¿-`m-K-Øn-s‚ L-SI `m-K-ß-fpsS {]m-am-Wn-I
am-Xr-I (standard model) D-cp-Øn-cn-™p h∂Xv.17
Cu am-Xr-I-bn-ep≈-Xv C-h-sbm-s°-bmWv: B-dp
Izm¿-°pIƒ, Bdv se-]v-t‰m-WpIƒ, A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂ A-©p t_m-tkm-WpIƒ. ]n-s∂ I-s≠Øm\p-
s≠-∂p {]-h-Nn-°-s∏-´ B-dmasØ t_m-
tkm¨—ln-Kv-kv t_m-tkm¨ (kv-tIm-ń-jv im-
kv-{X-⁄≥ ]o-‰¿ ln-Kv-kn-s‚ t]-cm-WXn\v), ]n-
s∂ \m-ev ùXn-I_-e-ß-fn-se aq-s∂Æw˛˛˛˛{]-
_-e A-Wp-tI{μob_ew, Zp¿-_-e A-Wp-tI-
{μob_ew, ssh-Zyp-XIm-¥nI-X.
B {I-ao-I-c-Wß-sf C-ß-s\ kw-{K-ln-°mw:

{Z-hy-Øn-s‚ A-Snÿm\-L-S-I-w Izm¿-°p-I-fm-Wv.
•p-thm¨ F-∂- I-W-ß-fm-Wnh-sb tN¿Øp-\n¿-
Øp-∂Xv. Izm¿-°p-Ifpw •p-thm-Wp-Ifpw tN¿-∂m-
Wv ]-c-amWptI-{μ-Ønse t{]m-t´mWpw \yq-t{Sm-
Wp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. se-]v-t‰m-Wp-In¬ - n-∂m-Wv Ce-
t{ŒmWpw \yq-{Sn-t\m-I-fp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Izm¿-°p-I-
sfbpw se-]v-t‰m-Wp-I-sfbpw tN¿-Øv s^¿an-tbm-
Wp-Iƒ F-∂p hn-fn-°p∂p. _ew D-Xv-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw h-ln-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ I-Wn-I-I-fm-Wv
t_mtkm-Wp-Iƒ (C-¥y≥ im-kv-{X-⁄≥ F-kv.
F≥.t_m-kn-s‚ t]cmW-Xn-\v).18 t^m-t´m-Wp-
Ifpw •p-thm-Wp-I-fpw A-Xn¬-s∏-Sp∂p. ln-Kvkv
t_m-tkm¨ Dt≠m C√tbm F-∂p-d-∏n√. I-W-
ßƒ°p ]n-fi-w {]-Zm\w sNøp-I F-∂ B-h-iyw
ap≥-\n¿-Øn-bm-WXv hn-`mh-\w sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈Xv.
C-∏-d-™-Xn-\v H-Xp-°w Ip-d-hm-sW-∂p k-Ω-Xn-

°mw. ]-t£, ASnÿm-\I-W-ß-fp-sS temI-Øv
\-S-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ G-
‰hpw e-fn-Xam-b am-Xr-I-bm-WnXv. F-∂m¬ Ãm≥-
tU¿-Uv tamUen-\v em-fn-Xyhpw Nm-cp-X-bp-an-s√-
∂p I-cp-Xp-∂ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ [m-cm-fap≠v. en-tb-
m¨ se-sU¿-am≥ 1985˛¬ H-cp sS-en-hn-j≥ tUm-
Iyp-sa‚-dnbn¬ ]-d-™-t]mse "Xn-I®pw k-¶o¿-
W-am-WXv. A-\n-b-{¥n-X Af-hptXm-Xp-Iƒ H-cp-
]m-Sp-≠-Xn¬.19 C-cp]-Xp N-{I-ßƒ Xn-cn-®v A-f-hp-
Iƒ Ir-Xy-am-°n-bm-Wv {k-„m-hv {]-]-©kr-„n Xp-
S-ßn-sh-®-sX-∂v hn-iz-kn°m≥ {]-bm-k-am-Wv.' ]-
c-aam-b em-fnXyw tX-Sn-bp-≈ A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv ù-
Xn-I-im-kv-{Xw. "]-s£, C-t∏mƒ In-ń-b-tXm Kw-ò-
c-am-b A-e-t¶m-ehpw.'
Ãm≥-tU¿-Uv tam-U-en-\v A-Sp°pw Nn-´bpw Ip-

d-hm-sW∂-Xp am-{Xa√, {]-iv\w. A-Xv A-]q¿-
WwIq-Sn-bmWv. Kp-cp-Xz-_-e-sØ-∏-‰n AXn-
s\m∂pw ]-d-bm-\n-s√∂-Xv H-∂ma-sØ Im-cyw. ta-
i-∏pd-Øph® sXm-∏n H-gp-In a®n-te-°p \o-ßm-
Ø-sX¥p-sIm-s≠-∂v A-Xn¬ ap-gp-h≥ ]-c-Xn-
bmepw I-s≠-Øn√. ]nfi-sØ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\p-
a-Xn-\m-bn√. I-W-ßƒ-°p ]nfiw \¬-Im-\m-bn
ln-Kv-kv t_m-tkm¨ F-∂ km-¶ev]n-II-W-ßƒ
B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp sN-bv-XXv.20 A-ßs\-
sbm-∂v b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-ept≠m F-∂p I-≠p-]n-Sn-
t°≠-Xv C-cp-]-sØm∂mw \q-‰m-≠n-se im-kv-{X-
am-Wv. s^-bn≥-am≥ ]d-™-t]mse " \-ap-°v Iq-
dp-]p-e¿-Øm-\p-≈ Cu kn-≤m¥w i-cnbm-tWm
AtXm sX‰mtWm F-∂-dn-bn√.21 ]-t£, H-∂-dn-
bmw Aev]w sX-‰m-WXv, AY-hm A-]q¿-W-am-Wv.'
C-sX√mw G-Io-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ {i-a-Øn-s‚ `m-K-

am-bmWv im-kv-{X⁄¿ Nc-Spkn-≤m-¥ (super-
string theory)-Øn-\v cq-]w \¬-InbXv. \-ap -°-dn-
bm-hp-∂ Izm¿-°p-Ifpw se-]v-t‰m-Wp-I-fp-a-S-ßp∂
Cu Ip-™p-I-Wß-sf√mw ]Xn-s\m-∂p am-\-ß-
fn¬ Nm-©m-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ N-c-Sp-IfpsS C-g-
I-fm-sW∂v Cu kn-≤m-¥w ]-d-bp∂p.22 \-ap-°-dn-
bp-∂ aq-∂p am\-ßfpw ]n-s∂ Im-e-sa-∂ \memw
am-\-hpw Iq-Sm-sX \-ap-°-dn-bm-Ø G-gp am-\-ßƒ
IqSn. sNdnb ]Zm¿Yß-sf-t∏mepw IS-Øn-hn-Sm-
\m-ImØ sNdp-XmWv Cu Nc-Sp-Iƒ.23
Aß-s\ Iq-Sp-X¬ am-\-ßƒ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xn-

eqsS, Cu Nc-Sp kn≤m¥-Øn¬ Izm-≠w \n-b-a-
ßƒ-s°m-∏w Kp-cp-Xz\n-b-a-ßfpw Xm-c-X-tay-\ hr-
Øn-bm-bn H-Xp-°n-hbv-°m≥ im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°p I-
gn-™p. F-∂p-h®v A-Xp a-\- n-em-°m≥ F-fp-∏-am-
sW-∂v I-cp-X-cpXv. kq-∏¿kv-{Sn-Mv kn-≤m-¥-sØ∏-
‰n im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]-d-bp-∂- Imcyw ]m¿-°n¬h-®v
H-c-]-cn-NnX≥ apJ-Øp t\m°n∏-d-™m¬ \n-ßƒ
]-cn-{`m-¥n]q-≠v C-dßn-tbmSpw.
A-{X-bv-°p tI-a-am-WXv. kw-i-b-ap-s≠-¶n¬

ùXn-I im-kv-{X-⁄≥ an®ntbm Im-°p kq-∏¿-kv-
{Sn-Mv kn-≤m-¥-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v {]-]©-sØ hn-i-Zo-I-
cn-°p∂-Xp t\m-°p-I:
Cu hn-j-a-bp‹ N-c-Sn¬ {]-Z£n-WZ-i-bnepw

A-{]-Zn-£n-WZn-i-bn-epambn c-≠pX-cw I-º-\-ß-
fp-≈ kwhr-XN-c-Sp≠v.24 hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bm-Wv
Ahsb ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv. {]-Z£n-WZn-i-bn-se
Id-°w ]-Øp-am-\-ßfp-≈ kv-t]kn-em-Wv \-S-°p-
∂Xv. A-{]-Z£n-WZn-i-bn-te-Xv 26 am-\-ßfn-epw.
C-Xn¬ 16 am-\-ßƒ Zr-Vo-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. (I-eq-k-
bp-sS ]-g-b A©p am-\-ß-fp-≈ am-Xr-I-bn¬
A©mw am-\-sØ-bm-Wv hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Np‰n
ZrVoIcn®sXt∂m¿-°Ww.)
A-Xnß-s\ \o-≠p-In-S-°p-I-bmWvv, 350 t]-Pp-I-

fn-em-bn. C-∏-d-™ kq∏¿kv-{Sn-Mv kn-≤m-¥w Fw
kn-≤m-¥w (M theory) F-s∂m∂n-\p P-∑w \¬-In-
bn-´p≠v.25 kv-X-cßƒ (saw-s{_-bv≥-˛˛ùXn-I im-
kv{X-⁄-c-Xn-s\ shdpw s{_-bv≥ F-∂p hn-fn-
°pw) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]pXnsbm-cp {]-X-e-sØ-
°qSn Cu kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ C-W-°n-t®¿-Øn-cn-
°p∂p. A-hn-sSs-b-Øp-tºm-tg-°v hn-⁄m-\-Øn-
s‚ cmP]m-X-bn¬\n-∂v \-Ωn¬ `q-cn-]-£-am-fp-
Ifpw C-d-ßn-t∏m-Im≥ \n¿-_-‘n-X-cm-Ip∂ L-´-
sa-Øpw. Cu kn-≤m-¥w km-[m-c-W hm-b-\-°m¿-
°m-bn ]-c-amh-[n e-fn-X-am-b-h-Xcn-∏n®p-sIm-≠v
\yq-tbm¿Iv ssSw-kv F-gp-Xn-b-Xp t\m-°pI:
h-{Io-I-cn-°-s∏-´ ]-©-am-\ÿe-Øv k-am-¥-c-

am-bn-cn-°p-∂ Hcp- tPmUn iq-\ykv-X-c-ß-fn¬\n-
∂m-Wv H-cp A-\n›n-X `q-X-Ime-Øv fiv-ss]-
tdmń-Iv {]-{In-b Xp-S-ßn-bXv.26 A-©mwX-e-Øn-s‚
Np-h-cm-bn {]-h¿-Øn°p∂ Cu c-≠p kv-X-c-ßfpw
Ip-td-°q-Sn ]-g-sbm-cp Im-e-Øn¬\n-∂v Izm-≠w
B-tμmf-\-Øn¬\n-∂v Nm-Sn ho-W-Xm-IWw.
a-\- n-em-°m≥Xs∂ {]-bm-k-am-bXp-sIm≠v X¿-

°n-°m≥ t]m-bn-´p Imcyan√. G-Xm-bmepw F-Iv-
ss]-tdm-ń-Iv F-∂ hm°v h≥\m-i-ap-≠m-°p-∂
hº≥ A-·n-_m-[-sb-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ {Ko-°v ]-Z-
Øn¬\n-∂p h-∂-Xm-sW-∂p X¬-°mew a-\- n-em-
°n-s°mƒ-I.
ùXn-Iim-kv-{X ]p-tcmKXn C-{X-bp-saØnb-

t∏m-tg-°v H-cp Ipg-∏w Iq-Sn ]-‰n. b-Ym¿-Y im-
kv-{Xhpw im-kv-{X-sa-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-´v hen-b hmb-
n¬ kw-km-cn-°p-∂ X-ń-∏p-Im-scbpw Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥
km-[m-c-W-°m-¿°p {]bmk-am-sW-∂p h-∂p.27
2002˛¬ {^m≥-kn¬\n-∂p-≈ C-c-´ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-
cmb im-kv-{X-⁄¿ C-tKm¿ t_m-Kv-Z-t\m-hpw {Kn-
jvI t_m-Kv-Z-t\mhpw ]pXnsbm-cp kn-≤m-¥-hp-am-
bn h-∂-t∏mƒ Cu {]-iv-\w i-cn-°-\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw
sN-bvXp.28 km-¶e]n-I k-abw, Iyq-
t_m˛jznwK¿˛am¿-ń≥ A-h-ÿ Fs∂mv s°-bp-
≈ Iev-]-\-I-f-h-X-cn-∏n®psIm≠v a-lmhnkv-t^m-
S-\-Øn\p apºp≈ iq-\yX-sb hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-
bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS {iaw. ùXn-Iim-kv-{X \n-b-a-
ßƒ ]n-d-°p-∂-Xn-\pap-ºp≈ B Im-ew F-t∏mgpw
im-kv-{X tem-IsØ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw
A⁄m-XIm-e-am-bn-cp∂p.
t_m-Kv-Z-t\m-hv kn-≤m-¥w im-kv{X-temI-Øv Nq-

Sp-]n-Sn-® N¿-®m-hn-jbambn. shdpw \n-c¿-Y-I Pev-
]-\amtWm {]-Xn-`mI-ev-]-\bmtWm AtXm
shdpw X-ń∏mtWm A-sX-∂ Im-cy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p
X¿°w. "im-kv-{Xo-bam-bn C-Xv Xn-I-™ A-kw-_-
‘-amWv. ]-d-™n-s´-¥m C∂-sØ imkv{X {]-_-
‘-ß-fn¬\n-∂v A-Xn-s\ th¿-Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ F-fp-
∏a√.' sIm-fw_nb k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se ùXn-
I im-kv-{X-⁄≥ ]o-‰¿ thm-bv-‰v \yq-tbm¿°v
ssSwkn-t\m-Sp ]-d-™-X-ß-s\-bmWv.
B-[p\n-I ù-Xn-I-]T-\-Øn-s‚ ta-[m-hn-sb∂vv

Ão-h≥ sh-bn≥-_¿Kv hn-ti-jn-∏n-® Imƒ t]m-∏-dn-
s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-Øn¬ A-¥n-
akn-≤m-¥w F-s∂m-∂n√.29 H-cp kn-≤m-¥w hn-i-
Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v IqSp-X¬ hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ th-
≠nh-cpw. A-Xp hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ hn-i-ZoI-c-W-
ßƒ th-sdbpw th-≠nh-cpw. H-cp auen-IXØzw a-
s‰m-∂n-\p h-gn hbv°pw. A-ß-s\-b-ß-s\ B N-
ß-e A-\-¥-ambn \o-≠pt]m-Ipw. CuA-dn-sh√mw
\-ap-°pƒ-s°m-≈m-hp-∂-Xn-\p-a-∏p-d-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-
∂ th-sdm-cp km-[y-X-bp-ap-≠v. ]-t£, `m-Ky-Øn\v
"{Uowkv Hm-^v F ss^-\¬ Xnbdn' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-
I-Øn¬ sh-bn≥_¿-Kv ]-d-bp∂-Xpt]mse "\-Ωp-
sS _u≤nIhn-`-h-ß-fp-sS D-d-h h-‰n-bn-ń√.'30
H-cp Im-cy-ap-d-∏mWv. Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ C-\nbpw
]p-Xp ]p-Xp Nn-¥-Ifpw kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-ap-b¿-∂p h-
cpw. A-h \-Ωn¬ an-°-h-cp-sSbpw X-e-bv°p ap-I-fn-
eq-sS t]m-hp-IbpwsN-øpw.
C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ a-[y Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ ùXn-

Iim-kv-{X-⁄¿ Ip™p-I-W-ß-fp-sS tem-I-tØ-
°v A-º-c-t∏m-sS t\m-°n-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ
tPymXn»m-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS ÿn-Xnbpw hy-Xy-kv-X-
am-bn-cp-∂n√. {]-]-©-sØ-∏-‰nbp-≈ ⁄m-\w F-
{X-am{Xw A-]q¿WamsW∂Xmbncp-∂p A-h-cpsS
{]iv\w.
I-sÆØpwZq-c-Øp-≈ Km-e-Iv-kn-I-sf-√mw \-
Ωn¬\n-∂-I∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂mWv A-
h-km-\w \-Ωƒ F-Uzn≥ l-_v-fn-s\ Im-Wptºmƒ
A-t±-lw I-s≠Øn-b Imcyw. A-h-bpsS Cu ]m-
®n-en-s‚ th-Kw \-Ωn¬\n-∂-h-bn-te-°p-≈ A-I-e-
Øn-\v B-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-sW-∂pw A-t±-lw I-s≠-
Øn. Iq-Sp-X¬ A-I-se-bp-≈ Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ A-
I-ep∂Xv IqSp-X¬ th-K-Øn-emWv. e-fn-Xam-sbm-
cp k-ao-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS l-_vƒ C°mcyw hy-‡-
am°n. Ho= v/ d (C-hnsS Ho H-cp ÿn-cm-¶-amWv.
v Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ A-I-ep-∂-Xn-s‚ thKw. d Kme-
Iv-knbpw \-Ω-fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-I-ew.) Ho l-_v-
ƒ ÿn-cm-¶w F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu k-ao-Ic-Ww
l_vƒ \n-b-asa-∂pw. Cu t^m¿ap-e h-®v l-_vƒ
{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ {]m-bw IW-°pIqń.31 A-t∏mƒ
In-ń-b- DØ-cw 200 tIm-Sn h¿-jw F∂mWv. ]-
t£, AXn-semcp {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]-]-
©-Øn-se ]-e L-S-I-ßƒ°pw˛˛˛˛\-Ωp-sSbo `q-
an-bp-ƒ-s∏-sS ]-e-Xn-\pw˛˛˛˛A-Xn-te-sd {]m-b-ap-
s≠-∂v 1920 Iƒ apX¬ X-s∂ A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ Cu kwJy-sbm-∂p ]-cn-jv-I-
cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ {i-a-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p tImkv-
tam-f-Pn-kv-‰pIƒ.
l-_vƒ ÿn-cm-¶-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ ÿn-c-X-

bp-≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv AXns\-¥p aqeyw \¬-I-W-sa-
∂ Im-cy-Øn-ep-≈ X¿-°-Øn\p am-{X-amWv. - {]am-
WZo-]-am-bn I-cp-Xp∂ sk-^n-Up-I-fp-sS {]-Im-i-
Øn¬ t\c-tØ I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xnepw hy-Xym-k-ap-
s≠∂v 1956˛¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ Is≠Øn. H∂√,
c-≠pX-c-Øn-ep-≠v sk-^n-UpIƒ. C-Xph-®v A-h¿
ho-≠pw IW°pIqń. A-t∏mƒ Inń-b DØ-cw
{]-]-©-Øns‚ {]m-bw 700 tIm-Sn h¿jØn-\pw
2000 tIm-Sn h¿-j-Øn-\p-an-S-bv-°m-sW-∂mWv.32 kw-
Jy-bp-sS Imcy-Øn¬ Ir-Xy-X-bn-√-m-bn-cps∂¶n-epw
`q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-hp-am-bp≈ sshcp[yw A-tXmsS
H-gn-hm-bn-°n-ń.
]-t£ ]n-∂m-seX-s∂ H-cp X¿-°w s]m-ń-∏p-d-

s∏´p.33 A-Xv h¿jß-tfm-fw \o-fp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
l-_v-fn-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an-bm-bn au-≠v hn¬-k-Wn¬ h-
∂ A-e≥ km≥-tUPpw sS-Iv-km-kv k¿-h-I-em-im-
e-bnse {^©v tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ sP-dm¿-Uv
Zv thm-Iq-fn-tb-gvkpw X-Ωn-emWv X¿°w Xp-S-ßn-
bXv. h¿-j-ßƒ \o-≠ IW-°pIq-´-ep-Iƒ-s°m-
Sp-hn¬ km≥-tUPv l-_vƒ ÿn-cm-¶-Øn-s‚ aq-
eyw I-s≠-Øn—50. A-Xph-®v {]-]-©-Øns‚ {]m-
bhpw I-W-°m-°n—2,000 tIm-Sn h¿jw. F-∂m¬
l_vƒ ÿn-cm-¶-Øn-s‚ aq-eyw 100 B-sW-∂ Im-
cy-Øn¬ thm-Iq-fn-tb-gv-kn-\p kw-i-b-an√m-bn-
cp∂p*. A-Xn-s‚-b¿-Yw {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ {]m-bhpw
h-en-∏hpw km≥-tU-Pv IW-°pIq-ń-b-Xn-s‚ ]-Ip-
Xn-tb-bp-≈q F-∂m-Wv. A-XmbXv {]mbw 1,000
tIm-Sn h¿-jw. A-Xp t]m-cm-™v Imen-t^m¿-Wn-
b-bn-se Im¿-sW-Kn \-£-{X\n-co-£-W-im-e-bn-se
im-kv-{X-⁄¿ 1994˛¬ ]pXnsbm-cp IW-°p-am-bn
h∂p. l-_vƒ kv-s]-bvkv sS-enkv-tIm-∏n¬\n-
∂p≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xv A-h-sc-Øn-
t®¿-∂ DØ-cw {]-]-©-Øns‚ {]m-bw 800 tIm-
Sn h¿j-ta h-cq F-∂mWv. F-∂m-en-Xv {]-]-©-
Ønse Nne \£-{X-ß-fp-sS {]m-b-Ønepw Ip-d-
hm-sW-∂v A-h¿X-s∂ k-Ω-Xn-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp.
\m-k-bn-sebpw sa-cn-e-‚nse sKm-Zm¿-Zv kv-s]-bv-kv
^vssf‰v sk‚-dn-sebpw im-kv-{X-⁄¿ hn¬-°n≥-
k¨ ssa-t{Im-th-hv A-\n-kvt{Sm-]n t{]m-_v F-
∂ ]pXn-sbm-cn-\w D-]-{K-l-Øn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-
sS 2003˛¬ \-SØn-b ]T-\-Øn¬ ]pXn-sbm-cp-Ø-
c-Øn-seØn—{]-]-©-Øns‚ {]m-bw 1370 tIm-Sn
h¿-j-am-Wv.34 A-Xn¬ H-cp \q-dp tIm-Sn h¿-jØn-
s‚ G-‰-°p-d-®n¬ h-cmw. C-t∏mƒ A-hn-sS-bm-Wv
Im-cy-ßƒ \n¬-°p∂Xv, X¬-°m-e-tØ-s°-¶n-
epw.
]-ehn-[ hym-Jym-\-ßƒ-°v C-„wt]m-se km-

[y-X-bp-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv C-°m-cy-Øn¬ H-c-hkm-
\Xo¿-∏n-\p X-S- -am-Ip-∂-Xv. hn-im-eam-sbm-cp *l-
_vƒ ÿncm-¶w 50 A-s√-¶n¬ 100 F-s∂m-s° ]-
d-bp-tºmƒ F-¥m-W¿-Y-am-°p-∂-sX-∂p kwibap-
≠m-Ipw. tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-Øn-se A-fhp-tIm-en-em-
W-Xn-s‚ D-Ø-c-ap-≈-Xv. km-[m-c-W \mw tIƒ-°p-
∂ {]Im-ih¿-ja√, tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-⁄¿ Zq-c-a-
f-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ G-I-Iw. ]m¿ sk-Iv (par-
sec) F-∂m-W-Xn-\p t]-cv. (Z¿-i-\-ÿn-Xn- hy-Xym-
k-sa-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ ]m-c-em-Iv-kv F-∂ hm°pw sk-
°‚pw tN¿-∂m-Wv ]m¿-sk-Iv D-≠m-b-Xv.) H-cp
]m¿-skIv 3.26 {]Im-ih¿-j-amWv. hen-b A-f-hp-
Iƒ°v sa-Km-]m¿-sk-Iv D-]-tbm-Kn-°pw. 10 e-£w
]m¿-sk-Iv B-Wv H-cp sa-Km ]m¿-skIv. In-tem-ao-
‰¿ / sk-°‚ v/ ]m¿-sk-Iv B-bm-Wv l-_vƒ ÿn-
cm-¶w I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv. l_vƒ ÿn-cm-¶w 50 F-
∂p ]-d-™m¬ A-Xn-\¿-Yw 50 In-tem-ao-‰¿/ sk-
°‚ v/ sa-Km-]m¿-skIv F∂mWv. \-Ωn¬ `q-cn]-
£wt]-sc kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw {]-tXy-In-®¿-Y-
sam-∂p-an√ Cu A-f-hn\v. tPym-Xn»m-kv-{X-Øn-se
an-° A-f-hp-I-fp-sS Im-cy-hp-a-XpXs∂. hf-sc h-
ep-XmsW∂-XpsIm≠pXs∂ km[m-c-W-°mcs\
kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw \n-c¿-Y-I-am-W-h.
ssaXm\-Øv cm{Xn\n-∂v A-I-se-bp-≈ c-≠v

ssh-Zyp-X hn-f-°p-I-fn-te°p-≈ Zq-cw I-W-°m-
°m≥ {i-an-°p-I-bm-sW-∂p-hbv°p-I. c-≠p
_ƒ_pI-fp-sSbpw {]-Im-iXo{h-X H-∂pX-s∂-bm-
sW-∂pw H-∂v a-‰-Xn-s\ A-t]£n®v 50 i-X-am-
\wIq-Sn A-I-se-bm-sW∂pw tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-Øn-
se km[mcW A-fhp-tIm-ep-Iƒ h-®pX-s∂ \-
ap-°p IW-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-°mw. F∂m¬ \-ap-°p-
d-∏n-°m-\m-hm-ØXm-sbm-∂p≠v. A-Sp-Øp-≈-Xv H-
cp 58 hm-´v _ƒ_v 37 ao-‰¿ A-I-se-h-®XmtWm
AtXm H-cp 61 hm-´v _ƒ-_v 36.5 ao-‰¿ AI-seh-
®XmtWm? A-Xp \n¿-W-bn°p-I F-fp-∏a√. \-
£-{X-ß-fp-sS Imcyw h-cp-tºmƒ th-sdbpw {]-
iv-\-ß-fp-≠v. `q-an-bp-sS A-¥-co-£-ØneqsS IS-
∂pt]m-Ip-tºmƒ {]-Im-i-Øn-\p h-cp-∂ hy-Xn-bm-
\-ßƒ t\m°Ww. \-£-{Xm-¥-co-b[q-fn-aq-e-ap-≈
hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ I-W-°n-se-Sp-°Ww. ap≥\n-c-bn-
ep-≈ \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS {]-Imiw Cu {]-Im-i-
Øn¬ I-e¿-∏p≠m-°m-\p-≈ km[y-X I-W-°n-se-
Sp-°Ww. H-cp-]m-Sv A-\p-am-\-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn-em-Wv \Ω-fo I-W-°p-I-sf√mw Iq-´p∂-Xv F-
∂-Xm-Wv CXns‚-sb√mw êw. C-Xn-te-Xv A-\p-
am-\hpw X¿-°tl-Xp-hm-Imw. \n-co£-W-Øn-\p
sS-en-kv-tIm-∏v In-´p-I-sb∂-Xv A-\mbm-kIm-cy-a-
s√-∂-dnbWw. Inń-b sS-enkv-tIm-∏n-eq-sS Nph-
∏p\o-°w \n-co-£n-°p-I-sb∂-Xv A-Xn-te-sd {]-
bm-k-amWv. Nph-∏p\o-°-Øn-s‚ H-scm-‰ Nn{Xw In-
´m≥ Nn-e-t∏mƒ H-cp cm{Xn ap-gph≥ IÆpw\-ń-cn-
t°-≠n h-cpw. hn-c-fam-b sXfn-hp-I-fp-sS-b-Sn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ \n-K-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øm≥ ]-e-t∏mgpw tPym-
Xn-»mkv-{X-⁄¿ \n¿-_-‘n-X-cm-Ip∂p, A-s√-¶n-
e-Xn-\-h¿ X-øm-dm-Ip∂p. ]{X{]-h¿-Ø-I≥
sP{^n I¿ ]d-™-t]m-se "Nn-X¬-∏p-‰n-s‚-b-{X-
bp-≈ sXfn-hp-I-fn¬\n-∂m-Wv tImkv-tam-f-Pn-bn¬
aet]m-ep≈ kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-≠m°p-∂Xv.'35 am¿-
ń≥ do-kv th-sdm-cp co-Xn-bn¬ ]-d-™Xpw C-
XpXs∂. "]e-t∏m-gpw H-cp kn-≤m-¥w \-ap-°p Xr-
]v-Xn-I-c-am-bn tXm-∂p∂-Xv A-Xv Ip-‰-a-‰-Xm-sW-∂p-
d-∏p-≈Xp-sIm≠√, a-dn-®v, e-`yam-b hn-h-c-ßƒ A-
]-cym-]v-X-am-sW-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.'36
{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ hnZqctIm-Wp-Iƒ-°p am-{X-a√,

k-ao-]-Øp-≈ km[\ßƒ-°pw _m-[-I-amWv Cu
A-\n-›n-X-Xzw. sUm-Wmƒ-Uv tKmƒ-Uv-kv-an-Øv ]-
d-bp∂-Xp t\m-°p-I: "Fw 87 F-∂ Km-e-Iv-kn B-
dp tIm-Sn {]Im-ih¿-jw A-I-se-bm-sW-∂p ]-d-
bp-tºmƒ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ A¿-Y-am-°p∂Xv (]p-d-
Øß-s\ ]-d-bm-dn-s√-¶n-epw) A-Xn-te-°p-≈
AIew \m-eptIm-Sn {]Im-ih¿-j-Øn\pw Hº-
XptIm-Sn {]Im-ih¿-j-Øn-\p-an-Sbn-em-sW-
37
∂mWv. {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-sa-Sp-°p-tºmƒ hn-
h-c-ßƒ kzm`mhn-I-ambpw s]-cp-∏n-°-s∏-s´-∂n-cn-
°pw. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ CØ-cw Imcyß-fn¬
A`n-{]mssb-Iy-sa∂-Xv F-fp-∏a√.'
Iu-Xp-I-ap-≠m-°p-∂ a-s‰m-cp kn-≤m-¥w A-Sp-

Ø-bn-sS h∂p. A-Xn¬]-d-bp∂-Xv {]-]-©-Øn-\v
\Ω-fo I-cp-Xp∂-{X h-en-∏-sam-∂p-an-s√-∂m-Wv. hn-
Zq-c-X-bn-te-°p t\m-°p-tºmƒ I-Æn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ Km-
e-Iv-kn-I-fn¬ NneXv b-Ym¿-Y-a√, {]-Imiw {]-Xn-
^-en-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip-∂ am-bmcq-]-ßƒ am-{X-am-
sW∂mWv- hmZw.
]d-™ph-cp-∂-Xn-s‚ A¿-Y-an-XmWv. \-ap-°-dn-

bm-Ø-Xm-bn H-cp]m-Sp≠v. Nn-e- Im-cy-ß-fn¬ A-
Snÿm-\hn-h-c-ßƒt]mepw \-ap-°-dnbn√.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Cu {]]-©w F¥p-sIm-≠m-

Wv \n¿-Ωn-®-sX-∂ Im-cyw? {]]-©-anß-s\ ]n-
Sn-®p\n¿-Øm-\m-h-iyam-b {Z-hy-Øn-s‚ A-f-sh-Sp-
Øt∏mƒ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ F-Øn-t®¿∂Xv
F{Xtbm ]n-∂n-emWv. A-ß-s\ h-cp-tºmƒ Cu
{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ 90 i-X-am-\hpw˛˛˛˛Nn-e-t∏mƒ 99
i-X-am\wh-sc˛˛˛˛{^n-‰v-kv kzn-°n-bp-sS iym-a-{Z-
hyw (dark matter) B-sW-∂p hcpw. t]-cp kq-
Nn-∏n-°pwt]m-seX-s∂ A-Xp \-ap-°p Im-Wm-\m-
In√. A-Xmb-Xv a-lm `q-cn]-£w `m-Khpw H-cn-
°epw Im-Wm-\m-Im-Ø H-cp {]-]-©-Øn-em-Wv
\mw Po-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂¿Yw. C-hn-sS kw-i-bn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂ {]-Xn-I-fpsS t]-cpX-s∂ c-k-I-c-am-Wv. H-∂v
hnw-]v ( Weakly Interacting Massive Particles F-
∂-Xn-s‚ Np-cp-°-am-Wv WIMP. a-lmhnkv-t^mS-
\w A-h-tijn∏n-®pt]m-b A-Zr-iy[q-fn-I-fm-W-h.)
c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv am-tIm. (MAssive Compact Halo
Object F-∂-Xn-s‚ Np-cp-°-am-Wv am-tIm. X-tam-
K¿-Ø-ßƒ°pw X-hn-´p Ip-≈∑m¿°pw {]-Im-iw
\t∂ Ip-d-™ \-£-{X-ßƒ-°pap≈ as‰m-cp t]-
cmW-Xv).
C-Xn¬ I-W-ùXn-I im-kv-{X-⁄¿ hnw-]n-s‚

Iq-sS-bm-Wv. J-tKm-f ùXn-I im-kv-{X-⁄¿ X-ß-
fp-tSXm-b hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fp-am-bn am-tImbv-°pth-
≠n cw-K-Øp≠v. H-cp Ime-Øv am-tIm-bv-°m-bn-cp-
∂p ap≥Xq°w. ]t£ Ah-sb th-≠{X I-s≠-
Øm-\m-bn√ F-∂Xp-sIm-≠v Im-cy-ßƒ ho≠pw
hnw-]n-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn h∂p. H-scm-‰ hnw-]n-s\
C-Xph-sc Is≠Øm-\m-bn-ń-s√-∂ {]-iv-\w A-h-
ti-jn-°p-tºm-gm-Wn-Xv. {]-Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\w hf-sc
Zp¿-_-e-am-sW-∂ (Weakly Interacting)Xp-sIm-≠v
A-h-sb (A-h D-s≠-∂p k-Ω-Xn-®m¬-Øs∂) I-
s≠-Øm≥ hf-sc {]-bm-k-am-Wv. \n-co-£-W-ß-
fn¬ tIm-kv-an-Iv c-iv-an-Iƒ h√m-sX C-S-s]-Spw.
AXp-sIm≠v AØ-cw K-th-j-W-ßƒ `q-an-°-Sn-
bn¬ hf-sc B-g-Øn¬ sN-∂p \-StØ-≠n h-cpw.
`q-an-°-Sn-bn-te-°v H-cp In-tem-ao-‰¿ sN√p-tºmƒ
tIm-kv-an-Iv c-iv-an-I-fp-sS C-S-s]-S¬ D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-
ep-≈-Xn-s‚ ]-Øp e-£Ønsem-∂m-bn Ip-d-bpw.
C-∏-d-™-sX√mw Iq-ń-bm¬-t]mepw {]-]-©-Øn-
s‚ aq-∂n¬ c-≠p `m-Khpw \-Ωp-sS IW-°p]p-
kv-XI-Øn-s‚ ]p-d-ØmWv.38 ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°m-sX F-
hnsS-tbm In-S-°p∂ A-h-sb Up-t∂mkv (Dark
Unknown Nonreflective Nondetectable Objects
Somewhere˛DUNNOS) F-∂p hn-fn-°m-sa-∂m-Wv
H-cmƒ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv.
Km-e-Iv-kn-Iƒ \-Ωn¬\n-∂-Iep-I am-{Xa√, A-
h A-I-ep-∂-Xn-s‚ th-Kw Iq-Sn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°p-
I-bm-sW-∂m-Wv -A-Sp-ØIme-Øp \-S-∂ ]T\ß-
fn¬ sX-fn-™-Xv. {]-Xo-£-Iƒ-s°√m-a-∏p-d-am-bn-cp-
∂p AXv. AXns‚A¿-Yw iym-a-{Z-hyw-sIm-≠pam-
{X-a√ iym-tam¿-÷wsIm-≠pIq-Sn \n-d-™n-cn-°p-I-
bm-Wv {]]-©w F-∂mWv. im-kv-{X-⁄-cn-Xn-s\
iq-t\ym¿-÷-sa∂pw (Vacuum Energy) au-en-I-k-
sØ∂pw a‰pw hn-fn-°p∂p. F¥m-bmepw as‰m-
cp hn-[-Ønepw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø {]-]-©hn-
Im-k-Øn\p ImcWw Cu Du¿-÷-am-sW-∂p I-
cp-Xmw. {]-]-©-Øn-se iq-\y-ÿ-eßƒ iq-\ya√
F-∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw.39 {Z-hyI-W-ßfpw {]-Xn-I-W-
ßfpw A-hnsS-bßs\ Nm-Sn ho-gp-Ibpw Hm-Sn a-d-
bp-Ibpw sN-bvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. Ah-bm-Wv {]-
]©-sØ Xzcn-XK-Xn-bn¬ ]p-d-tØ-°p X-≈n-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. G‰hpw h-enb ssh-cp-[yw
Cu {]-iv-\-ßƒ-s°√mw ]-c-nlm-c-ta-Im≥ sF≥-
ssÃs‚ {]m-]©n-I ÿn-cm¶ (Cosmological
Constant)Øn\p I-gn-t™-°p-sa-∂XmWv.40 {]-]-
©-Øn-s‚ hn-Im-k-Øn-\p X-S-bn-Sm≥ kmam-\ym-
t]-£nIXm kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ A-t±-lw tN¿Ø B
C-Øn-cn-°-W°v, Po-hn-X-Øn-se G-‰-hpw hen-b
A-_-≤-sa-∂v sF≥-ssÃ≥X-s∂ ]-cn-X-]n-® kw-
K-Xn. A-sXm-c-_-≤-a√m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw sF≥-kv-
ss‰≥X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p i-cn-sb∂p-am-Wv C-t∏mƒ
h-cp-∂Xv.
A-t∏mƒ, {]m-b-sa-{Xsb-∂v Ir-Xy-am-bn IW-

°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]‰msØm-cp {]-]-©-Øn-em-Wv
\mw Po-hn-°p-∂Xv. A-I-e-sa-{X-sb-∂v Ir-Xyam-b-
dn-bm-Ø \-£-{X-ß-fm-Wv Np-‰p-ap-≈Xv. Xn-cn-®-dn-
bm-\m-hm-Ø {ZhywsIm-≠mW-Xv \n-d-bv-°-s∏-ń-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. ]q¿-W-a-m-bn a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hmØ ùXn-
I\n-b-a-ß-fm-Wh-sb \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂Xv.
A-kz-ÿP-\-I-am-b C-ßs\-sbmcp Ip-dn-

∏n¬\n-∂v \-ap-°v \-ΩpsS `q-an-bn-te-°p Xn-cn-s®-
Ømw. F-∂n-´v \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ Nn-e Im-cy-ßƒ
]cn-K-Wn-°mw. a-\- n-em-sb-∂v I-cp-Xp-∂ ]-e Im-
cy-ß-fpw i-cn-°p a-\ n-em-bn-ń-s√-∂v A-t∏mƒ a-
\- n-em-Ipw. G-sd-°m-ew a-\- n-em-Im-sX In-S-∂ ]-e
Im-cy-ß-fpw C-t∏mƒ a-\- n-em-bn-´p-s≠∂pw a-\- n-
em-Ipw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 ]-´-W-Øn-se P-e-hn-X-c-W-Øn-\mbn 1912˛¬ C-

hn-sS In-W-dp-Ip-gn-®-bmƒ°v InńbXv hn-Nn-{Xamb
]m-d-°-j-W-ß-fmWv: sd-bva-≠v B¿. B≥-tU-gv-
k¨, Pn-tbmf-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk‰n Hm-^v A-ta-cn-
° kv-s]-jy¬ t]-∏¿ 302, Z am≥k¨ Cw-]m-Œv kv-
{S-IvN¿: F te-‰v {I-t‰-jy-kv ao-‰n-b¿ t{I‰¿ C≥ Z
Atbmh k-_v-k¿-^-kv, 1996 kv-{]nMv.
2 A-∂v sa-bn≥ kv-{So-‰n-s‚ C-tß-b‰-Øp X-Sn-®p

IqSn-b \m-´p-Im¿ Ac a-Wn°qdp ap-ºpX-s∂ Cc-
®ph-cp-∂ Np-g-en-°m-‰p I≠p: sZkv tam-bn≥-kv c-Pn-
kv-‰¿, 1979 Pq¨ 30.
3 t{I‰¿ Im-Wm-\p-≈ h-gnb-t\z-jn-®v A-]q¿-h-am-

bn B-fp-I-sf-Øm-dp-≠n-hn-sSbn-t∏m-gpw: A-∂m kv-
¢m]v-tIm-fp-am-bp-≈ A`n-apJw, am≥k¨, A-tbm-
h, 2001 Pq¨ 18.
4 B ta-J-e-bn¬ A-∂p ap≥-\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-

∂ sIm-fw_n-b k¿-h-I-em-im-ebnse Pn.sI.Kn¬-
_¿-´v D¬-°m ]-X-\-Øn-s‚ B-Lm-Xw a-\- n-em-
°m≥ sNbv-XXv....: se-hnkv, sd-bn≥ Hm-^v A-
tb¨ B≥-Uv sFkv, t]Pv 38.
5 F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂-dn-bn√, sIm-fw-_n-b-bn-se e-
t_m-d-´-dn-bne√, H-cp tlm-´¬ ap-dn-bn-em-W-t±lw
Cu ]-co£-Ww \-S-Øn-b-Xv: ]h¬, ss\‰v Iw-kv
Sp Z {It‰-jykv, t]Pv 37.
6 R-ßƒ \n-co£-Ww Xp-S-ßp-∂ ka-bw hm-

\\n-co-£-W N-cn-{X-Øn-em-sI CØcw H-cp U-k-
\n-te-sd h-kv-Xp°-sf am-{X-am-Wv I-s≠-Øn-bn-cp-
∂Xv: _n._n.kn. slm-ssd-k¨ tUm-Iyp-sa‚dn,
\yq B-kv-‰-tdm-bv-Uv sU-bv-©¿, 1999 am¿-®v 18,
t]Pv 4.
7 A-Xn-\v B-kv-‰-tdm-bv-Uv F-∂p t]-cn-´Xpw

sl¿-j¬X-s∂-bm-Wv: k-b≥-kv \yqkv, F tdm-
°n ss_-sk‚n-\n-b¬, 2001 Pq-sse 28, t]-Pv 61˛3.
8 ]n-∂o-Sp ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°m-sX apßn-b A-Xn-s\

]n-s∂ I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xv 2000˛ em-Wv: s^-dnkv, ko-
bn-Mv C≥- Z Um¿°v, t]-Pv 150.
9 2001 Pq-em-bv B-b-t∏m-tg°v 26,000 £p-{Z {K-
lß-sf I-s≠-Øn t]-cn-´p: kb≥kv \yqkv, F
tdm-°n ss_-sk‚n-\n-b¬, 2001 Pq-sse 28, t]-Pv
61˛3.
10 a-Wn-°q-dn¬ H-cp e-£w In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-

Øn¬ \-Ωƒ k-©-cn®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-∂ Cu ]m-
X-bn-te°v Nn-e ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ sh-®v \-ap-°-dn-bm-
Ø C-S-th-f-Ifn¬ A-h D-cp-≠p ]nc-≠p I-b-dn-
hcpw: s^-dnkv, kobnMv C≥- Z Um¿°v, t]Pv 147.
11 A-Xn-te-Xp th-W-sa-¶n-epw G-Xp \n-an-j-hpw

\-Ωp-sS-bo `q-an-bn¬ h-∂n-Sn°mw. B-tem-Nn-°p-
tºmƒ ]-cn{àw tXm∂pw: _n._n.kn. slm-ssd-
k¨ tUm-Iypsa‚dn, \yq B-kv-‰-tdm-bv-Uv sU-bv-
©¿, 1999 am¿-®v 18, t]Pv 5.
12 X-e-\m-cn-g-bv-°p c-£-s∏-s´-∂p ]-d-bm-hp-∂

CØ-cw £p-{Z{K-l hogv-N-Iƒ B-gv-N-bn¬ ct≠m
aqt∂m F-∂ I-W-°n-\p kw`-hn-°m-dp-s≠-∂m-Wv
: \yq tbm¿-°-¿, Cu-kv Zn-kv Z F≥-Uv, 1997 P-\-
ph-cn 27, t]-Pv 44˛52.
13 Hmtcm h¿-j-hpw 30,000 S¨ {]m-]©n-I [q-
fn-Iƒ—km-[m-c-W`m-j-bn¬ ]-d™m¬ _-ln-cm-
Im-i-Øn-se s]mSn—`q-an-bn¬ ]-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v:
sh¿\≥, _n\oØv A-h¿ ô‰v, t]-Pv 191.
14 B-I¿-j-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS hy-‡n-

Xzw. H-gn-hm-°m-s\-fp-∏-a√m-Ø s]cpam-‰co-Xnbpw:
Akm-tcm-bp-am-bp-≈ A`n-apJw, 2002 am¿-®v 10.
15 t\m¿-Øv sh-kv-t‰¨ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se

J-tKm-f ùXn-I im-kv-{X-⁄≥ dm¬-^v _n.
_mƒ-Uvhn≥ t]m-∏p-e¿ B-kv-t{SmW-an‹F-∂
tP-W-en-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn¬: ]h¬, an-Ã-dokv
Hm-^v sS-dm t^¿-a, t]-Pv 184.
16 ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ-°p hw-i-\m-iw kw`-hn®-

Xv _-ln-cm-Imi-Øp\ns∂t¥m h-∂n-Sn-®-Xn-s‚
B-Lm-X-Øn-em-Im-sa-∂ A¬-hm-sc-kv kn≤m¥w
H-dn-K¨ kvt‰‰v k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se s{]m-^-k¿
Fw. Uªyp. Zv tem-s_≥-s^¬-kv 1956—¬ X-s∂
ap-t∂m-´psh-®n-cp∂p: ]o-_vƒkv, B-Ã-tdm-bv-Uvkv:
F ln-kv-‰dn, t]-Pv 170.
17 {^m-kv-\n-b≥ F-Iv-Ãn-Mv-j≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂ Ip-td-°q-Sn ]-g-b as‰m-cp-∑qe\-Øn-\p Imc-Ww
_-ln-cm-Imi-Øp \n-∂p-≈ B-Lm-X-am-sW-∂v:
se-hnkv, sd-bn≥ Hm-^v A-tb¨ B≥-Uv sFkv,
t]-Pv 107.
18 A-hc-{X \√ im-kv-{X-⁄-scm-∂p-a√, Ãm-ºv

ti-J-c-W-°m-sc-t∏m-se-bm-Wh¿: Hm-ô-k¿ B≥-
Uv t]Pv, sS-bv¬kv Hm-^v Z F¿Øv, t]-Pv 142.
19 C-∏-d-™-Xn-\v H-cp sX-fnhpw X-s‚ ]-°-en-

s√-∂v H-cp ]-{X-Øn-\p \¬In-b A`n-ap-J-Øn¬
k-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp: t_m-kv-‰¨ t•m_v,
ssU-\-tkm¿ F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mv-j≥ Xnb-dn _m-°v-Uv,
1985 Un-kw-_¿ 16.
20 ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ N-sØm-Sp-ßnb-Xv £p-{Z-

{K-ltam hm¬-\-£{Xtam h-∂n-Sn®-s√-∂mWv A-
ta-cn-°-bn-se ]m-en-b-t‚m-f-Pn-kv-‰p-I-fn¬ ]-Ip-Xn-
t∏cpw hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-sX-∂m-Wv: ]o-_vƒkv, B-Ã-
tdm-bv-Uvkv: F ln-kv-‰dn, t]-Pv 175.
21 A-tbm-h k¿-°m-dn-\p th-≠n tPm-en sN-øp-
∂ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰m-Wp \n-ß-sf¶n¬ tPm-en-bp-sS
hen-sbm-cp ]¶pw kw-ÿm\-sØ ssP-hhf kw-
kvI-c-W ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS A-h-tem-I-\-am-bn-cn-°pw:
A-tbm-h Pn-tbm-fPn, 1999, \-º¿ 24.
22 A-ß-s\-bp-≈ Po-hn-X-Øn-\n-sS s]-s´-∂v R-

ßƒ kw`-h hn-Im-k-ß-fp-sS \Sp-hn-se-Ø-s∏-´p:
B≥-tU-gv-kWpw hn-‰v-kv-tI-bp-am-bp-≈ A`n-apJw,
A-tbmh kn-‰n, 2001 Pq¨ 15.
23 1985˛¬ A-ta-cn-°≥ Pn-tbm-^n-kn-°¬

bqWnb-s‚ hm¿jnI tbmK-Øn¬ AØc-sam-cp
kw`-h-ap-≠m-bn: t_m-kv-‰¨ t•m_v, ssU-\-
tkm¿ F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mvj≥ Xnb-dn _m-°v-Uv, 1985 Un-
kw-_¿ 16.
24 sa-Iv-kn-°≥ F-Æ-°-º-\nbm-b ]n-a-Iv-kv

1952 emW-Xv I-s≠-Øp-∂Xv. jp-am°¿ Acn-tkm-
W-bn-se ao-‰n-b¿ s{I-bv-‰¿ k-μ¿-in-® A-tX h¿-
jw: ]o-_vƒkv, B-Ã-tdm-bv-Uvkv: F ln-kv-‰dn,
t]-Pv 177˛8; hm-jn-Mv-S¨ t]m-kv‰v, C≥-I-an-Mv, 1998
G-{]n¬ 19.
25 AØ-c-sam-cp kw`-hØn-\v F-¥p am{Xw
hym-]v-Xn-bp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Xp-S-°-Øn-
se-\n-°p kw-i-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p: KqƒUv, ssU-\-
tkm¿ C≥ F tl-kv-‰mIv, t]-Pv 162.
26 hen-b H-®∏m-sSm∂pw Iq-Sm-sX hym-gw Ah-

sb hn-gp-ßm-\m-Wv km-[y-X-sb-∂v H-cmƒ F-gp-Xn:
]o-_vƒkv, B-Ã-tdm-bv-Uvkv: F ln-kv-‰dn, t]-Pv
196.
27 AXn-sem-cp I-jWw, \yq-¢n-bkv˛ Pn F-∂p

t]-cn-´ Ij-Ww hym-g-Øn¬ sN∂n-Sn-®-Xv G-Xm-
≠v 60 e-£w sa-Km S¨ i‡n-tbm-sS-bm-Wv : ]o-
_vƒkv, B-Ãtdm-bv-Uvkv: F ln-kv-‰dn, t]-Pv 202.
28 B Im-d-]-I-S-Øn¬ jp-am-°¿ X¬£-Ww a-

c-W-a-S-™p: ]o-_vƒkv, B-Ãtdm-bv-Uvkv: F ln-
kv-‰dn, t]-Pv 204.
29 A-hn-sS- D-b¿-∂p \n-∂n-cp-∂ km-[-\-ß-

fpw—\n-c-∏mIpw A-s√-¶n¬ A-·n-°nc bm-Ipw. Po-
h-Pm-e-ß-sf√mw N-sØm-Sp-ßpw: B≥-tU-gvk¨,
A-tbm-h Pntbm-f-Pn 1999, A-tbm-hm-kv am≥-j≥
Cw-]m-Œv kv-{S-IvN¿.
30 Hm-Sn -c-£-s∏-Sm≥ {i-an-°p-I F-∂psh-®m¬

ac-Ww A-ev-]w Xm-a-kn-∏n°p-I F-t∂ A¿-Y-ap-
≈p: se-hnkv, sd-bn≥ Hm-^v A-tb¨ B≥-Uv
sFkv, t]-Pv
209.
31 sI.Sn. B-Lm-Xw aq-e-ap≠m-b lo-enbw sF-

tkm-tSm-∏p-Iƒ ]Tn-® Imen-t^m¿-Wnb C≥-Ãn-
‰yq´v Hm-^v sSIv-t\mf-Pn hn-Z-Kv-[¿ I-s≠-Øn-bXv:
Acn-tkm-W dn∏-ªnIv, Cw-]m-Œv Xnb-dn sK-‰v-kv
\yq k-t∏m¿-t´-gvkv, 2001 am¿-®v 3.
32 _-ln-cm-Im-i-tØ--°p sXm-Sp-°m-hp-∂ co-Xn-

bn-e√ \-Ωp-sS an-ssk-ep-Iƒ cq-]-Iev-]-\ sN-bv-
Xn-´p-≈-Xv: se-hnkv, sd-bn≥ Hm-^v A-tb¨ B≥-
Uv sFkv, t]-Pv 215.
33 H-cp h¿-jw ap-ºv hnh-cw In-ń-bm¬ CØ-c-

sam-cp ]-≤-Xn°p th-≠ ap-s∂mcp°w \-S-Øm≥
ka-bw a-Xn-bm-hn-s√-∂m-Wv: \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kv
am-K-kn≥, Z B-kv-‰-tdm-bv-Uv-kv B¿ I-anMv, Z B-
kv-‰-tdm-bv-Uv-kv B¿ I-an-Mv, 1996 Pqsse 28, t]-Pv
17˛19.
34 G-d-°p-sd kw-i-bm-kv-]-Z-am-b co-Xn-bn¬ 1929

apX¬ jp-am-°¿˛sehn hymgsØ Np-‰p-∂p-≠m-bn-
cp∂p: s^-dnkv, ko-bn-Mv C≥- Z Um¿°v, t]-Pv 168.
A[ym-bw 14
D≈n-se Xo
1971—se th-\¬-°me-Øv In-g-°≥ s\-{_m-kv-

I-bn-se ]p√p \n-d-™ Irjn-bn-S-Øn-¬ Np-‰n -©-
cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p ssa-Iv thm¿-lo-kv F-∂ bp-h
ù-a-im-kv-{X-⁄≥. ssa-Iv P-\n-®p h-f¿-∂ Hm¿-
°m-Uv F-∂ sN-dp]-´-W-Øn¬\n-∂v A-Sp-ØpX-
s∂-bp-≈ ÿew. sN-¶pØm-b H-cp \o¿®m-en-\-
cn-In-eq-sS \-S-°p-tºmƒ ap-I-fn¬ Ip-‰n-°m-ń¬ F-
t¥m H-cp Xnf°w. A-sX-¥m-sW-∂-dn-bm≥ t¢-in-
®p I-b-dn-s®∂ ssa-°v I≠-Xv H-cp sN-dp Im-≠m-
ar-K-Øn-s‚ tI-Sp]m-sSm∂pw ]-‰mØ X-e-tbm-ń-
bmWv. I-pd-®pZnh-kw ap-ºp≠m-b I-\-Ø a-g-bn¬
H-gp-Inh-∂-Xm-WXv.
t^m-kn-ep-I-fp-sS a-lm-tiJ-cwX-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p, A-Xn-\ev]w Xmsg. hS-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se
G-‰hpw A-km-[m-c-Wamb t^m-kn¬ ti-Jcw. A-
hn-sS h-‰n-t∏m-b B sh-≈-°p-gn- hen-sbmcp i-
h-°√-d-bm-bncp∂p. Im-≠m-ar-K-ß-fpw ko-{_-sb-
t∏m-ep-≈ Ip-Xn-c-Ifpw hm-fpt]m-se ]√p-≈ am-
\p-Ifpw H-´-I-ß-fpw B-a-I-fp-sa√mw \n-d-™ i-
h°√d. F√mw 120 e-£w h¿-jw apºv, Pn-tbm-
f-Pn-kv-‰p-Iƒ a-tbm-sk≥ F-∂p hn-fn°p∂ I-
meØv \n-Kq-Vam-b GtXm A-Xym-]-Øn¬ N-
sØm-Sp-ßn-bh¿. A°meØv C∂sØ B-{^n-
°-bn-se sk-sd-s¶-‰n-sb-t∏m-se Nq-Sps≈mcp k-
a-X-e-am-bn-cp-∂p s\-{_m-kv-I. A-hn-sS aq-∂p ao-
‰¿h-sc B-g-Øn¬ A·n]¿-h-XNm-cwsIm-≠p aq-
Sn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p B Po-hn-Iƒ. Zp-cq-lam-b-
kwKXn F-¥m-bn-cp-s∂-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬, s\-{_m-
kv-I-bn¬ HcpIm-eØpw A-·n]¿-h-X-an√m-bn-
cp∂p.
ssa-Iv thm¿-lo-kv I-s≠Øn-b ÿe-Øv C-
∂p≈-Xv B-jv-^mƒ t^m-kn¬ s_-Uv-kv kv-t‰-
‰v ]m¿-°mWv. A-hn-sS- a-t\m-lcamsbm-cp kμ¿i-
ItI-{μ-ap-≠v, s\-{_m-kv-I-bp-sS ù-aL-S-\bpw
t^m-kn¬ ti-J-c-Øns‚ N-cn-{X-hpw hn-h-cn-°p-∂
ayq-kn-b-ap≠v. Nn√pa-d-bn-´ e-t_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ {]m-No-
\ Po-hnim-kv-{Xhn-Z-Kv-[¿ t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ hr-Øn-
bm-°n-sb-Sp-°p∂Xv k-μ¿-i-I¿-°p Im-Wmw. cm-
hn-se Rm-\-hn-sS-sb-Øp-tºmƒ \o-e bqWnt^m-
an¬ X-\n-®n-cp-∂v tPm-en sN-øp-∂ bp-hm-hv ssa-Iv
thm¿-lo-kv Xs∂bm-sW-∂v _n._n.kn. slmss-
dk¨ tUm-Iyp-sa‚-dn-bn¬ I-≠ ]-cn-NbØn¬
F-\n-°p a-\- n-embn. Gd-°p-sd H-‰-s∏-´p In-S-
°p∂ B-jv-^mƒ t^m-kn¬ s_-Uv-kv kv-t‰-‰v
]m¿-°n¬ k-μ¿-i-I¿ A-[n-I-sam-∂p-sa-Ømdn√.
A-XpsIm-≠pX-s∂ ssa-Iv k-t¥m-j-tØm-sS F-
s∂ A-hn-sS-sb√mw sIm-≠p\S-∂p Im-Wn®p. B-
dp-ao-‰-tdm-fw D-b-c-ap-s≈m-cp a-e-bn-Sp-°n-te°m-Wv
A-t±-l-sa-s∂ sIm-≠pt]m-bXv. A-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-
∂p B t^mkn¬ ti-Jcw.
"t^m-kn-ep-If-t\z-jn-°m≥ ]‰n-b ÿ-e-am-bn-cp-

∂n√ AXv. Rm≥ t^m-kn-e-t\z-j-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-
∂n√Xm\pw1,' ssa-Iv ]d-™pXp-Sßn. "Ing°≥
s\-{_m-kv-I-bp-sS ù-a-im-kv-{X`q]-Sw X-øm-dm-°m-
\p-≈ {i-a-Ønem-bn-cp-∂p Rm≥. A-Xn-\pth-≠n-
bp-≈ I-d-°-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-∂o aebn-Sp-°n-
te-°p t]m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬, a-g-sh-≈-Øn¬ Im-
≠m-ar-K-Øn-s‚ X-e-tbm-Sv H-en-®ph-∂n-cp-∂n-s√-
¶n¬ Rm-\nß-s\ \S-∂pt]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p. Cu
t^m-kn¬tiJ-cw I-s≠-Øn√m-bn-cp-∂p.' k-
ao]sØ Iq-Sm-cw Nq≠n ssa-Iv ]-d™p. A-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p ap-Jy D-ZvJ\-\tI-{μw. A-hn-sS G-Xms≠m-
cp C-cp-\q-dp ar-K-ß-fp-sS A-h-in-„-ßƒ Ip-∂p-Iq-
Sn-°n-S-°p∂p.
t^m-kn¬th-´-bv-°p ]‰n-b ÿ-ea√, A-sX-∂p

]-d-™-sX¥p-sIm≠m-sW-∂p Rm≥ tNm-Zn-®p.
"A-ÿn-Iƒ I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v \√-Xv a-dhn√m-sX
In-S-°p-∂ sam-´-°p∂p-I-fmWv. CØ-cw K-th-j-W-
ß-f-[n-I-hpw Nq-Sp-≈ h-c-≠ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \-S-
°p-∂-Xn-\p Im-c-W-a-Xm-Wv. A-hn-sS A-ÿn-Iƒ
A-[n-I-ap≠m-hp-sa-∂Xp-sIm-≠√; I-s≠-Øm≥
F-fp-∏-amsW∂Xp-sIm-≠mWv.' ap∂n-ep-≈ hn-im-
eam-b ]p¬-ssa-Xm-\-tØ-°p Nq-≠n ssa-Iv ]-
d™p, "Cß-s\-bp-≈ ÿe-Øv F-hn-sS-Øp-S-ß-
W-sa-∂p a-\ n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bn√. A-Snbn-sem-cp]-
t£ D÷z-eti-J-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. A-Xn-s‚
kqN-\-sbm∂pw ]p-d-ta-°p Im-Wn√.'
s\-{_m-kv-I-bn-se Po-hn-Iƒ Po-h-t\m-sS Ip-gn-

®p-aq-S-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂mWv BZyw I-cp-Xn-b-Xv.2
1981˛¬ \m-j-W¬ Pn-tbm-{K-^n-Iv te-J-\-Øn¬
ssaIv Aß-s\ ]-d-bp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. N-cn-{XmXo-
XIm-ePo-hn-I-fp-sS t]mw-]nsb∂m-W-t±-lw B
ÿe-sØ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv. A-Xp sX-‰m-bn-cp∂p.
A-h H-‰-b-Sn-°p N-sØm-Sp-ßn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√.
ssl-∏¿-t{Sm-∏n-Iv ]ƒ-a\dn Hmkv‰n-tbm-Un-kv-t{Sm-
^n F-∂p hn-fn-°m-hp∂ tcm-Km-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp-
∂p B Po-hn-Iƒ. ]-cp-]-cp-Ø Nm-cw h≥-tXm-Xn¬
iz-kn-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠p≠mIp-∂ im-co-cn-Imhÿ.
hen-b I-\-Øn¬ \q-dpI-W-°n\p ssa-¬ hym]n®p
In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv Nmcw. A-hnS-sØ Po-hnIfh i-cn-
°pw iz-kn-®n-´p-≠mIp-sa-∂p-d-∏v. I-fna-Æpt]m-se
Nm-c\n-d-Øn-ep≈ B h-kv-Xp-sh-SpØt±lw s]m-
Sn-®v I-øn-en-´p X∂p. s]m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw A-
Xv G-d-°psd aW-ept]m-en-cp∂p. "C-Xp iz-kn-t°-
≠nh-cn-I-sb-∂p ]-d-™m¬ ò-IcamWv. t\¿-Ø-
sX-¶nepw aq¿-®-tb-dn-b-Xm-Wo Nmcw. G-Xm-bm-ep-
a-hbXp iz-kn®p. B-izm-kwtX-Sn-bm-IWw, Cu
sh-≈-°p-≠n¬ h∂p. F-∂n-´p Zpcql km-l-N-cy-
Øn¬ A-hn-sS a-cn-®p hoWp. Nm-cw F√mw \-
in-∏n-®n´p-≠mIpw. ]p√pw ]-®n-e-I-fp-sa√mw Nm-cw
h-∂p aq-Sn-t∏m-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. Cu Ip-gn-bnse sh-
≈hpw Nm-cw hoWv am-en-\y-°p-g-ºmbn-´p-≠m-Ipw.'
s\-{_m-kv-I-bn¬ C-{X-b-[n-Iw Nm-cw h-∂-Xv A-

¤p-X-am-sW-∂v slm-ssd-k¨ tUm-Iyp-sa‚-dn ]-d-
bp∂p. F-∂m¬ A-hn-sS-bo Nm-c\nt£]ap-≈ Im-
cyw F-{Xtbm Im-ew ap-tº A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. G-
Xm-s≠m-cp \q-‰m-≠pIm-e-ambn A-Xp Ip-gn-s®-Sp-Øv
"tIma‰v', "A-Pm-Iv-kv' F-∂o t]cpI-fn¬ ho-Sp-I-
fn¬ Ae-°ps]m-Sn-bm-sbØmdp-≠v. ]-t£, Cu
Nm-c-sahn-sS\n-∂p- h-∂p-sh∂m-temNn-®v X-e ]p-
Æm-°m≥ Bcpw sa-\-s°-ń√.
"]-d-bm≥ hn-j-a-ap-≠v F-¶nepw ]-d-bmw. Cu

Nm-c-Øn-s‚ D-d-hn-S-tasX-∂v \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-
^n-°n-s‚ H-cp F-Un-‰¿ tNm-Zn-®-t∏m-gm-Wv Rm≥
A-tX-°p-dn®vv Nn-¥n-°p∂-XpXs∂. A-dn-bn-s√-∂p
k-Ω-Xn-°p-I-b√m-sX th-sd h-gn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. F-
\n-s°∂√, B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√m-bn-cp-∂p.' ssaIv ]-
d™p.
s\-{_m-kv-I-bn-se Nm-c-sa-SpØ ssa-Iv ]-Sn-

™m-d≥ {]-tZi-sØ kl-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°b-®p
sIm-SpØp. Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-hp-∂ L-S-I-ß-tf-sX¶nep-
a-h-bn-ep-t≠m F-∂-dn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p D-t±-iyw. am-
k-ßƒ-°pti-jw CUmtlm Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
skm-ssk-‰n-bn-se _n¬ t_m-Wn-Nv-sk≥ F-∂-
bm-fp-sS hn-fn h∂p. sX-°p ]-Sn-™m-d≥ CUm-
tlm-bn¬ {_qtWm Pm¿-{_n-Uv-Pv F-∂ ÿ-e-Øp-
≈ A-·n]¿-h-X kv-t^m-S-\m-h-in-„-ß-fpam-bn C-
Xn-\p km-ay-ap-s≠-∂v A-t±-lw I-s≠-Øn-bn-cp∂p.
s\-{_m-kv-Ibn-se ar-Kß-sf sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n-bXv
1,600 In-tem-ao-‰¿ A-I-se-bp≠m-b A-·n-]¿-h-
Xkv-t^m-S-\-amWv. C-{X-bp-aI-se aq-∂p ao-‰¿ I-\-
Øn¬ Nmcw h-∂p aq-Sm≥ am{Xw i-‡-am-bn-cp∂p,
B kv-t^m-S-\w. bp-ss\‰-Uv kvt‰‰vkn-s‚ ]-Sn-
™m-d≥ ta-J-e-bp-sS A-Sn-bn¬ D-cp-In-Øn-f-bv-°p-
∂ am-‹\nd-s®m-cp h≥Ip-´-I-ap-s≠∂pw A-sXm-
cp A-·n]¿-h-Xta-J-e-bm-sW∂pw B-dp e-£tam
at‰m h¿-jw Iq-Sp-tºmƒ A-Xv s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p-
sa∂pw ssh-Im-sX hy-‡-ambn. B-dp e-£w h¿-
jw ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p A-h-km\sØ kv-t^m-S\w. B
A-·n]¿-h-Xta-J-e C-t∏m-gp-a-hn-sS-bp≠v. sb-t√m
-kv-t‰m¨ \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-Iv F-∂m-Wv C-t∏mƒ \-
Ω-f-Xn-s\ hn-fn-°p-∂Xv.
hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]-bm-k-am-Wv, \-Ωp-sS Im¬-°o-

gn¬ \-S-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßsf-°p-dn-®v \-ap-°p-≈ A-dn-
hv Xp-temw Ip-d-hm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-XpX. t^m¿-
Uv Im-dp \n¿-Ωn-°m\pw t\m-_¬ k-an-Xn ]p-c-kv-
Im-c-ßƒ \¬Im\pw XpS-ßn F{Xtbm I-gn-™n-
´m-Wv `q-an-s°m-cp A-I-°m-ºp-s≠-∂ Imcyw \-
Ωƒ a-\- n-em-°p∂-XpXs∂. `q-J-fi-ß-fnß-s\
H-gp-In\-S°p-I-bm-sW-∂ Imcyw s]m-Xphn-⁄m-\-
am-bn-´v H-cp X-e-ap-d-t]mepw ]n∂nń-ń√. " hn-Nn-{X-
sa-∂p tXm-∂pw, `q-an-bp-sS Dƒ-`m-K-sØ-°p-dn-®-dn-
bm-hp∂Xns\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ kq-cy-s‚ B-¥-cL-
S-\-sb∏-‰n \-ap-°-dnbmw F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kvXpX.'3
dn-®m¿-Uv s^-bn≥-am≥ F-gpXn.
`q-an-bp-sS D-]-c-nX-e-Øn¬\n-∂v tI-{μ-Øn-te-°p-

≈ Zqcw 6,370 Intemao-‰-dm-Wv.4 AX-{X hen-b Zq-c-
sam-∂p-a√. `q-an-bp-sS tI-{μ_n-μp-hn-seØp∂ H-cp
InW-dp Ip-gn-®v ap-I-fn¬\n-s∂m-cp I-s√-Sp-Øn-´m¬
45 an-\n‰psIm-≠v AXp Xm-sg-sb-Øp-sa-∂m-Wv I-
W-°v (A-t∏m-tg-°pw A-Xn\v `m-c-an√mbv-a A-\p-
`-h-s∏-Spw. Imc-Ww, tI-{μ_n-μp-hn-se-Øp-tºm-tg-
°v Kpcp-Xz_-ew ap-I-fn¬\n∂pw Np‰pw\n∂p-sam-
s°-bm-Wv A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂Xv, Xm-sg \n∂v C-√).
]t£, Ip-gn-®p Ip-gn-®v A-Sn-bn-te-°p t]m-Ip-∂
Im-cy-Øn¬ hen-b ]p-tcm-KXn-sbm∂pw ssI-h-cn-
°m≥ \-ap-°m-bn-ń√. Z-£nWm-{^n-°-bn-se c-≠p
aq-∂p kz¿-WJ-\n-Iƒ-°v aq-∂p In-tem-ao-‰-dn-tesd
B-g-ap≠v. a-‰p an-° J-\n-Ifpw \m-\q-dp ao-‰-dn-e-[n-
Iw sN-∂n-ń√. `qansbmcp B-∏n-fm-sW-∂p k-¶ev-
]n-®m¬ sXm-en Xp-f-®n-t´-bp-≈q \-Ω-sf∂¿Yw. `q-
tI-{μ-Øn-s‚ A-Sp-sØm-∂p-sa-Øn-bn-ń√.
`q-an-bp-sS Dƒ-`m-K-sØ∏-‰n im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°p-≈

A-dn-hv J-\n-sØmgn-em-fn-°p-≈-Xnepw tI-a-sam-∂p-
am-bn-cp-∂n√, H-cp \q-‰m-≠pap-ºphsc. aÆn¬
Ipsd Ip-gn-®p sN-∂m¬ ]m-d Im-Wpw. A-{XX-
s∂. 1906˛¬ B¿.Un. Hmƒ-Uvlmw F-∂ Pn-tbm-f-
Pn-kv-‰v Kzm-ń-am-e-bn-ep≠m-sbm-cp `q-an-Ip-ep°Øn-
s‚ kokv-tam-{Km-^v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ H-cp Imcyw {i-
≤-bn¬-s∏´p˛˛-Nne BLm-XX-cw-K-ßƒ H-cp ]-cn-
[nh-sc `q-an-°p-≈n-te-°p Xpf-®pI-bdp∂p. F-∂n-
´v Ft¥m X-S- -Øn¬ sN-∂p X-ń-bn-s´-∂-t]m-se
Xn-cn-®p t]m-cp-∂p. `q-an-s°m-cp A-I-°m-ºp-s≠-∂
\n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv C-X-t±lsØ sIm-≠p sN-s∂-
Øn-®Xv. aq-∂p h¿-jw I-gn-™v k-t{K-_n-se `q-I-
ºsØ∏‰n ]Tn°-th B-{μn-b a-tlm-tdm-hn-kn®pw
C-tXt]m-ep-≈ X-cwK hy-Xn-Ne-\w I-s≠Øn. F-
∂m-en-hn-sS A-{X B-g-Øn-te-°p t]mIpw-apºm-
Wv X-cw-K-ßƒ X-ń-sØ-dn-®-Xv. `q-h¬-°-Øn-s‚-
bpw sXm-´pXm-sgbp-≈ am‚ v¬ F-∂ ]m-fn-bp-
sSbpw A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-W-t±-lw I-s≠-ØnbXv. Cu
taJe a-tlm-tdm-hn-kn-®v CS¿® F-∂-dn-b-s∏´p.
Np-cp-°Øn-eXn-s\ atlm F-∂p hn-fn®p.
`q-an-°p ]-e ]m-fn-I-fm-bp-≈ AI-°m-ºn-s\∏-‰n

A-dn-™p Xp-S-ßpI-bm-bn-cp-∂p, \-Ωƒ. henb -hy-
‡-X-sbm-∂pan√m-bn-cp-∂p B A-dn-hn\v. `q-an-bp-
sS AI-°m-ºn-\v c-≠-Sp-°p-I-fp-s≠-∂v Cw-sK se-
lvam≥ F-∂ Um-\n-jv im-kv-{X-⁄≥ I-s≠-Øp-
∂-Xv 1936˛¬ am-{X-am-Wv. A-Xn-se D≈nse Im-ºn-
\v J-ccq-]-am-sW-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. sXm-´p ap-I-
fn-eq-≈Xv {Zhcq-]-Øn-epw. `q-an-bp-sS Im-¥n-I-X-bp-
sS B-ÿm-\w Cu Ipg-ºp ImXem Iƒ ]Tn-°p-
tºm-gm-Wv se-lvam≥ Cu I-s≠-Ø¬ \-S-Øn-b-
Xv. A-Xn¬ ta-te Im-ºmWv Hmƒ-Uvlmw t\c-tØ
I-s≠-Øn-bXv.
`q-I-ºX-cw-K-ß-fp-sS ]T-\-Øn-eq-sS `q-an-bp-sS

A-I-°m-ºn-s\∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≈ [m-c-W-Iƒ sa-®-
s∏-Sp-Øm≥ se-lv-am≥ {i-aw Xp-S-cp-tºmƒ Im¬-
sS-°n-se c-≠p im-kv-{X-⁄¿ th-sdm-cp ]-≤-Xn-bn-
em-bn-cp-∂p˛˛`qIºß-sf Xm-c-Xayw sN-øm-\p-≈
kw-hn-[m-\w B-hn-jv-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ ]-≤Xn. Nmƒ-
kv dn-Œdpw s_t\m Kp-´≥-_¿-Kp-am-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿.
c-≠pt]cpw tN¿-∂m-Wv K-thj-Ww \-S-Øn-b-sX-
¶nepw `q-I-º-a-f-°m-\p-≈ tXm-Xn-\v dn-Œ-dp-sS t]-
cm-Wv In-ń-b-Xv (Cu A-\o-Xn-bn¬ ]-t£, dn-Œ¿-
°p ]-s¶m∂pan√. kz-¥w t]-c√, "am-Kv\n-‰yq-Uv
kv-sI-bn¬' F-∂m-W-t±-l-a-Xn-s\ hnfn®Xv.)5
dn-Œ¿ kv-sI-bn¬ F-∂p tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ As-

Xt¥m D-]-I-c-W-amsW-∂p sX-‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂-h-tc-
sd-bm-Wv. {]-i-kv-Xam-b Cu kv-sI-bn-¬ ImWm≥
B-ZyImeØv k-μ¿-i-I¿ dn-Œ-dpsS Hm-ô-kn-se-
Øm-dp-ap-≠v. D-]-I-c-Wsa-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ H-cm-i-b-
am-Wv dn-Œ¿ kv-sI-bn¬. {]-X-e-Øn-se A-f-hpI-
fn¬\n-∂v `q-I-º-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xp a-\- n-em-°m-\p-≈
A-fhp-tIm¬. KpWnXsa-∂-Xns\-°mƒ Lm-X-ß-
fm-bmW-Xv h¿-[n-°p-∂Xv.6 dn-Œ¿ kv-sIbnen¬ 7.3
F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂Xv 6.3 s\-°mƒ A-º-Xnc-ń i-‡n-
bp-≈ `q-I-º-am-Wv. 5.3 s\-°mƒ 2,500 C-c-ń-bm-W-
Xn-s‚ i‡n.
ssk-≤m-¥n-I-am-bn-∏-d-™m¬ `q-I-º-Øn-s‚ i-
‡n-°v D-b¿-∂ ]-cn[n \n-›-bn-®n-ń√, Ip-d-™
]-cn-[n-bp-an√. `q-N-e-\-Øn-s‚ i-‡n-bm-W-XpsW-
∂p I-cp-Xp∂p. \yq-kne‚n-ep≠m-b `q-I-º-Øn-s‚
kokv-tam-{Km^ph-®-f-°p-∂Xv, \m-i-\-„km-[y-
Xb√. dn-Œ¿ kv-sI-bn-en¬ G-gp tc-J-s∏SpØn-
b `q-I-ºw A-ßv A-I-°m-ºn¬ h-f-sc-bm-g-Øn-
em-sW-¶n¬ {]-X-e-Øn¬ H-cp \m-i-hp-ap-≠m-sb-
∂ph-cn√. F-∂m¬ A-Xnepw i-‡n Ip-ds™m-
cp `qI-ºw Btdm Gtgm In-tem-ao-‰¿ am{Xw Xm-
sg-bp-≠m-bm¬ h≥\m-i-am-bn-cn°pw êw. \m-i-
\-„-ß-sf-{X-bp-≠m-Ip-sa∂-Xv th-sdbpw ]-e Im-
cyß-sf B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°pw. `q-Ne-\w F-{X t\-
cw \o-≠p\n∂p, Xp-S¿-N-e-\-ßƒ F-{X-bp-≠mbn,
A-h-bp-sS i-‡n- F-{X-bm-bn-cp∂p, `qIºap≠m-b
{]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ ùXn-IL-S-\-sb-¥v Xp-Sßn-b Im-
cy-ß-sf. G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw Zp-c-¥-ß-fp-≠m°n-b `qI-
ºw G-‰hpw i-‡n-tbdn-b `qIºam-I-W-sa-∂n√.
F-¶nepw `q-I-º-Øn-s‚ i-‡n- F-{X-sb∂-Xv kp-
{][m\ ImcywX-s∂-bmWv.
dn-Œ¿ kv-sI-bn-en-s‚ B-hn¿-`m-h-Øn-\pti-j-

ap≠m-b G-‰hpw henb `qI-ºw H-∂p-In¬ A-em-
kv-I-bn-se {]n≥-kv hneyw ku-≠n¬ 1964-ep≠mb
`q-I-º-amWv. A-s√-¶n¬ im-¥k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ Nn-en
Xo-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øv 1960-¬ D-≠m-b-Xm-Wv (G-Xp t{km-
X- n¬\n-∂p-≈ hn-h-c-am-Wv \n-ß-sf-Sp-°p∂Xv F-
∂-Xn-s\ B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°pw G-Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ h-
ep-sX-∂ Imcyw). hneyw ku-≠n-se `qI-ºw dn-
Œ¿ kv-sI-bn-en¬ 9.2 B-Wp tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv.
Nn-en-bn-teXv 8.6 F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p B-ZyI-W-°v. ]n-
∂o-Sv Nn-e tI{μßƒ (bp.F-kv. Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
skm-ssk-‰n Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ A-[n-Ir-X¿) A-Xv 9.5
F-∂p Xn-cpØn. `q-I-º-ß-fp-sS I-W-°p-Iƒ A-{X
Ir-Xyam-h-W-sa-∂n-s√-∂v C-Xn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ t_m-
[y-am-Ipw. hnZq-c{]-tZ-i-ßfn¬\n-∂p-≈ A-f-hp-
Iƒ G-tIm-]n-∏n-®p IW-°pIq-t´-≠nh-cp-∂Xp-
sIm≠m-WXv. G-Xm-bmepw C-∏d™ c-≠p `q-I-
º-ßfpw ò-I-c-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v D-d-∏v. 1960—se `qI-
ºw sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
h≥\miw hn-X-®p. A-Xp-≠m°n-b ò-a≥ kp-\m-
an im-¥k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ ]-Xn\m-bn-cw In-tem-ao-‰-dn-
te-sd h-cp-∂ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-™p hoin. ln-tem,
l-hm-bn Xp-Sßn-b {]-tZ-iß-sf hn-gpßn-b Xn-c-
am-e-Iƒ 60 t]-cp-sS a-cW-Øn-\pw Im-c-W-am-bn.
B Xn-c-am-e-{]-hm-lw A-ßI-se P-∏m-\nepw ^n-
en-ss∏≥-knepwh-sc-sbØn.
G-‰-hp-w Xo-£v-Wamb `qI-ºw ]-t£, C-sXm-

∂pa√. 1755 \-hw-_¿ 1—\v t]m¿-®p-K-en-se en-
_v-k-Wn-ep≠m-b `q-an-Ip-ep-°w A-£-cm¿-Y-Øn¬
B \-Kc-sØ X-I¿-sØ-dn™p. cm-hn-se ]-Øpa-
Wn-°pap-ºv \K-csØ ]n-Sn-®pe® B `q-I-ºw G-
gp an-\n-‰p t\-c-am-Wv \o-≠p\n-∂Xv. dnŒ¿ kv-sI-
bnen¬ Hº-Xv B-bn-cp-∂n-cn°-Ww A-Xn-s‚ i-
‡n F-∂m-Wp ]n∂oSp I-W-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-ØXv.
B kw-t£m-ì-‡n-bn¬ Xp-d-ap-J-Øn¬\n∂v sh-
≈w C-d-ßn-t∏mbn, F-∂n-´v 15 ao-‰¿ D-b-c-ap-≈
Xn-c-am-e-I-fm-bn Xn-cn®ph-∂p. `q-I-º-a-h-km-\n-®-Xn-
s‚ B-izm-kw aq-∂p- an-\n-‰p ]n-∂nSpw ap-ºv c-
≠m-a-tØ-Xp h∂p. B-ZyN-e-\sØ-°mƒ Aev-]w
i-‡n Ip-d-hmbn-cp-∂p A-Xn\v. c-≠p a-Wn-°q¿
I-gn-™-t∏mƒ H-cp Ne-\wIqSn. F√mw I-gn-™-
t∏mƒ 60,000 t]-cm-Wv a-cn-®Xv.7 ssa-ep-I-tfm-fw
Zqc-Øv sI-ń-Sß-sf√mw X-I¿-∂pX-cn-∏-W-am-bn-cp-
∂p. 1906˛¬ km≥-{^m≥-knkv-tIm-bnep≠m-b `q-
I-ºw 30 sk-°≥-Uv am-{X-am-Wv \o-≠p-\n-∂-Xv.
dn-Œ¿ kvsI-bn-en¬ 7.8 BW-Xp tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bXv.*
`q-I-º-sa-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv ]-Xnhp Im-cy-am-Wv. dn-

Œ¿ kv-sI-bnen¬ ct≠m A-Xn-e-[n-Itam tc-J-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ i-cmi-cn c-≠p `q-I-º-sa-¶nepw tem-
IsØ-hn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-am-bn Zn-h-k-hp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-
s≠-∂m-Wv I-W°v. A-SpØp-≈h-sc i-cn-s°m-∂p
]n-Sn-®pIp-ep-°m≥ i-‡n-bp-≈ N-e-\-am-WnXv. {]-
[m-\-ambpw Nn-e ta-J-e-I-fn-em-W-h tI-{μo-I-cn-®n-
cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n-epw (DZml-c-W-Øn\v im-¥-k-ap-
{Z^-e-I-Øn-s‚ A-cnIv) tem-I-sØ-hn-sSbpw
`qIº-ap-≠m-Imw. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ C-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈
hnh-cwh-®v `q-I-ºkm[yX Gd-°psd Xo-sc-
bn√mØ-Xv ^v-tfm-dn-U-bnepw In-g-°≥ sS-Iv-km-
knepw A-∏¿ an-Uvsh-Ãnepw am-{X-amWv. \yq Cw-
•-≠n¬ 6.0˛Hm A-Xn-e-[n-Itam i-‡n tc-J-s∏-
SpØn-b c-≠v `q-I-º-ßƒ I-gn-™ C-cp-\q-dp h¿-j-
Øn-\nsS-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. 2002 G-{]n-en¬ 5.1 tc-J-
s∏-SpØn-b `q-Ne\w Cu taJe-bn-ep-≠m-bn. \yq-
tbm¿-°v sh¿a-≠v A-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬ se-bv-Iv Nmw-
sπbn-\n-ep-≠mb B `qI-ºw B {]-tZi-Øv [m-
cm-fw \m-i-\-„-ßƒ h-cpØn-h-®p. \yq-lmw-]v-sj-
b-dn¬t]mepw A-∂v Np-h-cn¬ Xq-°n-bn-´ Nn-{Xß-
fpw I-ń-en¬ In-S-Øn-bn-´ Ip-ń-Ifpw Xm-sg ho-W-
Xm-bn F-\n-°p- km£ys∏-Sp-Øm\m-Ipw.
G-‰hpw km-[m-c-W-am-bn-°m-Wp-∂ `q-I-º-ßƒ

c-≠p ^-e-I-ß-fpsS kw-K-aÿ-e-Øp-≠m-Ip-∂ N-
e-\-ß-fmWv. Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn¬ km≥ B≥-
{Un-bm-kv t^mƒ-´v D-Zm-l-cWw. c-≠p ^-e-I-
ßfpw X-Ωn¬-Ø-Ωn¬ X-≈n a¿-±w Iq-Sn-°q-Sn h-cp-
tºmƒ H-cp ê-Iw sX-∂nam-dpw. c-≠v `q-I-ºßƒ-
°n-S-bn-ep-≈ C-Sth-f h¿-[n-°p-tºmƒ Cu a¿-
±w Iq-Sn-°q-Snh-cpw, `q-I-º-Øn-s‚ i-‡n Iq-Sm-\p-
≈ km[y-X h¿-[n-°p-IbpwsN-øpw. tSmtIym \-
Kc-sØ A-kz-ÿ-am-°p∂Xv Cu-sbm-cp km-[y-X-
bm-Wv. ac-Ww ImØncn-°p-∂ \-K-c-sa-∂v e-≠≥
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se _n¬ a-IvssK¿ hntijn-
∏n® tSm-tIym8 `qN-e-\km-[y-X-tb-dn-b P-∏m-\n¬
aq-∂p ^-e-I-ß-fpsS kw-K-aÿm-\-Øm-Wv ÿn-
XnsN-øp-∂Xv. A-™q-dp In-tem-ao-‰¿ ]-Sn-™mdp
am-dn-bp≈ tIm-_v \-K-c-Øn¬ 1995˛¬ 7.2 tc-J-
s∏-SpØn-b `q-N-e-\-ap≠m-bn. 6,394 t]-cmW-∂v a-
cn-®-Xv. 9,900 tIm-Sn tUm-f-dn-s‚ \m-i\-„-ßfp-
≠mbn. tSm-tIym-sb Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂ B-
Lm-X-hp-ambn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-tºmƒ C-sXm-∂p-
a√ F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-XpX.
B-[p\n-IIme-Øv G-‰-hpw- \m-i-\-„-ß-fp-

≠m°n-b `q-I-º-ßfn-sem∂v A-\p-`-hn-® \-K-c-am-
Wv tSm-tIym. 1923 sk-]v-Xw-_¿ H-∂n-\v \-´p-®-tbm-
S-SpØv A-hn-sS-bp≠mb B `qI-ºw t{K-‰v Im-t‚m
Izm-bv-°v F-∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂Xv. tIm-_n-se `q-I-
º-Øn-s‚ ]-Ønc-ń i-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn\v.
∗ hn-h¿-ØI-s‚ Ip-dn-∏v : 2004 Un-kw-_¿ 26˛\v

C≥-sUm\o-jy-bn-se kp-am-{X-bn-ep≠m-b `q-I-
ºsØ-Øp-S¿-∂v C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-ep≠m-b
kp-\m-an Bƒ-\m-i-Øn-s‚ Cu I-W-°p-I-sfs-
b√mw X-I¿-sØ-dn-™p. 11 cm-Py-ß-fn-em-bn
2,25,000 t]-cm-W-Xn¬ a-cn-®Xv. dn-Œ¿- kv-sI-bn-en¬
9.1˛Hm 9.2˛Hm tc-J-s∏-SpØn-b `q-N-e-\-am-bn-cp-∂p
AXv.
c-≠p e-£-am-fp-I-fm-W-Xn¬ a-cn-®Xv. A-Xn-
\pti-jw tSm-tIym im-¥-amWv. `q-an-°-Sn-bn-se k-
Ω¿-±w I-gn-™ 80 h¿-j-am-bn Cß-s\ h¿-[n-®ph-
cn-I-bm-sW-∂mW-Xn-\¿-Yw. A-sXm-cn-°¬ ]pd-
Øp Nm-Sp-IX-s∂sN-øpw. 1923—¬ tSm-tIym-bn-se
P-\-kw-Jy 30 e-£-am-bn-cp∂p. C-t∏mƒ aq-∂p
tIm-Sn-bpw. C-t∏m-g-hnsS-sbm-cp `q-I-º-ap-≠m-bm¬
F-{X-bm-fp-Iƒ a-cn-°psa-∂p IW-°qIq-´m≥
Bcpw sa-\-s°-ń-ń√. F-∂m¬ A-XpsIm-≠p-
≠mIp-∂ kmº-Øn-I\-„w I-W-°pIq-ń-bn-
´p≠v˛˛G-gp e-£w tIm-Sn tUmf¿.9
C-Xnepw A-kz-ÿP-\-I-am-Wv F-hn-sS F-

t∏mƒ th-W-sa-¶n-ep-ap≠mIm-hp-∂ c-≠m-a-sØ-bn-
\w `q-Iºw. ^-e-Im-¥-c`q-Ne\w F-∂-dn-b-
s∏Sp∂ C-h ^-e-I-ß-fp-sS A-Xn-cn-e√ D-≠m-Ip-
∂Xv. A-XpsIm-≠pX-s∂ Xn-I®pw A-{]-h-N-\o-
b-amW-h. Ip-td-°q-Sn B-g-Øn¬\n-∂p h-cp-∂
AXns‚ B-Lm-Xw Ip-td-°q-Sn hn-im-eam-b ÿ-
e-tØ--°p hym-]n-°pw. an-tkm-dn-bn-se \yq am-{Un-
Un¬ 1811˛12 se ssi-XyIm-e-Øp≠m-b aq-∂p `q-
I-º-ß-fp-sS ]-c-º-c-bm-Wv A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep≠m-b
AØ-cw N-e-\-ßfn¬ G-‰hpw Ip-{]-kn≤w. Un-
kw-_¿ 16˛\v A¿-[cm-{Xn-°pti-j-am-Wv B-Zy `q-
I-º-ap-≠m-bXv. h-f¿-Øpar-K-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-{`m-¥i-
–-w tI-´m-Wv P-\-ß-fp-W¿-∂Xv (`q-I-º-Øn-\p
sXm-´pap-ºv ar-K-ßƒ ]-cn-{`m-¥n {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-sa∂-
Xv ]-g-¶-Yb√, ÿn-co-I-cn-°-s∏´ h-kv-Xp-X-bmWv.
]t£, A-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW-∂v ]q¿-W-am-bn a-\- n-
em-°m≥ C-t∏m-gp-am-bn-ń√.) ]n-∂m-se `q-an-°-Sn-
bn¬\n-∂v hn-≠pIo-dp-∂Xp-s]m-sem-cp ò-I-ci-–w
h∂p. ho-ń¬\n-∂n-dßn-tbm-Sn-b P-\-ßƒ I≠-
Xv `q-an-bn¬ H-cp ao-‰-tdmf-ap-b-c-Øn¬ A-e-I-fp-b-
cp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]-e-bn-S-Øpw ao-‰-dp-I-tfm-f-am-g-Øn¬
hn-≈-ep-Iƒ hoWp, A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ K-‘-I-Øn-
s‚ cq-£-K-‘w \nd™p. h≥\m-i-\-„-ßƒ h-cp-
Øn-s°m-≠v B Ne-\w \m-ep-an-\n-‰p \o-≠p-\n-∂p.
A-t∏mƒ B {]-tZ-i-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ Nn-{X-Im-c≥
tPm¨ sPbnwkv HmUp-t_m-Wpw kw-`-h-Øn-s‚
Zr-Iv-km-£n-I-fn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p. 600 In-tem-ao-‰¿ A-I-
se kn≥-kn-\m-‰n-bn-se ]p-I-°p-g-ep-Iƒt]mepw
A-Xns‚ B-Lm-X-Øn¬ X-I¿-∂phoWp. Cu-kv-
‰v tIm-kv-‰v Xp-d-ap-J-Øp-≠m-bncp∂ t_m-´p-Iƒ X-
I¿-s∂∂pw hm-jn-Mv-S-Wn¬ Iym-]n-t‰m-fn-ep-b¿-
Ønbncp-∂ a-©w X-I¿-∂pho-sW-∂pw10 Nn-e dn-
t∏m¿-´p-I-fn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p. GXm≠ntX- i-‡n-bp-≈
N-e-\-ßƒ P-\-ph-cn 23˛\pw s^{_ph-cn \m-en-
\pap-≠mbn. A-Xn-\pti-jw \yq am-{Un-Uv im-¥-
amWv. A-Xn-e-¤p-X-an√, CØcw `qI-º-ßƒ H-tc
ÿe-Øv H-∂n-te-sd-Ø-h-W-bp-≠m-b-Xm-bn A-dn-
hn√. h√-t∏m-gp-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ A-i-\n-]m-X-ß-fmW-
h. A-Sp-Ø-sXm-cp]t£ jn°m-tKm-bn-em-Imw, A-
s√-¶n¬ ]m-cokn-tem In≥-jm-kmbntem B-Imw.
Du-ln-°m≥t]mepw F-fp-∏a√. F-¥m-Wo ^-e-Im-
¥-c `q-I-ºØn-\p Imc-Ww? `q-an-°p-≈n-ep-≈
Ft¥m F-∂√m-sX Iq-Sp-X-sem∂pw \-ap-°-dn-
bn√.
`q-an-bp-sS A-¥¿-`m-K-sØ∏-‰n Im-cyam-sbm-∂p-

a-dn-bn-s√-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hv Akz-ÿ-X P-\n-∏n-°m≥
Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-gm-Wv 1960I-fn¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ B
h-gn-°p-≈ A-t\zjWw Xp-S-ßn-bXv. I-S-en-s‚ A-
Sn-Ø-ń¬\n-∂p Ip-gn-®psN∂v (I-c-bn¬ `q-h¬-°-
Øn-\p I-ń-tbdpw) a-tlm-tdm-hn-kn-®v CS¿®h-sc
sN-∂v `q-an-bp-sS A-I-°m-ºn-s‚ H-cp I-j-W-sa-
Sp-°m-\m-bncp-∂p ]-cn-]mSn. A-I°m-ºn-s‚ Ij-
Ww ssI-bn-ep-s≠-¶n¬ kabw In´ptºmƒ ]Tn-
®p \n-Ka-\-Øn-se-Ømw. `q-an-bp-sS-bp-≈n-se ]m-d-
I-fp-sS kz`mha-dn-™m¬ A-h-bp-sS {]-h¿Ø-\w
a-\- n-em-°mw. A-Xp-h-®v `qI-º -ß-sf-t∏m-ep-≈ Zp-
c-¥-ßƒ {]-h-Nn-°mw˛˛C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p ]-≤Xn.
tam-tlmƒ F-∂m-Wm ]-≤-Xn-°p t]-cn-´-Xv.11

Zm-cp-W-am-bn-cp-∂p AXns‚ êw. im-¥k-ap-{Z-
Øn¬ sa-Iv-knt°m Xo-c-Øn-\-∏pdØv 4,000 ao-‰¿
B-g-Øn¬ sN-∂v Ip-gn-®p Xp-S-ßWw. F-∂n-´v k-
ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ A-SnØ-ńse Xm-c-X-tay-\ I-ń Ip-d-
™ ]p-dw-]m-fn-bn¬ 5000 ao-‰¿ Ip-gn-sb-Sp°Ww.
F-fp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√ A-Xv. "I-∏-en¬\n-∂v I-S-en¬
Ip-gn-sb-Sp-°p∂Xv Fw]b¿ kv-t‰-‰v _n¬-Un-ßn-
s‚ ap-I-fn¬ Ib-dn\n-∂v tkht]m-ep-≈ ]e-lm-
cw-sIm-≠v \yq-tbm¿-°n-se sX-cp-hn¬ Ip-gn-sb-Sp-
°m≥ {i-an-°p∂Xp t]m-se-bm-sW-'∂m-Wv12 H-cp
k-ap-{Zim-kv-{X-⁄≥ ]-d-™Xv.
AXpt]mseXs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p Im-cyw. I-S-en¬ Ip-
gn-sb-Sp-°m-\p-≈ ]≤-Xn Z-b-\o-bam-bn ]-cm-P-b-
s∏-´p. A-h-sc-Sp-Ø G-‰hpw hen-b Ip-gn-bp-sS B-
gw 180 ao-‰-dm-bn-cp∂p. tam-tlmƒ ]≤-Xn Aß-s\
"t\m-tlmƒ' ]-≤-Xn-bm-bn am-dn. I-S-en¬ Im-bw
I-e-°p∂-Xpt]m-se-bm-Wn-sX-∂p a-\- n-em-b-t∏mƒ
A-ta-cn-°≥ tIm¨-{K-kv 1966˛¬ ]≤-Xn th-s≠-
∂ph®p.
\m-ep h¿-jw I-gn-™v C-tX ]≤-Xn I-c-bn¬
]-co-£n-°m≥ tkmhnb‰v im-kv-{X-⁄¿ Xo-cp-am-
\n-®p. d-jy-bn¬ ^n≥-e≥-Uv A-Xn¿-Øn-bnep≈
tIm-e ap-\-ºm-W-h¿ J-\-\-Øn-\p Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-
Xv. 15 In-temao‰¿ B-g-ap-≈ Ip-gn-bm-bn-cp-∂p e-
£yw. ]-t£, D-t±-in-®-Xn-ep-sa{Xtbm I-Sp-∏-am-bn-
cp-∂p Im-cyw. F-∂m¬ tkm-hnb-‰v bq-Wn-b≥ \n-
›-b-Zm¿-Vy-Øn¬ H´pw ]n-∂n-em-bn-cp-∂n√. 19 h¿-
jw I-gn-™p ]-cn-]m-Sn th-s≠∂phbv-°p-tºmƒ
Ip-gn-bp-sS B-gw 12,262 ao-‰¿ F-Øn-bn-cp∂p. `q-an-
bpsS sam-Øw hym-]v-X-Øns‚ 0.3 i-X-am-\w am-
{X-am-Wv A-I-°m-ºv.13 Cu AI°-mºn-te-°p-≈
bm-{X-bp-sS aq∂n-sem-∂pt]m-epw Xm-≠m≥ A-
h¿°mbn-ń√.
Aß-s\ t\m-°p-tºmƒ sNdn-sbm-cp Ip-gn-bm-

Wn-sX-∂p ]-d-bmw. ]t£, K-th-jI-sc A-º-c-
∏n-°p-∂ hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wv B Ip-gn-bn¬\n-∂p In-
ń-bXv. ù-aX-cw-K]T-\-Øn¬\n-∂v im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-
d-∏n-®Xv 4,700 ao-‰¿h-sc Ahkm-Zin-e-I-fm-Wp-
≠mhp-I F-∂mWv. ]n-s∂-bp-≈ 2,300 ao-‰-dn¬
{Kmss\‰v. ]n-s∂ _-kmƒ´v. C-hn-sS A-hkm-Zin-
e-Iƒ {]-Xo-£n-®-Xn-epw 50 i-X-am-\wIq-Sn Xm-sgh-
sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. _-kmƒ-´v]m-fn-bm-sW-¶n¬ I-
≠tXbn√. Xm-tg--°p sN√p-tºm-gp-≈ NqSpw {]-
Xo-£n-®-Xns\-°mƒ F{Xtbm A-[n-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.
10,000 ao-‰-sd-Øp-tºm-tg-°p Nq-Sv 180 Un{Kn sk¬-
jykvh-sc-sb-Øn, IW-°pIq-ń-bn-cp-∂-Xn-s‚ C-
cń-tbm-fw. A-{X-bp-amg-Ønep-≈ ]mdt]m-epw P-
e-]q-cn-X-am-bn-cp∂psh-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p G-‰hpw
A¤pXw. A-ßs\-sbm-cp km-[y-X-sb∏-‰n Bcpw
Nn-¥n-®n´p-t]m-ep-an√m-bn-cp∂p.
`q-an-°-Sn-bn-te-°p Im-Wm-\m-hn-s√-∂Xp-sIm-≠v
A-I-sØ-¥p-s≠-∂dn-bm≥ a-‰p am¿-K-ß-fm-Wv K-
th-j-I¿ A-h-ew-_n-°p-∂Xv. D-≈n-te-°p ]m-bn-
°p-∂ X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS s]-cp-am‰w hm-bn-s®-Sp-°p-I-
sb-∂-Xm-Wv AXn¬ {]-[m\w. h-{P-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-
Sp-∂ Inw_¿-sse-‰v Ip-g-ep-I-fn¬\n∂pw `q-anbp-sS
A-I-°m-ºn-s\-°p-dn-®-dn-bmw.14 `q-an-°-Sn-bn¬ Nn-e-
t∏mƒ kv-t^m-S\ß-fp-≠m-Ipw. A-Xv i-–m-Xnth-
K-Øn¬ ]o-c-¶n-bp-≠-sb∂t]m-se am‹sb D-]-cn-
X-e-Øn-te-°p No‰pw. C-Xm-Wv Inw_¿-sse-‰v Ip-
g¬. F-t∏mƒ Fhn-sS-bm-Wn-Xp kw-`-hn-°p-I-sb-
s∂m∂pw ]-d-bm≥ ]-‰n√. Nn-e-t∏mƒ C-Xp hm-
bn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºm-gmhpw \n-ß-fp-sS A-Sp-°-
f-tØm-´Øn-sem-cp Inw_¿-sse≥ s]m-ń-sØ-dn-bp-
≠mhpI. h-f-sc-bm-g-Øn¬\n-∂v˛˛-G-Xm≠v 200 In-
tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬\n-∂v˛˛-]p-d-s∏-Sp∂-XpsIm-≠v
D-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ Im-Wm-Ø ]-e- h-kv-Xp-°fpw B
Ip-g-en-eq-sS ]pd-Øph-cpw. s]cn-tUmss‰-‰v F-∂p
hn-fn-°p-∂ H-cn-\w ]m-d, Hen-ssh≥ ]-c-epIƒ, ]n-
s∂ \qdnsem-∂n-se∂ tXm-Xn¬ h-{P-ß-fpw.
Inw_¿-sse≥Ip-g-ep-I-fn¬\n-∂p h≥tXm-Xn¬
Im¿-_¨ ]p-dw-X-≈-s∏-Spw. A-Xn¬ hen-sbm-cp
]-¶v Bhnbm-bn-t∏m-Ipw, Ip-sd {Km-ss^-‰m-bn am-
dpw. A-]q¿-hw Nne-Xv Ir-Xyamb th-K-Øn¬ ]p-
dw-X-≈-s∏-´v A-Xnth-Kw X-Wp-Øpd-™v h-{P-am-
Ipw. AØcsam-cp Ip-g-em-Wv Z-£n-Wm-{^n°-sb
temI-sØ {]ap-J h-{PJ-\-\cmPyam-°n am-‰n-b-Xv.
H-cp]-t£, A-Xnepw hen-b h-t{Pm-Xv-]m-Z-I¿ A-
dn-b-s∏Sm-sX In-S-°p-∂p-≠m-Imw. hS-°p]-Sn-™m-
d≥ C≥-Uym-\-bv-°p k-ao-]sØ-hnsS-tbm H-t´-sd
Inw_¿-sse≥ Ip-g-ep-I-fp-≠m-Im-\p-≈ km[y-X-
bp-s≠-∂m-Wv Pn-tbm-f-Pn-k-v‰p-Iƒ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. H-
cp]-t£, h-º≥ tiJcamIpw A-hn-sS H-fn-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. 20 Im-c‰pw A-Xn-\p ap-I-fn-ep-ap-≈ h{Pw
Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ ]-e-bn-S-Øm-bn I-s≠-Øn-bn-
´p≠v. F-∂m-e-Xn-s‚ t{kmX I-s≠-Øm-\m-bn-ń√.
tPm¨ a-Iv-ô-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Ah A-
tbmhbn-se am≥-k¨ s{I-bv-‰-dns\-t∏mse A-Sn-
™pho-W a-Æn-\-Sn-bn-em-bncn-°mw, A-s√-¶n¬ X-
Sm-I-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-Ø-ń¬.
A-t∏mƒ ]n-s∂ `q-an-bp-sS A-I-°m-ºn-s\∏-‰n

\-ap-s°-¥-dnbmw? h-f-sc°pd-®p am{Xw F-∂m-Wp-
Ø-cw. im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS s]m-Xphm-sbm-cp [mcW-
b-\p-k-cn-®v \m-ep ]m-fn-I-fm-Wv `q-an-bp-sS Dƒ-`m-
K-Øn-\p-≈Xv—]m-daqSnb ]p-dw]mfn, Nq-Sp-≈ ]-
in-a-bm¿-∂ ]m-d-sIm-≠p-≈ a-s‰m-cm-h-c-Ww, {Z-hm-
h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈ ta¬°mºv, J-cm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈ A-
I-°mºv.* D-]-cnXe-Øn¬ kn-en-t°-‰n-\m-Wv {]m-
ap-Jy-sa-∂p \-ap-°-dn-bmw. Xm-c-X-tay-\ `mcw Ip-
d™ A-Xn-\v `q-an-bp-sS sam-Øw km-{μ-X-bn¬
hen-b ÿm-\-an√. AXn-\¿-Yw `m-c-°q-Sp-X-ep-≈
F-s¥ms°tbm D-≈n-ep-s≠-∂mWv. `q-anbpsS
Im¥n-Iafiew \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\v D-≈n-se-
hnsS-tbm {Z-hm-h-ÿbn-ep≈ teml-ß-fp-sS km-
{μta-J-e D-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. C-{Xbpw Im-cyß-fn¬
Gd-°p-sd km¿-h-{XnI tbm-Pn-∏p≠v.15 F-∂m¬
A-Xn-\-∏p-d-tØ
*Ip-sd-°q-Sn hn-i-Z-am-bn `q-an-bp-sS L-S-\-sb-°p-
dn-®-dn-b-W-sa-∂p-≈-h¿-°m-bn H-cp I-W-°n-Xm.
GItZikw-JyI-sf A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈ I-
W°v. ]qPywap-X¬ 40 In-tem-ao-‰¿h-sc `q-h¬-
°w. 40 ap-X¬ 400 h-sc A-∏¿ am‚ v¬. 400
In-temao‰¿ ap-X¬ 650 In-tem-ao-‰¿h-sc-bp-≈ `m-
Kw A-∏¿am‚ vepw tem-h¿-am‚ v-epw th¿-]n-cn-bp-
∂ ta-J-e-bm-Wv. 650 apX¬ 2,700 h-sc tem-h¿
am‚ v¬. 2,700 apX¬ 2,890 h-sc "Un' ta-J-e.
2890 ap-X¬ 5,150 Intem-ao-‰¿h-sc ]p-dw-Im-ºv. 5,150
In-temao‰¿ ap-X¬ 6,370 In-tem-ao‰¿h-sc A-I-
°mºv.
-°p≈ GXm-s≠√m Im-cy-ß-fn-epw˛˛Cu A-Sp-

°p-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep≈ {]-h¿Ø-\-sa-ß-s\-bmWv, A-
h-bp-sS AØ-cw s]-cp-am-‰-ßƒ-°p Im-c-W-
sa¥mWv, `m-hn-bn-e-h F-¥p sN-øpw Xp-Sßn-b
Im-cy-ß-fn¬ C-t∏mgpw G-d-°p-sd A-\n-›n-XXzw
\n-e\n¬-°p-I-bmWv. sam-Ø-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬
A\n-›n-XXzw hf-sc-°q-Sp-X-em-Wv.
C-°q-´-Øn¬ \-ap-°p Im-Wm-\m-Ip-∂ `m-Kam-b

`q-h-¬-°-sØ-∏-‰nØ-s∂ cq-£am-b A-`n-{]m-bhy-
Xym-k-ß-fp≠v. `q-h¬-°-sØ∏-‰n km[mcW
]mT]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn-se√mw ImWp-I C-ß-s\-bm-bn-
cn-°pw˛˛`q-h¬-°Øn-s‚ I-\w I-S-en-\-Sn-bn¬ A-
©pap-X¬ ]-Øph-sc In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv, h≥-I-c-I-
fn-e-Xv 40 In-tem-ao-‰¿ h-cpw. henb ]¿-h-X{]-tZ-
i-ß-fn¬ 65˛˛95 In-tem-ao‰¿. Cu s]m-XpI-W-
°n¬Ø-s∂ B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂ hyXym-k-
ßƒ Im-Wmw. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v kn-bmd˛s\hm-U
]¿-h-X{]tZiß-fn¬ `q-h¬-°-Øn-s‚ I-\w 30˛40
In-tem-ao-‰¿ am-{X-am-Wv. A-sX¥psIm-s≠-∂-p
tNm-Zn-®m¬ D-Ø-c-an√. ù-a im-kv-{X˛ùXn-I
imkv-{X \n-b-a-ßƒ {]-Im-cw H-scm-‰ hn-i-Zo-I-cW-
ta C-Xn-\p \¬-Im-\p≈q,16 knbmd˛s\hm-U Npgn-
a-W-en-se-t∂m-Ww Xm-Wp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-
IWw (AX-ß-s\-X-s∂-bm-sW-∂m-Wv ]-ecpw I-
cp-Xp∂-Xv).
F-t∏mƒ, F-ß-s\-bm-Wv `q-an-°v Cu ]pdw-tXm-

Sp In-ń-b-sX-∂ Im-cyØn¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°p c-
≠-`n-{]m-b-amWv. C-tX-s®m√n im-kv-{X-⁄¿ c-≠p
tN-cn-bn-ep-amWv. `q-an-bp-sS Xp-S-°Im-e-Øv s]m-Sp-
∂t\-bm-Wn-Xp cq]wsIm≠-sX-∂v I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cm-
Wv B-Zy Iq´¿. AX√, hf-sc ssh-In ]Xps°-∏-
Xp-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu {]-{In-b F-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-
cm-Wv c-≠m-asØ-Iq´¿. ssh-Im-cn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p ]-
e-t∏mgpw C-°m-cy-Øn-ep-≈ {]-Xn-I-cWw. tb¬
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se dn-®m¿-Uv Bw-kv-t{Sm-Mv
1960I-fp-sS Xp-S-°-Øn¬ B-Zy kn-≤m-¥w ap-t∂m-
´p-h®p. _m-°n-bp-≈ Im-ew A-Xn-s‚ {]Nmc-W-
Øn-\m-bn am-‰n-h-®p. AXn-t\m-Sp tbm-Pn-°m-Ø-h-
cp-am-bn F-Xn-cn-´p. 1991˛¬ A-t±-lw A¿-_p-Zw _m-
[n-®p a-cn®p. F-∂m¬ a-c-W-Øn-\p sXm´papºpw
Cu X¿-°-Øn-en-S-s]-´psIm-≠v Xm≥ an-Yym-[m-c-
W-Iƒ {]-N-cn-∏n°p-I-bm-sW∂m-tcm-]n-® hn-a¿-i-
I¿-°p t\tc Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ F¿-Øv k-b≥kv
tP-W-en-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn¬ A-t±-lw B-™-
Sn®p. ]-cpjam-bn-cp∂p B hn-S-hm-ß¬ F-∂m-Wv
Bw-kv-t{Sm-ßn-s‚ a-cWsØ Hcp kp-lr-Øv hn-
ti-jn-∏n-®Xv.
`q-h¬-°hpw am‚ v-en-s‚ ta¬-Ø-´pw ( outer

mantle) tN¿-∂p-≈ `mKsØ en-tØm-kv-^n-b¿
F-∂p hn-fn-°pw (I-s√-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ en-tØmkv
F∂ {Ko-°vhm-°n¬\n-∂p h-∂-Xm-Wo t]-cv). A-
kv-X-t\m-kv-^n-b¿ (D-d∏n√m-Ø F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ {Ko-
°vhm-°n¬\n-∂m-Wo t]-cph-∂Xv) F-∂ arZp in-
em]m-fn-bn¬ H-en-®p\-S-°p-I-bm-Wn-Xv. A-kv-X-t\m-
kv-^n-b-dn-\p ap-Ifn¬ H-en-®p\-S-°p-I-bmWv en-
tØm-kv-^n-b¿ F-∂p ]-d-bp-sa-¶nepw hm°pI-sf
A-£-cm¿-Y-Øn-se-Sp-°-cp-Xv. D-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \-ap-
°v ]-cn-N-b-ap-≈ h-kv-Xp°-sf-t∏mse H-gp-In\-S-
°p-I-b√, ]m-dIƒ. A¿-[-{Z-hm-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv ]m-
d-I-sf-∂p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ Nn√n-s\-t∏m-se A¿-[-{Z-
hm-h-ÿ-bnem-sW-t∂ A¿-Y-ap≈q.17 Im-Wp-
tºmƒ tXm-∂n-s√-¶nepw `q-an-bn-ep-≈ Nn√p-I-
sf√mw Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿j-Ww Imc-Ww Aev-]mev-]w
Xm-tg°v H-en-®nd-ßp-∂p≠v. \√ ]-g-°-ap-≈ G-
sX-¶nepw bq-tdm-]y≥ `-{Zm-k-\-∏-≈n-bpsS P-\¬-
®n√v A-gn-s®-Sp-Øp t\m-°p-I, A-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-`m-K-
Øn\v ap-Iƒ`mKsØ-°mƒ Aev]w I-ń Iq-Sp-X-
em-bn-cn-°pw.* CØ-cw Hgp-°n-s\-∏-‰n-bm-Wv C-hn-
sS ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. `q-an-bp-sS am‚ v-en-se ]m-d-I-fp-sS
H-gp-°n-s‚ ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-anc-ń th-K-Øn-em-Wv t¢m-
°n-se a-Wn-°q¿kq-Nn Xn-cn-bp-∂Xv.
]p-dw]m-fn-bn-se ^-e-I-ß-sf-t∏m-se hn-eß-

s\ am-{Xa√, Cu N-e\w; ap-I-fn-te-°pw Xm-tg-
°pw A-h N-en-°p-∂p≠v.18 kw-hl-\w F-∂m-W-
X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Aev-]w In-dp-°\m-b dw-t^m¿-
Uv {]-`p-hm-Wv ]-Xn-s\´mw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\w
A-Xp I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv. D-≈n-ep-≈ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ°p
N-en-°m≥ ]‰pwhn-[w {Z-hm-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cn°-Ww
`q-an-bp-sS A-I-°msº∂v 60 h¿-jw I-gn™v Hm-
kva-≠v ^n-j¿ Zo¿-LZ¿-i-\w sN-bvXp.19 ]t£,
Cu B-i-b-Øn-\v Aw-Ko-Im-cw In-´m≥ G-sd-°m-
ew I-gn-tb-≠nh∂p.
`q-an-bp-sS Dƒ-`m-K-Øp \-S-°p-∂ kw-t£m-`-Øn-

s‚ b-Ym¿-Y Nn-{Xw 1970Hm-sS e-`n-®-t∏mƒ im-kv-
{X-⁄¿ sR-´-tem-sS-bmW-Xv kzo-I-cn-®Xv. "`q-an-
bp-sS A-¥-co-£-Øn-se ]m-fn-I-sf-∏-‰n˛˛˛t{Sm-t]m-
kv-^nb¿, kv-{Smt‰m-kv-^n-b¿ F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈
]m-fnIƒ˛˛˛h¿-j-ßƒ \o-≠ ]T-\w \-SØn-b im-
kv-{X-⁄¿ H-cp kp-{]-`m-X-Øn¬ Im-‰p I-s≠-
Ønb-Xpt]mse-bm-bn-cp-∂p Im-cyßƒ'20 F-∂m-
Wv "s\-bv°-Uv F¿-Øv : Z \yq Pntbm^n-kn-Iv-kv
F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ jhv\ thm-sK¬ C-tX-°p-dn-
s®-gp-XnbXv.
kwh-l-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p a-\- n-em-°n-b-t∏mƒX-

s∂ F-{X B-g-ØnemWv B {]-{Inb \-S-°p∂-
Xv F∂-Xp kw-_-‘n-®v X¿-°hpw Xp-S-ßn. 650
In-tem-ao-‰¿ Xm-sg-bm-W-sX-∂p Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-∂p,
3000 In-tem-ao-‰sd∂v a-‰pNne¿. c-≠p ]T-\im-J-I-
fn¬\n-∂p-≈ k-ahm-bkm-[y-Xbn√mØ hn-cp-≤hn-
h-c-ß-fmWv Cu B-i-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-\p Im-c-W-sa-
∂v21sPbnwkv s{S-^n¬ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p. `q-an-bp-
sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep-≈ Nn-e aq-e-I-ßƒ A-∏¿
am‚ v-en¬\n-∂p-≈-h-b-s√-∂mWv Pn-tbm-sI-an-kv-‰p-
Ifp-sS hmZw. A-h Ipsd-°q-Sn A-Sn-bn¬\n-∂p h-
∂-Xm-I-Ww. A-Xn-\¿-Yw A-∏¿- am‚ v-en-sebpw
tem-h¿ am‚ v-en-se-bpw ]-Zm¿-Y-ßƒ C-S-bv°n-sS
IqSn-°-e-cp-∂p-≠m-h-W-sa-∂mWv. F-∂m¬ CØ-
c-sam-cp {]-{In-b-bv-°p sXfn-shm-∂p-an-s√-∂m-Wv
kokv-tam-f-Pn-kv-‰p-Iƒ ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
A-t∏mƒ ]-d-bm-hp-∂-Xn-{X-tb-bp≈q, `q-an-°-Sn-

bn-te-°p t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Ir-Xy-am-b-dn-bm-Ø
GtXm H-cp L-´-Øn¬h-®v \mw A-kv-X-t\m-kv-
^nb¿
* C-ß-s\-bm-Wv km-[m-c-W F-gp-Xmdv. F-∂m¬

Nn√ns‚ Cu H-en-®n-d-ß¬ C-∏-d-bp-∂-Xn-epw
F{Xtbm Ip-d-hmWv. Cu ]p-kv-X-I-an-d-ßn-b-Xn-
\pti-jw 2003˛se th-\¬-°me-Øv {_-ko-en-se
s{]m-^. C. Un. skm-\mt‰m \-SØn-b ]T-\-Øn-
s‚ ^-ew k-b≥-kv \yq-kv dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-bv-Xn´p≠v.
]-≈n-bn-se P-\¬-∏m-fn F-{X-am{Xw A-`n-h-μy-am-
sW-¶n-epw H-en-®n-d-ßnb-Xpaq-ew A-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-`m-
K-Øn-\p h-cp-∂ I-ń \-·t\-{X-ßƒsIm-≠v Xn-cn-
®-dn-bm≥ ]-‰n√ F-∂m-Wv B ]T-\-Øn¬ I-s≠-
Øn-bXv.
]n-∂n-´v ip-≤-am-b am‚ v-en-te-°p I-S-°p∂p. `q-

an-bp-sS hym-]v-X-Øn-s‚ 82 i-X-am-\hpw `m-c-Øn-
s‚ 65 i-X-am-\hpw kw-`m-h-\ sN-øp-∂ am‚ v-
en\v A-Xn-\p X-° {i-≤ \mw \¬-Im-dn√.22 im-
kv-{X-⁄¿-°p Xm¬]cyw H-∂p-In¬ A-Xn-\p-a-Sn-
bn-ep-≈ (Im-¥n-IX t]m-ep≈) Im-cy-ß-fnemWv,
A-s√-¶n¬ D-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \-S-°p-∂ (`q-anIp-ep-
°wt]m-ep-≈) Im-cy-ß-fn-em-Wv. G-Xm-≠v 150 In-
tem-ao-‰-tdm-fw B-gwh-sc am‚ v-en¬ {][m-\-am-bp-
ap≈-Xv s]-cn-tUm-ss‰-‰v F-∂ ]m-d-bm-sW-∂p \-
ap-°-dn-bmw. F-∂m¬ A-Sp-Ø 2,650 In-tem-ao-‰¿h-
sc F-¥m-sW-∂v \-ap-°-dn-bn√. A-Xv s]cn-tUm-
ss‰-‰v A-s√-∂m-Wv tXm-∂p-∂-sX-∂v t\-®-dn-se H-
cp dnt∏m¿ń¬ ]d-bp∂p. A-Xn¬ Iq-Sp-X-sem∂pw
\-ap-°-dn-bn√.
am‚ v-en-\p Xm-sg c-≠v ]mfnI-fp≠v; I-ń-bp-≈

A-I-°mºpw {Z-hm-hÿ-bn-ep-≈ ta¬-°m-ºpw. C-
h c-≠n-s\bpw ]-‰n ]-tcm-£[m-c-WI-tf \-ap-
°p≈q. F-¶nepw G-d-°p-sd bp-‡n-`-{Zam-b \n-K-a-
\-ß-fn-se-Øm-\mbn´p-≠v im-kv-{X⁄¿-°v. `qtI-
{μ-Øn-se a¿-±w h-f-sc-°q-Sp-X-em-sW∂v A-h¿-°-
dn-bmw. D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep-≈-Xn-s‚ 30 e-£w Cc-ńh-
cp-a-Xv.23 Cu a¿-±-Øn¬ G-Xp ]m-dbpw I-ń-bm-bn-
t∏m-Ipw. Nq-Sp ]n-Sn-®p-hbv-°p-∂-Xn¬ tI-a-am-Wv `q-
an-bp-sS A-I-°m-sº-∂v ]-g-bIm-e N-cn-{X-Øn¬\n-
∂v- Ah¿°-dn-bmw. G-Xm-s≠m-cq-l-am-sW-¶nepw
\m-\q-dp tIm-Sn h¿-jwsIm≠v Ahn-SsØ Nq-Sn¬
110 Un{Kn sk¬-jy-kn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ \-„-s∏-ń-ń-
s√∂m-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. `qtI-{μ-Øn-
se Nq-sS-{X-sb-∂v Ir-Xyam-bm¿°pw A-dn-bn√. F-
¶n-epaXv 4,000 Un{Kn apX¬ 7,000 Un{Kn h-sc-bm-
Im-sa-∂m-Wv I-W-°m-°p-∂Xv. kq-cy-s‚ D-]-cn-X-e-
Øn-se Nq-Sn-s\m∏w hcpa-Xv.
`q-an-bp-sS ta¬-°m-ºn-s\∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≈ hnh-
cw h-f-sc-°p-d-hmWv. F-∂m¬ Im-¥n-I-X-bp-sS D-
d-hn-Sw A-Xm-sW-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ B¿°pw X¿-°-
an√. `q-an-bp-sS D-ƒ-°m-ºn-se {Z-h-`m-Kw Np-‰n-°-d-
ßp-sa∂pw C-e{Œn-Iv tam-t´m-dn-s‚ I-d-°-Øm-se-
∂h-Æw A-Xv Im¥n-Iafi-ew kr„n°p-sa-∂p-
ap-≈ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\p cq-]w \¬-Ip-∂-Xv 1949˛¬
tIw-{_n-UvPv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bnse C. kn.
_p√m¿-Uv BWv. `q-an-°p-≈n¬ kwh-l-\Øn-
te¿--s∏-Sp-∂ {Z-hh-kv-Xp-°ƒ I-ºn-°p-≈n-eq-sS {]-
h-ln-°p∂ sshZypXnt]m-se-bm-sW-∂m-Wv C-hn-
sS D-t±-in-°p-∂Xv. F-¥m-Wn-hn-sS kw-`-hn°p-∂-
sX-∂v B¿°pw i-cn-°-dn-bn√. F-∂m¬ `q-an-bp-
sS A-I-°m-ºn-s‚ N-e-\hpw A-Xn-s‚ {Z-hm-h-ÿ-
bp-am-Wv Im-¥n-I-X-bv-°p Im-c-W-sa-∂mWv s]m-Xp-
th-bp-≈ [mc-W. {Z-h A-I-°m-ºn√mØ tKm-f-
ßƒ°v˛˛-N-{μ\pw sNm-Δbpw D-Zm-l-cWw˛˛Im¥n-
Ia-fi-e-an√.
`q-an-bp-sS Im¥n-Ia-fi-e-Øn-s‚ i-‡n C-Sbv-

°n-sS hy-Xym-k-s∏Spsa-∂v C-∂p \-ap-°-dn-bmw.
ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS k-ab-Øv A-Xn-\v Ct∏mgp-
≈-Xn-s‚ aq-∂nc-ń i-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.24 Cu Im-
¥a-fi-e-Øn-s‚ Zni C-S-bv°n-sS am-dn-s°m-≠n-
cn-°p-IbpwsN-øpw. i-cmi-cn A-©pe-£w h¿jw
Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv Cu Zn-imam-‰w F-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-
∂-Xv. icm-icn Cß-s\-bm-sW-¶nepw F-t∏m-gmW-
Xv kw-`-h-n-°p-I-sb∂-Xv G-d-°p-sd A{]hN\ob-
amWv. G-Xm-≠v G-gce-£w h¿-jw ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p
H-Sp-hnesØ am‰w. CS-bv°v Cu C-Sth-f Iq-Snh-
∂v Z-i-e-£-°-W-°n-\p h¿-jwhsc- \o-fpw. 370 e-
£w h¿-j-am-Wv C-°q-´-Øn¬ G-‰hpw IqSn-b C-
Sthf.25 C-S-bv-°p sh-dpw 20,000 h¿-jwsIm≠-Xv
amdn-b Im-e-hp-ap-≠m-bn´p≠v. I-gn-™ ]ØptIm-
Sn h¿-j-Øn-\n-sS 200 X-h-W-sb-¶nepw Cu Znim-
am-‰w kw-`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-W°v. F¥p-sIm-
≠n-Xp kw-`-hn-°p∂p F-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ Ir-Xyam-
sbm-cp-Ø-c-an√. ù-a-im-kv-{X-Øn-se D-Ø-can√m-
Ø G‰hpw henb tNm-Zy-am-bm-Wn-Xv hn-ti-jn-∏n-
°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.26
C-t∏mƒ \-Ω-sfm-cp Zn-im-am-‰-Øn-eq-sS I-S∂p-

t]m-hp-I-bm-sW-∂m-Wp kqN-\. I-gn-™ \q-‰m-
≠n¬ am{Xw `q-an-bp-sS Im¥n-Ia-fi-e-Øn-s‚
i‡n B-dp i-X-am-\w I-≠p Ip-d™p. Im-¥n-Ii-
‡n Ip-d-bp∂-Xv \√ Imcy-sam-∂pa√. hS-°pt\m-
°nb-{¥-Øn-s‚ kq-Nn h-S-t°m-´p \n¿-Øp∂p F-
∂-Xp am-{X-a√ Im¥n-Iafi-ewsIm-≠p-≈
KpWw, \-Ωp-sS Po-h≥ \n-e\n¿-Øp-∂-Xnepw kp-
{][m-\ ]-¶p-≠-Xn\v. A-]-I-S-Im-cnbmb tImkv-an-
Iv c-iv-an-I-fm¬ k-º-∂-am-Wv Cu {]-]-©w. Im¥n-
Ia-fi-e-Øn-s‚ kw-c-£-W-an-s√-¶n¬ A-h \-Ωp-
sS i-co-c-Øn-eq-sS Xpf-®p I-b-dpw, F∂n´v \-Ωp-
sS Un.F≥.F.-sb D-]-tbm-Kiq-\yam-sbm-cp ]-
g¥p-Wnt]m-sebm°pw. k-Po-h-am-bn \n¬-°p-∂
Im¥n-Iafiew Cu h-kv-Xp°-sf hgnXn-cn-®v k-
ao-]-Øp-≈ hm≥ B-se≥ s_¬-‰p-I-sf-∂p hn-fn-
°p-∂ ta-Je-I-fn-te-°p hn-Spw. Cu Im-¥n-Iafi-
ew A-¥-co-£-Øn-s‚ ta¬-Øńse IW-ß-fp-am-
bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv H-tdm-d F-∂p hn-fn-°p-
∂ hiy-amb {]-Im-im-h-c-W-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv.
CØ-cw Im-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≈ A-dn-hv Xp-

temw Ipd-™p t]m-Im≥ Imc-Ww `q-an-°p ap-I-
fn¬ \-S-°p-∂ Im-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Xmsg \-S-°p-
∂ Im-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-ap-≈ K-th-j-W-ßƒ G-tIm-
]n-∏n-°m≥ H-cp {iahpw \-S-°p-∂n√ F-∂-Xm-Wv.
Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰p-I-fpw Pn-tbm-^n-kn-Ãp-Ifpw H-tc
tbm-K-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-Itbm H-tc {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬
k-l-I-cn°p-ItbmsN-øp∂-Xv A-Xy-]q¿-h-am-sW-
∂mWv27 jhv\ th-m-sK¬ CtX∏‰n ]-d-™Xv.
`q-an-bp-sS A-¥¿-`m-K-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈ \-Ωp-sS A-

dn-hv F-{X-tØm-fw ]-cn-an-X-am-sW-∂p t_m-[y-am-
hp-I, A-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ {]-iv-\-ßƒ t\cn-tS-
≠nh-cp-tºm-gm-Wv. 1980˛˛-¬ hm-jn-Mv-S¨ kv-t‰-‰n¬
au-≠v sk-bv‚ v sle≥-kv s]m-ń-sØ-dn-® kw`-
hw A-Xn-t\-‰hpw \√ D-Zm-l-c-Ww.
A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS Io-gv-`m-K-Øp-≈ 48 tÃ-‰p-Iƒ

A-·n]¿-h-Xkv-t^mS\w I-≠n-´v 65 h¿-j-ß-fm-bn-
cp-∂p A-t∏m-tg-°v. sk-bv‚ v sle-s‚ s]-cpam‰w
hn-e-bn-cp-Øm≥ hn-fn-® A-·n-]¿-h-Xhn-Z-Kv-[¿ B-
sI I-≠n-´p≈-Xv l-hm-\-bn-se A-·n-]¿-h-Xkv-
t^m-S-\-amWv. c≠pw c-≠m-sW∂p sshImsX
sh-fn-s∏´p.
am¿-®v 20-˛\m-Wv sk-bv‚ v sl-e≥ ò-j-Wn-bp-

b¿-Øn ap-cƒ-® Xp-S-ßn-bXv. H-cmgv-N I-gn-™-
t∏mf-Xv am-‹ Xp-∏m≥ Xp-Sßn. A-f-hn¬ Ip-dhm-
sW-¶nepw Znh-kw \q-dp X-h-W-sb-¶n-epa-Xv B-
h¿-Øn®p. Xp-S¿-®bmb `q-N-e-\hpw H-∏w h∂p. P-
\ß-sf A-hn-sS-\n-s∂m-gn-∏n-®v kp-c-£n-X Zqcw F-
∂p I-cp-Xn-b 13 In-tem-ao-‰¿ A-I-se-s°m-≠pt]m-
bn ]m¿-∏n®p. ]¿hXØn-s‚ ap-cƒ-® Iq-Sm≥ Xp-
S-ßn-b-tXm-sS sk-bv‚ v sl-e≥ tem-IØns\m-
cp hn-t\m-Zk©m-ctI-{μ-ambn. A-·n-]¿h-Xw G-
‰hpw \-∂mbn ImWm≥ ]‰n-b ÿ-e-ß-sf∏-‰n ]-
{X-ßƒ Zn-h-k-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn-d-°n. sS-en-hn-j≥ te-
J-I¿ slen-tIm-]v-‰-dp-I-fn¬ ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚ in-J-
c-Øn¬ h-∂n-dßn. k-©m-cn-Iƒ ]¿-h-X-Øn¬ I-
b-dp-IbpwsN-bvXp. H-cp Znhkw Fgp-]-Xp slen-
tIm-]v-‰-dp-Ifpw sN-dp hn-am-\-ß-fp-am-Wv A-·n-]¿-
h-XØn\p Np-‰pw I-d-ßn-\-S-∂Xv. ]t£, Zn-h-k-
ßƒ I-gn-™-n´pw \m-S-Io-bam-sbm∂pw kw-`-hn-
°m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ P-\-ßƒ A-kz-ÿ-c-m-bn. A-Xp
s]mńsØ-dn°m-s\m∂pwt]m-Ip-∂n-s√-∂v- Ah¿
D-d-∏n®p.
G-{]n¬ 19 B-b-t∏mƒ ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚ h-S-

°≥`m-Kw \n-Kq-VamwhÆw ho¿-Øp-sI-´m≥ Xp-
Sßn. C-sXm-cp s]m-ń-sØ-dn-bp-sS kq-N-\-bm-sW-
∂v D-Ø-c-hmZnXz-s∏-´-h-cmcpw kw-i-bn-®n-s√-∂-Xm-
Wv {i-t≤-bam-b Im-cyw. l-hm-bn-bn-se A-·n]¿-
h-X-kv-t^m-S-\-ß-sf-bm-W-h¿ C-Xp-am-bn Xm-c-
Xayw sN-bv-XXv.28 A-h-bmIs´ h-i-ß-fn-te-°v
s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°m-dn√. òIcam-sbt¥m kw-`-hn-
°m≥t]m-hp-I-bm-sW-∂v H-cmƒ am-{Xw kw-i-bn-
®p. Sm-tIm-a-bn-se I-ayq-Wn-‰n tIm-f-Pn¬ Pn-tbmf-
Pn s{]m-^- -dm-bn-cp-∂ PmIv sslUv. l-hm-bn-bn-
se A-·n-]¿-h-X-ß-sf-t∏m-se sl-se≥-kn-\v Xp-
d∂ c-{‘-an-s√∂pw D-≈n¬ a¿-±w G-dn-tb-dnh-
∂m¬ A-Xnò-I-camwhn-[w AXp s]m-ń-sØ-dn-t®-
°p-sa∂pw A-t±-lw B-i-¶ {]-I-Sn-∏n®p. ]t£,
HutZym-Kn-Ikw-L-Øn¬ Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂n√,
sslUv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ \nco-£Wßƒ- AXp-
sIm-≠pX-s∂ Bcpw {i-≤n-®p-an√.
]n-∂o-sS-¥p-≠m-sb-∂v F√m-h¿-°p-a-dn-bmw. sa-

bv 18 Rm-b-dm-gv-N cmhnse 8.32˛˛-\v A-·n]¿-h-X-
Øn-s‚ h-S-°p-`m-Kw s]m-ńØ-I¿∂p. a-e-s©-cn-
hneqsS I√pw aÆpw sN-fnbpw a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 250
In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-Øn¬ {]-h-ln®p. N-cn-{X-Øn-te-
‰hpw henb B D-cpƒ-s]m-´¬ am≥-l-´s\29 120
ao-‰¿ I-\-Øn¬ sN-fn-sIm-≠p aq-Sm≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-
bn-cp∂p. H-cp an-\n‰p I-gn-™-t∏m-tg-°v A-Xns‚
]m¿-iz-`m-Kw Zp¿-_-e-ambn. ln-tcm-jn-a-bn-en´
AWp-t_mw-_n-s‚ A-™q-dnc-ń i-‡n-bn¬ A-
·n]¿h-Xw s]m-ń-sØdn®p.30 A-]-I-S-Im-cnbm-b
Nq-Sp-ta-L-ßƒ a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 1,050 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-
K-Øn¬ Ip-Xn-®p]m-™p. AI-se kp-c-£n-X-sa-
∂p tXm-∂p∂{X Zqsc \n-∂-h-sc-t∏m-ep-aXp Io-gv-
s∏-Sp-Øn. 57 t]¿ a-c-W-a-S-™p. 23 t]cpsS ar-X-
tZ-l-ßƒt]mepw In-ń-bn√.31 Rm-b-dm-gv-N-b√m-bn-
cp∂p Cu s]mńsØ-dn-sb-¶n¬ a-c-Wkw-Jy C-\n-
bp-sa-{Xtbm D-b-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]hrØn Znhk-ß-
fn¬ A-Xn-\-Sp-Ø {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tPm-en-s°-Øp-
∂-h¿ kv-t^mS\Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p. A-
·n]¿-h-X-Øn-\v 30 In-tem-ao-‰¿h-sc A-Isebp-
≈-h¿ kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ B-Lm-X-Øn¬ a-c-W-a-S-
™n-cp-s∂-t∂m¿°pI.
B Zn-hk-sØ G-‰hpw `m-Ky-hm≥ F-∂ hn-

ti-j-W-Øn-\¿-l≥ lmcn ss•-°≥ F-∂ _ncp-
Zhn-Zym¿-Yn-bmWv. A-·n]¿-h-X-Øn-\v Hº-Xp
Intemao-‰¿ am-{X-a-I-se-bp-≈ \n-co-£-WtI-{μ-
Øn-s‚ Np-a-X-e lm-cn-°m-bncp∂p. sa-bv 18˛\v
Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn¬ H-cp tIm-f-Pv C‚¿-hyq-hn¬
]s¶-Sp-°m-\p-≈Xp-sIm-≠v s]m-ń-sØ-dn-bp-≠m-Ip-
∂-Xn-s‚ X-te-∂v lmcn ÿewhn´p. ]I-cw h∂-
Xv tU-hn-Uv tPm¨-kv-‰¨. au-≠v sle≥ s]mń-
sØ-dn-® hm¿Ø temI-sØ A-dn-bn®-Xv tU-hn-
UmWv. A-Sp-Ø \n-anjw B bp-hm-hv a-c-W-a-
S™p. ar-X-tZ-lw I-s≠-Sp-°m≥t]m-ep-ambn√.
lmcn ss•-°-s‚ `m-Kyhpw Xm¬-°m-en-I-am-bn-cp-
∂p. 11 h¿-j-Øn\pti-jw P∏m-\n-se au-≠v D≥-
sk≥ D-cp-In-Øn-f-®v ]m-dbpw Nm-chpw hm-X-I-
ßfpw ]pd-tØ-°p Xp-∏n-b-t∏mƒ A-Xn-\-Sn-bn¬-
s∏-´p a-cn-® 43 im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sSbpw ]-{X-{]-h¿-
Ø-I-cp-sSbpw kw-LØn-sem-cmƒ lmcnbm-bn-
cp∂p. ss]-tdm-¢m-kv-‰n-Iv ^vtfm F-∂m-Wv AØ-
cw _-ln¿-K-a-\ßƒ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. A-hn-
sSbpw A-·n-]¿-h-Xkv-t^m-S-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈
IW-°pIq-´-ep-Iƒ ]ng-®pt]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
{]-h-N-\-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ G-‰hpw

tam-iw A-·n-]¿-h-X im-kv-{X-⁄cmtWm A√t-
bm F-∂-X-n¬ X¿-°-ap-≠m-Imw. F-∂m¬
]ng®pt]m-b {]-h-N-\-ßƒ°vv G-‰hpw h-en-b hn-
e \¬-tI-≠n h-cp-∂-X-h¿-°mWv. D≥-sk≥ Zpc-
¥w I-gn-™v c-≠p h¿-jw ]n-∂nSpw ap-ºv a-s‰m-
cp kw-Lw A-·n]¿-h-X\n-co-£-I¿ sIm-fw-_n-b-
bn-se Km-e-dm-kv F-∂ kPo-h A-·n-]¿-h-X-Øn-
s‚ h-°n-seØn. Acn-tkm-W k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-
se kv-‰m≥-en hn-eyw-km-bn-cp-∂p kw-L-Ø-eh≥.
ap≥-Im-e-ß-fn-se F{Xtbm A-]-I-S-ß-fp-sS hnh-
cw ssI-h-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw B ]-Xn-\mdw-K kw-
L-Øn¬ c-≠pt]¿ am-{X-am-Wv sl¬-sa‰pw kpc-
£mh-kv-{X-ßfpw [-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. A-·n]¿h-Xw
s]m-ń-sØ-dn®p. B kw-L-Øn-se B-dp im-kv-{X-
⁄cpw aq-∂p k-©m-cn-Ifpw a-cn®p. hneyw Dƒ-
s∏-sS H-t´-sdt∏¿-°p ]-cn-t°‰p.
Cu A-\p-`-h-sØ-∏d-dn B-fl-hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-s‚
Aw-i-wt]m-ep-an√msX "k¿-ssh-hn-Mv Kme-dm-kv'
F-s∂m-cp ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn hn-eyw-kv. A·n]¿h-
Xw \¬In-b kp-{][m-\ kq-N-\-Iƒ A-h-K-Wn-
®v F-{X-am-{Xw A{i≤am-bm-Wv Xm≥ {]-h¿-Øn-
®-sX-∂ Imcyw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ Nq≠n-°mWn-
®-t∏mƒ A-¤p-X-tØm-sS X-e Ip-ep-°m≥ am-{X-
ta X-\n-°p I-gn-™p≈q F-∂m-Wv A-t±-l-a-Xn¬
]-d-™-Xv.32 1993˛se B kw-`-h-sØ ù-a-im-kv-
{Xhn-⁄m-\-Øn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C-∂p hn-a¿-
in-°m≥ F-fp-∏amsW-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂p. "Km-
e-dm-kv A-·n-]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚ kz-`m-hØn-se Cu
Nm-©m-´w a-\- n-em-°m-\m-bn-s√-∂ \n¿-`m-Ky-Øn¬
I-hn-™ sX-s‰m∂pw F-\n-°p ]-‰n-bn-bn-ń√.
Rm≥ hn-Uv-Vn-bm-°-s∏´p, A-Xn-s‚ D-Ø-c-hm-
ZnXzw Rm-t\-s‰-Sp-°p∂p. F-∂m¬ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-
I-cp-sS a-c-WØn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-bm-sW-∂ Ip-‰-t_m-
[-sam-∂p-sa-\n-°n√. A-hn-sS Ip-‰-sam∂p-ap-≠m-
bn√, D-≠mb-Xv H-cp kv-t^mS-\w am-{Xw.' hn-eyw-kv
F-gpXn.
hm-jn-Mv-S-Wn-te-°p Xn-cn-s®-Ømw. A-∂-sØ-

bm kv-t^m-S-\-tØm-sS au-≠v sl-es‚ D-b-cw 400
ao-‰¿ Ip-d-™p. 600 N-Xpc-{i In-tem-ao-‰¿ h-\-`q-an
\-in-®p. 150,000 ho-Sp-Iƒ hbv-°m≥ th-≠ (300,000
F-∂m-Wv Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv) a-c-ßƒ A-{]-Xy-£-
am-bn. 270 tIm-Sn cq-]-bp-sS \m-i\-„-ß-fp-≠m-sb-
∂m-Wv I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv. Pzm-em-ap-J-Øp\n-∂p-b¿-
∂ ]pIbpw Nm-c-hpw ]-Øpan-\n‰p-sIm-≠v 18,000
ao-‰¿ D-b-sc-sb-Øn. 48 Intemao-‰¿ A-I-se-bp-≈
hn-am-\-Øn¬-t]mepw I√p-Iƒ sX-dn-s®Øn.33 - kv-
t^mS-\w \S-∂v sXm-Æq-dp an-\n-‰p I-gn-™-t∏mƒ
hm-jn-Mv-S-Wnse bm-In-a-bn¬ Nm-cw s]-øm≥ Xp-
S-ßn. 50,000 t]¿ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂ 130 Intemao-‰¿
A-I-se-bp≈ B {]-tZ-i-Øv Nmc-a-g Imc-Ww ]-
I-epw C-cpƒ-aqSn. tam-t´m-dp-Ifpw P-\-td-‰-d-pIfpw
ssh-Zyp-Xkzn-®p-I-fp-sa√mw Nm-cw h-∂p \nd-™v
{]-h¿-Ø-\c-ln-X-am-bn. h-gn-bm-{X-°m¿ izm-kw hn-
Sm-\m-hm-sX h-e-™p, P-e-ip-≤o-Ic-Ww ap-Sßn,
hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fpw tZio-b]m-X-Ifpw A-S-®n´p.
Np-cp-°-Øn¬ P-\-Po-hn-Xw \n-›-e-ambn.
òj-Wn ap-g-°n-s°m-≠p c≠pam-kw ap-c-≠p\n-

s∂m-cp A-·n]¿-hXØn-s‚ Xm-gvhm-c-Øn-em-Wv
C-sXm-s° kw-`-hn-®-sX-t∂m¿-°Ww. Bk∂am-
sbm-cp s]m-ń-sØ-dn t\-cn-Sm-\p-≈ H-cphn-[ kw-hn-
[m-\hpw bm-In-abn-en√m-bn-cp∂p.34 A-Snb-¥-c km-
l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ P-\-ßƒ-°p ap-∂-dnbn∏p \¬-Im-
\p-≈ F-a¿-P≥-kn t{_m-Uv-Im-kv-‰n-Mv kn-kv-
‰wt]mepw A-∂p {]h¿Øn-®n√. Rm-b-dm-gv-N-bm-
sW-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Im-cWw. Rm-b-dm-gv-N-sb-Øp∂
Po-h-\-°m¿-°m-I-s´ B kw-hn-[m-\w {]-h¿-Øn-
∏n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂v A-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-an√.
]pdw-tem-I-hp-am-bp-≈ _-‘a‰v aq-∂p Zn-h-k-
tØ°v bmIn-a ]q¿-W-am-bn kv-Xw-`n-®pIn-S∂p. au-
≠v sl-e≥ kv-t^m-S-\-Øn¬ \n-∂v bmIn-a\-K-
c-Øn¬ h¿-jn-® Nm-cw H-∂-c sk‚n-ao-‰-dnepw
Aev]w Iq-SpX-te D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. C-\n sb-t√m-
kv-t‰m¨ s]m-ń-sØ-dn-sb -°p-dn-®p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ
C-°m-cyw Hm¿-Øphbv-°Ww.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 t^m-kn-ep-If-t\z-jn-°m≥ ]‰n-b ÿ-e-am-bn-

cp-∂n√ AXv. Rm≥ t^m-kn-et\z-j-W-Øn-em-bn-
cp-∂n√Xm\pw: ssa-Iv thm¿-lo-kp-am-bp-≈ A`n-
apJw, B-jv-^mƒ t^m-kn¬ s_-Uv-kv kv-t‰-‰v
]m¿-°v, s\-{_m-kvI, 2001 Pq¨ 13.
2 s\-{_m-kv-I-bn-se Po-hn-Iƒ Po-h-t\m-sS Ip-

gn-®p-aq-S-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂mWv BZyw I-cp-Xn-b-Xv: \m-
j-W¬ tPym-{K-^n-Iv, G≥-jy‚ v Bjv-t^mƒ
{Intb-‰v-kv t]mw]n Hm-^v {]o-ln-tÃm-dn-Iv B-\n-
a¬-kv, 1981, t]Pv 66
3 hn-Nn-{X-sa-∂p tXm-∂pw, `q-an-bp-sS Dƒ`m-K-

sØ-°p-dn-®-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xns\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ kq-cy-
s‚ B-¥-cL-S-\-sb∏-‰n \-ap-°-dn-bmw: s^bn≥-
am≥, kn-Ivkv Cu-kn ]o-kkv, t]-Pv 60.
4 `q-an-bp-sS D-]-c-nX-e-Øn¬\n-∂v tI-{μ-Øn-te-

°p-≈ Zqcw 6,370 In-tem-ao-‰-dmWv: hneywkv B≥-
Uv sam-≠-bv≥, k¿-ssh-hn-Mv Km-e-dmkv, t]Pv 78.
5 kz-¥w t]-c√, amKv\n-‰yq-Uv kv-sI-bn¬‹F-∂m-
W-t±-l-a-Xn-s\ hnfn-®-Xv: Hkna, Z F¿Øv, t]-Pv
49. 6 Kp-Wn-X-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ Lm-X-ß-fm-bmW-
Xv h¿-[n-°p-∂-Xv: Hm-ô-k¿ B≥Uv t]Pv, sS-
bv¬kv Hm-^v Z F¿Øv, t]-Pv 33. 7 F√mw I-
gn-™-t∏mƒ 60,000 t]-cm-Wv a-cn-®Xvv: Hm-ô-k¿
B≥-Uv t]Pv, sSbv¬kv Hm-^v Z F¿Øv, t]-Pv 52.
8 ac-Ww Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂ \-K-c-sa-∂v e-≠≥ k¿-

h-I-em-im-e-bn-se _n¬ a-Iv ssK¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n®
tSm-tIym: a-Iv ssK¿, F ssK-Uv Sp Z F≥Uv Hm-
^v Z thƒUv, t]-Pv 21.
9 F-∂m¬ A-XpsIm-≠p-≠m-Ip-∂ km-ºØn-

I\-„w I-W-°pIq-ń-bn-´p≠v˛ G-gp e-£w tIm-Sn
tUm-f-¿: a-Iv ssK¿, F ssK-Uv Sp Z F≥Uv Hm-^v
Z thƒUv, t]-Pv 130.
10 hm-jn-Mv-S-Wn¬ Iym-]n-t‰m-fn-ep-b¿-Øn-bn-cp-
∂ a-©w X-I¿-∂p ho-sW∂pw: s{S^n¬, 101 Xn-
Mv-kv bp tUm-≠v t\m F-_u-´v k-b≥-kv B≥-Uv
t\m h¨ F¬-kv Ukv F-bvZ¿, t]-Pv 158.
11 tam-tlmƒ F-∂m-Wv B ]-≤-Xn-°p t]-cn-´-Xv:
thm-K¬, s\-bv°-Uv F¿Øv, t]-Pv 37.
12 I-∏-en¬\n-∂v I-S-en¬ Ip-gn-sb-Sp-°p∂-Xv

Fw-]-b¿ kv-t‰-‰v _n¬-Un-ßn-s‚ ap-I-fn¬ Ib-dn
\n-∂v tkh t]m-ep-≈ ]-e-lm-cwsIm-≠v \yq-tbm¿-
°n-se sXcp-hn¬ Ip-gn-sb-Sp-°m≥ {i-an-°p∂-
Xpt]m-se-bm-sW-∂mWv: hmen \yqkv, {Un√nMv Z
Hm-j≥ ^v-tfm¿ t^m¿ F¿-Øv-kv Uo-]v ko-{I-Sv-
kv, 1995 Hm-K-kv-‰v 21.
13 `q-an-bp-sS sam-Øw hym-]v-X-Øns‚ 0.3 i-X-am-

\w am-{X-am-Wv A-I-°m-ºv: tjm]v^v, {Im-Uv¬ Hm-
^v sse^v, t]-Pv 73.
14 h-{P-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂ Inw_¿-sse-‰v Ip-g-

ep-I-fn¬\n∂pw `q-an-bpsS A-I-°mºn-s\-°p-dn-®-
dn-bmw: a-Ivô, C≥ k-kv-s]-Œv sS-sd-bv≥, t]-Pv
16˛18.
15 C-{Xbpw Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Gd-°p-sd km¿-h-

{XnI tbm-Pn-∏p≠vv: kb‚n-^n-Iv Atacn°≥, kv-
Iƒ-]v-‰n-Mv Z F¿-Øv {^w C≥-ssk-Uv Hu-´v, 2001
am¿®v, \yq-k-b‚nkv‰v, tP-Wn Sp Z sk‚¿ Hm-^v
Z F¿-Øv, k-πn-sa‚ v, 2000 H-tŒm-_¿ 14, t]Pv 1.
16 ùXn-Iim-kv-{X\n-b-a-ßƒ {]-Im-cw H-scm-‰

hn-i-Zo-I-cW-ta CXn\p \¬-Im\p≈q: F¿Øv, an-
Ã-dn C≥ Z ssl kn-bm-d, 1996 Pq¨, t]Pv 16.
17 A¿-[-{Z-hm-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv ]m-d-I-sf-∂p ]-d-

bp-tºmƒ Nn√n-s\-t∏m-se A¿-[{Z-hm-h-ÿ-bn-em-
sW-t∂ A¿-Y-ap≈q: thm-K¬, s\-bv°-Uv
F¿Øv, t]Pv 31.
18 ]p-dw]m-fn-bn-se ^-e-I-ß-sf-t∏m-se hn-eß-

s\ am-{Xa√, Cu Ne\w, ap-I-fnte-°pw Xm-tg-
°pw A-h N-en-°p-∂p≠v: k-b≥kv, a®v F-_u´v
tam-j≥ C≥ Z am‚ v¬, 2002 s^-{_p-hcn 1, t]-Pv
982.
19 D-≈n-ep-≈ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°p N-en-°m≥ ]‰pw

hn-[w {Z-hm-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cn°Ww `q-an-bp-sS A-I-
°m-sº∂v 60 h¿-jw I-gn™v Hm-kva-≠v ^nj¿
Zo¿-LZ¿-i-\w sN-bvXp: S-UvPv, Z ssSw _n-t^m¿
ln-kv-‰dn, t]Pv 43.
20 h¿-j-ßƒ \o-≠ ]T-\w \-SØn-b im-kv-
{X-⁄¿ H-cp kp-{]`m-X-Øn¬ Im-‰p I-s≠-Ønb-
Xpt]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂p Im-cyßƒ: thm-K¬, s\-
bv°-Uv F¿Øv, t]Pv 53.
21 c-≠p ]T-\im-J-I-fn¬\n-∂p-≈ k-ahm-b

km-[y-X-bn√m-Ø hncp≤ hn-h-cß-fmWv Cu B-
i-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-\p Im-c-W-sa-∂v: s{S-^n¬, 101
XnMvkv bp tUm-≠v t\m F-_u-´v k-b≥-kv B≥-
Uv t\m-h¨ F¬-kv U-kv F-bvZ¿, t]-Pv 146.
22 `q-an-bp-sS hym-]v-X-Øn-s‚ 82 i-X-am-\hpw `m-

c-Øn-s‚ 65 i-X-am-\hpw kw`mh\ sN-øp-∂ am‚
v-en-\v A-Xn-\p X-° {i-≤ \mw \¬-Im-dn√: t\®¿,
Z F¿-Øv-kv am‚ v¬, 2001 Hm-K-kv‰v 2, t]-Pv 501˛6.
23 D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep-≈-Xn-s‚ 30 e-£w Cc-ń h-

cp-a-Xv: {Uqdn, sÃ-∏n-Mv tÃm¨kv, t]-Pv 50.
24 ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS k-ab-Øv A-Xn-\v C-

t∏m-gp-≈-Xn-s‚ aq-∂nc-ń i-‡nbp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p:
\yq-k-b‚n-Ãv, ssU-\tam k-t∏m¿-´v, 2001 am¿-®v 10,
t]-Pv 27.
-
25 370 e-£w h¿-j-am-Wv C-°q-´-Øn¬ G-‰hpw

IqSn-b C-S-th-f : \yq-k-b‚n-Ãv, ssU-\tam k-
t∏m¿-´v, 2001 am¿-®v 10, t]-Pv 27.
26 ù-a-im-kv-{X-Øn-se D-Ø-c-an√m-Ø G-‰hpw

henb tNm-Zy-am-bm-WnXv hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv:
s{S-^n¬, 101 Xn-Mv-kv bp tUm-≠v t\m F-_u-´v
k-b≥-kv B≥-Uv t\m-h¨ F¬-kv U-kv F-bvZ¿,
t]-Pv 150.
27 Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰p-I-fpw Pn-tbm-^n-kn-Ãp-Ifpw
H-tc tbm-K-Øn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-Itbm H-tc {]-iv-\-
ß-fn¬ k-l-I-cn-°p-Itbm sN-øp∂-Xv A-Xy-]q¿-
h-am-sW-∂mWv: thm-K¬, s\-bv°-Uv F¿Øv, t]-
Pv 139.
28 l-hm-bn-bn-se A-·n]¿-h-X- kv-t^m-S-\-ß-

sf-bm-W-h¿ C-Xp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-bv-X-Xv: ^n-
jdpw a-‰pw, shmƒ°m-t\mkv, t]-Pv 24.
29 N-cn-{X-Øn-te-‰hpw henb B D-cpƒ-s]m-´¬
am≥-l-´-s\: tXmwk¨, shmƒ°mt\m Iu-t_m-
bvkv, t]-Pv 118.
30 ln-tcm-jn-a-bn-en-´ AWp-t_mw-_n-s‚ A-
™q-dnc-ń i-‡n-bn¬ A·n]¿hXw s]m-ń-sØ-
dn®p : hneyw B≥-Uv sam-≠-bv≥, k¿-ssh-hn-Mv
Kme-dmkv, t]-Pv 7.
31 57 t]¿ a-c-W-a-S-™p. 23 t]-cp-sS ar-X-tZ-l-

ßƒt]mepw In-ń-bn√: ^n-jdpw a-‰pw, shmƒ°m-
t\mkv, t]-Pv 12.
32 A-¤p-X-tØm-sS X-e Ip-ep-°m≥ am-{X-ta X-

\n-°p I-gn-™p-≈q F∂m-Wv At±-l-a-Xn¬ ]-d-
™-Xv : hneyw B≥-Uv sam-≠-bv≥, k¿-ssh-hn-Mv
Km-e-dmkv, t]-Pv 151.
33 48 In-tem-ao-‰¿ A-I-se-bp-≈ hn-am-\-Øn¬-

t]mepw I√p-Iƒ sXdns®-Øn: tXmwk¨,
shmƒ°mt\m Iu-t_m-bvkv, t]-Pv 123.
34 B-k-∂am-sbm-cp s]m-ń-sØ-dn t\-cn-Sm-\p-≈
H-cphn-[ kw-hn-[m-\hpw bm-In-abn-en√m-bn-cp∂p:
^n-jdpw a-‰pw, shmƒ°m-t\mkv, t]-Pv 16.
A[ym-bw 15
k¿-∏-ku-μcyw
t√mkv-t‰m¨ \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°n-s‚ A-

·n]¿-h-XN-cn{Xw ]Tn°m-s\Ønb t_m-_v {In-
kv-‰y≥k¨ h√m-sØm-cm-i-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-emW-I-
s∏-´Xv. A-Xn-\pap-ºmcpw A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-ń√m-Ø
{]-iv-\w— A·n]¿-hXw Im-Wm-\n√. bp-ss\‰-Uv
tÃ-‰v-kv Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-thbn-se t_m-_v
1960˛˛-emWv sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-se-Øn-bXv. Np-Sp\o-
cp-d-h-Ifpw B-hn h-an-°p-∂ c-{‘-ßfpw [m-cm-f-
ap-≈ B ]m¿-°n-s‚ A-·n]¿h-Xkz-`m-hw {]-i-
kv-X-amWv. km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ A-·n]¿-h-X-ß-fp-
sS km-∂n[yw H-cp kw-i-b-Øn\pw C-S-sIm-Sp-°m-
Ø co-Xn-bn¬ kp-hy-‡am-bn-cn-°pw. F-∂m¬ C-
hn-sS A·n-]¿h-XwX-s∂ Im-Wm-\n√. H-∂pIqSn
hy-‡-am-bn ]-d-™m¬ A-·n]¿-h-X-ap-J-Øp-≠m-
Ip-∂ Im-¬sUd (caldera) F-∂ K¿Øw Im-Wm-
\n√.
A-·n]¿-h-X-sa-∂p tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ a-\ n-tem-Sn-

sb-Øp-I I-a-gv-Ønh-® Ip-ºnƒt]m-ep≈ ^yq-Pn-
bpw In-fn-a©m-tcmbpw a-‰p-amWv. kv-t^mS\w I-
gn-™v ]p-d-Øp-h-cp-∂ am-‹ H-gp-In-bp-d-®m-Wv A-
‰w Iq¿-Øv A-Sn ]-c∂p-≈ Cu B-Ir-Xn-bp-≠m-
Ip-∂Xv. A-Xn-th-K-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-
·n]¿hXw Cu cq-]w ssI-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv. 1943˛¬
sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn-se ]-cn-Iyq-ń-\n-se H-cp I¿-j-I≥
]p-d-Øn-d-ßn t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ I≠Xv Irjnbn-S-
Øn¬\n-∂p ]p-I-bp-b-cp-∂-XmWv.1 H-cm-gv-N- I-gn-
™-t∏mƒ 152 ao‰¿ D-b-c-Øn¬ tKm-]p-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-
ep-≈ ]pXn-sbmcp a-e-bp-sS D-S-a-bm-bnØo¿∂p A-
t±-lw. c-≠p h¿-j-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw a-e-bp-sS D-b-
cw 430 ao‰dm-bn. A-Sn`m-K-Øn-s‚ hymkw 800 ao-‰-
dpw. Cß-s\ \-Ωp-sS {i-≤ ]n-Sn®phm-ßn \n¬-°p-
∂ 10,000 A-·n]¿-h-X-ß-sf-¶n-ep-ap-≠v `q-an-bn¬.
]t£, A-Xn¬ ]-Ø-™q-sd-Æ-sam-gn-sI _m°n-
sb√mw ar-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv. c≠m-a-sXm-cp X-c-
ap≠v, C-{X {]-i-kv-X-a√m-Ø A-·n]¿-h-X-ßƒ.
A·n]¿-h-X-sa-∂m-Wp ]-d-bp-∂-sX-¶nepw A-h-
bn¬ ]¿-h-X-ap-≠m-Im-dn√. kv-t^m-S-\ti-jn h-f-
sc-tb-sd-bm-W-h-bv°v. H-scm-‰ \n-an-j-Øn¬ `-b-¶-
c-am-bm-Wh s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p-I. s]m-ń-sØ-dn \-S-
∂ ÿeØv hen-sbm-cp Ip-gn-bm-W-h-ti-jn-°pI.
Cu Ip-gn-bm-Wv Im¬-sU-d (Im¬-t{Um¨ F∂
em-‰n≥hm-°n¬\n-∂m-Wv Cu -t]-cp-≠m-b-Xv). Cu
c-≠m-a-sØ- X-c-Øn¬s]-´-Xm-Wv sb-t√m-kv-
t‰m¨. ]-t£, A-Xn-s‚ Im¬sU-d I-s≠-Øm≥
t_m-_n-\p I-gn-™n√.
bm-Zr—n-I-am-bn C-tX k-a-b-Øm-Wv \m-k ]pXn-

sbm-cp hnZq-c Iymad ]-co-£n-®-Xv. B-Imi-Øp\n-
∂v sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°n-s‚ Nn-{X-
sa-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p Xp-S°w. F-Sp-Ø Nn-{X-
ß-ƒ Ah¿ kμ¿i-I¿-°m-bn {]-Z¿-in-∏n-t®m-s´
F-∂p I-cpXn ]m¿-°v A-[n-Ir-X¿-°p ssIam-dn.
Cu Nn-{Xw I-≠-t∏m-gm-Wv t_m-_n-\p a-\- n-emb-
Xv, sb-t√m-kvt‰m-Wn-s‚ Im¬-sU-d I-s≠-Øm-\m-
Im-™-sX¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v. B]m¿-°v ap-gp-h≥,
9,000 N-Xpc-{i In-tem-ao-‰¿ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap≈ B
{]tZiw ap-gp-h≥, sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-s‚ Im¬-sU-d-
bm-Wv. 65 In-tem-ao-‰¿ ho-Xnbps≈mcp Ip-gn-bm-Wv
A-·n-]¿-h-Xkv-t^m-S-\-Øn-ep-≠m-b-Xv. Ip-gn-°n-
{Xbpw hn-kv-Xm-c-ap-≈Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv A-Sp-ØpsN-
∂p t\m-°p-tºmf-Xv a-\- n-em-Im-ØXv. ]-s≠-t∂m
sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ s]m-ń-sØ-dn®-Xv \-ap-°p k-
¶ev]n-°m≥t]m-ep-am-Im-Ø{X i‡n-tbm-sS-bm-bn-
cps∂-∂¿Yw.
sbt√mkv-t‰m¨ H-cp a-lmA-·n]¿-h-X-am-Wv,

kq-∏¿ shmƒ°m-t\m. D-cp-In-Øn-f-bv-°p-∂ ]m-
dbpw a-Æp-ambn 200 In-tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬\n∂p
XpS-ßn D-]-cnX-ewh-sc \o-fp-∂ h-º≥ D-jv-W-kw-
`-c-Wn-bp-sS _-ln¿`mK-am-Wv sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨.
]m¿-°n-se Np-Sp-\o-cp-d-h-I-sf-bpw a¨-{]hmlß-
sfbpw B-hn h-an-°p∂ sN-dpc-{‘-ß-sfbpw D-
tØ-Pn-∏n-°p∂Xv Cu Xm-]-am-Wv. D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-
\pXm-sg-bp≈ am-‹kw-`-c-Wn-°v 72 In-temao-‰¿
ho-Xn-bp≠v. G-Xm-≠v ]m¿-°n-s‚b-tX hn-kv-Xm-cw.
13 In-tem-ao-‰¿ h-sc I-\ap-≠-Xn\v. Cw-•-≠n-se H-
cp {]-hn-iy-bp-sS hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bpw 13 Intem-ao-‰¿ D-
b-c-hp-ap-≈ Sn.F≥.Sn tiJ-cw k-¶ev-]n-°p-I. A-
ßp-b-scbp-≈ knd-kv ta-L-ßƒ-°p-w ta-sesb-
Øp-∂ kv-t^m-S-Ih-kv-XpIq-ºmcw. AØ-c-sam-cp
Iq-ºm-c-Øn-\p ap-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-
se kμ¿i-I¿ D-em-Øp-∂Xv. D-≈n¬\n-∂p-≈
Cu-sbm-cp k-Ω¿-Zw sb-t√m-kv-t‰mWn-s\ b-Ym¿-Y-
Øn-ep-≈-Xnepw A-c°n-tem-ao-‰¿ I-≠v D-b¿-Øn-
bn-´p≠v. A-Xv s]m-ń-sØ-dn-®m-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ Zpc-¥w
k-¶ev-]m-Xo-X-amWv. kv-t^mS\k-ab-Øv B-bn-cw
In-tem-ao-‰¿ A-I-se-t∏mepw \n¬-°m-\m-In-s√-
∂mWv e-≠≥ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n tIm-f-Pn-se s{]m-
^-k¿ _n¬ a-Iv-K-b¿ ]-d-bp∂Xv.2 kvt^m-S-\-Øn-
s‚ {]-Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ-°v A-Xnepw hym-]v-Xn-
bp≠mIpw.
sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń-ep≈Xpt]m-ep-
≈ hº≥ am-‹ Ad-Iƒ-°v kq-∏¿πqw F-∂m-Wv
]-d-bp-I. am¿-ó-\n •m-kpt]m-se-bm-W-Xns‚ B-
IrXn. t\¿-Øp XpS-ßn ap-I-fn-se-Øp-tºm-tg-°v
hn-kv-Xm-c-am¿-Pn-°p∂ B N-j-I-Øn-\v h≥-tXm-
Xn¬ am-‹- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\m-Ipw. Nn-e Nj-Iß-fp-
sS hymkw 1,900 In-tem-ao-‰¿h-sc-sb-Øpw. CØ-
cw A-·n-]¿-h-Xßƒ F-t∏m-gpw `-b-¶-c-am-bn s]m-
ń-sØ-dn-°-W-sa-∂n√ F-∂-XmWv ]pXnb kn-
≤m¥w. s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p ]-I-cw D-cp-In-Øn-f-bv-°p-
∂ ]m-d-bp-sS H-gp°m-Wp-≠m-hp-I, am-‹ {]-f-
bwXs∂. B-d-c-t°m-Sn h¿-jwap-ºv C-¥ybnse
sU-°m≥ {Sm-]v-kn-ep-≠m-b-X-Xm-Wv. 500,000 N-Xpc-
{iIn-tem-ao-‰¿ {]-tZ-i-Øm-Wv em-hm-{]-hm-l-sa-
Øn-bXv. H-cp ]-t£ AXn¬\n-∂p-≈ hn-j-hm-X-I-
ß-ƒ ssU-\-tkm-dpI-sf sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n-bn-´p-≠m-
Imw. h≥-I-c-Iƒ ]n-f¿-∂-I-em≥ Im-c-W-am-bXpw
H-cp]-t£ CØcw a-lm A-·n]¿-h-X-ß-fm-bn-cn-
°mw.
A-{X A-]q¿-h-sam-∂pa√, CØ-cw A-·n-]¿-h-

Xßƒ. C-t∏mƒXs∂ `q-an-bn¬ 31 kPo-h kq-
∏¿-πq-ap-I-fp≠v. temI-sØ ]-e Zzo-]p-Iƒ°pw Zzo-
]k-aq-l-ßƒ-°pw h-gn-h-®-X-h-bm-Wv. sF-kve≥-
Uv, l-hm-bn Zzo-]p-Ifpw A-tkm¿, Im-\dn, Km-e∏m-
tKm Zzo-]k-aq-l-ßfpw sX-°≥ im-¥ k-ap-{Z-Øn-
\p \-Sp-hn-se Ip-™p ]n-‰v-I-bnWpw D-Zm-l-c-Ww.
C-h-sb√mw kap-{Z-Øn-emWv. sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ am-
{X-am-Wp I-c-bn¬. sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ Fß-s\ I-c-
bn-se ^-e-I-Øn-\p Io-gn¬ h-∂p F-∂v B¿°pw
[m-c-Wbn√. D-d-∏p-≈-Xn-{X-am{Xw, sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-
Wn-s‚ ]p-dw]m-fn t\¿-Ø-XmWv, Dƒ-`m-Kw Nq-Sp-
≈-Xpw. `q-h¬-°w t\¿-Ø-Xv Dƒ-`m-K-Øn-s‚ NqSp
sIm≠mtWm A-tXm `q-h¬-°w t\¿-Ø-Xm-bXp-
sIm-≠v Dƒ-`m-Kw Nq-Sp]n-Sn-®XmtWm F-∂-Xn-s\-
s®m√n Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-® X¿-°w \-S-°p-∂p-≠v. c-≠mb-
mepw h≥-I-c-bn-em-Wv F∂-Xv sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-
s\ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-°p∂p. a-‰p- kq-∏¿ shmƒ°m-
t\mIƒ ]-Xp-s° {I-a-Øn-enß-s\ Xo-Xp-∏n
XWp°p-tºmƒ sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ A-Xn-ò-I-c-am-bn
s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°pw. A-]q¿ham-tb A-Xp kw-`-hn-
°p-I-bp≈q, ]-t£, kw-`-hn-°p-tºmƒ hn-´p\n-t∂
a-Xn-bmIq.
sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-s‚ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ B-Zykv-

t^mS\w 165 e-£w h¿jw apºm-bn-cp-∂p. A-
Xn\p ti-ja-Xv \q-dp X-h-W-sb-¶nepw s]m-ńsØ-
dn®p. A-Xn¬ A-h-km\-sØ aq-s∂-Æ-sØ-°p-dn-
®p-≈ hn-h-cß-tf tc-Js∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-´p≈q. A-h-
km\-sØ kv-t^m-S-\-Øn\v sk-bn‚ v sle≥ kv-
t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ 100 Cc-ń i-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
A-Xn-\pap-º-tØ-Xn\v 280 C-cń. A-Xn\pw ap-ºp-
≈-Xn-s‚ i-‡n A-Xn`-b-¶-c-am-bn-cp∂p, AXpsIm-
≠pX-s∂ A-sX-{X-am{Xw i-‡-am-sW-∂v B¿-°p-
a-dn-bn√. Np-cp-ßnbXv sk-bn‚ v sl-es‚ 2,500
Cc-ń i-‡-am-bn-cn-°-W-aXv, H-cp]t£ 8,000 Cc-ń
ò-Icw.
B kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ i-‡n-sb \-ap-°p ]-cn-
N-b-ap-≈ F-s¥-¶n-epam-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øm≥X-
s∂ _p-≤n-ap-´m-Wv. A-Sp-Ø Im-e-Øp≠m-b G-
‰hpw hen-b s]m-ń-sØdn C≥-sUm-\o-jy-bn-se
{Im-°-Øm-hp kv-t^mS-\-amWv. A-Xn-s‚ i-–w
tem-Iw ap-gp-h≥ Hº-Xp Znh-kw {]-Xn-[z-\n®p.3
A-∂v {Im-°-Øm-hp ]p-d-tØ-°p Xp∏n-b km-[-
\-ß-ƒ H-cp tKmƒ-^v t_m-fn-s‚ h-en-∏-Øn-sem-
Xp-°m-sa-∂p k-¶ev-]n-°p-I. A-t∏mƒ sb-t√mkv-
t‰m¨ kv-t^m-S-\-Øn¬\n-∂p h-∂ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ
D-cp-ń tKm-f-am-°n-bm¬ H-cmƒ-°v H-fn-®p\n¬-°m-
hp∂-{X h-en-∏-ap-≠m-Ipw. B tXm-Xph-®p
t\m°nbm¬ sk-bn‚ v sl-e-\n¬ \n-∂ph-∂ am-
‹-bv-°v ]b-dpa-Wn-bp-sS h-en∏-ta-bp-≠mIq.
20 e-£w h¿jw apº-v sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ kv-

t^mS-\w ]p-dw-X≈n-b Nm-cwsIm≠v \yq-tbm¿-°v
kw-ÿm-\-sØ 20 ao-‰¿ I-\-Øn¬ aq-Sm-am-
bncp∂p. Imen-t^m¿Wn-b kw-ÿm-\-sØ-bm-sW-
¶n¬ B-dp ao-‰¿ I-\-Øn¬ aq-Smw. Cu Nm-c-am-
Wv In-g°≥ s\-{_m-kv-I-bn¬ thm¿-lo-kv Is≠-
Sp-Ø t^m-kn¬ti-J-c-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-bXv. C∂-
sØ CUmtlm-bn-em-Wm k-v-^m-S-\-ap-≠m-bXv.
]t£, h¿-j-Øn¬ c-≠-c sk‚oao-‰¿ F∂ tXm-
Xn¬ e£°-W-°n-\p h¿-jwsIm-≠v `q-h¬-°w
N-en®Xp ImcWw C-t∏mƒ h-S-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥
thym-an-ßn-\p t\-tc Xm-sg-bm-Wm ÿew. A-Xn-\n-
S-bn¬ A-Xv D-cp-f-°ng-ßpIr-jn-°p ]‰nb ^-e-`q-
bn-jvT am-b B-t·-b-k-a-X-e-ßƒ Xo¿-Øp. sb-
t√m-kv-t‰m¨ C-\n aIv-sUmWmƒ-Uv-kn-\pth-≠n
s{^-©v ss{^-bp-≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-sa∂pw sam-
≠m\-bn¬ _n√n-ßn-ep-≈-h¿-°p Np-Sp-\o-cp-d-h
\¬-Ip-sa∂pw Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv‰p-Iƒ Xam-i ]-d-bm-
dp≠v.
A-h-km\-sØ sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ kv-t^m-S-\w 19

]-Sn-™m-d≥ kwÿm\-ß-sfbpw Nm-cwsIm-≠p
aqSn. an-kn- n-∏n-°p ]-Sn-™m-dv G-Xm≠v bp.Fkv.
]q¿-W-ambpw Nm-c-∏p-X-∏n-\p-≈n-em-bn (H-∏w sa-Iv-
kn-t°m-bpsSbpw Im-\-U-bp-sSbpw `m-K-ß-fpw).
A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS [m-\y-°-e-h-dbmWv Cu {]-tZ-i-
ß-sf-t∂m¿-°Ww. a-™p-s]-øp∂-Xpt]m-se-b√
Nm-cw s]øp∂Xv. a-™p ho-Wm¬ A-Sp-Ø th-
\-em-hp-tºmg-Xv D-cp-In-s∏m-bv-t°mfpw. Nmcw ho-
W ÿe-Øv ho≠pw Ir-jn-bn-d-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A-
Xp ap-gp-h≥ hm-cn-sb-Sp-Øv X-≈m≥ ÿ-ew I-s≠-
ØWw. \yq-tbm¿-°n¬ thƒUv t{S-Uv sk‚¿ X-
I¿-∂-t∏mƒ B-d-c sl-Œ¿ ÿe-sØ 180 tIm-Sn
S¨ A-h-in-„-ßƒ \o-°w sN-øm≥ B-bn-c-°-W-
°n-\p sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ F´p am-k-°m-ew ]-Wn-sb-
Sp-t°-≠n-h-s∂-t∂m¿-°Ww. A-t∏mƒ I≥-km-kv
hrØn-bm-°m≥ th-≠ ]m-sS-{X-bm-sW-∂v B-tem-
Nn-®pt\m°q.
Im-em-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ {]-Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ-
°p ap-∂n¬ C-∏-d™Xv H-∂p-a√. `q-an-bn-se G-
‰hp-sam-Sp-hn-se kq-∏¿-shmƒ-°m-t\m kv-t^mS-\w
kp-am-{X-bn-se tSm-_-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p,4 74,000 h¿-jw
apºv. A-Xn-s‚ i‡nF-{X-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂v B¿-°p-
a-dn-bn√, F-¶nepw ò-I-c-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p-d-∏v. B kv-
t^mS-\w B-dp h¿j-sØ A-·n-]¿-hXssi-Xy-
Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-sb-∂m-Wv {Ko≥-e‚n-se a-
™p]m-fn-Iƒ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xn-\p-tijw F-
{X Im-e-tØ°-Xv Irjn-sb X-In-Swa-dn-®p-sh-∂m¿-
°-dn-bmw. G-Xmbmepw B kv-t^mS-\w a-\p-jy-cm-
in-sb hw-i-\m-i-Øn-s‚ h-°n-se-Øn®n-´p-≠m-Ip-
sa-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. tem-I-P-\-kw-Jy A-∂v G-
Xm-\p-am-bncam-bn Ip-d™p. sNdn-sbm-cp P-\-kw-
Jy-bn¬\n-∂p-¤-hn-®-h-cmWv C∂o Im-Wp-∂ a-\p-
jy-sc√mw F-∂¿-Yw. \-ap-°v P-\n-XIssh-hn[yw
Ip-d™pt]m-Im-\p-≈ Im-c-Whpw A-XpX-s∂. G-
Xm-bmepw A-∂m kv-t^mS-\w \S-∂v ]ns∂-sbm-
cp C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw h¿-j-°m-e-tØ--°v temIP-
\-kwJy G-Xm-\p-am-bn-cw am-{X-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p I-
cp-Xm≥ sX-fn-hp-I-fp≠v.5 H-scm-‰ A-·n-]¿-h-Xkv-
t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ B-Lm-Xw a-dn-I-S-°m≥ th-≠ Im-
e-bfhv hf-sc h-ep-Xm-sW-∂m-W-Xn\¿Yw.
C-sX√mw km-¶ev-]n-IIm-cy-ß-fm-sW-∂p I-cp-

Xn-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv 1973˛¬ sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ X-
Sm-I-Øn¬ A-X-ß-s\-b-s√-∂-Xn-\p kq-N-\ I-
≠Xv. ]m¿-°n-s‚ lr-Z-b-`m-K-Øp≈ B X-Sm-I-
Øn-s‚ sX-t°- I-c-bnte-°v H-cp Znhkw sh-≈w
I-b-dm≥ Xp-Sßn. A-hnS-sØ ]p¬-Ø-In-Sn sh-≈-
Øn¬ ap-ßn-. a-dp-h-i-Øm-I-s´ X-Sm-I-Øn¬\n-∂v
sh-≈w H-gn™pt]m-hp-I-bpwsN-bvXp. Pn-tbm-f-Pn-
kv-‰p-Iƒ Ip-Xn-s®-Øn ÿ-ew ]cn-tim[n®p. X-Sm-
I-Øn-s‚ H-cp `m-Kw ]p-d-tØ-°p-¥n h-∂-Xm-Wv
Im-cy-sa-∂h¿ I-s≠-Øn. ho¿-Øph-∂ `m-K-Øp-
\n-∂v sh-≈w H-gn-™pt]mbn. A-Xv a-dp-I-c-bn¬
{]-f-b-P-e-am-bn amdn; Ip-ń-Iƒ-°p-≈ sa-Ø-°p-f-w
H-cp h-iw ]n-Sn-®p-b¿-Øp-tºmƒ sh-≈w a-t‰ h-i-
tØ-s°m-gp-Ip∂-Xpt]mse.
1924˛¬ A-h-km-\w I-W-s°-Sp-°p-tºm-gp-≈-

Xn¬\n∂pw H-cp ao-‰¿ D-b-cap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p 1984 B-
b-t∏m-tg-°v ]m¿-°n-s‚ a-[y-`m-K-Øn\v. GXm-≠v
100 N-Xp-c-{i In-tem-ao-‰¿ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈ {]-tZ-
i-am-Wn-ß-s\-bp-b¿-∂Xv. 1985 B-b-t∏m-g-Xv 20
sk‚o-ao-‰¿ I-≠v Xm-gv∂p. C-t∏mƒ ho≠pw No¿-
Øp-b¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.
Cu {]-Xn-`m-k-Øn-\v H-scm-‰ Im-cW-ta Pn-tbm-

f-Pn-kv-‰p-Iƒ Im-Wp∂p-≈q. sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-\-Sn-
bn¬ `q-an-bp-sS D-≈-d- C-t∏mgpw A-ÿn-camWv.
]p-cm-X-\ almA-·n-]¿-h-X kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ A-
h-in-„-a√ sbt√m-kv-t‰m¨. C-t∏mgpw k-Po-h-am-
bn \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ A-·n-]¿h-Xw X-s∂-bm-WXv.
sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-s‚ kv-t^mS-\w i-cm-i-cn 600,000
h¿jw Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂v A-h¿
IW-°pIq-ń-sb-SpØ-Xv Cu kab-Øm-Wv. 630,000
h¿-jw ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p A-hkm-\ kv-t^m-S\w. A-
Sp-ØXn-\v k-a-b-am-bn F-∂¿Yw.
"hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]-bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw, tem-I-Øn-
se G-‰hpw h-en-b k-Poh A-·n-]¿-hX-Øn-\p
ap-I-fn-em-Wv- \n-ß-fn-t∏mƒ \n¬-°p∂-Xv,'6 h-º≥
lm¿en˛tU-hn-Uv-k¨ tam-t´m¿ ssk-°n-fn¬\n-
∂nd-ßn F-\n-°p ssI X∂p-sIm-≠v sb-t√m-kv-
t‰m¨ \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-°v Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰v t]mƒ
tUm-kv ]-d-™p. ama-Øv tlm´v kv-{]n-Mv-kn¬
]m¿-°n-s‚ B-ÿm-\-Øv Pq¨-am-k-Øn-se a-t\m-
l-cam-b {]-`m-X-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p R-ß-fp-sS Iq-
Sn°m-gvN. Nn-¥-bn-em-≠p \n¬-°p-∂ ar-Zp-`m-jnbm-
b Cu C≥-Uym-\-°m-cs\-°-≠m¬ \m-j-W¬
]m¿-°n-se Po-h-\-°m-c-\m-sW-∂p tXm-∂n√.
\c® Xm-Sn-bpw Ip-Xn-c-hm-ept]m-se sI-ń-h-® ap-
Snbpw H-‰-°m-Xn¬ I-Ωep-ambn bqWn-t^m-an-\v ]p-
d-tØ-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ sN-dp Ip-S-h-b-dp-am-bn
\n¬°p∂ B bp-hm-hn-s\-°-≠m¬ k¿-°m¿ Po-
h-\-°m-c\√, G-tXm kw-Ko-X-⁄-\m-sW-∂m-Wv
tXm-∂p-I. tUm-kv H-cp kw-Ko-X-⁄≥ X-s∂bm-
bn-cp-∂p. ]-t£, ªq-kn-s\-t∏m-seX-s∂ ù-a-]T-
\hpw C-„-am-bn-cp∂p tUm- n\vv. "Pn-tbmf-Pn ]Tn-
°m≥ ]‰n-b ÿ-e-am-Wn-Xv,' Ip-ep-ßn \o-ßp∂
\m-epN-{Ihm-l-\-Øn-tedn Hmƒ-Uv s^-bn-Xv-^p-
≈n-te-°p t]m-Ip-tºmƒ A-t±lw ]-d™p. ]m¿-
°nse Hu-tZym-Kn-IIr-Xy-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ H-cp Zn-
hkw H-∏w k-©-cn-°m≥ tUm-kv F-\n-°v A-\p-a-
Xn \¬-In-bn-cp∂p. ]p-Xp-Xmbn h∂ H-cp kw-Lw
Sq-dn-kv-‰v ssK-Up-Iƒ-°m-bn B-ap-J{]-`mj-Ww \-
SØp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-∂v tUm-kn-s‚ B-ZytPmen.
sb-t√m-tÃm-Wn-s‚ h-iy-ku-μ-cy-sØ-∏-‰n {]-

tXy-In-®p ]-d-tb-≠Xn√. X-e-bpb¿-Øn \n¬-°p-
∂ a-e-Ifpw a-t\m-l-c-am-b ]p¬-ta-Sp-Ifpw I-f-
I-fmc-hw ap-g-°p-∂ A-cp-hn-I-fpw \o-e-Ø-Sm-Ihpw
A-kwJyw h-\yPo-hn-I-fpw. " Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰p-Iƒ-
°v C-Xn-epw \√ ÿ-ew th-sd In-ń√,' tUm-
kv ]-d™p. s_¿-Sq-Øv Km-∏n-se ]m-d-Iƒ-°v 300
tImSn h¿-jw ]g°-ap≠v. `q-an-bp-sS {]m-b-Øn-s‚
ap-°m¬{]mbw. "[m-Xp-P-e A-cp-hn-I-fp≠n-hnsS,'
K-‘-Ik-ar-≤am-b Np-Sp-\o-cp-d-h Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-®v
A-t±-lw XpS¿∂p. B Np-S-p\o-cp-d-h-bn¬\n-∂mWv
Cu ÿ-e-Øn-\v ama-Øv tlm-Svkv-{]n-Mvkv F-∂p
t]-cp In-ń-bXv. "B-Zn-a ]¿-h-Xßƒ, A-h-bv°nSb-
n¬ k¶-ev-]n-°m-hp-∂-sX√mwsIm-≠p k-ar-≤am-b
k-a-Xew. ù-a-im-kv{Xw C-{X kphy-‡hpw a-t\m-
l-c-hp-am-bn \n¬-°p-∂ {]-tZ-iw thsdb-[n-I-ap-
≠m-hn√.' tUm-kv ]-d™p.
"A-t∏mƒ \n-ßƒ-°n-Xn-„-am-Wv?' Rm≥ tNm-
Zn®p.
"A√, {]-Wbam-sW-∂p th-Ww ]-d-bm≥.' {]-

I-Sam-b B-flm¿Y-Xtbm-sS tUm-kv ]-d™p. "C-
hnS-sØ Po-hn-Xw F-\n-°-{X-bv-°n-„-am-Wv. ITn-\-
am-Wn-hnS-sØ X-Wp-∏p-Imew, i-º-fa-{X Du-jv-a-f-
a√Xm-\pw. F¶nepw \√ k-ab-Øv C-hn-sS \√...'
h≠n-sbm-cp I-b-‰-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ]-Sn-™m-

dv ]¿-h-X\n-c-Iƒ-°nS-bn-¬ Zr-iyamb H-cp Np-c-Øn-
te-°p hn-c¬Nq-≠n tUm-kv s]-s´-∂p \n¿Øn. "K-
em-‰n≥ ]¿-h-X-\n-c-I-fm-WXv. B Np-c-Øn-\v A-dp-
]tXm F-gp-]-tXm ssa¬ ho-Xn-bp≠v. A-ßs\-
sbm-cp hnS-hv A-hn-sS h-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂v B¿-
°p-a-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. H-Sp-hn¬ t_m-_v {In-kv-‰y≥-
k-Wm-W-Xp I-s≠Ønb-Xv. A-hn-sS-bp-≈ ]¿-h-X-
ßƒ sX-dn-®p-t]m-b-XmWv. A-dp]-Xp ssa¬ Zq-c-
Øn¬ ]¿-h-X-ßƒ Xp-S-®p-\o-°-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂p ]-d-
™m¬ A-ßs\sbm-cp kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ i‡n
Du-ln-°m-hp-X-t√-bp-≈q. B-dp- h¿-j-sa-Sp-Øp {In-
kv-‰y≥-k≥ C-sX√mw a-\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥.'
A-ßs\-sbm-cp kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-b-
sX-¥m-Ip-sa-∂v Rm-\t±-l-tØm-Sv tNm-Zn®p.
"A-dn-bn√, B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√. hn-Nn-{X-am-Wv A-·n-

]¿-h-X-ß-fp-sS s]cpam-‰w. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ \m-ah-
sb a-\- n-em-°n-bn-ń√. C-‰-en-bn-se shkqhn-b-kv
300 h¿-jw k-Po-h-am-bn \n-∂ti-jw 1944˛¬ s]m-
ń-sØ-dn®p. AtXm-sSb-Xv kp-jp-]v-Xn-bn-em-≠p.
F-∂m¬ sh-kq-hnb-kv h≥-tXm-Xn¬ i-‡n kw-
`-cn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂v I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp≠v.
B-i-¶m P-\-I-am-WXv, Im-c-Ww 20 e-£-am-fp-I-fm-
W-Xn-\p k-ao-]w Xm-a-kn-°p∂Xv. F-¥m-Wv kw-`-
hn-°p-∂-sX-∂v B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√.'
"sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ C-\nbpw s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p-I-

bm-sW-¶n¬ F-¥p ap∂-dn-bn-∏m-Wp In´pI?'
tUm-kv \n-tj-[m¿-Y-Øn¬ tXmƒ sh-ń®p. "I-

gn-™ X-h-Wb-Xv s]m-ń-sØ-dn-®-t∏mƒ B-cp-a-Sp-
Øn√m-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ ap-∂dn-bn-
∏pkq-N-\-Iƒ F-s¥m-s°-bm-Ip-sa-∂v B¿-°p-a-dn-
bn√. Nn-e-t∏mƒ H-cp]-‰w `q-an-Ip-ep-°-ß-fp-≠m-tb-
°pw, Nn-e-t∏mƒ D-]-cn-X-eØn-sem-cp `m-Kw D-b-
¿-∂ph-t∂-°pw. Np-Sp-\o-cp-d-h-I-fp-sSbpw B-hn h-
an-°p-∂ c-{‘ß-fp-sSbpw s]-cp-am-‰co-Xn am-dn-tb-
°pw. F-∂m¬ B¿°pw Xo¿-®-bn√, C-°m-
cyßƒ.'
"A-t∏mƒ, ap-∂-dn-bn-s∏m-∂p-an√msX, s]-s´-∂p

s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p-Ibpw sNømw?'
H∂m-tem-Nn-®v A-t±-lw X-e-Ip-ep°n. "C-∏-d-

™ ap-∂-dn-bn-∏pkq-N\I-sf√mw H-cp ]-cn-[nhsc
C-t∏mƒØ-s∂ sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn¬ A-\p-`-hs∏-
Sp-∂p-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv k-Xyw. `q-I-º-ß-fm-Wv H-cp ap-
∂-dn-bn∏v. sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn¬ [m-cm-fw `q-N-e-ß-fp-
≠m-Ip-∂p≠v. I-gn-™ h¿-jwX-s∂ ]{¥≠m-bnc-
Øn A-dp]-Xv `q-N-e-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn. \-t∂ sN-dp-Xm-
bXp-sIm-≠v A-h-bn-te-sdbpw B-cp-a-dn-™n√ F-
∂p-am-{Xw. F-{X sN-dp-Xm-sW-¶nepw `qI-ºw `qI-
ºwX-s∂.'
Np-Sp-\o-cp-d-h-I-fp-sS _-ln¿-K-a-\-Øn-ep-≈ am-‰-

am-Wv a-s‰mcp kqN\. AXpw A-{]-h-N-\o-bam-b
co-Xn-bn¬ am-dn-a-dn-bpw. F-Iv-k¬-jy¿ sK-bvk-dm-
bn-cp-∂p ]m¿-°n-se G-‰-hpw {][m-\-s∏-´ Np-Sp-\o-
cpd-h. \q-dp-ao-‰¿hscD-b-c-Øn-emW-Xv A-Sn°Sn -
]Xn-hm-bn No-‰n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂Xv. B D-d-h 1888˛¬
s]m-Sp-∂-s\b-ßp \n-e-®p. 1985˛¬ A-Xp ho≠pw
No-‰n. ]t£, Dbcw 25 ao-‰-dm-bn Np-cpßn. Ãow-
t_m-´v sK-bv-k-dm-Wv tem-I-sØ G‰hpw h-en-b
Np-Sp-\o-cpd-h. No-‰p-tºmƒ 120 ao-‰¿h-sc D-b-c-Øn-
em-Wv A-Xn¬\n∂v D-jv-W-P-e-ap-b-cp-I. Nn-e-
t∏mƒ \m-ep Zn-h-kw- Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-bn-cn°pw A-Xp
No-‰p-I. Nn-e-t∏mƒ C-Sth-f Aº-Xp h¿-jwh-sc
\o-fpw. "C-∂Xn¬\n-∂v D-d-h-bp-≠mbn, A-Sp-Ø-
bmgv-N ho-≠pw D-d-h-bp-≠m-bn F∂ph-®v A-Xn-\-Sp-
Ø-bmgv-N F-¥p- kw-`-hn-°p-sa-∂v ]-d-bm≥ ]-‰n√.
Ccp]Xp h¿-jw I-gn-™p≈ H-cmgv-N F-¥p kw-`-
hn-°p-sa-∂p-a-dn-bn√. Xo¿-Øpw A-ÿn-c-am-Wv ]m¿-
°n-se {]-Xn-`m-kßƒ. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ A-Xp-
h®v H-cp \n-K-a-\-Øn-ep-sa-Øm≥ ]-‰n√.' tUm-kv
]-d™p.
C-\n ap-∂-dn-bn-∏p e-`n-®m¬Xs∂, sb-t√m-kv-

t‰m-Wn¬\n-∂v B-sfsbm-gn-∏n-°p∂-Xv F-fp-∏a√.
h¿-jw 30 e-£-tØm-fw k-μ¿-i-I-cm-W-hn-sS-sb-
Øp-∂Xv. A-Xn-te-sdbpw th-\-ense aq-∂p-am-k-
°m-eØv. ]m¿-°nem-sW-¶n¬ A-[n-Iw tdm-Up-I-
fn√. D-≈-Xp-X-s∂ ho-Xn Ip-d-®m-Wp-≠m°n-bn-cn-
°p-∂Xv. A-Xn-\v ]-e Im-c-W-ß-fp≠v. hm-l-\-K-
Xm-K-X-Øn-s‚ thKw Ip-d-bv-°p-I-bm-Wv H-cp-t±-
iyw, {]-Ir-Xn-`w-Kn \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv a-
s‰m-cp- e£yw. {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ L-S-\ C-ß-s\-
bmb-Xp Imc-Ww tdm-Un-\p ho-Xn Iq-´m≥ F-fp-
∏-hpa√. "th-\-en¬ Xn-c-°p-≈ k-ab-Øv ]m¿-°n-
s‚ H-c‰-Øp\n-∂p a-t‰ A-‰-sØ-Øm≥ A-c Znh-
kw th-Ww. Hcn-S-Øp-\n-∂v a-s‰m-cn-S-sØ-Øm≥ a-
Wn-°q-dp-I-sf-Sp-°pw. C-S-bv-°v h-\yar-K-ß-sf-°-
≠m¬ k-μ¿-i-I¿ hml-\w \n¿-Øpw. Aß-s\
I-c-Snbpw Im´p-t]mØpw sN-∂m-bp-sa√mw A-hn-sS
K-Xm-K-X-°p-cp-°p-≠m°pw.'tUmkv ]-d™p.
2000˛se i-cXvIme-Øv A-ta-cn-°≥ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-

°¬ k¿-th-bn-sebpw \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-Iv k¿-ho-
kn-sebpw D-tZym-K-ÿcpw Nn-e ]-fin-X-∑m-cpw
tbm-Kw tN¿-∂v sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ A-·n-]¿-h-X \n-
co-£-W-im-e-bv-°p cq]w \¬In. CØ-cw \m-se-
Æw t\-c-tØX-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p˛˛l-hm-bn-
bnepw Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bnepw A-em-kv-I-bnepw
hm-jn-Mv-S-Wn-epw. F-∂m¬ temIsØ G-‰hpw
hen-b A-·n-]¿-h-Xta-J-e-bn¬ A-{X \mfp-sam-cp
\n-co-£-W-tI-{μ-an√m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu \n-co-£-Wim-
e H-cp ÿm-]-\-sa-∂Xn-s\-°mƒ H-cm-i-b-amWv.
]m¿-°n-se ssh-hn-[y-am¿∂ ù-a-im-kv-{X
khnti-j-X-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ H-cp k-l-I-c-
W-°-cm¿. A-Xn-s‚ B-ZyZu-Xy-ßfn-sem-∂v `qI-
º˛˛A-·n-]¿-h-X Zp-c-¥-\n-hm-c-W]-≤-Xn-°p
cq]w\¬-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂v tUm-kv ]-d-™p. Zp-c-
¥-ap-≠m-bm¬ Fß-s\ t\cnS-W-sa-∂p hy-‡-am-
°p-∂ I¿-a-]-≤Xn.
"A-t∏mƒ A-ßs\-sbm-∂v C-Xp-h-sc-bn-t√?'

Rm≥ tNm-Zn®p.
"C√, ]t£, D-S-s\-bp-≠m-Ipw.'
"]-t£ Aev-]w Xm-a-kn®p-t]m-bn-t√ AXv?'
"tUm-kv H-∂p Nn-cn®p. "Aß-s\ s]-s´-s∂m-cp

Zpc-¥w D-≠m-In-s√∂p I-cp-Xmw.'
\n-co-£-W kw-hn-[m-\w \n-e-hn¬ h-∂m¬, Zp-

c-¥-km[y-X -hn-e-bncpØn ]m¿-°v kq-{]-≠n-\p-]-
tZ-iw \¬-tI-≠ Npa-X-e aq-∂p-t]¿-°mWv˛˛-Imen-
t^m¿Wn-b sa≥tem]m¿-°n-se {In-Ãy≥k¨,
bq-‰m k¿-h-I-emim-e-bn-se tdm-_¿-´v _n.kv-anØv,
C-hn-sS ]m¿-°n-se tUmkv. ]m¿-°nep≈h-sc H-gn-
∏n-°tWm F-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ Cu D-]-tZ-i-{]-Im-cw
kq{]≠mWv Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-I. ]m¿-°n-\p Np-‰p-
ap-≈ {]-tZ-i-ß-ƒ-°v ]≤-Xn _m-[I-a√. ]m¿-°v
tK-‰v I-S-∂m¬ ]n-s∂ Xo-cp-am-\w kz-¥w \n-e-bv-
s°-SpØpsIm-≈Ww. sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ i-cn-s°m-
∂p s]m-ń-sØ-dn-®m¬ ]m¿-°n-\v A-I-sØt∂m
]p-d-sØt∂m hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-In-s√∂-Xv th-sd
Imcyw.
]-Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v h¿-jw I-gn-™mhpw Nn-

e-t∏mƒ A-ßs\-sbmcp Znh-kw h-cn-I. A-ßs\-
sbm-∂n-\n D-≠m-hn-s√-∂m-Wv tUm-kv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv.
"ap-ºv \n›n-X C-S-th-f-I-fn¬ s]m-ń-sØ-dn-bp-≠m-
sb-∂p-sh-®v C-\n-b-ßs\ kw-`-hn-°-W-sa-∂n√.
Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-∂p-≠mb-Xv kv-t^m-S-\-]-c-º-c-bm-
bncn°pw, A-Xp- I-gn-™v h-cp∂-Xv im-¥n-bpsS \o-
≠ C-S-th-f-bpw. B C-Sth-f-bmImw CXv. am-‹m
-A-d X-Wp-Øp-d®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂mWv
kqN-\. B-hnbpw hm-X-I-ß-fp-sa√mw ]p-d-Øp-h-cp-
∂p-ap≠v. B-hnbpw a‰pw ]p-d-Øp-h-cm-sX sI-ń-°n-
S-°p-tºm-gm-Wv kv-t^m-S-\tØm-sS-bp-≈ _-ln¿-K-
a-\ap-≠m-hpI.'
F-∂p-h-®v F√mw im-¥-am-sW-∂p I-cp-X-cpXv.

sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-\v ]pd-Øv A-]-I-S-ßƒ [m-cm-fw
th-sd-bp-≠v. 1959 B-K-kv-Xv 17˛\v cm{Xn A-Xp {]-
I-S-am-hp-IbpwsN-bvXp. ]m¿-°n-\p sXm-´-Sp-Øv
sl-_v-P≥ sebv°n-¬ A-∂v A¿-[-cm-{Xn-bm-Im≥
C-cp]-Xp an-\n-‰p-≈-t∏mƒ hen-sbm-cp `q-I-º-ap-
≠mbn.7 dn-Œ¿-kv-sI-bn-en¬ 7.5 tc-J-s∏-SpØnb
B `q-Ne-\w km-[m-c-W `q-I-º-ß-sf-t∏m-se A-
{X hn-im-e-am-bn-cp-∂n√. F-∂m¬ Xo{h
am-bn-cp-∂p. H-cp a-es©-cn-hp ap-gp-h≥ X-I¿-

sØ-dn-b-s∏-´p A-Xn¬. th-\¬°m-e-am-bn-cp-∂p
AXv. `m-KyØ-n\v C-∂-sØb-{X k-©m-cn-Iƒ A-
°meØv sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-se-Øm-dn√. F-´p tIm-
Sn S¨ ]m-d a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 160 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-
Øn¬ D-cpƒ-s]m-ń Ip-Xn-®p ]m-™p. Xmgvh-c-bpsS
A-∏p-d-Øp-≈ a-e-bn¬ 120 ao-‰¿ D-b-sch-sc A-
sX-Øn-t®¿-∂p F-∂Xn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ B a-e-bn-Sn-
®n-en-s‚ i‡n Du-ln-°mw. Cu ]m-X-bn-embn-cp-
∂p tdm-°v {Io-°v Iymw-]v {Ku≠v. A-hn-sS Iymw-
]n-ep≠m-bn-cp-∂ 28 t]¿ a-c-W-a-S™p. A-Xn¬ a-
Æn-s‚ D-≈n-se-hnsStbm t]mbv-a-d-™ 19 t]-cp-sS
ar-X-tZ-l-ßƒt]mepw In-´-nbn-√. Aev-]t\-c-tab-
Xp \o-≠p\n-∂p≈q, ]-t£, lr-Z-b-t`-Z-I-am-bn-cp-
∂p ^-ew. H-cp Iq-Sm-c-Ønep-d-ßpI-bm-bn-cp-∂ aq-
∂p k-tlm-Z-c-∑m¿ c-£-s∏´p. F-∂m¬ sXm-´-Sp-
Øv a-s‰mcp Iq-Sm-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂ A-h-cp-sS A-—-
\-a-Ωm¿ -a-Æn-\-Sn-bn¬ t]mbva-d™p.
"hen-b `q-I-ºßƒ˛˛h-ep-sX-∂p ]-d-™m¬ i-

cn°pw h-ep-Xv˛˛Fs∂¶n-ep-an-hn-sSbp-≠m-tb°pw.
`qIºkm-[y-X- Gsdbp-≈ ÿ-e-am-WnXv.'
tUmkv ]-d™p.
sl-_v-P≥ se-bv-°v `q-I-ºhpw a-‰-t\-Iw A-]-

I-Skm-[y-X-I-fp-ap-s≠¶nepw sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn¬
1970-Iƒh-sc H-cp kokv-tam-{Km^v- t]m-ep-an√mbn-
cp∂p.
ù-a-{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-sS Kmw-ò-cyhpw A-ew-L-\o-

b-Xbpw a-\- n-em-°p-∂Xn-\v sS-‰¨-kn-s‚ Im-cy-sa-
Sp-Øm¬ aXn. sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ \m-j-W¬ ]m¿-
°n-\v sX-°p-≈ ]-cp-Ø k-hn-ti-j a-e-\n-c-I-fm-
Wv sS‰¨kv. sXmÆqdp e-£w h¿-jwap-ºv A-
ßs\-sbm-cp a-e-\n-c A-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
PmIvk¨ tlm-fn-\p Np-‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv shdp-
sam-cp ]p¬-ta-SmWv. ]n-s∂ `q-an-°p-≈n¬ 64 In-
tem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿-LyØn-sem-cp hn≈¬ {]-Xy-£-
s∏´p. Hm-tcm 900 h¿-jw I-gn-bp-tºmgpw Cu ta-
J-e-bn¬ h-º≥ `q-I-º-ß-fp≠m-bn. sS-‰¨-kn-s\
]n-Sn-®p-Ip-ep-°n c-≠p ao-‰¿ I-≠p-b¿-Øm≥ ]-
cym]v-X-am-bn-cp-∂p B `q-I-ºßƒ. \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ
\o-≠ Cu `q-I-º-]-c-º-cI-fm-Wv sS-‰¨ a-e-\n-c-I-
sf C-t∏m-gsØ 2,000 ao-‰¿ D-b-c-Øn-se-Øn®Xv.
i-cm-i-cn 900 h¿-j-sa-∂ Cu IW-°v sX-‰n-

≤m-c-Wm-P-\-I-amWv. Cu ta-J-e-bp-sS ù-a-im-kv-
{XN-cn{Xw hn-h-cn-°p∂ "hn≥-tUm-kv C≥ ‰p Z
F¿-Øv' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ tdm-_¿-´v _n. kv-
anØpw eo sP. kosKepw ]-d-bp∂-Xv sS-‰-Wn¬
hen-sbm-cp `qI-ºw A-h-km-\-am-bp-≠m-bn-´v A-
ømbn-ctam G-gm-bn-ctam h¿-j-am-sb-∂mWv. A-
Xmb-Xv A-Sp-Ø `q-I-º-Øns‚ ka-bw I-gn-™n-´v
F{Xtbm Im-e-am-bn F-∂¿Yw.
D-jvW-P-ekv-t^m-S-\-am-Wv a-s‰m-cp ò-jWn. F-
t∏mƒ F-hn-sS thWsa-¶nepw ap≥-Iq-ń kqN-\-
sbm∂pw \¬-Im-sX A-Xp kw-`-hn-°mw.
"kμ¿iI-sc Np-Sp-\o-cp-d-h-I-fn-te-°p \-bn-°p-∂
co-Xn-bn-em-Wv ]m¿-°n-s‚ cq]-Iev]-\. hm-kv-X-h-
Øn¬ A-Xp Im-Wm-\m-W-h¿ h-cp∂-XpXs∂.'
HmƒUv s^-bv-Xv-^pƒ tªm k-μ¿-in-®p a-S-ßp-
tºmƒ tUm-kv ]-d-™p. "tem-IØp≈ a-s‰√m Np-
Sp-\o-cp-d-h-Ifpw sK-bv-k-dp-Ifpw tN¿-Ømepw sb-
t√mkv-t‰m¨ ]m¿-°ns‚-sbm-∏-sa-Øn√ F-∂ Im-
cy-a-dn-bmtam?' A-t±-lw tNmZn®p.
"F-\n-°-X-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p.'
"]-Xn-\m-bn-c-sa-Æ-ap-≠n-hnsS, F-t∏mgm-sWm-cp
c{‘w ]p-Xp-Xm-bn Xpd°-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂v B¿°pw
]-d-bm\p-sam-°n√.'
U-°v se-bv-Iv F-∂ P-em-ibØn-te-°m-Wp R-

ßƒ t]m-b-Xv. H-cp \q-dpao-‰¿ ho-Xn-bp-≠v B X-
Sm-I-Øn-\v. "\n-cp-]-{Z-h-Im-cnbm-sbm-cp henb Ip-
fw F-t∂ C-Xp I-≠m¬ tXm∂q,' tUm-kv ]-
d™p. "F-∂m¬ Aßs\-sbm-∂v t\c-tØ C-hn-
sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. H-cn-°¬, I-gn™ 15,000 h¿-
j-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-se-t∏mtgm H-cp h≥kv-t^m-S-\-ap-
≠mbn. tIm-Sn-°-W°n-\p S¨ aÆpw ]m-dbpw
Xnf-®p a-dn-bp-∂ sh-≈hpw i-–mXn-th-K-Øn¬
]p-d-tØ-°p No‰n. C-∂v B ]m¿-°n-Mv ÿ-etØm
k-μ¿-i-I tI-{μØntem Aß-s\-sbm-∂p-≠m-
bm¬ F-ß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip-sa∂m-temNn®pt\m-°q.'
tUm-kn-s‚ apJ-sØ k-t¥m-jw am™p.
"Aß-s\ h-cm≥ t]m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\v F-s¥-

¶nepw ap-∂-dn-bn-∏p In´ptam?'
"km-[y-X Ip-d-hm-Wv. 1989˛¬ t]m¿-Iv tNm-]v sK-

bv-k-dn-em-bn-cp-∂p A-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ A-h-km-
\sØ kv-t^m-S\w. A-©p ao-‰¿ ho-Xn-bp-≈ K¿-
Ø-am-Wv A-∂p-≠m-bXv. A-{X hep-sXm-∂pa√,
AXv. ]-t£ A-Xn-\-Sp-Øp \n¬-°p-tºm-gmWv kv-
t^m-S-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-¶n¬ kwKXn am-dpw. `m-Ky-
Øn-\v A-∂mcpw A-Sp-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√, AXp-
sIm-≠v B¿°pw ]cnt°-‰p-an√. ]-t£, H-cp ap-
∂-dn-bn-∏p-an√m-sX-bm-W-Xp h-∂Xv. {]m-No-\ Im-
eØv H-cp ssa¬ ho-Xn-bp-≈ K¿-Ø-ß-fp-≠m-bn-
´p-≠v CØ-cw kvt^mS\-ßƒ Im-cWw. A-Ø-c-w
kv-t^m-S-\-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ \-Ω-f-hn-sS-bp≠m-I-
cp-tX F-∂p {]m¿-Yn-°p-I-tb h-gn-bp-≈q.'
]m-d-bn-Sn-™p ho-gm-\p-≈ km-[y-X-bm-Wv a-

s‰m∂v. Km¿-Un-\¿ Im\y-Wn¬ 1999˛¬ hen-sbm-
cp ]m-d°√v s]m-ń hoWp. `m-Ky-Øn-\v A∂pw B-
f-]m-b-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn√. ssh-Ip-t∂cw, Xn-c-t°dn-
b ]m¿-°v tdm-Unte-°p X-≈n\n¬-°p-∂ ]m-d-°q-
´-Øn-\-cn-In¬ \n¬-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p, tUm-kpw
Rm-\pw. hn-≈-ep-Iƒ Zr-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p B ]m-d-
bn¬. "F-t∏mƒ th-W-sa-¶n-epa-Xv s]m-ń ho-gmw,'
B-tem-N-\-bn¬ ap-gp-In tUm-kv ]-d™p.
"Xam-i ]-d-bp-Ibm-tWm?' F-\n-°p hn-iz-kn-°m-

\m-bn√. Im-dp-Iƒ No-dn-∏m-bp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-
Xn-\-Sn-bn-eqsS. F-t∏mƒ t\m-°n-bmepw c≠p Im-
sd-¶n-ep-w I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p-≠mIpw. B¿-Øp√-kn-
°p-∂ k-©m-cn-IfmW-Xn-se√mw.
"s]m-ń-hogmw F-t∂ ]-d-™p≈q. D-S≥ ho-gp-sa-

∂√. Nn-e-t∏mf-Xv ]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-fw Cß-s\ \n-
s∂∂pw h-cmw. C-hn-sS h-cp-∂-Xn¬ A]I-Skm-
[y-X-bp-s≠-∂v k-©m-cn-Iƒ a-\- n-em-°Ww, A-{X-
am-{Xw.'
"]-t£, H-cp Im-cy-ap≠v', am-aØv tlm-Sv-kv-{]n-

ßn-te-°p Xn-cn-°m≥ h-≠n-°-cn-In-te-°p \-S-°p-
tºmƒ tUm-kv Iq-ń-t®¿Øp. "an-° k-a-bØpw C-
Ø-cw A-]-I-S-ßƒ kw-`-hn-°m-dn√. ]m-d-Iƒ s]m-
ń ho-gm-dn√, `q-I-ºß-fp-≠m-Im-dn√, D-jv-WP-e-
Øn-s‚ ]pXn-b c-{‘-ßƒ s]m-ń-Øp-d-°mdn√. C-
∏-d-™ A-ÿn-c-X-I-sf√m-ap-s≠-¶n-epw an-°-hm-dp-
an-hn-Sw {]-im¥-kp-μ-c-am-Wv.'
"`q-an-sb-t∏m-seXs∂.' Rm≥ ]-d™p.
"A-XpXs∂.' tUm-kv i-cn-h®p.
sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-se A]-I-Skm-[y-X-Iƒ k-
μ¿-i-I¿-°p am-{X-a√, ]m¿°v Po-h-\-°m¿°pw
_m-[-I-amWv. A-©p h¿-jwap-ºv tPm-en-°p tN¿-
∂v Hcmgv-N Xn-I-bp-tºmƒX-s∂ tUm-kn\-Xv A-
\p-`-h-s∏´p. A-∂v H-cp cm{Xn ssh-In ]m¿-°n-se
aq-∂p Po-h-\-°m¿ Ip-f-Øn-se D-jv-W-P-e-Øn¬
\nbaw ew-Ln®v \o-¥p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. Xo- Im-bp-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p F∂pw ]-d-bmw. tlm-Sv t]m-ń-Mv F-
∂m-Wn-Xn-s\ hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. ]p-d-Øß-s\ ]-d-bm-dn-
s√¶nepw sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-se ]-e Ip-f-ß-fn-se-
bpw sh-≈-Øn-\v Xn-fbvv°p∂ Nq-Sp-≠v. F-∂m¬
Nn-e-Xn-\v kp-Jkp-μ-cam-b C-fw Nq-Sm-Wv. AØcw
Ip-f-ß-fn¬ cm{Xn \o-¥p-I-sb∂-Xv Nn-e Po-h-\-
°m-cp-sS {]n-b hn-t\m-Z-am-Wv. N-´-ßƒ-°p hn-cp-≤-
am-sW-¶nepw ]-e bp-hm-°fpw I-Æp-sh-ń-®v Ip-f-
Øn-en-d-ßpw. Cu aq-∂p bp-hm-°ƒ th-sdm-cp hn-
Uv-Vn-ØwIq-Sn sNbvXp. tSm¿-s®-Sp-°m-sX-bm-W-
h¿ cm{Xn Cd-ßn \-S-∂Xv. sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn¬
cm{Xn tSm¿-®n√m-sX \-S-°p∂-Xv hen-b A-]-I-S-
amWv. Ip-f-ßƒ-°-cn-In¬ Im¬ h-gp-Xn-bm¬ sN-
∂p hogp-I Nn-e-t∏mƒ Np´p-s]m-≈n-°p-∂ c-
{‘ßfnem-Ipw. G-Xm-bmepw Nq-Sp-sh-≈-Øn¬
\o-¥n Xn-cn-®ph-cp-tºmƒ aq-hcpw H-c-cp-hn-°p ap-
∂n-seØn. A-Xp Nm-Sn-°-S-∂m-W-h¿ A-tßm-´p
t]m-bXv. Xn-cn®pw A-ß-s\-X-s∂ sN-øm≥ \n-›-
bn®p. A-ev-]w ]n-t∂m-´p am-dn\n∂p ssI-Iƒ
tIm¿-Øp ]n-Sn-®v H∂v, c≠v, aq-∂v F-s∂-Æn aq-
hcp-sam-cp-an-®v H-mSnh-∂v F-Sp-Øp NmSn. hm-kv-X-h-
Øn¬ A-h-cp-sS ap-∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv t\c-tØ
I-≠ A-cp-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. C-cp-ń¬ h-gn-sX-‰n A-
h¿ F-Ønt®¿∂-Xv Xnf-®p a-dn-bp-∂ Ip-f-Øn-\p
ap-∂n-em-Wv. aq-hcpw sh-¥p-a-cn®p.
]n-t‰-∂v A-∏¿ sK-bv-k¿ s_-bv-kn-\n-se F-a-

dmƒ-Uv ]qƒ F-∂ IpfØn-s‚ I-c-bn¬ \n¬-°p-
tºmƒ Cu kw-`-h-am-Wv Rm-t\m¿-ØXv. Ign™
Znh-kw F-s∂-b-hn-sS Im-Wn-°m≥ tUm-kn-\p
ka-bw In-ń-bncp-∂n√. F-¥m-bmepw A-sXm-∂p
Im-W-W-sa-s∂-\n-°p tXm-∂n. ImcWw, N-cn-
{X{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ Ip-f-am-WXv.
Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄ Z-º-Xn-I-fmb tXma-kv

t{_m°pw eq-bn-kv t{_m°pw 1965-˛se th-\¬-
°me-Øv H-cp ]T-\-bm-{X-bp-sS `m-K-ambn Cu Ip-
f-°-c-bn-seØn. Ip-f-Øns‚-tbmc-Øv ]-X-™p
s]m-ßn-°n-S-∂ Nm-c\n-d-Ønep-≈ A-gp-°v A-h¿
tIm-cn-sb-SpØp. A-Xn-se-s¥-¶nepw Po-hn-I-
fpt≠m F-∂-dn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p D-t±-iyw. A-¤p-
X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p ]cn-tim[-\m-^-ew. Nm-
c-\n-d-Øn¬ Ip-f-Øn¬ s]m-ßn-°n-S∂-Xv kq£v-
aPo-hnI-fm-bn-cp∂p. A-tß-b-‰w {]-XnIq-ekm-l-N-
cy-ß-fn¬, Poh-\v \n-e-\n¬°m≥ ]-‰n-s√-∂p I-cp-
X-s∏-Sp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ A-æmw-i-hpw K-‘I
km-∂n-[yhpw NqSpw A-an-X-am-bp-≈ km-l-N-cy-ß-
fn¬, h-f-cp-∂ Po-hnI-sf (extremophiles) tem-I-
Øm-Zy-am-bn I-s≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿. F-a-
dmƒ-Uv ]q-fn¬ C-sX√m-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p˛˛˛Aæ-X, K-
‘-Imwiw, NqSv. F∂n-´p-a-hn-sS c-≠pX-cw kq-£v-
a-Po-hnI-sf ( Sulpholobus acidocaldarus, Ther-
mophilus aquaticus )I-s≠Øn. Aº-Xp Un{Kn
sk¬-jy-kn-\pta¬ Nq-Sn¬ H-∂n\pw I-gn-bm-\m-hn-
s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ [mc-W. F∂m-en-
hn-sS A-æ-P-e-Øn¬ A-Xn-s‚ C-cń-tbm-fw Nq-Sn-
emWv Cu Pohn-Iƒ Iq-´-tØm-sS I-gn-bp-∂Xv.
t{_m-°v Z-º-Xn-am-cp-sS c-≠p _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fn¬

H∂v ( Thermophilus aquaticus) c-≠p ]-Xn-‰m-
≠p Im-ew e-t_m-d-´-dn-bn-se Iu-Xp-Iw am-{X-ambn
I-gn™p. ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn¬\n-∂p-
≈ Im-cn _n. ap-√n-kv F-∂ im-kv-{X-⁄≥ AXp-
sIm-≠p-≈ D-]-tbm-Kw I-s≠-Øp-∂Xv. Cu kq-
£v-a-Po-hn-I-fn¬ Nq-Sn-s\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂ F≥-
sskw th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Øm¬ t]m-fnsa-ssd-kv sN-
bn≥ dn-bm-Ivj≥ F-∂ hn-Zy-bv-°p-]-tbmKn°mw.
A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-®v C-Øn-cn-t∏m-∂ Un.F≥.F. Aw-
i-Øn¬\n-∂v (H-cp X-∑m-{X-bn¬\n∂p-t]m-epw)
B-h-iy-Øn-\v Un.F≥.F. h-f¿-Ønsb-Sp-°mw.8 H-
cpX-cw P-\n-X-I ]-I¿-∏phn-Zy-bm-WXv. A-°m-Zan-
I ]T-\w ap-X¬ t]m-eo-kn-s‚ t^m-d≥-kn-Iv ]cn-
tim-[-\h-sc-bp-≈ P-\n-X-I kmt¶Xn-Ihn-Zy-bv-°v
A-Sn-ÿm-\-amb-Xv A-Xm-Wv. 1993˛˛-¬ ap√n-kn-\-Xv
ckX-{¥ t\m-_¬ t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp.
A-Xnepw I-Sp-Ø km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ sIm-SpwNq-

Sn¬ h-f-cp-∂ kq£vaPo-hnI-sf im-kv-{X-⁄¿
ssh-Im-sX I-≠p-]n-Sn®p.9 ssl-∏¿-sX¿-
tamss^¬-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ C-h 80 Un-{Kn-°p
ap-I-fn-ep≈ Nq-Sn-em-Wv hf-cp-∂Xv. G-‰-hpw I-Sp-
Ø Nq-Sn¬ h-f-cp-∂Xv ss]-tdm-e_-kv ^yp-am-cn
F-∂ kq-£v-a-Po-hn-bm-sW-∂v "sse-^v A-‰v Z F-
Iv-kv-{Sow-kv' F-∂ ]pkvXI-Øn¬ {^m≥I-kv B-
jv-t{Im-^v-‰v ]-d-bp∂p. I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-se Np-Sp-\o-cpd-
h-I-fn-emWn-h I-gn-bp-∂Xv. A-hnS-sØ Nq-Sv 113
Un{Kn sk¬-jy-kvhscbmWv. Poh-\p \n-e-\n¬-
°m-hp-∂ G-‰-hp-ap-b¿-∂ Nq-Sv 120 Un-{Kn-bm-
sW∂m-Wv C-t∏mƒ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬
B¿°pw Xo¿-®-sbm-∂p-an√ C°m-cy-Øn¬. G-Xm-
bmepw ssP-h-tem-I-sØ∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂
[m-c-WIƒ Xn-cp-Øn-°p-dn®p, t{_m-°p-am-cpsS I-
s≠Ø¬. "`q-an-bn-se-hn-sS sN∂mepw Poh-\v G-
‰hpw {]-Xn-Iq-e-sa-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂ km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬
sN-∂mepw {Zm-h-Im-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈ sh≈-hpw G-
sX-¶nepw hn-[-Øn-ep-≈ cm-tkm¿-÷-hp-ap-s≠-
¶n¬ A-hn-sS Po-h-\p-≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp-
≠v' F-∂m-Wv \m-k-bn-se im-kv-{X-⁄≥ tP
s_¿-Kv-kv{Sm ]-d-bp-∂Xv.10
\-Ωƒ I-cp-Xp-∂-Xnepw km-a¿-Yy-hpw A-Xn-Po-h-

\ti-jn-bp-ap-≈-XmWv Po-h≥ F-∂m-Wv A-Xn¬\n-
s∂√mw a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xv. A-Xp \-∂mbn. Im-
cWw, {]-XnIq-e km-l-N-cy-ßƒ h-f-sc-tb-sd-bp-
≈, H-cp]t£ \sΩ B-h-iy-an-s√-∂pX-s∂ I-cp-
Xp∂, H-cp tem-I-Øm-Wv \mw Po-hn-°p-∂Xv. A-
tX-∏-‰n-bm-Wn\n.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 1943 ¬ sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn-se ]-cn-Iyq-ń-\n-se H-

cp I¿-j-I≥ ]p-d-Øn-dßn
t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ I≠Xv Ir-jn-bn-S-Øn¬ \n-∂p
]p-I-bp-b-cp-∂-XmWv: kvanØv,
Z shX¿, t]-Pv 112. 2 kv-t^m-S-\ k-ab-Øv B-

bn-cw In-tem-ao-‰¿ A-I-se-t∏mepw \n¬-°m-\m-In-
s√
∂m-Wv e-≠≥ bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n tImf-Pn-se

s{]m-^-k¿ _n¬ a-Iv-K-b¿ ]-d-bp
∂-Xv: _n._n.kn. slm-ssd-k¨ tUm-Iyp-

sa‚dn, s{I-bv‰¿ Hm-^v sU-Øv,
2001 sa-bv 6. 3 A-Xn-s‚ i-–w tem-Iw ap-gp-h≥

Hº-Xp Znh-kw {]-Xn-[z-\n-®p: sehnkv,
sdbn≥ Hm-^v A-tb¨ B≥Uv sFkv, t]-Pv

152. 4 `q-an-bn-se G-‰hp-sam-Sp-hn-se kq-∏¿-shmƒ-
°m-t\m kv-t^mS-\w kp-am-{X-bn-se
tSm-_-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p: a-Iv-ssK¿, F ssK-Uv Sp Z

F≥Uv Hm-^v Z thƒUv, t]Pv
104.
5 ]ns∂-sbm-cp C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw h¿-j-°m-e-
tØ-°v tem-IP-\-kwJy G-Xm-\pam-bn-cw am-{X-am-
bn-cp-s∂-∂p I-cp-Xm≥ sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≠v: a-Iv-ssK¿,
F ssK-Uv Sp Z F≥Uv Hm-^v Z thƒUv, t]-Pv 107.
6 hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]-bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw, tem-I-Øn-

se G-‰hpw h-en-b kPo-h A·n]¿-h-XØn-\p
ap-I-fn-em-Wv- \n-ß-fn-t∏mƒ \n¬-°p∂-Xv : t]mƒ
tUm-kp-ambp-≈ A-`n-apJw, sb-t√m-kv-t‰m¨ \m-
j-W¬ ]m¿-°v, thym-an-Mv, 2001 Pq¨ 16.
7 1959 B-K-Ãv 17˛\v cm{Xn A-Xp {]-I-S-am-hp-

IbpwsN-bvXp. ]m¿-°n\p sXm-´-SpØv sl-_v-P≥
se-bv-°n-¬ A-∂v A¿-[-cm-{Xn-bm-Im≥ Ccp-]Xp an-
\n-‰p-≈t∏mƒ hen-sbm-cp `q-I-º-ap-≠m-bn: kv-an-
Øv B≥-Uv ko-sK¬, hn≥-tUm-kv C≥ Sp Z
F¿Øv, t]Pv 5˛6.
8 A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-®v C-Øn-cn-t∏m-∂ Un.F≥.F.

Aw-i-Øn¬\n-∂v (Hcp X-∑m-{Xbn¬\n∂p-t]m-epw)
B-h-iy-Øn-\v Un.F≥.F. h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp°mw:
sskIvkv, Z sk-h≥ tUm-t´-gvkv Hm^v Cuhv, t]-
Pv 12.
9 A-Xnepw I-Sp-Ø km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ sIm-Spw
Nq-Sn¬ h-f-cp-∂ kq£vaPo-hIsf im-kv-{X-⁄¿
ssh-Im-sX I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p: B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v, sse^v
A-‰v Z F-Ivkv-{Sowkv, t]-Pv 275.
10 F-∂m-Wv \m-k-bn-se im-kv-{X-⁄≥ tP

s_¿-Kv-kv{Sm ]-d-bp-∂-Xv: ]n._n.kn. \yq-kv A-h¿,
2002 Hm-K-kv-‰v 20.
`mKw A©v
Po-h≥
{]-]-©-sØ∏-‰n Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬
]Tn-°p-tºmƒ, A-Xn-s‚ L-S-\ hn-i-Z-am-bn
]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ, F-\n-°p
tXm-∂n-bn-´p≈-Xv \-Ωƒ h-cp-∂ Imcyw
{]-]-©w F-ßs\tbm t\c-tØ
A-dn-™n-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv.
{ô-am≥ ssU-k≥
A-[ym-bw 16
G-Im-¥{K-lw
-Poh-\p-≠m-bn-cn°pI F∂-Xv \n m-cIm-cy-a√.

C-{X hen-b Cu {]-]-©-Øn¬, Adn-bm≥ I-gn-
™n-S-tØm-fw, H-scm-‰-bn-S-tØ \nßƒ-°p Po-h-
t\m-sS-bn-cn-°m≥ ]‰q; B-Im-iKw-K-bn-se H-cp
tImWn¬ `q-an-sb-∂p t]-cp-≈ Cu Im-h¬-∏p-c-
bn¬ am-{Xw.
A-XpX-s∂ A-{X F-fp-∏-ap-≈ Im-cya√. I-S-en-

s‚ A-SnØ-´papX¬ ]¿-h-X-ß-fp-sS in-J-c-ßƒh-
sc, \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂, Po-h≥ \n-e-\n¬-°p∂ `m-
Kw sam-Ø-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ I„n 20 In-tem-ao-‰¿
I\-ta hcq. {]-]-©Øn-s‚ A-Xn-i-bhn-im-e-X ]-
cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ Xo-sc sN-dp-Xm-Wo {]tZiw.
40 tIm-Sn h¿-jw ap-ºv I-S-en¬\n-∂p Ib-dn A-

¥-co-£-hm-bp izkn®v I-c-bn¬ Po-hn-°m≥ Xo-cp-
am-\n® a-\p-jy-s‚ Im-cy-sa-Sp-Øm¬ ÿn-Xn H∂p-
Iq-Sn tam-i-amIpw. Cu temI-Øv Poh-\p \n-e-
\n¬-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ ÿ-e-Øn-s‚ 99.5 i-X-am-\-
hpw a-\p-jy-\v Po-hn-°m≥ sIm≈m-Ø ÿ-eam-
Wv.1 sh-≈-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \-ap-°p iz-kn-°m≥ ]-‰n√
F∂-Xp am-{X-a√ {]iv\w. sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-se a¿-
±hpw \-ap-°p Xm-ßm-\m-hn√. hm-bp-hns‚ 1,300 Cc-
ń I-\-ap-≠v sh-≈-Øn\v.2 AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ sh-
≈-Øn-\-Sn-bnte-°p t]m-Ip-t¥mdpw a¿-±w Iq-Sn-°q-
Sn h-cpw. Hmtcm ]-Øp- ao-‰¿ A-Sn-bnte-°p t]m-
Ip-tºmgpw A-¥-co-£-a¿-±-Øn-s‚ H-cp a-S-sß-∂
tXm-Xn¬ sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ a¿-±w Iq-Sn-h-cpw. I-
c-bn¬ 150 ao-‰¿ D-b-c-Øn¬ sN∂mepw˛˛sIm-
tfm¨ I-Øo-{U-ens‚tbm hm-jn-Mv-S¨ kv-am-c-
I-Øns‚tbm ap-I-fn¬ sN-∂p t\m-°n-bm¬ a-
Xn˛˛A-¥-co-£-a¿-±-Øn¬ Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ am{Xw
hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-hn√. F-∂m¬ sh-≈-Øn¬ C-{X-
bp-am-g-Øn¬ sN∂m¬ \n-ß-fp-sS R-c-ºp-Iƒ
s]m-ń-Ø-I-cpw, izm-k-tIm-iw sR-cn™a-cpw.3 F-
∂n´pw X-am-i-bv-°v C-{X-bp-am-g-Øn-te-°v Du-fn-bn-
´p sN√p-∂-h-cp-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv A-¤pXw. iz-k-t\m-
]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS k-lm-b-an√m-sX \SØp-∂ Cu
Imbn-Ihn-t\m-Z-Øn\v {ô ssU-hn-Mv F-∂m-Wp
t]cv. Cßs\ sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ sN-∂v B-¥-
cm-h-b-hß-sf sR-cp-ßn-b-a-cm≥ hn-Sp∂Xv B-\-μ-
Zm-b-I-ambn-cn-°-W-a-h¿°v (Xn-cn-®v ap-I-fn-se-Øp-
tºmƒ B Ah-b-h-ßƒ ]q¿-h-ÿn-Xn {]m-]n-°p-
∂-XmIpw H-∂p-Iq-Sn B-\-μZm-b-I-sa∂pd-∏v.) C-
{X-bp-am-g-Øn-se-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ ssU-h¿-am-sc ]n-Sn-
®p Xm-gv-Øns°m-≠p t]m-I-Ww, `m-c-w sI-ń-bm-
Wv ]-e-t∏m-gp-an-Xv sN-øp-∂-Xv. H∂ns‚bpw k-lm-
b-an√m-sX a-\p-jy\v Du-fn-bn-´p sN-∂v Po-h-t\m-
sS Xncns®-Øm≥ ]‰n-b G-‰-hpw hen-b B-gw 72
ao-‰-dmWv. Dw-_¿t´m s]-en cn F-∂ C-‰-en-°m-c-
\m-Wv 1992-˛¬ Cu km-lkn-IIr-Xy-Øn¬ hn-P-
bw-h-cn®-Xv. A-{Xbpw Zqcw Du-fn-bn-´p sN-∂ s]-
en -cn H-cp \n-an-jm¿-[w AhnsS sN-e-h-gn-®v Xn-cn-
®pt]m∂p. I-c-bn-se IW-°ph-®p ]-d-™m¬ H-
cp ^pSvt_mƒ tIm¿-ń-s‚ \ofwt]m-epw h-cn√—72
ao‰¿. hen-b km-l-kn-I¿°pt]mepw I-S-en-s‚
B-g-ßƒ Io-g-S°m-\m-bn-ń-s√-∂m-Wv C-∏-d-™-
Xn\¿Yw.
F-∂m¬ a-‰p- ]-e Po-hn-Iƒ-°pw Cu B-g-sam-

cp {]-iv-\a√. I-S-ense G-‰hpw B-gw-IqSn-b `m-Kw
im-¥k-ap-{Z-Øn-se sa-do-\ s{S-©mWv. AhnsS
G-Xm-≠v 11.3 In-tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬ a¿-±w H-cn-©n-
\v 16,000 dm-Ø¬ F∂ tXm-Xn-se-Øpw. H-cp X-
h-W-am-{Xw a-\p-jy≥ A-hn-sS-sb-Øn-bn-´p≠v, Icp-
Øp‰ ssU-hn-Mv bm-\-Øn-te-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
F-∂m¬ A-tX-bm-g-Øn¬ H-cp-]-I-c-W-hp-an√m-sX
H-cp kw-c-£-W-hp-an√m-sX Po-hn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.
\Ωp-sS sN-Ωo-\n-s\-t∏m-ep-≈ F-∂m¬ kp-Xm-
cyam-b H-cpX-cw I-h-N -P-¥p-h¿-K-am-W-Xv. sado-
\ s{S-©p-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-tºmƒ k-ap-{ZØn-
s‚ an-°-`m-K-Øn-\p-w B-gw F{Xtbm Ip-d-hm-Wv.
]-t£, i-cmi-cn Hcp \m-ep In-tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-sa-
Sp-Øm¬ A-hnS-sØ a¿-±w kn-a‚ v Nm-°p \n-d-®
14 tem-dn-Iƒ-°-Sn-bn¬ In-S-°p-∂-Xn-\p Xp-ey-am-bn-
cn-°pw.4
I-S-en-\-Sn-bn¬ sN√p-tºmƒ D-∂-X a¿-±w Imc-

Ww a-\p-jyi-co-cw Np-cp-≠pa-S-ßn-t∏m-Ip-sa-∂m-
Wv an-°-h-cpw (Nne k-ap-{Z-im-kv-{X{K-Ÿ-ßfp-sS
c-N-bn-Xm-°fpw A-Xn¬-s∏Spw) I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. F-
∂m¬ A-Xn-\p-≈ km[y-X Ip-d-hmWv. "a-\p-jy-i-
co-c-Øn-te-sd-bpw P-e-am-Wv. Pe-sØ sRcn®p Np-
cp-°m≥ ]-‰n√.'5 Hm-Iv-kv^-Uv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-
se {^m≥I-kv Bjvt{Im-^v-‰v ]-d-bp-∂p. AXp-
sIm-≠pX-s∂ a¿-±-ta-dn-bmepw a-\p-jy-i-cocw G-
Xm-≠tX cq-]-Øn¬ ti-jn-°pw. i-co-c-Øn-\-I-
Øp-≈ hm-X-I-ß-sfbmWv, {]-tXy-In®pw
izmktIm-i-Øn-se hm-bp-hn-s\-bm-Wv, a¿-±w
_m[n°p-I. I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-te-°p t]m-Ip-tºmƒ a¿-
±-ta-dn-tb-dn izm-k-tIm-iw Npcpßm≥ Xp-S-ßpw. G-
Xp L-´-Øn-em-Wn-Xv a-c-W-Im-c-W-am-hp-I-sb-∂-Xn-
s\°p-dn-®v \-ap-°v [mc-W-sbm-∂p-an√. \q-dp ao-‰¿
Xm-sg-sb-Øp-tºm-tg-°v izm-k-tIm-iw A-I-tØ--
°p sR-cp-ßn-s∏m-ń s\-©n≥-Iq-Sp X-I¿-∂v
\cIbmX-\-tbm-sS a-\p-jy≥ a-cn°pw F-∂m-bn-cp-
∂p A-Sp-Ø Im-ewh-scbp-≈ [mc-W. F-∂m¬
A-Xp i-cn-b-s√-∂v {ô ssU-h¿-am¿ ]-eh-´w sX-
fn-bn-®n-´p≠v. "a-\p-jy-\n¬ Xn-anw-Ke-ß-fp-sSbpw
tUmƒ-^n-s‚bpw kz`m-hw \-Ωƒ I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-
Xnepw F{Xtbm Iq-Sp-X-ep-s≠-'∂m-Wv CXn¬ \n-
∂p sX-fn-bp-∂-sX-∂v B-jv-t{Im-^v-‰v ]-d-bp∂p.6
F-∂p-h-®p kwK-Xn F-fp-∏-am-sW-∂p I-cp-X-

cpXv. A-_-≤-ßƒ ]e h-gn-°p hcpw. ssU-hn-Mv
h-kv-{X-w (Ip-g-ep-sIm-≠v ap-I-fn-te°v _-‘n-∏n®n-
cn-°p-∂ X-cw D-]-I-cWw) [-cn-®v I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-te-
°v Du-fn-bn-Sp-∂-h¿-°v Nn-e-t∏mƒ sR-°n-∏n-gn-bp-
∂Xp-t]m-ep-≈ A-\p-`-h-ap-≠m-Im-dp≠v. ap-Ifn-te-
°p-≈ Ip-g-en-\v F-s¥-¶nepw {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-Ip-tºm-
gm-Wn-Xp kw-`hn-°p-I. ]-ºn-s\-s¥-¶nepw Ipg-∏w
]-‰n-bm¬ ssU-hn-Mv kyqń\-I-Øp≈ a¿-±w s]-s´-
∂p Ip-d-bpw. kyq-ń-se hm-bp ò-I-camwh-Æw ]p-
d-tØ°p Ip-Xn-°p-tºmƒ ]m-hw ssU-h¿ tlm-
kn-te-°pw sl¬-a-‰n-te-°pw h-en®a¿Ø-s∏-Spw.
"]p-d-sØ-Sp-°p-tºmƒ sl¬-a-‰nepw Ip-g-enepw
ImWp-I - ssU-h-dp-sS A-ÿnbpw C-d-®n-°-j-W-
ß-fp-am-Ipw.'7 1947-˛¬ Po-h-im-kv{X⁄≥
sP._n.F-kv. lm¬-tU≥ FgpXn. kw-i-bm-ep-
°ƒ-°p th-≠n A-t±lw H-∂p-Iq-Sn Dd-∏n°p∂p:
"C-ß-s\ kw-`-hn-®n-´p-≠v.'
(A-Xn-\n-sS ssU-hn-Mv sl¬-a-‰n-s\-∏-‰n Aev-
]w. sh-≈-Øn-en-d-ßm≥th-≠nb√, Xo-bn-te-°n-d-
ßm≥th-≠n-bm-Wv 1823˛¬ Nmƒ-kv Uo≥ F-∂
Cw-•n-jp-Im-c≥ Cu sl¬a-‰v cq-]-Iev-]-\ sN-bv-
XXv. A-·ni-a-\ `S-∑m¿-°pth-≠n-bp-≈ Cu
sl¬-a-‰n-\p "kv-tam-Iv sl¬-a-‰v' F-∂m-bn-cp∂p
t]-cpXs∂. ]-t£, tem-lwsIm-≠p-≈ sl¬a-‰v
Xo-tb-‰m¬ Nq-Sp]n-Sn°pw; [-cn-®p \-S-°m≥ hen-
b hn-j-a-hp-amWv. AXp am-{X-a√ F-¥p hkv-{X-
ap-≠m-bmepw A-·n-i-a-\-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿ Xo-bn-te-°n-
d-ßn-s®√p-I-sbm∂p-an-s√-∂pw Uo≥ ssh-Im-sX
a-\- n-em°n. I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw ]m-gm-bnt∏m-Im-Xn-cn-
°m≥ A-t±-la-Xv sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ ]-co-£n®p.
sh-≈-Øn\-Sn-bn-se c-£m{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v A\p-
tbm-Py-am-W-sX-∂p hy-‡-am-hp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.)
sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-te-°p \o-ßp-tºm-ƒ A-Xn-ò-I-

cam-sbm-c-\p`-hw thsd-bp-≠v. hf-™pIp-Øp-I
F-∂-b¿-Y-Øn¬ "s_≥-Uv-kv' F-∂m-W-Xns\ hn-
fn-°p-∂-Xv. \-Ωƒ iz-kn-°p-∂ hm-bp-hn¬ 80 i-
X-am-\hpw ss\{SP-\mWv. i-co-c-Øn¬ a¿-±-ta¬-
°p-tºmƒ ss\-{S-P≥ Ip-™p-Ip-an-f-I-fmbn c-‡-
Øn-te-°pw I-e-I-fn-te-°pw I-b-dpw. ssU-h¿ ap-
I-fn-te°p-bcptºmƒ a¿-±w A-Xn-th-K-Øn¬ hy-
Xym-k-s∏-Spw. A-t∏mƒ i-co-c-Øn-\-IØp-s]-ń-´p-
≈ Cu ss\-{S-P≥ Ip-an-f-Iƒ tIm¿-°v Xp-d-∂
jmw-s]-bv≥ Ip-∏n-bn-se-∂-t]m-se \p-c-™pNo-‰pw.
sNdn-b c-‡-°p-g-ep-Iƒ I-´ ]n-Sn°pw, I-e-Iƒ°v
Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ In-´m-Xm-Ipw, ssU-hv-sN-øp-∂-bmƒ
Aklyam-b thZ-\-sIm-≠p h-f-™p- Ip-Øpw.
apØpw kv-t]m-©p-sa-Sp-°m≥ I-S-en¬ ap-ßp-∂-

h¿ F{Xtbm Im-eam-bn A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂ {]-iv-\-am-
Wv C-∏-d-™ s_-≥-Uv-kv. F-∂m¬ ]sØmºXmw
\q-‰m-≠m-b-t∏m-gm-Wv ]m-›m-XycpsS {i-≤ C-Xn-te-
°p Xn-cn-bp∂Xv. tZlw \-\-bm-sX sh-≈-Øn-en-d-
ßp-∂ Nn-e-cm-Wv A-Xp {i-≤n-®Xv. ssI-k¨ tPm-
en-°m-cmWXv. \-Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ hm-bp-\n-_≤-am-bn
sI-ńbp-≠m-°p-∂ A-d-bm-Wv ssIk¨. ]m-e-Øn-
s‚ Im-ep-d-∏n-°m-\m-W-Xp]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu
A-d-I-fn¬ D-b¿-∂ a¿-±-Øn¬ hm-bp \n-d-bv-°pw,
F-∂n-´v sh-≈-Øn-te-°n-d-°pw. C-Xn-\p-≈n¬ \n-
∂n-´m-Wv ]-Wn-sb-Sp-°pI. Cß-s\ Ir-{Xn-a a¿-±-
Øn¬ G-sd-t\-cw tPm-en- sN-øp-∂-h¿ ]p-d-tØ-
°nd-ßp-tºmƒ sXm-en-s°m-cp sNm-dn-®nepw C-°n-
fn-bp-sa√mw tXm-∂pw. A]q¿hw Nn-e¿-°v k-‘n-I-
fn¬ I-Sp-Ø-th-Z-\ tXm-∂pw. thZ-\-sIm-≠p ]pf-
™v ho-gp-∂ Nn-e¿ ]n-∂o-sS-gp-t∂¬-°p-I-bn√.
H-cp {]-iv-\-hp-an√m-sX In-S-°m≥ t]mb tPm-en-

°m¿ Nn-e-t∏mƒ DW¿s∂-Wo-°p-tºmƒ i-co-cw
X-f-¿∂p-t]m-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. D-d-ßm≥ In-S-∂ Nne¿
]n-s∂ D-W-cp-I-bp-an√. sX-bnw-kv \-Zn-bn¬ Xpc-
¶w \n¿-an-®-h-cp-sS I-Y D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn ]-d-bp-∂p-
≠v8 B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v. Xp-c-¶w ]-Wn ]q¿Ønbm-b-
Xns‚ B-tLm-j-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p Iº-\n U-b-dŒ¿-
am¿. A-h¿ s]mń® jmw-s]-bn≥ Ip∏n Xp-c-¶-Øn-
se a¿-±-Øn¬ ]-X-s™m-gp-In-bn√.
sshIp-t∂-cw e-≠-\n-se ip-≤-hm-bp-hn-te°n-d-

ßn-t∏mƒ jmw-s]-bn≥ ]X-™p-b-cm≥ Xp-S-ßn,
im-cocn-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ ]p-\-cm-cw-`-sa-
t∂mWw. C-∏-d-™ s_≥-Uv-kv F-∂ th-Z-\m-P-\-
Iam-b Ah-ÿ H-gn-hm-°m\p≈ G-‰hpw \√ h-
gn A-Xn-a¿-±- km-l-Ncy-sam-gn-hm-°p-I-bmWv. A-
Xp ]-‰n-s√-¶n¬ ]n-s∂ c-≠p h-gn-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv:
H∂v, Cu a¿-±-hy-Xym-k-Øn¬ A[n-It\-cw \n¬-
°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. {ô ssU-h¿-am¿-°v {]-iv-\w Iq-Sm-
sX 150 ao-‰¿h-sc-bm-g-Øn¬ sN√m-\m-Ip∂-Xv C-
Øn-cn t\-cw am-{X-ta A-h-chn-sS \n¬-°p-I-bp-
≈q F-∂Xp-sIm-≠mWv. ss\-{S-P≥ I-e-I-fn-te-
°p I-S-°m≥ am{Xw t\-cw A-h¿ A-Sn-Ø-ń¬
\n¬-°n√. c-≠m-a-sØ h-gn a¿-±hy-Xym-kw L-
´wL-´-am-bn am{Xw A-\p-`-hn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv. A-
ßs\bm-hp-tºmƒ ss\-{SP-s‚ Ip-™pIp-an-f-Iƒ-
°vv {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-°m-sX Aen™pXo-cm≥ ka-bw
In-´pw.
ITn-\ km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Po-h≥ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-

∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n \-ap-°p≈ A-dn-hp-Iƒ-°p I-S-s∏-ń-
cn-°p∂-Xv A-km-[m-c-Wcmb H-c-—\pw a-I-t\m-Sp-
am-Wv˛˛˛tPm¨ kv-tIm-´v lm¬-tU\pw sP._n.F-
kv. lm¬-tU-\pw. Cw•≠nse _p-≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ-°v
Aev-]-kzev-]w In-dp-s°m-s° h-I-h®p-sIm-Sp°m-
dp-s≠-¶nepw A-Xn-s\-sb√mw sh√p-∂ kz-`m-h-am-
bn-cp-∂p C-cp-h¿°pw. 1860˛¬ kv-tIm-Sv-e‚n-se
{]uVIp-Spw-_-Øn-em-Wv A-—≥ lm¬-tU-\ns‚
P-\\w (A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ k-tlm-Z-c-\m-Wv hn-kv-Iu-
≠v lm¬-tU≥). k-º-∂-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Hm-Iv-
kv-^-Un¬ i-co-c-im-kv-{X s{]m-^-k-dm-bn efn-
XPo-hn-Xw \-bn®p A-t±lw. hen-b a-d-hn-°m-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂p lm¬-tU≥. H-cn-°¬ cm-{Xn hn-cp-∂n-
\p t]m-Im≥ th-jw am-dm-\m-bn `m-cy At± -l-
sØ ap-I-fn-se ap-dn-bn-te-°-b®p. Ip-td- t\-cw I-
gn-™n´pw Im-WmØXp-sIm-≠v A-t\z-jn-®p sN-
∂ `mcy I≠-Xv ss]-Pm-abpw [-cn-®v In-S∂p-d-
ßp-∂ lm¬-tU-s\-bm-Wv. h-kv{Xw am-‰m≥ Xp-S-
ßn-b-t∏mƒ D-d-ßm≥ h-∂-Xm-sW-∂p I-cp-Xn I-
b-dn-°nS-∂p F-∂m-Wv hn-fn-s®-gp-t∂-ev]n-®-t∏mƒ
A-t±-lw ]-d-™-Xv.9 lm¬-tU-\v Ah-[nZn-h-k-sa-
∂p ]-d-™m¬ tIm¨hm-fn¬ sN-∂v J-\n-sØm-
gn-em-fn-I-fn-se sIm-°-∏p-gp _m-[-sb-°p-dn®p ]Tn-
°m-\p-≈ k-a-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Sn.F-®v. l-Iv-ken-bp-
sS t\m-h-en-kv‰mb sN-dp-a-I≥ B¬U-kv l-Iv-
ken Ip-d-®p-Im-ew lm¬-tU∑m-tcm-sSm-∏w I-gn-
™n-cp∂p. A-t±-lØns‚ "t]m-bn‚ v Iu-
≠¿t]m-bn‚ v' F∂ t\mhen-se F-tUz¿-Uv
Sm‚a-≠v F-∂ I-Ym-]m{Xw lm¬-tUs‚ G-d-°p-
sd {Iq-c-am-b lm-kym-\p-I-c-W-am-Wv.
B-g-Øn¬\n-∂p-b-cp-∂ ssU-h¿-am¿ "s_≥-Uv-

kv' H-gn-hm-°-W-sa¶n¬ C-S-bv-°v F-{X-t\-cw hn-
{i-an-°-W-sa-∂p I-s≠-Ønb-Xv lm¬-tU\mWv.10
]-t£, A-t±-lw A-hn-sS \n¿-Øm-sX i-co-c-im-
kv-{X-Øn-s‚ hnhn[ ta-J-e-I-fn-te°p IS-∂psN-
∂p. ]¿-hXm-tcm-l-I¿-°v D-b-c-ßfn-se-Øp-tºm-g-
\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂ A-kz-ÿ-X-Ifpw a-cp-`q-an-bn-se k-
©m-cnIƒ-°p-≠m-Ip-∂ kq-cym-Lm-Xhpw ]T-\hn-
t[-b-am°n. hn-j-hm-X-I-ßƒ a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-ep-
≠m-°p-∂ am-‰-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p a-s‰m-cp {]n-b hn-
jbw. Im¿-_¨ tam-tWmIv-ssk-Uv tNm¿-® J-\n-
sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS a-c-WØn-\p Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂-
sX-ß-s\-sb-∂p Ir-Xy-ambn I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥
At±lw, B hn-j-hmX-Iw Aev-]m-ev-]w iz-kn-
®n-´v kz-¥w c-‡-sa-SpØp ]cn-tim-[n®p-sIm-≠n-
cp∂p. c-‡-Øn¬ Im¿-_¨ tam-tWmIv-ssk-
Uns‚ A-f-hv 56 i-X-am-\-Øn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ,11 \n-
b-{¥Ww hn-´p X-f¿-∂p ho-gpsa-∂ L-´-Øn¬ am-
{X-am-W-t±-lw \n¿-Øn-b-Xv. Aev-]wIq-Sn-bI-Øp
sN∂m-¬ A]-I-S-amhp-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv ssU-hn-
ßn-s‚ N-cn{Xw hn-h-cn°p-∂ "Ãm¿-kv _n-\o-Øv Z
ko' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ s{S-h¿ t\m¿-´≥ ]-d-bp-
∂Xv.
lm¬-tU-\n-s‚ a-I≥ Pm-°v H-cp _m-e-{]Xn-`X-

s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv sP._n.F-kv. F-∂ t]-
cn¬ {]-i-kv-X\m-b Pm-°v Ip-ń-°me-ØpX-s∂
A—-s‚ K-th-j-W-ß-fn¬ Xm¬-]-cy-sa-Sp-Øp.
aq∂mw h-b- n¬ B _me≥ A-—-t\m-Sv "AXv Hm-
Iv-knlo-tam-t•m-_n\m-tWm Im¿-t_m-Iv-kn-lo-tam-
t•m_n\mtWm' F-∂p tNm-Zn-°p∂-Xp tI-´-h-
cp≠v.12 Ip-ń-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Pm-°v A—-s\ K-
th-j-W-ß-fn¬ k-lm-bn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. Iu-am-c-
{]m-bsa-Øn-b-t∏m-tg--°v A-—\pw a-I\pw tN¿-∂v
hm-X-I-ßfpw Kymkv am-kv-Ip-Ifpw ]-co-£n-°m≥
Xp-Sßn, hm-X-I-ßƒ- iz-kn-®v A-t_m-[mhÿ-bn-
se-Øm≥ F-{X k-a-b-sa-Sp-°p-sa-∂p I-s≠Øn.
im-kv-{X-_n-cp-Z-sam-∂p-an√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw (Hm-
Iv-kv-^-Un¬ A-t±-lw ]Tn®-Xv ¢m n-°p-I-fmWv)
sP._n.F-kv. lm¬-tU≥ kz-¥w \n-ebvs°mcp
im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn¬ k¿-
°m-dn-\p th≠nØ-s∂ K-th-j-W-ßƒ \-SØn.
Po-hn-Xw ap-gph≥ _u≤n-I H-fnºy∑m-cp-sS IqsS
sN-e-hn-´ Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ ]o-‰¿ sa-U-h¿ ]-
d™Xv Xm≥ I-≠n-´p-≈-Xn¬ G-‰hpw _p-≤n-im-
enbm-b a-\p-jy-\m-Wv lm¬-tU≥ F-∂mWv.13
"B‚n-Iv tl' F∂ t\m-h-en¬ sP._n.F-kv.
lm¬-tU-\ns‚ lm-kym-\p-I-c-W-hpw l-Iv-ken
A-h-X-cn-∏n®p. A-tX l-Iv-ken "t{_hv \yq
thƒUv' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xv a-\p-jy-\n¬ P\n-X-I hy-Xn-bm-\w h-cp-Øp-
∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ lm¬-tU-\n-s‚ B-ibam-Wv.
Um¿-hn-s‚ ]-cnWm-akn-≤m-¥-sØbpw {Kn-K¿
sa≥-U-en-s‚ P\n-X-IX-Øz-ß-sfbpw kw-tbm-Pn-
∏n-®v tam-tU¨ kn-¥-kn-kv F-∂-dnbs∏-Sp-∂ ]T-
\-im-J-bv-°p cq-]w\¬-In-b-Xm-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚
hen-b kw`m-h-\-Ifn-sem∂v.
H∂mw tem-I-bp-≤w "c-kn-I≥ A-\p-`-h-am-bn-'°-

≠ A-]q¿-hw hy‡nIfn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p sIm-®p
lm¬-tU≥.14 a-\p-jy-sc sIm√m≥ Ahkcw e-
`n-°p∂-Xv Xm≥ B-kz-Zn-®-Xm-bn A-t±-lw k-Ω-
Xn-®n-´p-≠v. bp-≤-Øn¬ c-≠p X-h-W lm¬-tU-\v
]-cn-t°¬-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. bp-≤w Ign™-t∏mƒ
A-t±-lw P-\-{]n-b im-kv-{X-{]-Nm-c-I-\m-bn amdn.
23 ]p-kv-X-Iß-sf-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠-t±lw; \m\q-tdm-fw
im-kv-{X{]-_-‘-ß-fpw. C-t∏mgpw ck-I-c-am-bn
hm-bn®p-t]m-Im-hp-∂ hn-⁄m-\{]-Zam-b ]p-kv-X-I-
ß-fm-Wv Ah-sb√mw. ]-eXpw C-t∏mƒ I-≠p-In-
´m≥ {]-bm-k-am-sW-∂p am-{Xw. imkv-{X-Im-c-s\-
∂Xn-s\m-∏w am¿-Iv-kn-Ãp-am-bn-cp-∂p lm¬-tU≥.
hy-hÿ-n-Xnsb F-Xn¿-°p-I-sb∂ tNm-Z-\-bm-em-
Wv lm¬-tU≥ am¿-Iv-kn-kv‰mb-sX∂pw tkm-hnb-
‰v bq-Wn-b-\n-em-bn-cp-∂p P-\n-®-sX-¶n¬ A-t±-lw
cmP]-£-Øm-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂pw ]-d-bm-dp≠v.
G-Xm-bmepw I-ayq-Wn-Ãv ]-{Xam-b "sU-bv-en h¿-
°-dn-'em-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ an-° te-J-\-ßfpw
B-Zyw A-®-Sn-®p h-∂Xv. J-\n-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS
{]-iv-\-ß-fnepw hn-j_m[-bn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p A-—≥
lm¬-tU-\v Xm¬-]-cy-sa-¶n¬ aI-≥ {i-≤ tI{μo
I-cn®-Xv ap-ßn-°-∏-ep-I-sfbpw ssU-h¿-am-scbpw
I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-se A-kzmÿy-ß-fn¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-emWv. \m-hn-I-tk-\-bp-sS ^-≠p]-tbm-
Kn-®v A-t±-lw "a¿-±t]S-Iw' F-∂p hn-fn-°m-hp-∂
H-cp-]-I-c-W-ap≠m°n. aq-∂p t]-sc A-I-Øp IS-
Øn hm-bp-\n-_-≤-am-b-S-bv-°m-hp∂ tem-l-s∏-ń-
bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. F-∂n-´h-sc A-]-I-S-I-chpw
thZ-\m\n¿-`-chpam-b hnhn-[ ]-co-£-W-ßƒ-°p
hn-t[-b-cm-°n. h-f-≠n-b¿-am¿ Nn-et∏mƒ
a™psh-≈-Øn-en-cp-∂v A-¥-co-£hm-bp iz-kn-
t°-≠nh-cpw. a¿±Øn-se A-Xn-{Zp-X hy-Xn-bm-\-
ßƒ A-\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. H-cp ]-co-£W-Øn¬
A-Xn-a¿-±-Øn¬\n-∂v A-Xn-th-Kw ]p-d-tØ-°p h-cp-
∂ A-hÿ ]-co-£n®-Xv lm¬-tU≥X-s∂-bmWv.
B D-b¿-®-bn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]√v A-S-bv-°m-\p-
]-tbm-Kn-® ]-Zm¿-Y-ßƒ s]m-ń-®n-X-dn. "G-Xp ]-co-
£W-ß-fp-sSbpw A-h-km-\w B-sc-¶nep-sam-s°
tNm-c-sbm-en-∏n-°p-∂p-≠mIpw, A-s√-¶n¬ O¿-±n-
°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw,'15 F-∂m-Wv t\m¿-´≥ F-gp-Xn-bXv.
a¿± t]-S-I-Øn¬\n-∂p i-–w ]p-d-Øp-h-cn√. Np-
h-cn¬ Xńtbm Ip-™p P\mebn-te-°p Ip-dn-s∏-
gp-Xn Im-Wnt®m B-Wv D-≈n-ep-≈-h¿ ]p-d-tØ-°v
hn-h-cw ssI-am-dn-bn-cp-∂Xv.
A-an-Xam-b A-f-hn¬ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ iz-kn-®v A-Xn-

s‚ Ip-g-∏-ßƒ a-\ n-em-°m≥ {i-an-® lm¬-tU≥
H-cn-°¬ A-]-kv-am-c-anfin, \-s´√n-s‚ I-ti-cp-
°ƒ s]m-ń-. an-° ]-co-£-W-ß-fnepw izm-k-tIm-
i-Øn-\v B-LmX-"km[m16ta¬-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]-e-
t∏m-gpw sN-hn-bp-sS ]m-S-bv-°p Xp-f ho-gpw.c-WK-
Xn-bn¬ Zzm-cw kz-bw A-S-bpw, A-ß-s\-
bS™ns√-¶n¬ ]p-I-h-en°p-tºmƒ sN-hn-bn-eq-
sS ]p-I-hn-Smw. AX-{X tam-iw Im-cy-a√.' F-
∂mWv lm¬-tU≥ C-tX-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xn-bXv.
im-kv-{X-Øn-\pth-≠n A-]-I-S-I-cam-b ]-co-£-

W-ßƒ-°p kz-bw hnt[-b-\m-Im≥ X-øm-dm-bn-cp-
∂ lm¬-tU-\v D-‰-_-‘p-°-sfbpw k-l{]-h¿-Ø-
I-sc-bpw A-Xn-te-°p \-bn-°m-\pw a-Snbn√m-bn-
cp∂p. B-g-Ønte°n-d-ßp-\-Xn-s‚ ]-co-£-W-Øn-
\n-S-bn¬ H-cn-°¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ `m-cybv-°v A-
]-kv-am-cw h∂p. ]-Xn-aq∂p an-\n-‰v \o-≠p-\n∂p,
AXv. X-d-bn¬°nS-∂p ]n-S-™ `m-cy-sb F-gp-
t∂¬-]n-®p \n¿-Øn, `£-Ww ]m-Iw sNøm≥ A-
Sp-°-f-bn-te-°p hn-Sp-I-bm-Wv lm¬-tU≥ sN-bv-
XXv. A-Sp-Øp In-´p-∂ B-scbpw ]-co-£-W-ßƒ-
°p hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚
{]n-bhn-t\mZw. H-cn-°¬ kv-s]-bn-\n-se ap≥ {]-[m-
\-a-{¥n- bp-hm≥ s\{Kns\-bmWp In-ń-b-Xv. sNdn-
sbm-cn-°n-fnbpw Np-≠n¬ ]p-fn∏pw tXm-∂n-sb∂m-
Wv tUm. s\-{Kn≥ ]-co-£WsØ-°p-dn-®p ]-d-
™Xv. `m-Ky-Øn\v th-sd A-]I-S-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-
bn√. Hm-Iv-knP-s‚ Af-hp Ipd-®p Ip-d-®v sIm-
≠ph∂v \-SØn-b k-am-\am-b a-s‰m-cp ]-co-£-W-
Øn-\p hn-t[-b\mb lm¬-tU-\v B-dp h¿-j-tØ-
°v \n-Xw-_-Øn-s‚bpw \-s´√n-s‚ A-Sn-`mKØn-
s‚bpw kv-]¿-i-\ti-jn \-„-ambn.17
ss\-{S-P≥ e-l-cn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-t\z-j-W-am-

bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øns‚ {]n-b-hn-j-b-ßfn-sem-∂v.
ap∏-Xp ao-‰-dn-te-sd Xm-tg-°p t]m-Ip-tºmƒ ss\{S-
P≥ Xo-£v-Wam-b e-l-cn-bp-≠m-°p-sa-∂v t\c-
tØ A-dn-bm-am-bncp∂p. ]-t£-, A-Xns‚ Imc-Ww
C-t∏mgpw ]q¿-W-am-b-dn-bn-√-. Cu elcnbn¬ Nn-
e-t∏mƒ ssU-h¿-am¿ hm-bp-\¬-Ip-∂ Ip-g-eq-cn ao-
\p-Iƒ-°p \¬Ipw. H-∂p ]p-I-h-en-°m-sa-∂p I-cp-
Xn am-kvIv Du-cm≥ {i-an-°pw. Nnet∏mg-Xv {`-am-
fl-Iam-b A-h-ÿ-bn-te-s°-Øpw.18 Cu ]-co-£-
W-Øn-\p hn-t[-b-cm-Ip-∂-h¿ hn-jm-Z-Øn\pw D∑m-
Z-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ k-©-cn-°p-sa-∂v lm¬-tU≥ F-
gp-Xn-. "`-b-¶-cam-b A-kzmÿyw tXm-∂p-∂Xp-sIm-
≠v ]pdsØ-Sp-°m≥ B-h-iy-s∏-´ h-f-≠n-b¿X-
s∂ A-Sp-Ø \n-an-jw D-tØ-Pn-X\mbn k-l-{]-
h¿-ØI-s‚ ]-co-£-W-ß-fn-en-S-s]-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.'
]-co-£WØn\p hn-t[-b-\m-Ip-∂-bm-fp-sS _u≤n-
Ihy-Xn-bm-\-a-f-°m≥ H-cpimkv{X-⁄\pw t]-S-I-
Øn¬ I-S-°pw. F-∂n-´v e-fn-Xam-b Nn-e K-Wn-
Xim-kv{X{In-b-Iƒ sN-øn-°pw. ]-t£, Ip-td-°-gn-
bp-tºm-ƒ ]-co-£-I\pw e-l-cn-°-Sn-a-s∏-Spw.19 tÃm-
∏v hm-®v A-a¿-Øm≥-t]mepw a-d∂p-t]m-Ipw.
ss\{S-P≥ e-l-cn-°p-≈ Im-c-W-sa-s¥∂-Xv C-
t∏mgpw \n-Kq-V-amWv. aZye-l-cn-t]m-se-X-s∂-bm-
W-sX-∂m-Wv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬ F¥p
sIm≠Xp kw-`-hn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bn√.20 A-sX-¥m-
bmepw A-Xn-kq-£vaXtbm-sS-b√msX D-]-cn-X-e-
Øn¬\n-∂-I-ep-∂-Xv A-]-I-S-am-tb-°p-sa-∂-Xm-Wv
\Ωƒ a-\- n-em-t°-≠ Im-cyw.
C-hn-sS\n-∂v- C\n BZyw ]-d-™ Im-cy-Øn-te--

°v Xn-cn®p-t]mImw. Poh\p ]‰n-b G-I ÿ-e-am-
Wv `q-an-sb-¶nepw C-hn-sS Po-hn-°p-I-sb∂-Xv A-
{X F-fp-∏-ap-≈ Im-cy-a√. Cu `q-an-bn¬ \-ap-°v
\n¬-°m≥ ]-‰p-∂ D-d-® ÿew Ip-d-t®-bp≈q. A-
Xn¬Ø-s∂ hen-sbm-cp `m-K-Øv k-ln-°m≥ ]-
‰m-Ø Nq-SmWv. A-s√-¶n¬ A-k-lyam-b X-Wp-
∏mWv. Nn-e-bnSØp sN¶p-Ømb I-b-‰-amWv, a-‰n-
S-ß-fn¬ Ip-Ø-s\-bp-≈ C-d°w. C-hnsS-sbm-∂pw
I-gnbm≥ \-ap-°p ]-‰n√. \-Ωp-sS Ipg-∏wX-s∂-
bm-W-Xv. km-l-N-cy-ß-tfm-SnW-ßn-t®¿-∂p I-gn-bp-
∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ hf-sc tam-i-am-Wp a-\-p-jy≥.
A[nIw Nq-Sp-≈ ÿ-e-ßƒ \-ap-°n-„a√. \-∂m-
bn hn-b¿-Øp P-emw-iw \-„-am-Ip-∂Xp-sIm-≠v kq-
cym-Lm-Xw F-fp∏w h-cpw. Nq-Sp-≈ a-cp-`q-an-bn¬
sh-≈-an√m-sX \-S-∂m¬ an-°-hcpw G-sg-´p a-Wn-
°qdp-sIm-≠v A-Sn-]Xdn ho-gpw. Nn-e-t∏mƒ ]n∂o-
sSm-cn-°epw F-gp-t∂¬-°m-\m-sb-∂p h-cn√.
XWp∏n-s‚ Im-cy-hp-a-ß-s\Xs∂. a-s‰√m k-kv-
X\n-I-sfbpwt]m-se Nq-SpXv]mZn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬
tam-ia√, a-\p-jy-cpw. F-∂m¬ A-Xp kq-£n-®ph-
bv°m≥ ]‰nb tcm-a-Ih-Nw \-ap-°n√. A-{X ITn-
\-a√m-Ø Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬-t]mepw `-£-W-Øn-eq-
sS-bI-Øp sN√p-∂ I-tem-dn-bn¬ ]-Ip-Xnbpw \m-
sa-cn-®p I-f-bp∂-Xv i-co-c-Øn-se Nq-Sp \n-e-\n¿-
Øm-\mWv.21 hkv-{X-ß-fpw ]m¿∏nSku-I-cy-ß-fp-
sa√m-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]-cn-an-XnIsf Hcp ]-cn-[nh-
sc a-dnI-S-°m≥ \-ap-°m-hp-sa∂-Xp i-cn-Xs∂. F-
¶nepw `qan-bn¬ \-ap-°p Xmakn-°m≥ ]‰n-b ÿ-
ew hf-sc Ip-d-hmWv.22 I-c-bp-sS 12 i-X-am-\w.
ISepw Iq-Sn-sb-Sp-Øm¬ sam-Øw `q-hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-
sS \m-ep iX-am-\w am-{Xw.
F-¶nepw Cu {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂

a-‰p `m-K-ßƒIq-Sn I-W-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ, `q-an-
bn¬ Xm-a-kn-°m-hp-∂ ÿ-ew C-{Xbpw Ipdhm-
Wt√m F∂√, Po-hn-°m-hp-∂ ÿ-ew C-Øn-cn-sb-
¶n-ep-ap-≈ C-ßs\-
sbm-cp {K-lw I-s≠-Øm-\m-bt√m F-∂ B-

izm-k-am-Wp tXm-∂p-I. kucbq-Y-Øn-se a-‰p {K-
lß-sf-sb-SpØp-t\m-°n-bm¬, A-s√-¶n¬ `q-an-
bpsSXs∂ ]-g-b Im-e-sa-Sp-Øp t\m-°n-bm¬ a-
\- n-em-Ipw C-∂-sØbo lcnX`q-an Poh-\v F-{X-
am{Xw A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW∂v.
ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-\p ]p-d-Øv {]-]-©-Øn¬ D-s≠-

∂p I-cp-Xp-∂ B-bncw tIm-Sn e-£w tIm-Sn {K-l-
ß-fn¬ H-sc-gp-]-sXÆ-ta im-kv{X-tem-I-Øn\v C-
Xph-sc I-s≠-Øm-\m-bp≈q. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂
C-tX∏-‰n B-[n-Imcn-I-am-bn hn-[n-Iev-]n°m-
s\m∂pw \-ap-°m-hn√, F-¶nepw ]-dbmw Poh\v \n-
e-\n¬-°m≥ ]‰n-b H-cp {K-lw In-´p-I-sb-∂p ]-d-
™m¬ A-]q¿-h`mKyw X-s∂-bm-Wv.- D-b¿-∂ t{i-
Wn-bn-ep-≈ Po-hn-I-fp-sS Imcyw h-cp-tºmƒ \ne-
\nev-]n-\p-≈ km-l-N-cyw H-Øp-h-cm-\p-≈ {]-bm-k-
hp-ap-b-cpw. `q-anbn¬ Po-h-\p-≠m-Im≥ h-gn-h® C-cp-
]-Øn-\m-temfw L-S-I-ßƒ hnhn-[ \nco-£-I¿ ap-
t∂m-´p-h-®n-´p≠v. \-ap-°-sXm-∂p-Iq-Sn A-cn-®p s]-
dp-°n {][m\-s∏´ \m-se-Æ-am-°n Ipd-®v N¿-®-
bvs°-Sp-°mw.
DØa-ÿm-\w: BZy-tØ-Xm-Wn-Xv. A\p-tbm-

Pyam-b \-£-{X-Øn¬-\n∂v A\p-tbm-Pyam-b A-
I-e-Øn-em-Wp -\mw. B-h-iy-Øn\v Du¿-÷w hn-
IncWw sN-øm≥-am{Xw h-en-∏-ap-≈, F-∂m¬ F-
fp-∏-Øn¬ F-cn-™p-Xo¿∂p
t]m-Im≥ am{Xw h-en-∏-an√m-Ø \-£-{X-am-Wv

\-Ωp-sS kq-cy≥. h-en-∏w IqSpwtXmdpw \-£{Xw
F-cn-™-S-ßp-∂-Xn-s‚ th-Khpw Iq-Sp-sa-∂-Xv ù-
Xn-IØn-se Iu-Xp-I-ßfn-sem-∂mWv. kq-cy-\v C-
t∏m-gp-≈-Xnepw ]-Ønc-ń hen-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ B-bn-cw tIm-Sn h¿-j-w I-Øn-\n¬-°p-∂-Xn-
\p ]I-cw A-Xv H-cp tIm-Sn h¿-jwsIm-≠v F-
cn-™pXo-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.23 AXmbXv C-t∏mƒ \-Ω-
fn-hn-sS-bp-≠m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F-∂¿-Yw. `q-an-bp-sS
{àW]-Yw Aev-]w hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw
\-ap-°n-hn-sS Po-hn-°m-\m-hn√mbn-cp-∂p. kqcy-t\m-
Sv Ip-td-°q-Sn A-Sp-Øm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ `q-an B-hn-
bm-bnt∏m-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ip-td-°q-Sn A-I-se-bm-bn-
cp-s∂-¶n¬ X-Wp-Øp-d-™p t]m-Ipam-bn-cp∂p.
`q-an-bp-sS {`-a-W-]-Y-sØ- Poh-s‚ \n-e-\nev]p-

am-bn _-‘n-∏n-®v ssa°¬ lm¿-Sv F-∂ J-tKm-
f -ùXn-I im-kv-{X-⁄≥ 1978˛¬ H-cp I-W-°-
h-X-cn∏n®p. C-t∏m-gp-≈-Xn¬\n-∂v H-cp- i-X-am-\w
A-I-te-t°m A-©p i-X-am\w A-Sp-tØt°m am-
dn-bm-bn-cp-∂p {`-a-W-]-Y-sa-¶n¬ `q-an-bn¬ Poh\v
\ne\n¬-°m≥ ]-‰n√m-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv A-t±-lw I-
s≠-Øn-b-Xv. Nn-e ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ h-cpØn Cu
IW-°v H-∂pIq-Sn D-Zm-c-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v ]n-∂oSv. 5 -i-
X-am-\w A-Sp-tØ-t°m 15 i-X-am-\w A-I-te-t°m
\o-ßn-bn-cp-s∂¶n¬ C-hn-sS Po-hn-Xw km-[y-am-
In√m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv ]pXn-b IW°v.
At∏mgpw t\cn-sbm-cp No-fp-am-{X-amWo `mKw.*
* sb-t√m-kv-t‰m-Wn-se Xn-f-bv-°p-∂ sN-fn-°p-

≠n-epw AXp-t]m-ep-≈ ITn-\ km-l-N-cy-ß-fnepw
Ign-bp-∂ Po-hnI-sf I-s≠-Øn-b-tXm-sS im-kv-{X-
⁄¿ Poh-\p \n-e-\n¬-°m≥th-≠n-bp-≈ kml-
N-cy-ß-fp-sS am-\-Z-fi-Øn¬ Cf-hp h-cp-Øm≥ X-
øm-dm-bn-´p≠v. CØ-cw Po-hn-Iƒ-°p kqcy-t\mSp
Ip-td-°q-Sn- A-I-t∂m A-Sp-tØm Po-hn-°mw. th-W-
sa-¶n¬ πq-t´m-bp-sS a-™p-I-h-N-Øn-\p-≈nepw I-
gn-bmw. AØ-cw Po-hn-I-sf-°p-dn®√, Ip-td-°q-Sn D-
b¿-∂ t{i-Wn-bn-ep-≈, k-¶o¿-WL-S-\-bp-≈ I-c-
Po-hn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bm-Wv \m-an-hn-sS N¿-®sN-øp-∂Xv.
- F-{X-am{Xw t\-cn-b-Xm-Wn-sX-∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥

ip-{I-s\- t\m-°pI. \-sΩ-°mƒ c-≠-c-t°m-Sn In-
tem-ao-‰¿ am{Xw A-Sp-∏-ta-bp-≈q, ip-{I-\v kq-cy-\p-
ambn. kqcy-{]-Im-iw `q-an-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xn-\v c-≠p
an-\n-‰v- ap-ºp am-{X-am-Wv ip-{I-\n-se-Øp-∂Xv.24 h-
en-∏-Ønepw L-S-\-bn-ep-sa√mw GXm≠v `q-an-sb-
t∏m-se-bm-Wv ip-{I≥. {`-a-W-]-Y-Ønse Cu sN-
dn-b hy-Xym-k-am-Wv ip-{I\pw `q-anbpw X-Ωn¬ C-
∂-sØ-bo hy-Xym-k-sa√m-ap-≠m-°nbXv. B-Zy-
Ime-Øv `q-anbpw ip-{I\pw X-Ωn¬ Xm-]-\n-e-bp-
sS Im-cy-Øn¬ sNdn-b hy-Xymk-ta D-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p-≈q F-∂m-Wv I-cp-X-s∏Sp-∂Xv.25 A∂v ip-{I-
\n¬ k-ap-{Z-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw I-cp-Xp-∂-h-
cp≠v. F-∂m¬ Xm]-\n-e-bnse Cu sNdn-b hy-
Xym-kw Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬ h-enb am-‰-ap≠m°n. D-
]-cn-X-e-Pe-sØ ]n-Sn-®p-\n¿-Øm≥ ip-{I-\p I-gn-
™n√. _mjv]am-bn-t∏m-b sh-≈-Øn-se ssl-
{U-P≥ B-‰w _-ln-cm-Im-i-tØ-°p c£-s∏-´p. Hm-
Iv-kn-P≥ Im¿-_-Wp-am-bn tN¿-∂v l-cn-XKr-lhm-
X-Iam-b Im¿-_¨ U-tbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ I-ń-b-¥-
co-£-ap-≠m-°n. ip-{I-\v izmkwap-´m≥ Xp-S-ßn. ip-
{I-\n-se A-¥-co-£-Øn-\p≈n¬ G-sX-¶nepw Xc-
Ønep-≈ Po-h≥ I-s≠-Øm-\m-Ip-sa-∂v, H-cp]-
t£ D-jv-W-taJ-emk-kyßƒt]mepw I-t≠-°p-
sa-∂v H-cp-Ime-Øv tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄¿ {]-
Xo£ ]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xm-bn F-s‚ {]m-b-ap-
≈h¿ Hm¿-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. F-∂m¬ \-ap-°pƒ-
s°m-≈m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ Po-hn-I-ƒ-
s°m∂pw A-hnsS \n-e-\n¬-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂v C-∂p
\-ap-°-dn-bmw. ip-{I-s‚ D-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Du-jv-am-
hv 470 Un{Kn sk¬jy-kmWv. Im-cob-sØ D-cp-
°m≥t]m-∂ NqSm-WXv; A-¥-co-£a¿-±w `q-an-bn-
te-Xn-s‚ sXm-Æq-dn-c-ń-bpw.26 H-cp a-\p-jy\pw Xm-
ßm-\m-hn√ CXv. Cu A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ sN-∂n-
d-ßm-\p-≈ _ln-cmIm-i-h-kv-{X-ap-≠m-°m≥ \-ap-
°m-hn√, A-Xn-\p ]‰n-b _-ln-cmIm-it]-SI-hp-
an√. ip-{Is‚ D-]-cn-X-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p \-ap-°p-≈
[mc-W, hnZq-c-Xbn¬\n-∂p-≈ Nn-e d-Um¿ Nn-{X-
ß-fpw 1972˛¬ tkm-hn-b-‰v bq-Wn-b≥ -hnt£-]n-®
H-cp B-fn√m-hm-l-\-Øn¬\n-∂p e-`n-® kn-Kv\-ep-
I-sf-bpw B{ibn-®p-≈-XmWv. ip-{I\n¬ sN-∂nd-
ßn hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-°m-sa-∂ {]Xo£-tbm-sS
hn-t£-]n® B t]S-Iw A-hnS-sØ A-¥-co-£-
Øn¬ sN∂n - dßn H-cp- a-Wn-°q-dn\-Iw {]-h¿-
Ø-\c-ln-X-ambn. kq-cy-\n-te-°v c-≠p{]Im-i-an-\n-
‰v A-Sp-sØ-Øp-tºmg-sØ Im-cy-am-WXv. A-I-te-
°p t]mIptºmƒ Nq-Sn-s‚ ÿm\-Øv X-Wp-∏p
{]-iv-\-am-Ipw. A-Xn-\p km-£y-amWv sNm-Δ. H-cp
Ime-Øv F{X-tbm \√ A-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn°-
Ww A-Xn¬. ]t£, {]-tbm-P-\-{]-Zam-sbm-cp A-
¥-co-£w \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥ A-Xn-\m-bn√. A-ß-
s\b-Xv X-Wp-Øp-d-s™m-cp ]m-gv-{K-l-ambn.
C-∏-d-™Xp-sIm-≠v ÿm-\w am-{X-am-Wv Im-cy-

sa-∂p [-cn-°-cpXv. kqcy\n¬\n-∂p-≈ AI-ew
am{Xw i-cn-bm-bm¬ a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ N-{μ-
\n¬ sImSp¶m-Sp-≠m-I-W-am-bn-cp∂p. ]-t£, A-
X√ ÿn-Xn. A-t∏mƒ Po-h≥ \n-e-\n¬-°-W-sa-
¶n¬ a-s‰m-∂p-Iq-Sn thWw.
D-Xv-Ir„{Klw: `q-an-bn-se A-\p-{K-l-ß-sf∏-‰n

]-d-bp-tºmƒ D-cp-InØn-f-bv-°p-s∂m-cp A-I-°m-ºn-
s\ ù-a-im-kv-{X-⁄¿t]mepw A-°q-´Øn¬s]-
Sp-Øp-sa-∂p tXm-∂p-∂n√. ]-t£, k-Xy-a-XmWv.
`q-an-bp-sS Dƒ`m-Kw Cß-s\ D-cp-In-Ønf-®p In-S-
°p-I-b√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ C-hn-sS Po-h\p-≠m-Ip-am-
bn-cp-∂n√. D-cp-In-Øn-f-bv-°p-∂ A-I-°m-ºn¬ \n-
∂p-b¿-∂ hmX-I-ß-fm-Wv \-Ωp-sS A-¥-co-£-ap-
≠m-°n-b-Xv. A-]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifm-b tImkv-an-Iv hn-In-
c-Wß-sf sN-dp-°p-∂ Im-¥nI-a-fi-e-ap-≠m-Im≥
ImcWhp-a-Xp-Xs∂. Np-fn-hp-Ifpw sRm-dp-°p-I-fp-
an-´v `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-Xe-sØ A-Sn°-Sn ]p-Xp-°n-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ ^-e-I-Ne-\w \-ap-°p X-∂Xpw
Cu A-I-°m-ºn-s‚ {Z-h-mh-ÿ-bmWv. I-b-‰n-d-°-
ß-fn√m-sX an-\p-Ø-Xm-bncp-∂p `q-an-sb-¶n¬ C-
t∏mƒ I-S-en-ep-≈- sh-≈w F√m-bn-SØpw ]-c-
°pam-bn-cp∂p. A-t∏mƒ `q-an-bn-e-tßm-f-an-tßm-fw
\m-ep In-tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬ sh-≈-ap-≠m-Ip-am-
bn-cp∂p. B sh-≈-Øn¬ Po-hn-I-fp-≠m-Ip-ambn-
cp∂ncn-°pw, ]-t£ Xo¿-®-bmbpw `q-an-bn¬ ^pSv-
t_mƒ a-’-c-ap-≠mhn√m-bn-cp∂p.
Aß-s\ ]-ehn-[ {]-tbm-P-\-ßƒ \¬-Ip-∂ H-

cp A-I-°m-ºp am{Xa√, ]p-dw-]m-fnbpw t{i-jvT-
amWv. \-ap-°m-h-iy-ap-≈ aq-e-Ißƒ-sIm-≠mWv \-
Ωp-sS `q-an \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A\p-tbm-Pyam-b
aq-e-I-ßƒ A\p-tbmPyam-b A-\p-]m-X-Øn¬
tN¿-∂m-Wv `q-an-bp-≠m-b-sX-∂¿-Yw. \-Ωp-sS t£-
a-Øn¬ kp-{][m-\ ÿm-\-ap-≠v C-Xn-\pw. ssh-
Im-sX hn-i-Z-am-bnØs∂ \m-a-Xp N¿-® sN-øpw.
A-Xn-\pap-ºv a-‰p c-≠p L-S-I-ß-sf∏-‰n°q-Sn
]dbm\p-≠v. km-[m-c-W Bcpw {i-≤n-°m-Ø Im-
cy-amI-s´ A-Xn-em-Zyw.
\-ΩptSXv- Hcp C-c-´{K-l-amWv: \-Ωp-sS N-{μ-
s\ an°hcpw `q-an-bp-sS Iq´p{K-l-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-
°m-dn√. F-∂m¬ ^-e-Øn¬ A-Xv A-ß-s\-
bmWv. ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se an-° N-{μ-∑mcpw am-Xr-
{K-l-hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øptºmƒ \-t∂ sN-
dp-XmWv. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v sNm-Δ-bp-sS D-]-{K-l-
ß-fmb t^m-t_m-kn-\pw sUbv-tam-kn\pw tIh-
ew ]-Øp In-tem-ao-‰-tdm-f-ta-bp≈q hymkw. F-
∂m¬ \-Ωp-sS N-{μ-\v `q-an-bp-sS \men-sem-∂n-te-
sd hym-kap≠v. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ {K-l-hp-am-bn
Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-tºmƒ hen-b D-]-{K-lap-≈ G-I
{K-lw F-∂ ]Z-hn \-Ωp-sS `q-an-°p In-´p∂p. hf-
sc henb hy-Xym-k-am-WXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.
N-{μ-s‚ Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W-an√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ I-
d-ßn-Øo-cm≥ t]mIp∂ ]º-cwt]m-se `q-an B-
Sn-bp-e-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. C-hnS-sØ Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬
AsX-¥p am-‰ß-fp≠m-°p-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂v Du-ln-
°m≥t]mepw ]-‰n√. N{μs‚ kpÿn-c Kp-cp-Xzm-
I¿-j-W_-e-am-Wv Poh-s‚ D-Zv-`-h-Øn\pw hn-Im-
kØn\pw ]-cym-]v-Xam-b co-Xn-bn¬ Ir-Xy-am-b th-
K-Ønepw tIm-Wn-epw Idßm≥ `q-ansb k-lm-bn-
°p-∂-Xv. F-∂men-Xv F√m Im-eØpw A-ßs\X-
s∂ Xp-S-cp-sa-∂p I-cp-X-cpXv. N-{μ≥ \-Ωp-sS ]n-Sn-
bn¬\n-∂v h-gp-Xnam-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv,27 {]-
Xn-h¿-jw \m-ep sk‚o-ao-‰¿ F∂ tXmXn¬. A-Sp-
Ø C-cp-∂q-dp tIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ-°p-≈n¬ A-Xv A-
I-∂I∂v `q-an-bpsS I-d°-sØ kzm-[o-\n-°m-\m-
Im-Ø hn-[-Øn-se-Øpw. A-∂v `qansb ÿn-c-am-
°n \n¿-Øm≥ \-Ωƒ th-sd h-gn I-s≠-tØ-≠nh-
cpw. G-Xmbmepw A-Xph-sc B-Im-i-Øn-se a-t\m-
lctKm-f-sa-∂-Xn-\-∏p-d-sØm-cp {]m-[m\yw N-{μ-
\p-s≠-∂p k-Ω-Xn-t® Xocq.
N-{μ-s‚ D-Zv-`-h-sØ∏-‰n A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ ]-e-Xp-

≠m-bn-cp∂p. N-{μ\pw `q-anbpw H-cp-an-®p-≠m-sb-∂-
Xm-Wv H-c-`n-{]mbw. H-gp-In \o-ßn-t∏m-hp-I-bmbn-cp-
∂ N-{μ-s\ `q-an ]n-Sn-®-Sp-∏n-®-Xm-sW-∂p a-s‰m-c-`n-
{]mbw. F-∂m¬ `q-an-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv N-μ-\p-≠m-b-
sX-∂m-Wv C-t∏mƒ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. \Ωƒ t\-ctØ
]d-™-t]m-se, 440 tIm-Sn h¿-jw apºv, sNm-Δ-bp-
sS h-en-∏-aps≈m-cp h-kv-Xp `q-an-bn¬ h-∂n-Sn®p.
B C-Sn-bn¬ sX-dn-® I-j-W-ßƒ Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v N-
{μ-\p-≠mbn. G-Xm-bmepw A-Xp \-∂mbn, A-{X
]-≠p \S∂-Xv A-{Xbpw \-∂mbn. A-Xp \-S-∂-
Xv 1896˛tem I-gn-™ _p-[-\m-gvNtbm B-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ A-{X kp-J-I-c-am-hn√m-bn-cp-∂p Im-cyßƒ.
AXpsIm-≠v \-ap-°v \m-ema-sØ, F-∂m¬ G-
‰hpw \n¿-Wm-b-Iam-b Im-cyØn-te-°p I-S-°mw.
IrXyk-a-b-w: kw-`-h-_-lp-ehpw N-©-e-hp-am-

Wo {]-]©w. A-Xn¬ \ΩpsS km-∂n[yw H-c-¤p-
X-am-Wv. tIm-Sn-h¿-jw \o-≠ k-¶ev]m-Xo-Xhpw k-
¶o¿-W-hpam-b kw-`-h-ßƒ C-t∏mƒ kw-`-hn-®-
t]mseX-s∂ kw-`-hn®ncp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \m-an-hn-sS-
bp-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√. D-Zm-l-c-WØn-\v A-∂v
Hcp¬-° ho-Wv ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ- Xp-S-®p-am-‰-s∏-
ń-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ hmepw ao-i-tcm-a-ßfpw G-Xm\pw
sk‚o-ao-‰¿ \o-f-hp-am-bn G-sX-¶nepw am-fØnen-
cp-∂m-tb-s\ H-cp]-t£ \n-ß-fn-Xp hm-bn-°p-I.
`q-an-bn¬ a-\p-jy-s‚ B-hn¿-`m-h-hp-am-bn Xm-c-

Xayw sN-øm-hp-∂ as‰m∂n√m-ØXp-sIm-≠v ]-e-
Im-cy-ßfpw D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm≥ \-ap-°m-hn√,
F¶nepw G-d-°p-sd ]p-tcm-K-an-® Nn-¥m-ti-jn-bp-
≈ Po-hn-h¿-K-am-bn amdWsa-¶n¬ sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw
kw-L¿-j-ß-fpw (lnabp-K-Øn-\v C-Xn¬ henb
]-¶p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp∂Xv) ÿn-c-Xbpw C-
g-tN¿∂ ssZ¿Lytadn-b H-cp irw-J-e-bp-sS A-
hkm-\I-Æn-I-fmI-Ww \n-ßƒ. sh√p-hnfnI-fp-b-
cp-tºmƒØ-s∂ h-en-b A-Xym-]-Øp-Iƒ C√m-Xn-
cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. C-∏-d™-sX√mw ]n-∂n´v Cu
ÿm-\-sØØn-b `m-Ky-hm∑m-cm-Wv \Ωsf-∂v Xp-
S¿-∂p-≈ t]-Pp-I-fn¬\n-∂p hy-‡-am-Ipw.
C-{Xbpw ]-d™p-sIm-≠v \-sΩ \n¿-Ωn-®n-cn-°p-

∂ aq-e-I-ß-fn-te-°p I-S-°mw.
{]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-am-bp-≈ 92 aq-e-I-ß-fm-Wv `q-an-bn-

ep-≈Xv. ]-co-£-W-im-ebnep-≠m°n-b C-cp-]-tXm-
f-sa-Æw th-sd-bpw. C-°q-´-Øn¬ Ip-td-sbÆsØ
\-ap-°v H-c-cp-In-te--°p am-‰n-hbv°mw, \-Ωƒ am-
{Xa√, c-k-X-{¥-⁄cpw Aß-s\ sN-øm-dp≠v. C-
∏-d-™ aq-e-I-ß-fn¬ Ip-td-sb-Æw H´pw A-dn-b-
s∏-Sm-sX In-S-°p-∂-h-bmWv. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v A-
Ãm-kn≥. A-tX-°pdn®p ]T-\-sam∂pw \-S-∂n-t´bn-
s√-∂pX-s∂ ]-d-bmw. AXn-s\mcp t]cp≠v, B-
h¿-Ø-\-∏-ń-I-bn¬ ÿm-\-hp-ap≠v (ta-cn Iyq-dn-bp-
sS s]mtfm-Wn-bØn-\v sXm-´-Sp-Øv) A-{XX-s∂.
A-tX∏-‰n ]T-\-ßƒ \-S-°mØ-Xv imkv{X-⁄-cp-
sS A-ew-`m-hw Imc-W-sam-∂pa√, I-≠p-In-´m-\p-≈
_p-≤n-ap´psIm-≠m-Wv. `q-anbn¬ A-Ãm-kn-s‚ Af-
hv \t∂ Ip-d-hmWv. F-∂m¬ H´pw ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°m-
Ø aqe-Iw A-Ãm-kn-\√,28 {^m≥-kn-b-amWv. `q-
ansb sam-Ø-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ {^m≥-kn-b-Øn-s‚
C-cp-]X-Wpt]m-epw XnI®p≠m-hn√ F-∂m-Wv I-
W°v. {]-Ir-Xn-Z-Øaq-e-I-ß-fn¬ hym-]-I-am-
bp≈Xv ap-∏-sXÆ-ta h-cq. A-Xn¬Ø-s∂ Po-h-
s‚ A-hn-`m-Py-`mKamw-h-Æw {]m[m-\y-ap≈-Xv A-
©m-sdÆ-ta hcq.
`q-an-bn¬ G-‰-hp-a-[n-I-ap-≈ aq-e-Iw Hm-Iv-kn-P-

\m-sW-∂v \nßƒ Duln-®p-ImWpw. `q-h¬-°-Øn-
s‚ A-º-Xp i-X-am-\hpw Hm-Iv-kn-P-\mWv. F-
∂m¬ Hm-Iv-kn-P-≥ I-gn-™m¬ ]n-s∂- Iq-Sp-X-
ep≈-Xv G-sXm-s°-bmsW-∂-t\zjn-®m¬ \n-ß-fp-
sS {]-Xo-£-Iƒ X-In-Sw-a-dn-bpw. c≠mw ÿm\-
Øp≈-Xv kn-en-°-Wm-sW-∂v B-sc-¶n-epw I-cpXp-
tam? ssS-‰m-\n-b-Øn-\v ]Ømw ÿm-\-ap-s≠-∂v
B-sc-¶nepw {]-Xo-£n°p-tam? b-tY-„-ap-
s≠∂Xp-sIm-≠v \-ap°-Xv Nn-c-]-cn-Nn-X-am-I-W-sa-
∂n√, \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øn-eXn-\v D-]-tbm-K-ap-≠m-I-
W-sa-∂p-an√. \-ap-°p hen-b ]-cn-N-b-an√m-Ø
aqeIß-fm-Wv Nn-c-]-cn-Nn-X aq-e-I-ß-sf-°mƒ b-
tY-„-ap-≈Xv. sN-ºn-s\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-ep≈-Xv sk-
dn-b-amWv. sIm-_mƒ-ń-s\-°mfpw ss\-{S-P-s\-°m-
fpw Iq-Sp-X-ep≈-Xv \n-tbm-Un-an-bhpw e-¥m-\-hp-
amWv. sh-fp-Øo-bw B-Zy Aº-sX-Æ-Øn-s‚ ]-ń-
I-bn¬ I-„n I-S-∂p-Iq-Sn-sb-t∂-bp≈q. {]-ko-Un-
anbw, k-ta-cn-bw, Km-tUm-en-\n-bw, Un-kv-t{]m-kn-
bw F-∂n-h-sb√mw shfpØo-b-Øn-\p ap-∂n-emWv.
b-tY-„-ap-s≠-∂Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xv I-s≠-Øm-s\-

fp-∏-am-sW-∂¿-Y-an√. e-`y-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬
\memw ÿm-\-ap-≠v A-ep-an-\n-b-Øn-\v, \-Ωp-sS
Im¬-®p-h-ń-ep-≈ km-[-\-ß-fn¬ ]-Øp i-X-am-
\hpw A-ep-an-\n-b-amWv. F-∂n´pw ]-sØm-ºXmw
\q-‰m-≠n¬ lw{^n tU-hn ]-dbpwh-sc A-
ßs\sbm-∂n-s‚ km-∂n-[y-sØ-°p-dn-®v Bcpw
kw-i-bn-®p-t]m-ep-an√. tU-hnb-Xv I-s≠-Øn-bn-´pw
F{Xtbm Im-ew A-Xy-]q¿-hhpw A-aq-ey-hpamb
aq-e-I-am-bm-Wv A-ep-an-\n-bw I-cp-Xn-t∏m-∂Xv. A-
ta-cn-°-bp-sS k-º¬k-ar-≤n kq-Nn-∏n-°m≥ hm-jn-
Mv-S≥ kv-am-c-I-Øn-\p ap-I-fn¬ tIm¨-{Kkv A-ep-
an-\n-bw ]mfn-sIm-s≠m-cp Xn-f-ßp-∂ h-c h-c®p.
{^m≥-kn-se cm-PIp-Spw-_w sh-≈n-∏m-{X-ßƒ H-gn-
hm°n, hn-e-]n-Sn-® A-ep-an-\n-bw ]m-{Xßƒ D-]-
tbm-Kn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn.29
b-tY-„-ap-s≠∂-Xv {]m-[m-\y-Øn-s‚ kq-N-\-bp-
a√. A-f-hn¬ ]-Xn\-©mw ÿm-\-ta-bp-≈q, Im¿-
_-Wn\v. `q-an-bp-sS ]p-dw-]m-fn-bn¬ sh-dpw 0.048 i-
X-am-\-ta-bp-≈q AXv.30 ]-t£ B Im¿-_-Wn√m-
bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \Ω-fp-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√. \n¿e-
÷w F-¥n-s‚bp-sam-∏w tN-cm-\p-≈ XzcbmWv
Im¿-_-Wn-s\ th¿-Xn-cn-®p-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv. Iq-´wIq-Sn
\-S-°m≥ henb C-„-am-Wv Im¿-_-Wn\v, an-° aq-
e-I-ß-fp-sSbpw ]-c-am-Wp-°-fp-am-bn AXv kJy-
ap-≠m-°pw, kz-¥w A-Wp-°-fp-am-bpw A-ß-
s\Xs∂. F-∂n-´v hfsc I-cp-Øp-‰ X-∑m-{Xm-_-
‘-ap-≠m-°pw. t{]m-ó-\p-Ifpw Un.F≥.F.bp-ap-
≠m°m-\p-≈ {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS X-{¥-am-W-Xv. "Im¿-_-
Wn√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \-ap°p ]-cn-Nn-X-amb Po-h≥
D-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√,31 H-cp]-t£ Po-h≥X-s∂-
bp≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√' F-∂m-Wv t]mƒ tU-hn-kv
]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Im¿_-sW B-{i-bn-®m-Wv \-Ωƒ Po-
hn-°p-∂-sX-¶n-epw \-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Ønepw A-X{X-
b-[n-I-an√. \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn¬\n-∂v 200 ]-c-am-
Wp-°-sf-sb-Sp-Øm¬ A-Xn¬ 126 F-Æw ssl-{U-
P-s‚-bm-Ipw, 51 Hm-Iv-knP≥. sh-dpw 19 F-Æam-Wv
Im¿_¨.32 (_m-°n-bp-≈ \m-se-Æ-Øn¬ aq-s∂-
Æw ss\-{S-P\mWv. A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂ H-∂n-s\-bm-
Wv a-‰p aq-e-I-ß-sf√mwIq-Sn ]-¶ph-®n-cn-°p∂Xv.)
a-‰p aq-e-I-ß-fpw \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-Wv˛˛Po-h-kr-„n-

bne√, Poh-s\ \ne\n¿-Øp-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬. lo-
tam-t•m-_n-\p-≠m-°m≥ C-cp-ºp th-Ww. AXns√-
¶n¬ \-Ω-fm-cpw Po-hn-®n-cn-°n√. ssh-‰-an≥ _n
12 D-≠m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ sIm-_mƒ-´v thWw. s]m-´m-
kyhpw C-Øn-cn tkm-Un-bhpw \n-ß-fp-sS
\mUohy-hÿ-bv-°p \√-XmWv. tam-fn-_v-Un\hpw
amw-K-\okpw ht\Un-b-hp-sa√mw F≥-ssk-ap-Iƒ-
°p thWw. kn-¶m-Wv B¬-°-tlm-fns\ Hm-Iv-ko-
I-cn-°p-∂Xv.
A-\p-t]-£-Wo-b-ßfm-b Cu aq-e-I-ß-sf-√mw
D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw A-h-bp-am-bn tbm-Pn®p-
t]m-Im-\p-ap-≈ ti-jn Im-e-{I-a-Øn¬ h-f¿-Øn-
sb-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wp \mw. F-¶nepw A-f-hn-eev-]w Iq-
Sn-t∏m-bm¬ A-]-I-S-amIpw A-Xn¬-]e-Xpw. \-ap-
°-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv sk-en-\nbw, F-∂p-h-®v C-Øn-
cnb[n-Iw A-I-Øp sN-∂m¬ A-X-h-km-\-tØ-Xm-
Ipw. Hmtcm Po-hn-°pw
Hmtcm aq-e-I-ßfpw F-{X-tØm-fw Xm-ßm-\m-Ip-
sa∂-Xv A-h-bp-sS ]cnWmaN-cn-{X-sØ-bm-{i-bn-®n-
cn-°p-∂p.33 -
sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sp-I-fpw ]-ip-°fpw H-sØmcp-an-®p ta-

™p\-S-°p-∂p-≠mIpw. ]-t£ c-≠n-\p-am-h-iyap-
≈ [m-Xp-°fp-sS A-f-hn¬ hen-b hy-Xym-kap-≠v.
C∂-sØ ]-ip-°ƒ-°v sN-ºv h-f- sc-b-[n-Iw
thWw, Imc-Ww sN-ºv b-tY-„-ap-≈ bq-tdm-∏n-
s‚bpw B{^n°-bp-sSbpw `m-K-ß-fn-em-W-h¿ h-
f¿-∂Xv. sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sm-Is´, sN-ºv A[nIa-n√m-Ø
G-jymssa-\-dn¬\n-∂m-W-p h-cp-∂Xv. A-Xm-bXv,
`q-h¬-°-Øn¬ F-{X-am-{X-ap-≠v F-∂-Xn-s\ B-{i-
bn-®n-cn°pw Hmtcm aq-e-I-Øn-t\mSpw \-ap-°p-≈
{]-Xn-I-c-Ww. \mw I-gn-°p-∂ C-d-®n-bnepw ]-®-°-
dn-bn-ep-sa√mw ti-J-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-]q¿-haq-e-I-
ßfpw \-ap-°m-hiy-amWv. ]t£, Aev]meva-Xv Iq-
ń-s°m-≠ph-∂m¬ A-Xn-th-Kw ]-cn-[n-hn´p-
t]mIpw. D-Zm-l-c-WØn\v C-Øn-cn B¿-k-\n-Iv \-
ap-°v th-W-sa-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-h-cp≠v, A-Xns‚ B-
h-iy-an-s√-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v. ]-t£, Af-hp
IqSn-t∏m-bm¬ B¿-k-\n-Iv \-sΩ sIm√p-sa-∂ Im-
cy-Øn¬ X¿-°-an√.
C-Xnepw hn-Nn-{X-am-Wv c-≠p aq-e-I-ßƒ H-cp-
an-®p tN-cp-tºm-gp-≈ Im-cyw. Pz-e\-sØ k-lm-
bn-°p-∂-sX-∂p tI-fn-tI-´ aq-e-I-ß-fmWv HmIvkn-
P\pw ssl-{U-P-\pw. ]-t£, A-h Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂m¬
In-´p-∂ P-ew IØpI-tb-bn√.* tkm-Un-bhpw t¢m-
dn\pw tN-cp-tºm-gp-≈ Imcyw A-Xnepw hn-Nn-{X-
amWv. hf-sc A-ÿn-c-am-Wv tkm-Unbw; t¢m-dn-
\mI-s´ hn-j-mw-iap-≈-Xpw. tkm-Un-b-Øn-s‚ H-cp
I-´-sb-Sp-Øv sh-≈-Øn-en-´m¬ A-Xv s]mń-sØ-
dn°pw. th-W-sa¶n-sem-cm-sf sIm√m-\p-≈ ti-jn-
bp-≠m-Ipw
* Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ I-Øp-∂n√, I-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-

°p-t∂-bp≈q. Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ I-Øp-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
\n-ßƒ Xo-s∏-ń-bp-c-kp-∂ \n-an-jw Np-‰p-ap-≈-
sX√mw I-Øn-®m-º-em-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. t\-sc a-dn-®v,
ssl-{U-P≥ A-Xn-th-Kw I-Øp-∂ hm-X-I-am-Wv.
1937 sa-bv B-dn-\v ln≥-U≥-_¿-Kv Zp-c-¥-Øn¬
t_m-[yam-b kw-K-Xn-bm-WXv. A-∂v \yq-P-gv-kn-bn-
se se-bv-Iv-l¿-ń¬ ssl-{U-P≥ \n-d-® B-Imi-
°-∏¬ I-Øn-b-a¿-∂v 36 t]-cm-Wp a-cn-®Xv.
B kv-t^m-S-\-Øn\v.34 A-Xnepw A-]-I-S-Im-cn-
bm-Wv t¢m-dn≥. sNdn-b Af-hn-se-Sp-Øm¬ A-
Wp-\m-in-\n-bm-sW-¶n-epw (ªo-®n-Mv ]u-U-dn¬
\n∂pb-cp∂-Xv t¢m-dn-s‚ K-‘-amWv) Af-hp Iq-Sn-
bm¬ A-Xp am-c-I-am-hpw. H∂mw tem-I-bp-≤-Øn¬
D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´ hn-j-hm-X-I-ßfn-sem-∂v t¢m-dn-
\m-bn-cp-∂p. h-fsc, hf-sc t\¿-∏n-s®-Sp-Ømepw a-
\p-jyi-co-c-Øn\v t¢mdn≥ C-„-a-s√-∂v Nph-∂p
Xp-Sp-Ø I-Æp-I-fp-am-bn \o-¥¬-°p-f-ßfn¬\n-∂p
I-b-dn-h-cp-∂-h¿ ]d-™pX-cpw. C\n Cu t¢m-
dn\pw tkm-Unbhpw tN¿-Ømtem? A-t∏mƒ
In´pI tkm-Un-bw t¢m-ssd-UmWv˛˛\-ΩpsS I-dn-
bp-∏pXs∂.
H-cp aqe-Iw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn \-Ωp-sS Np-‰p-]m-

Sn¬ Im-Wm-Ø-Xm-sW¶n¬, D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v A-
Xp sh-≈-Øn¬ e-bn-°m-Ø-Xm-sW-¶n¬, icocw
AXn-t\m-Sp k-l-I-cn-°m≥ hn-k-Ω-Xn-°pw. A-ß-
s\-bm-Wv ]-e aq-e-Ißfpw \-ap-°v hn-j-h-kv-Xp-
°-fm-Ip-∂-Xv. `-£y-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ s]m-Xn-bm\pw πw-
_n-ßn-\p-≈ ss]-∏p-I-fnepw hym-]-I-am-bp-]tbm-
Kn°pwh-sc I-dp-Øob-hp-am-bn \-ap-s°m-cp _-‘-
hp-an√m-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv I-dp-Øobw \-
ap-°v hn-j-h-kv-Xp-hm-b-Xv. (I-dp-Øo-b-Øn-s‚ cm-
kkw⁄ Pb F-∂mbXv bm-Zr—n-Ia√, πw-_w
F-∂ em-‰n≥ t]-cn¬\n-∂mW-Xp h-∂Xv. πw_nMv
F-∂ ]-Z-Øn-s‚ D-Zv-`-hhpw A-Xn¬\n-∂pX-s∂-
bmWv.) tdm-am°m¿ ho™ns‚ kzm-Zp Iq-´m≥ I-
dp-Øo-b-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p.35 H-cp Ime-Øv h≥-i-
‡n-Ifm-bn-cp∂ tdm-w C-∂v H-∂p-a√m-Xm-bn-Øo¿-
∂-Xn-\v th-W-sa-¶n¬ CXpsam-cp Im-c-W-am-bn-∏-
d-bmw. Im-co-b-sØ-t∏m-seX-s∂-bm-Wv sa¿-°pdn,
Im-Uv-an-bw Xp-Sßnb a-‰v hym-h-km-bn-I am-en-\y-
ß-fp-sSbpw ÿn-Xn. BZywapX-te C-S-]-g-tI-≠nh-
cm-Ø aq-e-I-ß-sf√mw hn-j-ß-fm-Wv \-ap°v.
{]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-a√m-Ø Ir-{Xn-aaq-e-I-ß-fp-sS ÿn-Xn
{]-tXy-Iw ]-d-tb-≠Xn√. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v s]m-
tfm-Wn-bw. Cu aq-e-I-Øn-s‚ km-∂n[yw
\aps°m´pw Xm-ßm-\m-hn√.
C-{Xbpw \o-ń-∏-d™-Xv sNdn-sbm-cm-i-b-a-h-X-cn-

∏n-°m-\mWv. `q-an \ap°v Xo¿-Øpw A\p-tbm-Py-
am-sW-∂p h∂-Xv \-Ωƒ C-hnS-sØ kmlN-cy-
ßƒ-s°m-Øp am-dn-bXp-sIm-≠p-IqSnbmWv. A-
t∏mƒ Po-h-\v A\ptbm-Py-am-Wv `q-an F-∂√; \-
Ωp-sS Poh-\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv `q-an F-∂mWp ]-
d-tb-≠-Xv. Poh-\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bp-≈ Im-cy-ß-
fm-Wv˛˛Ir-Xym-\p-]mXØn-ep≈ kq-cy≥, Iq-´m-
fnbm-b N-{μ≥, B-h-iy-Øn-\p am-‹˛˛C-hn-sS-
bp≈-Xv F-∂p ]-d-bp∂Xv A-sXm-s°-sb-Æn-∏-d-
bm≥ \-Ω-fn-hn-sS P-\n®p F-∂Xp-sIm-≠p am-{X-
amWv.
a-t‰-sX-¶nepw tem-I-Øp-≈-h¿ Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-

h¿-°p Po-hn-°m≥ X°-co-Xn-bn¬ sa¿-°p-dn \n-d-
™ sh-≈n-Ø-Sm-Ihpw A-tamWn-b -\nd™ A-
¥-co-£hpw \¬-In-b-Xn-\v A-h-cp-sS {K-l-tØm-Sp
\-μn ]-d-bp-∂p-≠mhpw. C-f-Ip-∂ ^-e-I-ßƒ Imc-
Ww C-S-bv°n-sS N-e-\-ß-fp-≠m-Im-Ø-Xn\pw em-h
]p-dw-X-≈m-Ø-Xn\pw ^-e-I-N-e-\-ß-fn√m-Ø im-
¥-X-bv°pw Ah¿ k-t¥m-jw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠m-
IWw. a-t‰-sX-¶nepw temI-Øp\n-∂p `qanbn-se-
Øp-∂-h¿ cm-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\Øn-t\m-Sp hn-ap-J-X ]p-
e¿-Øp-∂ ss\{SP\pw I-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂
Hm-Iv-kn-P\pw \n-d-™ A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ I-gn-tb-
≠nh-∂-Xn¬ \-Ω-tfm-Sp k-l-X-]n-t®-°pw. \-K-c-
ß-fn¬ A-Sn°Sn ^-b¿ kv-t‰-j-\p-Iƒ ÿm-]n-
t°-≠nh∂-Xv Cßs\ Hm-Iv-kn-P-\p-≈XpsIm-
≠m-sW-∂v ]-cn-X-]n-t®-°pw. Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ iz-kn-
°p-Ibpw BIvj≥ kn-\n-a-Ifpw tjm-∏n-Mv am-fp-
Ifpw C-„-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ C-cp-Im-en-Ifm-W-
h-sc-¶nepw `q-an-b-h¿-°v C-„-s∏-S-W-sa-∂n√. \-
ΩpsS D-®-`£-Wwt]mepw Nn-e-t∏m-f-h¿-°p I-gn-
°m-\m-sb-∂p-h-cn√. Imc-Ww, amw-K-\okpw sk-en-
\n-bhpw kn¶pw a-‰p aq-e-I-ßfpw \n-d-™ \-Ωp-sS
`-£W-Ønse Nn-e L-S-I-ß-sf-¶nepw A-hb-v°p
hn-j-am-bn-cn-°pw. G-Xm-bmepw Pohn°m≥ ]‰n-b
kpμc`q-an-bm-Wn-sX-∂ A-`n-{]m-bw A-h¿-°p-≠m-
In√.
A-dn-bm-hp-∂ h-kv-Xp-X-I-fn¬\n-∂p ]n-t∂m´p-

t]m-bn A-Xn-\p ImcWw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ {i-an-
°p∂ ]n¬-°m-e \ym-bo-I-c-W-ß-sf∏-‰n dn-®m¿-
Uv s^-bn≥-am≥ ]-d-bp-∂ H-cp X-am-i-bp≠v.36
"H-c-¤p-Xw tIƒ-°-tWm?'At±lw ]-d-bpw: "Rm-
\n∂p cm-{Xn-sbm-cp kz-]v-\w I≠p. H-cp Im¿, A-
Xn-s‚ sse-k≥-kv tπ-‰v F.B¿.U-ªyp 357. e-£-
°-W-°n-\p Im-dp-I-fp-sS Iq´Øn¬\n∂v A-ßs\-
sbm-cp \-º¿-tπ-‰vX-s∂, AXpw Cu cm-{XnXs∂,
Rm≥ Im-Wm≥ Im-c-W-sa-¥m-hp-sa-∂v Du-ln°m-
tam? hen-b A-¤p-XwXs∂b-t√ A-Xv?' s^bn-≥-
am≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xn-{X-tb D≈q, hn-[n-\n-›-bam-
sW-∂p I-cp-Xm≥ Xp-S-ßn-bm¬ hn-c-kam-b G-Xp
km-[mcW Im-cyhpw A-Xy-km-[m-c-W-am-sW-∂p
tXm-∂pw.
A-Xmb-Xv `q-an-bn¬ Poh-s‚ D-¤-h-Øn\pw h-

f¿-®-bv°pw Im-c-Wamb kw-`-h-ßfpw km-l-N-cy-
ß-fpw \-Ωƒ hn-Nm-cn-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se A-{X
Akm-[m-cW-am-I-W-sa-∂n√. F-¶nepw A-h A-
km-[m-c-W-ßƒX-s∂bmWv, A-Xnepw anI-® H-∂v
I-s≠-Øpwh-sc A-h A-ß-s\Xs∂ Xp-S-cp-
IbpwsN-øpw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 Cu temI-Øv Poh-\p \n-e-\n¬-°m≥ I-gn-bp-

∂ ÿ-e-Øn-s‚ 99.5 i-X-am
\hpw a-\p-jy-\v Po-hn-°m≥ sIm≈m-Ø ÿ-e-

am-Wv : \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSwkv _p-Iv
dn-hyp, th¿ se-hn-bm-X≥ en-hv-kv, 1997 G-{]n¬

20, t]Pv 9. 2 hm-bp-hn-s‚ 1,300 Cc-ń I-\-ap-≠v sh-
≈-Øn-\v: B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v, sse^v A-‰v Z
F-Iv-kv-{Sowkv, t]-Pv 51. 3 F-∂m¬ sh-≈-Øn¬
C-{X-bp-am-g-Øn¬ sN-∂m¬ \n-ß-fp-sS R-c-ºp-
Iƒ
s]mń-Ø-I-cpw, izm-k-tIm-iw sR-cn-™-a-cpw:

\yq k-b‚n-Ãv, C≥ Sp Z
B-_nkv, 2001 am¿-®v 31.
4. A-hnS-sØ a¿-±w kn-a‚ v Nm-°p \n-d-® 14

tem-dn-Iƒ-°-Sn-bn¬ In-S-°p-∂ -Xn\p Xp-ey-am-bn-cn-
°pw: \yq-tbm¿°¿, Z ]n-Iv-tN-gv-kv, 2000 ^n-{_-h-
cn 15, t]Pv 47.
5 -a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-te-sd-bpw P-e-am-Wv. Pe-

sØ sR-cn-®p Np-cp-°m≥ ]-‰n√: B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v,
sse-^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-kv-{Sowkv, t]-Pv 68.
6 a-\p-jy-\n¬ Xn-anw-Ke-ß-fp-sSbpw tUmƒ-^n-

s‚bpw kz-`m-hw \-Ωƒ I-cp-Xnbn-cp-∂-Xnepw
F{Xtbm Iq-Sp-X-ep-s≠-∂m-Wv C-Xn¬\n-∂p sXfn-
bp-∂-sX-∂v B-jv-t{Im-^v-‰v ]-d-bp∂p: B-jv-t{Im-
^v‰v, sse-^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-kv-{Sowkv, t]-Pv 69.
7 ]p-d-sØ-Sp-°p-tºmƒ sl¬-a-‰nepw Ip-g-enepw
ImWp-I ssU-h-dpsS A-ÿnbpw C-d-®n-°-j-W-
ß-fp-am-Ipw: lm¬-tU≥, hm´v Cu-kv sse-^v, t]-
Pv 188.
8 sX-bnw-kv \-Zn-bn¬ Xpc-¶w \n¿-an-®-h-cp-sS I-

Y D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn ]dbp-∂p-≠v : B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v,
sse-^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-kv-{Sowkv, t]-Pv 59.
9 h-kv{Xw am-‰m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ D-d-ßm≥

h-∂-Xm-sW-∂p I-cp-Xn I-b-dn-°nS∂p F-∂m-Wv
hn-fn-s®-gp-t∂ev-]n-®-t∏mƒ A-t±-lw ]-d-™-Xv:
t\m¿-´≥, kv‰m¿kv _n-\o-Xv Z ko, t]-Pv 111.
10 B-g-Øn¬\n-∂p-b-cp-∂ ssU-h¿-am¿ s_≥-

Uv-kv‹H-gn-hm-°-W-sa-¶n¬ C-S-bv°v F-{X-t\-cw
hn-{i-an-°-W-sa-∂p I-s≠-Ønb-Xv lm¬-tU-
\mWv: lm¬-tU≥, hm´v Cu-kv sse-^v, t]-Pv 202.
11 c-‡-Øn¬ Im¿-_¨ tam-tWmIv-ssk-Un-s‚

A-f-hv 56 i-X-am-\-Øn-se-Øn-bt∏mƒ: t\m¿-´≥,
kv-‰m¿-kv _n-\o-Xv Z ko, t]-Pv 105.
12 AXv Hm-Iv-knlo-tam-t•m-_n\m-tWm Im¿-
t_m-Iv-kn-lo-tam-t•m-_n\mtWm F∂p tNm-Zn-
°p∂-Xp tI-´-h-cp≠v: t\m¿-´≥, kv-‰m¿-kv _n\oXv
Z ko, t]-Pv 121.
13 Xm≥ I-≠n-´p-≈-Xn¬ G-‰hpw _p-≤n-im-enbm-

b a-\p-jy-\m-Wv lm¬-tU≥ F∂mWv: KqƒUv, Z
sse-bn-Mv tÃm¨kv Hm-^v am-c-s°®v, t]-Pv 305.
14 H∂mw tem-I-bp-≤w c-kn-I≥ A-\p-`-h-am-

bn°-≠ A-]q¿-hw hy‡n-Ifn-semcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p
sIm-®p lm¬-tU≥: t\m¿-´≥, kv-‰m¿-kv _n-\o-Xv
Z ko, t]-Pv
124.
15 G-Xp ]-co-£-W-ß-fp-sSbpw A-h-km-\w B-

sc-¶nep-sam-s° tNm-c-sbm-en-∏n°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw, A-
s√-¶n¬ O¿-±n-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw: t\m¿-´≥, kv‰m¿-kv
_n-\o-Xv Z ko, t]-Pv 133.
16 ]-e-t∏m-gpw sN-hn-bp-sS ]m-S-bv-°p Xp-f ho-

gpw: lm¬-tU≥, hm´v Cu-kv sse^v, t]-Pv 192.
17 B-dp h¿-j-tØ-°v \n-Xw-_-Øn-s‚bpw \-
s´√n-s‚ A-Sn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw kv]¿i-\ti-jn \-
„-ambn: lm¬-tU≥, hm´v Cu-kv sse-^v, t]-Pv
202.
18 Nn-e-t∏mg-Xv {`-am-fl-Iam-b A-h-ÿ-bn-

tes°-Øpw: B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v, sse-^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-
kv-{Sowkv, t]-Pv 78.
19 ]-t£, Ip-td-°-gn-bp-tºm-ƒ ]-co-£-I\pw e-

l-cn-°-Sn-a-s∏-Spw: lm¬-tU≥, hm´v Cu-kv sse-
^v, t]-Pv 197.
20 F-∂m¬ F¥p-sIm≠-Xp kw-`-hn-°p-∂p-sh-

∂-dn-bn√: B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v, sse-^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-kv-
{Sowkv, t]-Pv 79.
21 A-{X ITn-\-a√m-Ø Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬-t∏m-epw

`-£-W-Øn-eq-sS-b-IØp sN√p∂ I-tem-dn-bn¬
]-Ip-Xnbpw \m-sa-cn-®p I-f-bp∂-Xv i-co-c-Øn-se
Nq-Sp \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\mWv: B-‰≥-_-tdm, Z en-hn-Mv
πm\-‰v, t]-Pv 39.
22 F-¶nepw `q-an-bn¬ \-ap-°p Xm-a-kn-°m≥
]‰n-b ÿ-ew hf-sc Ip-d-hm-Wv: kvan-Øv, Z
shX¿, t]-Pv 40.
23 kq-cy-\v C-t∏m-gp-≈-Xnepw ]-Ønc-ń h-en-∏-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ B-bn-cw tImSn h¿-j-w I-Øn-
\n¬-°p-∂-Xn-\p ]I-cw A-Xv H-cp tIm-Sn
h¿jwsIm-≠v F-cn™p Xo-cp-am-bn-cp∂p: s^-dn-
kv, Z tlmƒ sj-_mMv, t]-Pv 81.
24 kq-cy-{]-Im-iw `q-an-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xn-\v c-≠p an-

\n-‰v- apºp am-{X-am-Wv ip-{I-\n-se-Øp-∂-Xv: {Kn≥-
kv-]q¨, ho\-kv dn-ho¬Uv, t]Pv 9.
25 B-Zy-Ime-Øv `q-anbpw ip-{I\pw X-Ωn¬ Xm-

]-\n-e-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ sNdn-b hy-Xymk-ta D-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q F-∂m-Wv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv: \m-j-
W¬ tPym-{K^nIv, Z πm-s\-‰v-kv, 1985 P-\-phcn,
t]-Pv 40.
26 A-¥-co-£ a¿-±w `q-an-bn-te-Xn-s‚ sXm-Æq-dn-

c-ń-bpw: a-Iv kzo≥, Ãm¿ U-Ãv Sp πm-s\-‰vkv, t]-
Pv 200.
27 N-{μ≥ \-Ωp-sS ]n-Sn-bn¬\n-∂v h-gp-Xn-am-dn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv, {]-Xn-h¿jw \m-ep sk‚o-
ao-‰¿ F∂ tXm-Xn¬: hm¿-Uv B≥-Uv {_uëo,
sd-b¿ F¿Øv, t]-Pv 33.
28 F-∂m¬ H´pw ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°m-Ø aqe-Iw A-

Ãm-kn-\√, {^m≥-kn-b-amWv: B‰vIn≥kv, Z ]ocn-
tbm-Un-Iv In-MvUw, t]-Pv 28.
29 {^m≥-kn-se cm-P-Ip-Spw-_w sh-≈n-∏m-{X-

ßƒ H-gn-hm°n, hn-e-]n-Sn® A-ep-an\n-bw ]m-{X-
ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn: s_m-Um-\nkv, Z
ko-{I-´v lukv, t]-Pv 13.
30 `q-an-bp-sS ]p-dw-]m-fn-bn¬ sh-dpw 0.048 i-X-

am-\-ta-bp-≈q AXv: s{I-_vkv, Z ln-Ã-dn B≥-Uv
bqkv Hm-^v A-h¿ F¿-Øv-kv sI-an-°¬ F-e-sa‚
vkv, t]-Pv
148.
31 Im¿-_-Wn√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \-ap-°p ]-cn-Nn-X-

amb Po-h≥ D-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√, H-cp]-t£ Po-
h≥X-s∂-bp-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√: tU-hnkv, Z ^n-
^v-Xv an-d-°vƒ, t]-Pv 126.
32 \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn¬\n-∂v 200 ]-c-am-Wp-

°-sf-sb-Sp-Øm¬ A-Xn¬ 126 FÆw ssl-{U-P-
s‚-bm-Ipw, 51 Hm-Iv-knP≥. sh-dpw 19 F-Æ-am-Wv
Im¿_¨: kv-ss\U¿, Z F-Iv-kv{Sm Hm¿-Un\-dn
sI-an-kv{Sn Hm^v Hm¿-Un\-dn Xn-Mv-kv, t]-Pv 24.
33 Hmtcm Po-hn-°pw Hmtcm aq-e-I-ßfpw F-{X-

tØm-fw Xm-ßm-\m-Ip-sa∂-Xv A-hbp-sS ]-cnWm-
aN-cn-{X-sØ-bm-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]m¿°¿,
C≥kv{Iq-´_vƒ F¿Øv, t]Pv 100.
34 tkm-Un-b-Øn-s‚ H-cp I-´-sb-Sp-Øv sh-≈-

Øn-en-´m¬ A-Xv s]mń-sØ-dn°pw. th-W-sa¶n-
sem-cm-sf sIm√m-\p-≈ ti-jn-bp-≠m-Ipw B kv-
t^m-S-\-Øn\v: kvss\U¿, Z fivkv{Sm Hm¿Un-
\dn sIankv{Sn Hm^v Hm¿Un-\dn XnMvkv, t]Pv 42.
35 tdm-am°m¿ ho-™n-s‚ kzm-Zp Iq-´m≥ I-

dp-Øo-b-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p: ]m¿°¿, C≥-kv-{Iq-´-
_vƒ F¿Øv, t]-Pv 103.
36 dn-®m¿-Uv s^-bn≥-am≥ ]-d-bp-∂ H-cp X-am-
i-bp≠v: s^-bn-≥-am≥, kn-Ivkv Cukn ]o-kkv,
t]Pv xix.
A[ym-bw 17
A-¥-co-£-Øn-te-°v
μn ]-db-Ww \m-w Cu A-¥-co-£-tØmSv,

Poh-s‚ Nq-Sv \n-e-\n¿Øp∂-Xn-\v. A-Xn√m-bn-cp-
s∂-¶n¬ \-Ωp-sS-bo `q-an iv-a-im-\-Xp-eyamsbmcp
a™p-tKm-f-am-bn am-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p.1 ChnS-sØ i-cm-
i-cn Xm-]\n-e ]q-Py-Øn\pw Aº-Xp Un{Kn Xm-tg-
°p t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.
A-Xp-am-{X-a√, _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp\n-∂-Xn-{I-an-
s®-Øp∂ tIm-kv-anIv c-iv-an-I-sfbpw Nm¿-Pp-≈ I-
W-ß-sfbpw Aƒ-{Sm-h-b-e-‰v c-iv-an-I-sfbpw a‰pw
h-en-s®-Sp-Øv \-sΩ c-£n-°p∂-Xv A-¥-co-£-am-
Wv. \m-e-c In-temao-‰¿ L-\-ap≈ tIm¨-{Io-‰v]m-
fn-°p Xp-ey-am-Wv A-¥-co-£-sa∂ hmbp I-hNw.
C-ßs\-sbm-cp I-h-N-an-√m-bn-cps∂-¶n¬ Cu A-
Zr-iy k-μ¿-iI¿ Ip-™pI-Øn-I-sf∂t]m-se \-
sΩ Xpf-®p I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nSn®p-h-en-
®v th-Kw Ip-d-bv-°m≥ A-¥-co-£-an√m-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ a-g-Øp≈nIƒt]mepw hen-b B-Lm-X-am-Ip-
am-bn-cp-∂p \-Ωƒ°v.
A-¥-co-£-sØ-°p-dn-®p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ B-Zyw a-

\- n-em-t°≠-Xv AXn\-{X h-en-∏-sam-∂p-an-s√-∂m-
Wv. X-e-bv°p ap-I-fn¬ 190 In-tem-ao-‰¿ hym-]n-
®p-In-S-°p-∂p-≠v AXv. X-d\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p- t\m-°p-
tºmƒ hf-sc hep Xm-sW-∂p tXm-∂p-Ibp-
wsNøpw. F-∂m¬ `q-an-sb ]T-\ta-i-bn-se
km[mWt•m-_n-s‚ h-en-∏-Øn-te-°p Np-cp-°n-
bm¬ A-Xn-\p- ap-I-fn-se hm¿-c-Wojv ]m-fn-bp-sS
I-\-ta-bp-≠m-Iq A-¥-co-£-Øn\v.
]T-\-ku-I-cy-Øn-\m-bn A-Xns\ Xp-ey-a√m-Ø

\m-ep ]m-fn-I-fm-bn hn-`-Pn-®n-´p-≠v. t{Sm-t]m-kv-
^nb¿, kv-{Sm-t‰m-kv-^nb¿, sa-tkm-kv-^nb¿, A-
b-tWm-kv-^nb¿ (A-b-tWm-kv-^n-b-dn-s\ ]-e-
t∏mgpw sX¿-tam-kv-^nb¿ F-∂m-Wp hn-fn-°m-dv)
F-∂nßs\. C-°q-´-Øn¬ \-ap-t°-‰hpw {]n-b-
s∏´Xv t{Sm-t]m-kv-^n-b-dm-Wv. \-ap-°p -th-≠ Nq-
Spw Hm-Iv-kn-P\pw \¬-Ip∂-Xv AXmWv. ap-I-fn-te-
°p t]m-Ipw-tXmdpw NqSpw {]m-W-hm-bp-hp-sa√mw
AXn-th-K-Øn¬ Ipd™pIp-d-™p-h-cpw. `q-a-[y-tc-
Jm {]-tZ-i-Øv `q-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p ap-I-fn-te-°v G-
Xm-≠v 16 In-tem-ao-‰¿ I-ń-bp-≠v t{Sm-t]m-kv-^n-bdn-
\v. k-aio-tXm-jv-W {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-e-Xv 10˛11 In-tem-
ao-‰-dm-bn Ip-d-bpw. A-¥-co-£ `m-c-Øn-s‚ 80 i-
X-am-\hpw A-Xn-se sh-≈-hp-w Im-em-h-ÿmL-S-I-
ß-fp-sa√mw Cu sN-dp-]m-fn-bn-em-Wv In-S-°p-∂-Xv.
t{Sm-t]m-kv-^nb-¿ I-gn-™m¬ ]n-s∂ kv-{Sm-t‰m-

kv-^n-b-dmbn. Im-dpwtImfpw h-cp-tºmƒ A-S-I√p-
t]m-se ]-c-°p-∂ ta-L-Øn-s‚ ap-Iƒ`m-KtØ-°p
t\m-°p-tºmƒ \n-ßƒ Im-Wp∂-Xv c-≠n-s‚bpw
A-Xn¿-ØnbmWv. Cu A-Zr-iy A-Xn¿-Øn-sb t{Sm-
t]m-t]m-kv F-∂p hn-fn-°pw. en-tbm¨ ^n-en-]v
sS-bv-sk-dn≥ Zv t_m-¿ F∂ {^-©v _-eq¨ k-
©m-cnbmWv 1902˛¬ A-Xp I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xv.2 Xm¬-
°men-I hn-cm-a-sa-∂ A¿YØn-e√, F-s∂-t∂--
°p-am-bn A-h-km-\n-°p-∂p F-∂ A¿-Y-Øn-em-Wv
ChnsS t]m-kv F-∂p {]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv (sa-t\m-
t]m-kn-ep-≈ A-tX {Ko-°v aq-e-]-Z-am-Wn-hn-sS-
bpw.)3 t{Sm-t]m-kv-^n-b-dn-\v I-\w Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ `m-K-
ßfn¬-t∏mepw t{Sm-t]m-t]m-kv A-{X A-I-se-b√.
h-º≥ sI-ń-S-ßfn-ep-≈Xp-t]m-ep-≈ A-Xnth-K
en-^v-‰n¬ I-b-dn-t∏m-bm¬ 20 an-\n‰p-sIm≠v A-hn-
sS-sb-Ømw. ]-t£, AØ-c-sam-cp I-b-‰-Øn-\p ap-
Xn-cm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv \√Xv. a¿-±-{I-ao-Ic-Ww h-cp-
Øn-bn-ń√m-Ø en-^v-‰n¬ A-{X- th-K-Øn¬ k-©-
cn-®m¬ i-co-c-I-e-I-fn-se {Z-hmw-iw h¿-[n-®v X-e-
t®mdpw izmktIm-i-hp-sa√mw X-I-cm-dm-hpw.4 ap-I-
fn-se-Øn Im-gv-N- Im-Wm≥ hm-Xn¬ Xp-d-°p-tºm-
tg-°v bm-{Xn-I≥ a-cn-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw, A-s√-¶n¬ a-
cn®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-I-bm-Ipw. ]-Xp-s°-bm-Wv bm-{X-
sb-¶nepw {]-iv-\-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw. 10 Intem-ao‰¿ I-gn-
™m¬ Xm-]-\n-e ]q-Py-Øn-epw 57 Un-{Kn Xm-sgb-
mIpw5, i-cn°p iz-kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Ipd®v Hm-Iv-kn-
P≥ ssI-bn¬ I-cptX-≠n-hcpw.
t{Sm-t]m-kv-^n-b-dn-\p ap-I-fn-te-°p t]m-Ip-∂-

tXm-sS Nq-Sv ho≠pw Aev]-sam-∂p-b-cpw, H-cp \m-
ep Un-{Kn-bp-sS hy-Xymkw. Nq-Sv B-Kn-c-Ww
sNøm\p-≈ Hm-tkm-Wn-s‚ I-gn-hp Im-c-W-am-Wn-Xv
(1902-˛se km-lkn-I _eq¨bm-{X-bn¬ Zv t_m¿-
X-s∂-bm-WnXpw I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv). ]n-s∂ satkm-
kv^n-b-dn-te-°p I-S-°p-∂-tXm-sS A-Xv ho-≠pw
Xm-Wv ssa-\-kv 90 Un{Kn h-sc-sb-Øpw. sX¿-tam-
kv-^n-b-dn-se-Øp-tºm-tg-°v t]-cp- kq-Nn-
∏n°pwt]mseX-s∂ Nq-Sv Ip-Xn-®p-b¿∂v 1,500 Un-
{Kn-sb-Øpw. cm-{Xnbpw ]-Iepw NqSn¬ 500 Un-{Kn-
bp-sS hy-Xym-kw h-cpw. Xm-]-\ne, Du-jv-am-hv F-
s∂ms° ]-d-bp-sa-¶n-epw C-{X-bpw ap-I-fn-se-Øp-
tºmƒ A-sXm-cp k-¶ev-]w am{Xam-bn am-dpw. Du-
jv-am-sh-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ X-∑m-{X-
I-fp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-amWv. k-ap-{Z\n-c-∏n¬ A-¥-co-
£hm-bp-hn-se X-∑m-{X-Iƒ ASpØ-Sp-Øm-bn-cn-
°pw, H-cp X-∑m-{X-bv-°v a-s‰m-∂n-s‚-ta¬ sN-∂n-
Sn-°m-sX A-[n-I-Zq-cw (Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-d-™m¬ H-
cp sk‚o-ao-‰-dn-s‚ 80 e-£Ønsem-∂p Zq-c-Øn¬
Iq-SpX¬)6 k-©-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bn√. tIm-Sm\p-tIm-Sn
X∑m-{X-I-fnß-s\ Iq-ń-bn-Sn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xp-
sIm-≠v Nq-Sv i-cn°pw ssI-am-d-s∏-Spw. F-∂m¬
sX¿-tam-kv-^n-b-dn-¬ D-b-c-Øn-te-°p t]m-Ipt¥m-
dpw (80 In-tem-ao-‰tdm A-Xn-tesdtbm t]m-Ip-
tºmƒ) hm-bp-hn-s‚ km{μ-X Ip-d-bpw. c-≠p X-
∑m-{X-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ In-tem-ao-‰-dp-I-fp-sS A-
¥cap≠mIpw. A-h X-Ωn¬ Iq-ń-bn-Sn-°p∂-Xv A-
Xy-]q¿-h-am-Ipw. Hmtcm X∑m{X-Ifpw Nq-Sp-≈-Xm-
sW-¶nepw Xm-]-hn-\n-abw Xo-sc \-S-°n√. D-]-{K-
l-ßsfbpw _-ln-cmIm-i t]-S-I-ß-sfbpw kw-
_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw \√-Im-cy-am-WXv. A-hnsS Xm-
]-hn-\na-bw Im-cy-£-a-am-bn \-S-∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬
a\pjy-\p-≠m-°nb Cu t]-S-I-ß-sf√mw Ft∂
F-cn-™pt]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p.
F-¶nepw A-¥-co-£-Øn-s‚ ]p-dw]m-fn-bn-se-

Øp-tºmƒ _-ln-cmImi hm-l-\-ßƒ Pm{K-X ]p-
e¿-Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ A-]-I-S-am-Wv; Xn-cn-®n-d-
ßptºmƒ hn-ti-jn-®pw (2003 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬
sIm-fw_n-b Zpc-¥w sX-fnbn-® Im-cy-am-W-Xv). A-
¥-co-£w hf-sc t\¿-Ø-Xm-sW-¶nepw A-Xn-te°v
Ip-Ø-s\ (Bdp Un{Kn tImWntem AXnepw
IpØ-s\tbm)- A-Xn-th-Kand-ßp-∂ t]S-I-ßƒ
Ip-td-tb-sd hm-bp-X-∑m-{X-I-fp-am-bn Iq-ń-bpc-kn
Xo-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ km-[y-X-tb-sd-bm-Wv. Ip-Ø-s\
sN-∂n-d-ßp-∂-Xn-\p ]Icw i-cn°pw sNcn-™m-
Wn-d-ßp-∂-sX-¶n¬ sh-≈-Øn-te-s°-dn-bp-∂ sh-
≈m-cwI√v sX∂n-sØ-dn-°p-w-t]m-se A-Xv sX-dn-®v
_-ln-cm-Im-iØnte-°pX-s∂ Xn-cn®p t]m-Ipw.7
X-d-\n-c-∏n-se Po-hn-I-fm-Wp \-Ω-sf-∂p t_m-[y-

am-Im≥ A-¥-co-£Øn-s‚ A-Xn-cn-te-°p t]m-tI-
≠ Imcy-sam-∂p-an√. D-b-c-ap-≈ G-sX-¶nepw ]-
´-W-Øn¬ Ipd-®p\mƒ I-gn-®p-Iq-ń-b-h¿-°-dn-bmw
D-bcw-sIm-≠p-≈ imcocn-Im-kzm-ÿy-ß-sf-s¥m-
s°sb∂vv. \√ Im-bn-I-£-a-Xbpw ]-cn-N-b -k-º-
Øpw ]-cn-io-e\hp-ap-≈ ]¿-hXm-tcm-l-I¿- Hm-Iv-
kn-P\pw Ip-∏n-bnem°n t]m-bm¬t]m-epw ]-ehn-
[ {]-iv-\-ßƒ A-h-sc-b-e-´pw. O¿±n, £oWw, io-
Xm-[n-Iyw-sIm-≠p-≈ i-co-c-ho°w, ssl-t]m-
sX¿an-b, ssat{K≥, hni-∏p-Ip-dhv, ]n-s∂ sam-
ØØn-semcp B-i-b-°p-g∏w XpSßn Ip-g-∏ßƒ
]-e-Xp-≠mIpw. k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n-∂v A-[n-Iw D-b-
c-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°m≥ ]m-I-Øn-\√ a-\p-jys\
cq-]-Iev-]-\ -sN-bvXsX-∂v H-cp \qdp-cq]-Øn¬ i-
co-cw \sΩ Hm¿-an-∏n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.
"Xn-I®pw A-\pIq-e km-l-N-cy-am-sW-

¶n¬t]mepw ap-I-fn-te-°p-≈ Hm-tcm Np-h-Sp-
hbv]n\pw A-km-am-\y \n-›-b-Zm¿Vyw thWw'
F-∂mWv F-h-d-Ãn-\p- ap-I-fn-se A-h-ÿ-sb∏-‰n
]¿-hXm-tcm-l-I≥ ]o-‰¿ lm-_e¿ F-gp-XnbXv.
"ap-I-fn-te-°v Hmtcm A-Sn-hbv°p-tºmgpw ITn-\-am-
bnA[zm-\n°-Ww \Ωƒ. ssI-sb-Øp-∂n-S-
sØ√mw Xm-ßptX-SWw. `m-ctadn-sbm-cm-bm-kw
\-sΩ ]n-t∂m´p ]n-Sn-®p-h-en®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw.'
{_n-ńjv ]¿-hXm-tcm-l-I\pw N-e-®n-{X-Im-c-\pam-
b am-‰v Un-°n≥k¨ "Z A-Z¿ sskUv Hm-^v F-
h-d-Ãv' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ 1924˛se F-h-d-Ãv
B-tcm-l-W-Øn-\n-sS slm-hm¿-Uv tkm-a¿-sh√n-
\p≠m-b A-\p`-hw hn-h-cn-°p∂p≠v. "AWp-_m-[-
tb-‰v C-f-In-t∏m-∂ amw-k-`m-Kw izm-k-\m-f-Øn¬
IpSp-ßn im-kwapńb tkm-sa¿-sh¬ a-cn®p-t]m-
Ip-sa-∂ ÿn-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.8 Po-h-\p-th≠n-bp≈
t]m-cm-´-Øn¬ k¿-h-i-‡nbpw kw-`-cn®v Np-a-®-v
At±lw B XS- w \o°n, A-t∏m-gm-Wv a-\- n-emb-
Xv izm-k-\m-f-Ønse t«-jv-a-kv-X-cw A-∏-Sn- C-f-In-
h-∂mWv izm-kwap-ń-®-sX∂v.'
im-co-cn-Im-kzm-ÿy-ßƒ ]-c-a-ImjvTbn-se-Øp-
∂Xv 7,500 -ao-‰-dn-\p apIfn-te-°p I-b-dp-tºm-gmWv.
a-cW-ta-J-e-sb-∂m-Wv ]¿-hXm-tcm-l-I¿ AXns\
hn-fn-°p-∂Xv. ]t£, AXn-\p-sa{Xtbm apºv 4,500
ao-‰¿ Xm-≠p-tºmƒØs∂ an-°-hcpw X-f¿∂p-t]m-
Ipw, Nn-e-sc-¶nepw Kp-cp-X-c-am-b im-cocnImkzm-
ÿy-ßƒ-°p hn-t[-b-cm-Ipw. Cu {]-iv-\-ßƒ Xc-
Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn\p-≈ I-gn-hn-\v Im-bn-I-£-a-X-bp-
am-bn hen-b _-‘-sam-∂p-an√. B-tcmKyap-≈
sIm-®p-a-°ƒ A-h-i-cm-bn ]p-f-bp-tºmƒ ap-Ø-»n-
am¿ Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-\m-bm-kw a-e- I-b-dn-t∏m-Ipw.
a-\p-jy-\v Ip-d-®p-Im-e-sa-¶nepw ÿn-c-am-bn Xm-

a-kn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ G-‰-hp-ap-b¿-∂ ]-cn[n 5,500
ao‰-dm-sW-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv.9 ]t£, Db¿∂ -
{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Po-hn-®p- ]-cn-N-bn-®-h¿°p-t]mepw
Nn-e-t∏mƒ C-{X-bp-apb-c-Øn¬ A-[n-I-Im-ew I-gn-
bm≥ ]-‰n-sb-∂p h-cn√. B≥-Un-b-\n-se K‘-IJ-
\n-I-fn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS Im-cyw {^m≥I-kv
B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. 5,800
ao-‰-¿ D-b-c-Øn-em-Wv J-\n. A-hnS-sØ sXm-gn-em-fn-
Iƒ Zn-h-khpw ]-Wn- I-gn-™m¬ 460 ao-‰¿ Xm-sg-
bp-≈ kt¶X-Øn-se-Øpw, F-∂n-´v ]n-t‰-∂p cm-hn-
se ho≠pw a-e- I-b-dpw. Zn-h-k-hpap-≈ B-bm-k-I-
cam-b I-b-‰hpw C-d-°-hp-am-Wv A-{Xbpw ap-I-fn¬
ÿncam-bn X-ßp-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ t`-Z-sa-∂v A-h¿
I-cp-Xp-∂p. h-f-sc- Db¿-∂ {]-tZi-Øp Xm-a-kn-°p-
∂-h-cn¬ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p h¿-jßƒ-sIm-≠v
A-Xn-\\p-tbm-Pyam-b am-‰-ßƒ kw-`-hn-®n-´p-≠m-
Ipw. A-h-cp-sS s\©pw izm-k-tIm-i-ßfpw a-‰-
h-b-hß-sf A-t]-£n-®v hf-sc h-ep-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
Hm-Iv-kn-P≥hm-ln-Ifm-b Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS
F-Æw aq∂n-sem-∂pI≠v Iq-Sp-Xem-bn-cn-°pw. ]-
t£, Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS F-Æw A-anX-am-
bn Iq-´m\pw ]-‰n√, c-‡-Øn-\v I-ń-tb-dn H-gp-°v X-
S- -s∏´p-t]m-Ipw. 5,500 ao-‰-dn-te-sd D-b-c-Øn¬ K¿-
`n-Wn-Iƒ-°p I-gn-bm≥ ]-‰n√.10 A-Ωbn¬\n-∂v B-
h-iy-Øn\v Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ In-´m-ØXp-sIm-≠v K¿-`-
ÿ-in-iphn\v ]q¿-W-h-f¿-®-sbØn√.
bq-tdm-]y∑m¿ 1780I-fn¬ _-eq¨ ]d-Øn ]-co-

£-W-ßƒ \-S-Ønb-t∏m-gm-Wv ap-I-fn-te--°p t]m-
Ip-t¥mdpw X-Wp-t∏-dn-h-cn-I-bm-sW-∂ Imcyw {i-
≤-bn¬-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Hmtcm B-bn-cw ao-‰¿ D-b-cp-
tºmgpw Xm-]-\n-e 1.6 Un-{Kn sk¬-jy-kv I-≠v Ip-
d-bp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv I-W-°v. Xm-]-Øn-s‚ t{km-X n-
t\m-S-Sp-°pw-tXmdpw Nq-Sp Iq-Sn-h-cp-sa-∂m-Wv km-
am-\y-_p-≤n \-tΩmSp ]-d-bp-I. F-∂m-en-hn-sS Nq-
Sv Ip-d-™p-h-cn-I-bmWv. A-sX¥p-sIm-s≠-∂ tNm-
Zy-Øn-s‚ H-cpØ-cw A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Aev]w ap-
I-fn-te-°p t]msb∂ph-®v \-Ωƒ kqcy-t\m-Sv Im-
cy-am-b-Sp-°p-s∂m-∂p-an√ F-∂-Xm-Wv. 9.3 tIm-Sn
ssa¬ Zq-sc-bm-Wv kq-cy≥. B Zq-c-Øn¬ \qtdm
C-cp\qtdm ao-‰¿ Ip-d-s™-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xn¬ hen-
b Imcy-sam-∂p-an√. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬ Im-´pXo-bp-
≈-t∏mƒ H-l-tbm-hn¬ \n¬-°p-∂-bmƒ H-c-Sn-Iq-
Sn ap-t∂m-´ph-®m¬ ]p-I-bp-sS K-‘w In-´p-sa-∂p
I-cp-Xp-∂-t]m-se-bm-W-Xv. c-≠masØ DØ-cw
t\ctØ ]-d-™-t]mse ap-I-fn-te-°p t]m-Ip-
t¥mdpw hmbp-X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-™p-h-
cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv. kq-cy-{]-Im-iw ]cam-Wp°-sf
D-tØ-Pn-X-cm-°pw. D-tØ-Pn-X-cm-Ip-tºmƒ A-h-bp-
sS N-e-\hpw kw-t£m-`-hp-sa√mw h¿-[n-°pw. H-∂v
a-s‰m-∂n¬ t]m-bn-Sn-®v Nq-Sp ]p-dØphn-Spw. th-\-
en¬ ]pd-Øv kq-cy-s‚ Nq-S-Sn-°p-tºmƒ hm-kv-X-h-
Øn¬ D-tØ-Pn-Xcm-b ]-c-am-Wp-°-fm-Wv \n-ß-fp-
sS ]p-d-Øp-h-∂n-Sn-°p-∂Xv. apIfn-te-°p t]m-Ip-
t¥mdpw X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-™p-h-cpw, Iq-
ńbnSn-bp-sS A-fhpw Ip-d-bpw. \Ω-fo Im-Wp∂-
Xpt]m-seb√, hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ hmbp. k-ap-{ZXo-c-
Øp-≈ hmbp-t]mepw AXn-tem-ehpw `m-cw Ip-d-
™Xp-am-sW-∂m-Wv \-Ωp-sS [mc-W. F-∂m¬ ò-
am-Im-c-\m-Wv hm-bp. B i‡n AXp \-Ωp-sS -
ta¬ {]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-ap≠v. ssh-hn-se tXmw-k¨
F-∂ k-ap-{Z-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ G-Xm≠v H-cp \q-‰m-
≠p ap-sº-gp-Xnb-Xv t\m°pI: "cm-hn-se F-gp-
t∂¬-°p-tºmƒ _m-tcm-ao-‰-dn¬ H-cn-©p-b¿-∂p
F-¶n-e-Xn\¿-Yw, cm{Xn A-c S¨ hm-bp \-ap-°p-
ap-I-fn¬ \n»-–w sIm≠p-h®pt]m-bn F-∂mWv.11
F-¶nepw A-Xn-s‚ H-c-kzm-ÿyhpw \-ap-°-\p-`-h-
s∏- Sp-∂n√, ]I-cw k-t¥m-jhpw `m-c-°p-d-hp-am-Wv
tXm-∂p-I. Imc-Ww, km{μX-tbdn-b am-[y-a-Øn-eq-
sS k-©-cn-°m≥ B-bm-kw Ip-d-®p-aXn.' Cßs\
A-c S¨ hm-bp ap-I-fn¬ sIm-≠p-h-®n´pw \n-ßƒ
N-X-™c-™pt]mImØ-Xn-s‚ Im-c-W-hpw k-ap-{Z-
Øn-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń¬ sN√p-tºmƒ \-Ωƒ NX-™-
c™p-t]m-Im-Ø-Xn-s‚ Im-c-Whpw H-∂p-X-s∂-
bmWv. sR-cp-°nb-a¿-Øm-≥ ]-‰m-Ø {Z-h-ß-fm-Wv
\-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Øn-ep-≈Xv. ]pd-Øp a¿-±-ta-dp-
tºmƒ i-co-chpw ]p-d-tØ-°p a¿-±w sN-epØpw c-
≠p a¿-±-ßfpw. Aß-s\ ]-c-kv]-cw \n¿-ho-cy-am-
°pw.
]-t£, hm-bp N-en-°m≥ Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒ ÿn-

Xn am-dpw. Np-g-en-s°mSp-¶mt‰m A-s√¶n-sem-cp C-
f-¶mt‰m h-cp-tºmƒX-s∂ hm-bp-hn-s‚ `m-cw \-ap-
°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sm≥ Xp-S-ßpw. 5,200 aney¨ aney¨
S¨ hm-bp-hp-≠v \ap°p Np-‰pw. H-cp N-Xpc-{i
ssa-en-\v 25 aney¨ S¨ F-∂ I-W-°n¬. A-
{X sN-dpX√, Cu `mcw. tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v S¨ -
h-cp-∂ hm-bp a-Wn-°qdn¬ A-ºtXm A-dp-]tXm
In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-Øn¬ N-en-°m≥ Xp-S-ßptºmƒ
a-c-ßƒ I-S-]pg-In ho-Wn-s√-¶n-te A¤p-X-ap≈q.
ta¬-°q-c-bnse Hm-Sp ]-d∂p-t]m-bn-s√-¶nte A-
¤p-X-ap≈q. hy-Xykv-X Xm-]-\n-e-bn-ep≈ hmbp-a-
fi-e-ß-f-S-ßp-∂ km-[mcW sh-X¿-{^-≠n¬ 750
aney¨ S¨ X-Wp-Ø hm-bphpw ap-I-fn¬ Hcp
aney¨ S¨ Nq-Sp-hm-bp-hp-am-Wp-≠mhp-I-sb-∂v
B‚-Wn kv-an-Xv ]-d-bp∂p. Im-em-h-ÿ am-dn- am-dn
h-cp∂-Xv \n- m-c-Imcy-a√ F-∂¿Yw.12
X-e-bv-°p ap-I-fnse Cu temIØv Du¿-÷-

Øn\pw ]-™-sam-∂pan√. H-scm-‰ C-Sn-an-∂-en-¬
A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ ap-gp-h≥ \m-ep Znh-kw D-]tbm-Kn-
°m≥ th≠ ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-≠m-Ipw.13 C-Sn-an-∂-ep-
≠m-°p-∂ ta-Lßƒ ]tØm ]-Xn-\t©m In-tem-
ao-‰¿h-sc D-b-c-Øn-se-Øpw. A-Xn¬ ap-I-fn-te-
°pw Xm-tg°p-am-bn a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 150 In-tem-ao-‰¿h-
sc th-K-ap≈ ew-_-hm-bq-{]-h-ml-ap-≠m-Ipw. C-Ø-
cw ta-J-e-I-fn-eq-sS hn-am-\w ]-d-Øp∂Xv ss]-e-
‰p-am¿-°v C-„-ap-≈ Im-cy-a√. Cu kw-t£m-`-ßƒ-
°n-sS taLØn-\p-≈n¬ ssh-Zyp-XNm¿-Pv cq-]-s∏-
Spw. Imc-Ww, hy-‡-am-b-dn-bn-s√¶nepw `m-cw Ip-
d-™ I-Wn-I-Iƒ-°m-Wv t]m-kn-‰o-hv Nm¿-Pv- h-cp-
∂Xv, A-Xp ap-I-fn-te-°p \o-ßpw. Xm-sg-bp-≈ `m-
cw IqSn-b I-Wn-I-Iƒ-°p s\-K-‰o-hv Nm¿-Pm-Wp-
≠m-hpI. Cu s\-K-‰o-hv Nm¿-Pv t]m-kn-‰o-hv
Nm¿Pp≈ `q-an-bn-te-°v B-I¿-jn-°-s∏-Sm≥ Im-
Øp-InS°p-I-bmWv. At∏mƒ c-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ G-
sX-¶nepw s]´p-t]m-bm¬ A-Xn\v H-∂pw ]‰-cp-tX-
sb∂p {]m¿-Yn-°p-I-b√m-sX th-sd h-gn-bn√. a-
Wn-°q-dn¬ 4,35,000 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-Øn-em-Wv an-
∂¬-∏n-W-dn-s‚ k-©mcw. B ]m-®n-en-\n-S-bn¬
AXv Np-‰p-ap-≈ hm-bp-hn-s\ Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-∏n-°pw; Ip-
d-s®m-∂p-a√ 28,000 Un{Kn sk¬jy-kvh-sc. kq-
cy-s‚ D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-se Nq-Sn-s\-°mƒ F{Xtbm
IqSpX-em-W-Xv. Hm-tcm \n-an-jhpw tem-I-sØ-hn-
sS-sb-¶n-ep-ambn 1,800 CSnan-∂-ep-Iƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-
∂p≠v.14 Zn-h-kw 40,000 h®v. cm-{Xnbpw ]-I-ep-ambn
Hmtcm sk-°‚nepw \q-dv C-Sn-an-∂-ep-I-sf-¶nepw `q-
an-bn¬ sN∂p ]-Xn°p-∂p≠v. kw-`-h-_-lp-e-am-
Wv B-Im-iw F-∂¿Yw.
B-Im-i-Øn-s‚ D-b-c-ß-fn¬ F-¥p- kw-`-hn-°p-

∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≈ A-dn-hn-\v hen-b ]-
g-°-an√.15 9,000˛˛10,000 ao-‰¿ Db-sc a-Wn°q-dn¬
300 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-Øn¬ "sP-‰v kv-{Sow' F-∂
i-‡am-b Im‰pho-ip-∂ Imcyw \-Ωƒ a-\- n-em-
°p∂-Xv c≠mw tem-I-bp-≤-Ime-Øv ss]-e-‰p-Iƒ
A-hn-sS ]-d-s∂-Øn-b-t∏mƒ am-{X-amWv. C-t∏mgpw
A-¥co£ {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fn¬ ]-e-Xpw th≠-{X a-
\- n-em-°m≥ \-ap-°m-bn-ńs√-∂-Xm-Wv bm-Ym¿-Yyw.
{]-im-¥am-b A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn¬
A-{]-Xo-£n-Xam-sbm-cpX-cw hm-bp-t£m-`-ap-≠m-Im-
dp-≠v. A-Xp-hgn- t]mIp∂ hn-am-\ß-sf A-Xv ]n-Sn-
s®m-∂p Ip-ep-°pw. CØ-cw kw-`-h-ß-fn¬ h¿jw
]-Øn-cp-]-sX-Æ-sa-¶n-epw Ku-c-h-X-c-am-Im-dp≠v.
ta-L-ß-fpamtbm I-≠me-dn-bm-hp-∂ a-s‰-s¥-¶n-
epamtbm _-‘-an√m-Ø CØcw Fb¿-t]m-°‰p-
Iƒ d-Um-dn¬ a-\- n-em-°m-\m-hn√. H-cn°¬ knw-
K∏q-cn¬\n-∂v kn-Uv\nbn-te-°p t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂ hn-am-\w Hm-kv-t{Senbbv°p ap-I-fn¬h-®v
CØc-sam-cp t£m-`-hm-bptaJ-e-bn¬-s∏-´v H-‰-b-Sn-
°v 90 ao-‰¿ Xm-gv-N-bnte°p ho-Wp. i-cn-°p- ]n-Sn-
°m-Xn-cp-∂-h-sc√mw ko-‰n¬\n∂v sX-dn-®v Xeap-I-
fn¬ sN-∂n-Sn-®p. 12 t]¿-°p ]-cn-t°-‰p; H-cmƒ-°v
km-c-am-bn-Øs∂. CØcw hm-bp-t£m-`-Øn-\v Im-
c-W-sa-s¥-∂v B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√.
A-¥-co-£-Øn-se hm-bp-{]-hm-lhpw `q-an-bp-sS
D-≈n-se N-e-\-ßfpw Htc co-Xn-bn-em-Wv—kw-h-
l\w. Cu¿-∏-ap-≈ Nq-Sp-hm-bp `q-a-[y-tcJm{]-tZ-
iß-fn¬\n-∂v ap-I-fn-te-°p-b-cpw, F-∂n´-Xv t{Sm-
t]m-t]m-kn-se X-S- -Øn¬ X-ń ]-c-°pw. D-jv-W-
taJ-em{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂-I-ep-∂-tXm-sS A-Xv
XWpØv Xm-gpw. Xm-sg-sb-Øn-bm¬ ]n-s∂ a¿-±w
Ip-d-™ ta-J-e-b-t\zjn-®v -ho≠pw `q-a-[y-tc-Jm-{]-
tZ-i-ß-fn-se-Øpw. Aß-s\ H-cp N{Iw ]q¿Øn-
bm-Ipw. `qa-[ytc-Jm-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Cu kw-h-l-\-
{]-{In-b G-d-°psd ÿn-c-am-bn-cn-°pw; Im-em-h-ÿ-
bp-a-ß-s\Xs∂. F-∂m¬ an-Xio-tXmjvW {]-tZ-
i-ß-fn¬ Im-em-h-ÿ {]m-tZ-in-Ihpw Im-en-Ihpw
am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn°p-∂-Xp-am-Ipw. a¿-±w IqSn-b hm-
bphpw Ip-d-™ hm-bphpw XΩn-ep-≈ \nc-¥-c G-
‰p-ap-´-em-W-Xn-\p ImcWw. hm-bp ap-I-fn-te-°p-b-
cp-tºm-gm-Wv a¿-±w Ip-d-bp-∂Xv. Cß-s\ D-b-cp-∂
hm-bp P-e-I-W-ß-sfbpw ap-I-fn-te°p-b¿-Øpw.
A-Xv ta-L-ß-ƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw Aß-s\ a-
g s]-øp-∂Xn\pw Im-c-W-am-Ipw. Nq-Sp-≈ hm-bp-hn-
\v Iq-SpX¬ Cu¿-∏w hln-°m\mIpw. AXp-sIm-
≠m-Wv D-jv-W-taJ-em{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw th-\-en-
sebpw sIm-Sp-¶m-‰n-\v i-‡n-tb-dp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂- Xm-gv-∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Imdpw tImfpw
a-gbpw Iq-Sp-X-ep-≠m-Ipw. D-b¿-∂ ta-J-e-I-fn-emI-
s´ sXfn™ {]-im-¥am-b Im-em-h-ÿ-bm-Ipw.
c≠pw Iq-Sn-t®-cp-∂ ta-J-e-bn¬ ta-Lß-fp-sS L-
S-\-bn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ A-Xp {]-I-S-am-Ipw. hn-ti-jn-
®m-IrXnsbm-∂p-an√m-sX ]-c-∂p-]-S¿-∂v a-d-ho-gv-
Øp-∂ kv-{Sm‰-kv taL-ßƒ AXn\p-Zmlc-W-am-
Wv. Cu¿-∏hpw h-ln-®v ap-I-fn-te-°p-b-cp∂ hmbp,
ta¬-°qc-bn¬ X-ń ]-c-°p-∂ ]p-I-]-S-e-sØ-t∏m-
se ]-S-cp-tºm-gmWv A{X kpJ-I-c-a√m-Ø Cu
ta-L-]-S-e-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. B-sc-¶nepw ]p-I-h-
en-°p∂Xv \n-co-£n-®m¬ C-Xn-s‚ i-cnbm-b
Nn{Xw e-`n°pw. A-\-°-an√m-Ø ap-dn-bn-en-cp-∂v ]p-
I-h-en-°p-tºmƒ kn-K-c-‰p]p-I BZyw IpØ-s\
ap-I-fnte-°p-b-cpw (a-‰p-≈h-sc sR-ń-°m-≥ C-Xn-
s\ em-an-\m¿ H-gp-s°-∂v hnfn°mw). Ip-d-®p -ap-
I-fn¬-t∏m-bm¬ ]n-s∂b-Xv ]c-∂v X-cw-K-cq-]n-I-
fmbn hym-]n°pw. Cu-sbm-cp {]-{In-b kq-£v-a-am-
bn \n-co-£n-®p tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn temI-Ønse G-
‰hpw hen-b kq-∏¿-I-ºyq-´-dp-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®p hn-i-
Ie\w sNbv-Xm¬-t∏mepw A-Sp-Ø kn-K-c-‰p]p-I
GXm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wp ssI-s°m≈pI-sb-∂p {]-h-Nn-
°m-\m-hn√. A-t∏mƒ ]ns∂ hnim-e-amb temI-
Øv Im‰pw tImfpw \n-d-™ A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ ta-
L-ß-fpsS Ne-\w F-ßs\-bm-Ip-sa-∂p {]-h-Nn-
°p-∂-Xn¬ Im-em-h-ÿm-im-kv-{X-⁄¿ t\-cn-Sp-∂
{]-bmkw Duln-°m-hp-∂-X-t√-bp≈q.
kq-cy-s‚ Nq-Sv F√m-bn-SØpw Hcp-t]m-se-b√ e-

`n-°p∂-Xv F-∂XpsIm-≠m-Wv Im-‰p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv.
]-e-bnS-Øv ]-e-co-Xn-bn¬ Nq-Sv In-´p-∂XpsIm-≠v
A-¥-co-£a¿-±-Ønepw A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v hy-Xym-
kw h-cpw. F∂m¬ Cu a¿-±-hy-Xym-kw A-\p-h-
Zn®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ hm-bp-hn-\m-In√. a¿-±w G-Io-I-cn-
°m-\m-bn A-Xp ]m-™p\-S-°pw. A-Xm-Wv Im‰v.
a¿-±w IqSn-b ÿe-Øp\n-∂v Ip-d-™ -ÿ-e-tØ-
°m-bn-cn°pw F-t∏mgpw hm-bp{]-hmlw (Im-‰p-\n-
d-® _-eq¨ Xp-d-∂p-hn-Sp-tºm-gpw F-b¿ Sm-¶n¬
Zzm-cw ho-gp-tºmgpw hn-am-\-Øn-s‚ P-\m-e-Ifn-sem-
∂v s]m-ń-Øp-d-°p-tºmgpw a¿-±w IqSn-b hmbp ]p-
d-tØp I-S-°m≥ Im-Wn-°p-∂ Xn-Sp-°w \-ap-°v
A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm≥ ]-‰pw). a¿-±-hy-Xym-kw Iq-Sp-∂-
Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v Im-‰n-s‚ i‡nbpw Iq-Spw.
Im-‰n-s‚ th-KØn-\-\p-k-cn-®v i-‡n Iq-Sp∂-Xv

Kp-Wn-X-ß-fne√; Lm-X-ß-fn-emWv. A-Xmb-Xv a-
Wn-°q-dn¬ 300 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-ap-≈ Im‰n\v 30
In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-ap-≈ Im-‰n-s‚ ]-Ønc-ń-b√ \q-
dnc-ń-bmWp i-‡n.16 \mi-\-„-ßfpw A-Xn-\-\p-k-
cn-®p Iq-Spw. C-{Xbpw i-‡n-bn-ep≈ {]-hm-l-Øn-
te-°v tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v S¨ `m-c-ap-≈ hm-bp -{]-
th-in-∏n°pI. A-Xns‚ Du¿-÷-sa-{X-sb∂v Du-
ln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q. C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ep a-Wn-°q¿
\o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂ Np-g-en-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰ns‚ Du¿-Pw
{_n-´s\tbm {^m≥-kn-s\tbmt]m-ep-≈ H-cn-SØ-
cw cmPyw17 H-cp h¿-jw D-]-tbm-Kn°p∂ samØw
Du¿-P-Øn-\p Xp-ey-amWv.
k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\p-≈ A-¥-co-

£-Øn-s‚ Cu Xz-c B-Zy-am-bn a-\- n-em-°nb-Xv
F-Uva-≠v lm-en-bm-Wv18 (F√m-bn-S-Øp-saØn-bn-cp-
∂p A-t±-lw). a-s‰m-cp {_n-ó-jp-Im-c≥ tPm¿-Pv-
lm-Uv-en-bmWXv hn]p-eo-I-cn-®-Xv. D-b-cp-Ibpw Xm-
gp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ hm-bp-kv-Xw-`w H-cpXcw sk√p-
Iƒ°p cq-]w-\¬-Ip-sa-∂-t±-lw I-s≠-Øn (lm-
Uv-en sk¬ F∂mW-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv). A-`n-`m-j-
I tPm-enbmbn-cps∂-¶n-epw Im-em-h-ÿm
]T-\-am-bn-cp-∂p lm-Uv-en-bp-sS {]n-b- hn-jbw
(F-s¥m-s°-bm-bmepw Cw•njpIm-c-\m-bn-cp-
∂t√m A-t±-lw). t\-c-tØ -]-d-™ sk√p-Ifpw
`qan-bpsS kz-bw-{`-a-Whpw hm-Wn-Py-hm-X-ßƒ-°p
Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂ hmbp-{]hm-lhpw X-Ωn¬ _-‘-
ap-s≠-∂v A-t±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. F-∂m¬
C°mcy-ßƒ hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bvXv hn-i-Z-am-b-h-X-
cn-∏n®-Xv 1835˛¬ ]m-co-kn¬ FtImƒ t]m-fn-sS-Iv-
\n-°n¬ F-≥Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp-∂ Kp-
kv-Xm-hv Kmkv-]m¿-Uv Zv tImdn-tbm-en-kv BWv.
tImdn-tbm-en-kv {]-`mhw F-∂m-WnXv A-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv (kv-Iq-fn¬h-®v hm-´¿ Iq-f¿ cq-]-Iev-]-\
sN-bv-Xbmƒ F-∂ {]-i-kv-Xnbpw tImdn-tbm-en-kn-
\p≠v.19 A-∂m-ń-¬ hm´¿ IqfdpI-fn-t∏mgpw A-dn-
b-s∏-Sp∂-Xv tImdn-tbm-kv F-∂mWv). `q-a-[y-tc-Jm-
{]tZi-Øv a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 1,675 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-K-
Øn-em-Wv `q-an I-d-ßp-∂Xv. {[p-h-{]-tZ-i-tØ--°p
t]m-Ip-t¥m-dpw A-Xp Ip-d-™p-h-cpw. e-≠-\nepw
]m-co-knepw th-Kw 900 In-tem-ao‰-td D-≠mIq. Cu
th-K-hy-Xym-k-Øn-\p Imc-Ww a-\- n-em-°m≥ {]-
bm-k-an√. `q-a-[y-tc-J-bn¬ Hcp h-´w h-ewh®v \n-
ß-fn-t∏mƒ \n¬-°p-∂nS-Øp Xn-cn-s®-Ø-W-sa-
¶n¬ 40,000 In-tem-ao‰¿ k-©-cn-°Ww. F-∂m¬
D-Ø-c-{[p-h-Øn-\-Sp-Øm-Wv \n¬-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ G-
Xm-\p-w ao-‰¿ k-©-cn-®m¬ Hcph-´w h-ew-h-®p-h-
cmw. ]t£, c-≠n-S-Ømbm-epw `q-an-°v Id-ßn Xp-
S-ßn-bnS-Øp Xn-cn-s®-Øm≥ th-≠Xv 24 a-
Wn°q¿X-s∂-bmWv. A-Xn-\¿-Yw `q-a-[y-tc-J-bn-
em-Wv \n¬-°p-∂sX-¶n¬ `q-an-s°m-∏-ap-≈ \-Ωp-
sS I-d-°-Øn-\p th-Kw Iq-Sp-sa-∂mWv.
`q-an-bp-sS I-d-°-Øn-s‚ Zn-i-bv-°p hn-eß-s\

t\¿-tc-J-bn¬ Zo¿-L-Zqcw k-©-cn-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp
Xm-sg `q-an-bp-sS I-d-°-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v D-Ø-cm¿-[-
tKm-f-Øn¬ h-e-tØm´pw Z-£n-W-{[p-h-Øn¬ C-
S-tØm´pw Aev]w Nm-bp-∂-Xv F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂v
tIm-dn-tbm-en-kv {]-`m-hw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. C-°m-
cyw a-\- n-em-Im≥ A-ayq-kv-sa‚ v ]m¿-°n-se henb
Np-‰p-h-≠nbn¬ I-d-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂h-sc k-
¶ev-]n-°p-I. \-Sp-°p \n¬-°p-∂ \nßƒ A-‰-Øn-
cn-°p-∂-bmƒ-°v ]-s¥-dn™p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv.
]-¥v FØp-tºm-tg°pw D-t±-in-®-bmƒ ap-t∂m-´p
\o-ßn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. A-bm-fpsS Im-gv-N-∏m-
Sn¬\n∂p -t\m-°n-bm¬ ]-¥v t\-tc- h-cp-∂-Xn-\p
]-I-cw hf™pt]m-sb-∂m-Wp tXm-∂p-I. A-Xm-
Wv tImdn-tbm-en-kv {]-`mhw. Npgens°m-Sp-¶m-‰p-
I-sf ]º-cwt]mse Np-g-‰p∂Xv A-XmWv.20 I-S-
en¬\n-∂v Zq-tc°v ]oc-¶n sXm-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ e-£y-
ÿm\-Øp\n∂pw Aev]w C-StØmt´m h-e-
tØmt´m sN-cn-°-W-sa-∂p ]-d-bp-∂Xpw A-
XpsIm-≠pXs∂. 15 ssa¬ Zq-tc-°p sXm-Sp-°p-
∂ ]o-c-¶n-bp-≠ A-s√-¶n¬ \q-dphmc CStØm h-
etØm am-dn I-S-en-emhpw ]-Xn-°p-I.
\-Ωp-sS-sb√mw Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Im-em-h-ÿm-t`-Z-

Øn-\v C-{X-am{Xw {]m[m\yap-s≠-¶n-epw ]-sØm-
ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ Xp-S-°wh-sc Im-em-h-ÿm -]T-
\w H-cp im-kv-{X-im-J-bm-bn hn-I-kn-®n-cp-∂n√. (F-
∂m¬ Im-emh-ÿm im-kv-{X-sa-∂ A¿-Y-Øn-ep-]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂ ao-‰n-b-tdm-fPn (meteorology) F-∂
hm-°v 1626 ap-X¬ {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. H-cp
X¿-°-im-kv-{X {K-Ÿ-Øn-em-Wv Sn. {KmwK¿ Cu
hm-°v B-Zy-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv).
Im-em-h-ÿm-]T-\-w Im-cy-£-a-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬
BZyw th≠-Xv Dujvam-hv Ir-Xy-am-b-f-°m≥ th-
≠ D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv. \n-ß-fn-t∏mƒ I-cp-Xp-∂-Xnepw
F{Xtbm {]-bm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy-Ime-Øv sX¿-
tam-ao-‰¿ \n¿-amWw. sX¿-tam-ao-‰-dn¬ Af-hp Ir-
Xy-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ A-Xn-\p-≈nse kp-jn-cw H-tc
h-Æ-Øn-em-IWw. A-ßs\-sbm-cp kp-jn-c-ap-≠m-
°p∂-Xv A-°meØv H´pw F-fp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n√. D-]-
I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿-an-®n-cp-∂ Um\n-tb¬ K-{_n-tb¬
^m-c≥-lo-‰v F-∂ U-®p-Im-c-\mWv Cu {]-iv-\w ]-
cn-l-cn-®-Xv. 1717-˛¬ A-t±-lw Ir-Xyam-b A-f-sh-Sp-
°m≥ ]‰n-b sX¿tamao-‰¿ \n¿-an®p. ]-t£, sX¿-
tam-ao-‰-dn¬ Af-hp tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ F¥p-
sImt≠m A-t±-lw sh-≈w X-Wp-Øp-d-bp-∂ Xm-
]-\n-e 32 Un-{Kn-bm-bm-Wv \n-›-bn-®Xv; Xn-f-\n-e
212 Un-{Kn-bm-bpw. CX-{X i-cn-b-s√-∂v ]-e¿°pw
tXm-∂n. A-ß-s\, B≥-tU-gv-kv sk¬-jy-kv F-
∂ kzo-Un-jv tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-⁄≥ 1742˛¬ Ip-td-
°q-Sn an-I-s®m-cp sX¿-tam-ao-‰-dp-ambn h-∂p. im-kv-
{X-⁄¿ ]-e-t∏m-gpw X-e-Xn-cn-™m-Wv Nn-¥n-°p-I-
sb-∂-Xns‚ sX-fn-sh-t∂m-Ww A-t±-lw sh-≈w
Xn-f-bv-°p-∂- Xm-]\n-e ]qPyw Un-{Kn-bm-bn \n-›-
bn®p; X-WpØv sF-km-Ip∂-Xv \q-dp Un-{Kn-bm-
bpw.21 F-∂m¬ A-[n-Iw ssh-Im-sX A-Xp Xn-cn-®n-
´p t\tc-bm-°n.
B-[p\n-I Im-em-h-ÿm-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xm-

hm-bn hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s∏-Sp∂-Xv Cw-•n-jv ^m¿-a-kn-
Ãv eyq-Iv slm-hm¿-Uv B-Wv. ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-
‰m-≠n-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ {]-i-kv-Xn-bn-te-°p-b¿∂
slm-hm¿-Uv 1803˛¬ ta-Lß-sf h¿-Ko-I-cn-®p t]-
cn-´-Xn-s‚ t]-cn-em-Wv C∂pw Hm¿-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv.22
en-\-tb≥ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS k-Po-hmw-K-am-bn-cp-∂
At±-lw A-hcp-sS X-Øz-ß-fm-Wv ta-L-h¿-Ko-I-
c-W-Øn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. ]-t£, Xs‚bo ]T-\^-
ew A-t±-lw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ønb-Xv A-kv-tI-jy≥
skm-ssk-‰n-bpsS tbm-K-Øn-emWv. ss\-{Skv HmIv-
ssk-Un-s‚ e-l-cn-bn¬ B-Ir-„-cm-bncp∂p A-kv-
tI-jy≥ skm-ssk-‰n Aw-K-ßƒ F-∂p t\c-tØ
]-d™Xv Hm¿-°p-∂p-≠m-hp-a-t√m. A-Xp-sIm-
≠pXs∂ slm-hm¿-Un-s‚ {]-_-‘mh-Xc-Ww A-
h¿ kz-t_m-[-tØm-sSbm-tWm tI´-Xv F-∂p-d-
∏n√. At±lØn-s‚ Po-h-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m-¿ A-tX-∏-
‰n-sbm∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p-an√.
aq-∂p hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bm-Wv slm-hm¿-Uv ta-Lß-

sf X-cw-Xn-cn-®Xv. ]mfnI-fm-bn- Im-Wp-∂- ta-Lß-
sf kv-{Sm‰-kv F-∂p hn-fn®p. arZp-tcm-a-Pm-
ewt]mep-≈h-sb Iyp-ape-kv F-∂p- hn-fn-®p (Iq-
ºm-cw F-∂m-Wo em-‰n≥ hm°ns‚-b¿-Yw). h-f-
sc-bpb-sc t\¿-Øp Xq-h¬t]m-se H-gp-In-\-S-°p-
∂, km[m-c-W X-Wp-∏p-Im-e-Øn-s‚ kq-N-\-bm-sb-
Øp-∂ ta-Lß-sf knd-kv F∂p hn-fn®p (Np-cp-fp-
I-sf-∂¿-Yw). C-°q-´-Øn-te-°-t±-lw a-g-ta-Lß-
sf hntijn-∏n-°m≥ \m-em-a-sXm-cp t]-cp-Iq-Sn
tN¿-Øp—\nw-_-kv (ta-Lw F-∂p X-s∂-bm-Wn-Xn-
\¿Yw). slm-hm¿-Uns‚ Cu \m-a-I-c-W-co-Xn-bp-sS
k-hnti-j-X- A-h b-tY-„w Iq-ń-t®¿-Øv Im-Wp-
∂ G-Xp ta-L-Øn\pw t]-cn-Sm-sa-∂-XmWv. kv-{Sm-
t‰m-Iyp-ap-ekv, kn-tdm-kv-{Sm-‰kv, Iypap-tem-\nw_-
kv F-∂n-ß-s\. Cw-•-≠nepw ]p-dØpw h≥-{]o-Xn
t\Sn Cu kw-hn-[m-\w. CXn-em-Ir-„\m-b I-hn K-
tY- \m-ep I-hn-X-I-fm-Wv slm-hm¿-Un-\p k-a¿∏n-
®Xv.
slm-hm¿-Uns‚ Cu ]-ń-I-bn¬ ]n-∂o-Sp ]-e

Iq-ń-t®¿-°-ep-I-fp-ap≠mbn.23 A-[n-I-amcpw hm-bn-
®n-ń√m-Ø C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ ¢u-Uv A-‰v-evkv F-
∂ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn-\v c-≠p hm-ey-ß-fp-≠v F-
∂-Xn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ AsX-{X-am{Xw hn-]p-eo-I-cn-°-
s∏-´p F-∂q-ln-°mw. ]-t£, slm-hm¿-
Un\ptijw t]-cn-´ ta-L-cq-]-ßƒ-°v˛˛am-a-‰kv,
]n-eyqkv, s\_p-tem-knkv, kv-]n-km‰kv, ^v-tfm-
°kv, aoUn-tbm-{In-kv F-∂nß-s\ [m-cm-f-ap-
≠h˛˛Imemhÿmim-kv-{X-⁄-∑m¿-°√m-sX
km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-sS temI-Øv henb {]m-[m\y-
sam-∂p-an√. Im-emh-ÿmim-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS-bn-S-
bn¬Øs∂ A-hb-{X ]-cn-Nn-X-sam-∂p-a-s√-∂m-Wv
Rm-\-dn-™-Xv. 1896-˛¬ Cu ]pkv-X-I-Øn-s‚ A-{X
I-\-an√m-sØm-cp ]-Xn-∏n-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ A-Xn¬ ]-
ØpX-cw ta-L-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. sIm-gp-Øp-
amw-k-fam-b H-cn-\w ta-L-am-bn-cp-∂p ]-ń-I-bn¬ H-
º-Xm-a-Xv—Iypap-tem-\nw-_kv.* k-t¥m-jmXn-tc-I-
sØ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m≥ "Sp _n Hm¨ ¢u-Uv \-b≥
(to be on cloud nine)' F-∂ {]-tbm-Kw h∂-Xv
A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww.24
Im‰pw t]-am-cn-bp-am-sb-Øp-∂ A-S-I√n-s‚ B-

Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈ h¿-jIm-e-taL-ß-sfm-gn-®p\n¿-Øn-
bm¬ km-[m-c-W ta-L-ßƒ \n- m-c-∑m-cm-Wv, hm-kv-
X-h-Øn¬. \q-dp-I-W-°n-\v ao-‰¿ ho-Xn-bn¬ sIm-
gp-Øp-cp≠pIn-S-°p-∂ th-\¬°m-e Iyp-ape-kv ta-
L-Øn-ep≈ sam-Øw P-e-Øn-s‚ A-f-hv \qtdm
\q‰-º-tXm en-‰¿ am-{X-amWv.25 I-„n H-cp Ip-fn-
sØm-ń-bn¬ sIm-≈m-\p-≈ sh-≈w. aq-S¬a-™n-
eqsS-sbm-∂p \-S∂m¬ C-°mcyw A\p`-hn-®-dn-bm-
sa-∂v sP-bnw-kv s{S-^n¬ F-gp-Xp∂p. ]-d-∂p-b-
cm≥ I-gn-bmØ ta-L-am-Wv hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ aq-
S¬-a™v. "aq-S¬a-™n-eq-sS \q-dphm-c \-S∂m¬
tZ-l-Øp h-∂p-X-´p∂ sam-Øw sh-≈-sa-Sp-Øm¬
Ac L-\bnt© h-cn-I-bp≈q. H-∂p sXm-≠ \-\-
bv-°m≥t]mepw Xn-I-bn√ AXv.' A-{X hen-b P-
e-kw-`-c-Wn-I-sfm-∂pa√, ta-L-ßƒ F-∂¿Yw. C-
t∏mƒ ap-I-fnenß-s\ H-gp-In\-S-°p-∂ F√m ta-
L-ßfpsa-Sp-Øm¬ A-Xn-ep-≈ sh≈w `q-an-bn-se
sam-Øw ip≤-Pe-Øns‚ 0.035 i-X-am\-ta hcq.26
C-\nb-Xv a-g-bm-bn-s∏-bvXm-tem. F-hn-sS ho-gp-

∂p F-∂-Xn-s\ B-{ibn-®n-cn-°pw a-g-Øp-≈n-bp-sS
`m-hn.27 h-f-°q-dp-≈ a-Æn-em-Wp ]-Xn-°p-∂sX-
¶n¬ A-t∏mƒØ-s∂ H-∂p-In¬ k-ky-ßƒ B-
Knc-Ww sN-øpw, As√¶n¬ _m-jv-]-am-bn a-Wn-
°q-dp-Iƒ°-I-tam Zn-h-k-ßƒ°-Itam Xn-cn®v A-
¥-co-£-Øn-se-Øpw. F-∂m¬ `q-K¿-`-P-e-am-Im-\m-
Wv tbm-K-sa-¶n¬ ]n-s∂ h¿-j-ßƒ I-gn-™m-Ipw,
Nn-e-t∏mƒ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p h¿-jßƒ I-gn-
™mIpw A-Xv kq-cy-{]-Im-iw Im-Wp-I. X-Sm-I-
Øn-te-°p t\m°p-tºmƒ \n-ßƒ Im-Wp∂-Xv i-
cmi-cn H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-s≠-¶n-ep-am-bn A-hn-sS-°-gn-bp-
∂ P-e-I-W-ß-fmWv. I-S-en-se P-e-I-Wßƒ A-
hn-sSsbØn-bn-´v i-cmi-cn \q-dp h-¿-j-ß-sf-¶n-ep-
am-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. a-g-sh-≈-Øn-s‚ 60 i-X-am-\-hpw
H-∂pc-≠p Zn-h-k-Øn\-Iw _m-jv-]-am-bn Xn-cn®p-
t]m-Ipw.
∗ a‰p- ta-L-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw A-Xn-cv a-ßn-°n-S-

°p-tºmƒ Iyp-ape-kv ta-L-ßƒ kp-hy-‡ A-Xn-
cpam-bn a-t\m-l-c-am-bn \n¬-°p-∂-sX¥p-sIm-s≠-
∂p Nn-¥n-®n-´p-t≠m? Iyp-ape-kv ta-L-ß-fpsS
Cu¿-∏w \n-d-™ A-I-`m-Khpw ]p-d-Øp-≈ h-c-≠
hm-bphn¬\n-∂p thdn´p\n¬-°p-I-bm-sW-∂-Xp-X-
s∂-bm-Wv A-Xn-\p Im-c-Ww. D-≈n¬\n-t∂-sX-
¶nepw P-eI-Ww ta-LØn-\p ]p-d-tØ-°p I-S-
∂m¬ B \n-an-jwX-s∂ ]p-d-Øp-≈ h-c-≠-hm-bp
A-Xn-s\ am-bv-®p-I-f-bpw, Aß-s\ ta-L-Øn-s‚
A-Xn-cv hy-‡-X-tbm-sS am-bm-sX \n¬-°pw. Ip-td-
°q-Sn D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈ knd-kv ta-L-ß-fn-ep≈-Xv a-
™p-I-W-ß-fmWv. A-Xn-s‚- A-cnIpw ]p-d-Øp-≈
hm-bphpw XΩnep≈ th¿-Xn-cnhv A-{X hy-‡a√,
knd-kv ta-L-ß-fp-sS A-Xn-cv a-ßn-°n-S-°m≥ Im-c-
Whpw AXpXs∂.
_m-jv-]-am-bn-°-gn-™me-h H-cm-gv-Ntbm
at‰m—{Uq-dn ]-d-bp∂-Xv 12 Znhk-sa-∂mWv˛˛am-{X-
am-Wv A-hn-sS-°-gn-bp-I, A-Xn-\-Iw A-Xv a-g-bm-bn
Xmtg°p ]-Xn-°pw.
_m-jv-]o-Ic-Ww F-∂p-]-d-bp∂-Xv A-Xnth-K

{]-{In-b-bmWv. th-\¬°me-Øv sN-fn-°p-gnIƒ h-
‰n-h-c-fp∂-Xp t\m-°n-bn-cp-∂m¬ C-Xp t_m[yam-
Ipw. H-gp-In-sb-Øn \n-I-Øm≥ th-sd sh-≈-an-s√-
¶n¬ sa-Un-‰-td-\nb≥ I-Sep-t]mepw B-bn-cw
h¿jw-sIm-≠p h-‰n-t∏m-Ipw.28 G-Xm≠v-6 aney¨
h¿-jw ap-ºv Aß-s\ kw-`-hn-®n-´p≠v.29 sa- o-\n-
b≥ e-hW-Xz {]Xn-k-‘n F-∂mW-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv. h≥-I-c-I-fp-sS Ne-\w \n-an-Øw Pn-{_mƒ´¿
I-S-en-Sp-°v A-S™p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-\n-
te-°p-≈ \o-scm-gp-°p \n-e®p. sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b≥ h-
‰n-h-c-≠-t∏mƒ A-Xn-se sh-≈w _m-jv-]-am-bp-b¿-
∂v a-‰p I-S-ep-I-fn¬ a-g-bm-bn ]-Xn®p. Aß-s\
B I-Sep-I-fn¬ D-∏n-s‚ Aw-iw Ip-d-bm≥ Xp-Sßn.
D-∏n-s‚ Aw-iw Ip-d-™t∏mƒ I-S¬sh-≈w X-Wp-
Øp-d-bp-∂-Xn-s‚ th-Kw Iq-Sn. a-™p-aqSn-b {]-tZ-i-
ßƒ kq-cy-{]-Imi-sØ {]-Xn-^-en-∏n-®p Xn-cn-®-b-
®-t∏mƒ `q-an-bn¬ X-Wp-∏p- IqSn. Aß-s\ lna-bp-
Kw h-s∂-∂m-Wv kn-≤m¥w.
G-Xm-bmepw H-cp- Im-cyw D-d-∏n-°mw: ù-a-{]-{In-

b-I-fp-sS K-Xn-bn¬ sNdn-sbm-cp am-‰w h-∂m¬X-
s∂ k-¶ev-]mXo-X {]-Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-≠mIpw.
AØ-c-sam-cp kw-`-h-am-bn-cn°-Ww \-Ωp-sS kr-„n-
°p hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bXv. A-tX∏-‰n Ip-d-®p-I-gn-™p
]-d-bmw.
`q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e {]-{In-b-I-fp-sS i-‡n-

tI{μw k-ap-{Z-ß-fmWv. k-ap{Zß-sfbpw A-¥-co-
£-sØbpw H-∂m-bm-Wv ]-e Im-emh-ÿm im-kv-
{X⁄cpw I-W-°m-°p-∂Xv, AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv \m-
an-hn-sS A-h-sb∏-‰n N¿® sN-øp-∂-Xpw. Nq-Sv ]n-
Sn-®p-hbv-°p-∂ Im-cy-Ønepw hn-Xc-Ww sNøp∂
ImcyØn-epw tI-a-am-Wv Pew. Cß-s\ sh-≈-Øn-
eq-sS ssI-am-‰w sN-ø-s∏Sp∂ Nq-Sn-s‚ Af-hv {]-
Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xnepw F{X-tbm Iq-Sp-X-emWv. Kƒ^v
kv-{Sow F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ D-jv-W-P-e-{]-hmlw H-cp
Znh-kw bq-tdm-∏n-seØn-°p-∂ Nq-Sv tem-Iw -ap-gp-
h≥ I¬°-cn-bn¬\n∂p ]-Øp h¿-jw-sIm≠p In-
´p-∂ Nq-Sn-\p Xp-ey-amWv.30 AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv {_n-
´-\n-sebpw A-b¿e‚n-sebpw X-Wp-∏p-Im-ew Im-
\-U-bn-sebpw d-jy-bnsebpw A{X ITn\-am-Im-
ØXv. ]t£, hf-sc ]-Xps-°-tb sh-≈w Nq-SmIq.
Nq-Sp-≈ Znhkß-fnepw \o-¥¬-°p-f-Øn-en-d-ßn-
bm¬ X-Wp∏p -tXm-∂p∂-Xv AXp-sIm≠m-Wv.
GsX-¶n-epw E-Xp F-Øn-sb-∂v tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-
]-c-am-bn ]d™mepw ]-e-bn-SØpw i-cn°-Xv A-
\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm≥ Im-e-Xm-a-k-sa-Sp-°p∂-Xn-\p Im-c-
Whpw A-Xp-Xs∂.31 D-Ø-cm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn¬ am¿-
®p-am-k-Øn¬ hk-¥w Xp-S-ßp-sa-∂m-Wv Hu-
tZymKnI I-W-°v. F-∂m¬ ]ebnS-ØpaXv A-
\p`h-s∏-Sp∂-Xv G-{]n-tem-sS-bmWv.
G-I-Xm-\am-sbm-cp P-e-]n-fi-a√ k-ap-{Zßƒ.

Du-jv-am-hnepw e-hW-Xz-Ønepw km-{μ-X-bn-ep-
sa√mw hen-b hy-Xym-k-ap-≠v k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn\v.
Cu hy-Xym-kw A-Xn-s‚ {]-hml-sØ kzm-[o-\n-
°p∂p; A-Xv Im-em-hÿ-sb-bpw. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-
\v, A-‰v-em‚n-°n¬ D-∏n-s‚ Aw-iw im-¥-
kap{ZsØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-emWv. AXp-sIm-≠p {]-
tbm-P-\-hp-ap≠v. D-∏p Iq-Sptºmƒ sh-≈-Øn-s‚
km{μ-X Iq-Spw, km{μ-X IqSn-b sh-≈w Xm-tg-
°p t]m-Ipw. Cß-s\ km-{μ-X Iq-Sp-X-en-s√-¶n¬
A-‰v-em‚n-°n-se sh≈w Aßv D-Ø-c-{[phwh-sc
t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p. Aß-s\ D-Ø-c-{[p-hw Nq-Sp-]n-
Sn-°pam-bn-cp∂p, bq-tdm-∏n-\v B Nq-Sv \-„-s∏-Sp-am-
bn-cp∂p. `q-an-bn-se Xm-]-hn-X-c-W-Øn-¬ {]-[m-\-
]-¶p- h-ln-°p∂-Xv sX¿-tamlm-sse≥ Nw{IaWw
F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ P-e-{]-hm-l-amWv. I-S-en-s‚
ta¬-∏-c-∏n¬\n-s∂{Xtbm Bg-Øn¬ a-μ-K-Xn-bn-
ep-≈ Cu {]-hm-lw BZyw I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv 1797˛¬
dw t^m¿-Uv {]-`p-hm-Wv.* ta¬-∏-c-∏n-se sh-≈w
bq-tdm-∏n-\-Sp-sØ-Øptºmƒ km-{μ-X-tb-dn B-g-
Øn-te°p- t]mIpw. F-∂n-´v hf-sc ]-Xp-s° Z£n-
Wm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-te-°p Xn-cn-s®m-gp-Im≥ Xp-S-ßpw.
Z-£n-W-{[p-h-Ønse-Øp-tºmƒ A-Xv A-hnS-sØ
a-s‰m-cp P-e-{]-hm-l-Øn-s‚ kzm-[o-\-Øn¬s]-Spw.
A-hn-sS-\n∂-Xv im-¥-k-ap-{ZØn-te-°p-t]m-Ipw.
Xo¿Øpw a-μ-K-Xn-bn-em-Wo {]-{In-b. h-S-°v A-‰v-
em‚n°n¬\n∂v bm-{X-Xp-S-ßp-∂ sh-≈w Cu Zq-
c-sa√mw Xm≠n im-¥-k-ap-{ZØn-s‚ a[y-Øn-se-
Øm≥ 1,500 h¿-j-sa-Sp-°pw. th-Kw Ip-d-hm-sW-
¶nepw A-Xp -h-ln-°p-∂ sh-≈-Øn-s‚bpw Nq-
Sns‚-bpw Af-hv Ip-d-h√m-ØXpsIm-≠v Imem-h-
ÿ-bn-e-Xn-\v \n¿-Wm-b-I kzm-[o-\-ap-≠v.
(H-cp k-ap-{Z-Øn-se H-cp -Xp-≈n sh-≈w a-s‰m-cp
k-ap-{Z-Øn-se-Øp-∂ Imcyw im-kv-{X-⁄¿ F-ß-
s\-bm-Wp a-\- n-em-°p∂-Xv F-∂p kw-i-bap-≠m-
Ipw.32 k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-se t¢m-tdm-^vfqtdm Im¿-
_¨t]m-ep-≈ kwbp-‡-ß-fp-sS A-f-sh-Sp-°pw.
F-∂n-´v A-Xv hm-bp-hn¬\n-∂v th¿-s]´p sh≈-
Øn-e-en-™n-´v F-{X Im-e-am-sb-∂v I-s≠-Øpw.
hy-Xy-kv-X ÿ-eß-fn¬\n-∂v hy-Xykv-X B-g-ß-
fn-se A-f-hpIsfSp-Øm¬ sh-≈-Øns‚ H-gp-°v
G-d-°p-sd Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°m-\m-
Ipw.)
Nq-Sp-am-{X-a√ Cu P-e-{]-hmlw-sIm-≠p hn-Xc-

Ww sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. k-ap-{Z-Po-hn-Iƒ-°p th≠
t]m-j-Im-lm-c-ß-fp-sS hn-X-c-W-Øn-\pw P-eØn-
s‚ I-b-‰n-d-°-ßƒ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p. F-∂m¬ k-
ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-s‚ km{μXbn-ep-≈ sN-dn-b G-‰-°p-
d-®n-epIƒ-t]mepw Cu {]-h-ml-sØ _m[n°pw.
{Ko≥-e‚n-se a-™p-cp-In k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-s‚ km{μ-
X Aev]w Ip-d™m¬Øs∂ Cu {]-{In-bbv°p
Zp-c-¥-hm-lnbmwhn-[-Øn¬ tIm´w ]‰psa-∂v I-
ºyq-´¿ hn-i-I-e-\-ßƒ hy-‡-am-°p∂p.
th-sdm-cp h-en-b -tk-h-\hpw k-ap-{Z-ßƒ \-ap-
°p-th-≠n sN-øp-∂p≠v. A-¥-co-£-Øn-se Im¿-
_-Wn-s\ A-en-bn-s®-Sp-Øv kp-c-£n-X-am-bn am-
‰ns°m-≠n-Sp∂-Xv k-ap-{Z-P-e-am-Wv. \-Ωp-sS ku-c-
bq-Y-Øn-s‚ _m-ey
* sX¿-tamlm-sse≥ F-∂ ]Zw-sIm-≠v F-¥m-

Wp-t±-in-°p-∂-sX-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ ]-ecpw ]-e-
XmWp ]-d-bp-I. Fw.sF.Sn-.bn-se Imƒ- hp≥-jv
"F-¥m-Wv sX¿-tamlm-sse≥ k¿-°p-te-j≥' F-
∂ X-es°-ń¬ k-b≥-kn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® dn-
t∏m¿-ń¬ ]-d-bp∂-Xv Np-cp-ßnb-Xv G-gp hy-Xykv-
X {]-Xn`m-kß-sf hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-s\-¶n-epw Cu
]-Zw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂m-Wv. (I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-
Øńse P-e-{]-hmlw, km-{μ-X-bn-se hy-Xym-kw
Im-c-W-ap-≈ P-e-{]-hm-lw F-∂n-ßs\.) C-
sX√mw I-Sen-se P-e-{]-hm-l-hp-ambpw Xm-]-\n-e-
bn-se hy-Xym-k-hp-ambpw _-‘-s∏-´-Xm-bXp-sIm-
≠v- Gd°p-sd km-am-\ym¿-Y-Øn-em-Wv C-hn-sS D-]-
tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv.
Im-eØp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xns\-°mƒ 25 i-X-am-\w
Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-Im-i-tØm-sSbmWv kq-cy≥ C-t∏mƒ
Pz-en®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A-ß-s\- h-cp-tºmƒ `q-
an-bn-se Nq-Sv A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v Iq-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. "Xm-
]-\n-e-bnse Cu hyXymkw `q-an-bn¬ A-Xn-ò-I-c-
{]-Xym-Lm-X-ß-fp-≠m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv'. Cw•njv ùa-
im-kv-{X⁄≥ Hmt{_ am-\n-Mv ]-d-bp∂p: "]-t£
A-ßs\sbm-cp {]iv\w `q-an-°p-≠m-bn-ń√.'
A-t∏mƒ F-¥m-bn-cn°pw `q-an-sb Nq-Sm-Im-sX

kp-ÿn-c-am-bn \n¿-Øp∂-Xv? Poh≥ F-∂m-Wp-
Øcw. tIm-Sm\p-tIm-Sn h-cp-∂ k-ap-{Z-Po-hn-Iƒ. \-
Ωƒ t]cp-t]mepw tI-ń-ń√m-Ø H-t´-sd Po-hn-
Iƒ˛˛t^m-dm-an-\ns^-d≥kv, sIm-t°m-en-Øvkv,
I¬-t°-dnb-kv B¬-K-Iƒ XpS-ßn ]-eXp-≠v A-
°q-´-Øn¬˛˛A-¥-co-£-Øn-se Im¿-_-Wn-s\
Im¿-_¨ UtbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ cq-]-Øn¬ h-en-
s®-Sp-°p∂p, F-∂n-´-Xn-s\ a-‰p -]-e-Xn\psam∏w X-
ß-fp-sS Ip-™p-tXm-Sv \n¿-Ωn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂p. Im¿-_-Wns\ kz-¥w tXm-Sn¬ k-w`-cn°p-
Ihgn Cu Po-hn-Iƒ A-Xv Xn-cn-®v A¥-co-£-Øn-
se-Øn l-cn-X-Kr-l-hm-X-]m-fn-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂-Xv X-
S-bp-I-bm-WpsN-øp-∂Xv. C-∏-d-™ Ip™p t^m-
dm-an-\n-s^-d≥kpw sIm-t°men-Øvkpw Nm-Ip-
tºmƒ I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń-te-°p ]-Xn-°pw. A-hn-
sSbXv sR-cn-™-a¿-∂v Np-Æm-ºp-I√m-bn am-dpw.
Cw-•-≠n¬ tUm-h-dn-ep≈ ssh‰v ¢n^vkv t]m-ep-
≈ {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se A-¤p-X-ßƒ t\m-°n-°m-Wp-
tºmƒ N-Ø-Sn-™ Ip-™p-I-S¬-Po-hn-I-sf-s°m-
≠mW-Xp \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v B¿-s°-¶nepw
tXm∂p-tam? \-sΩ c-£n-°m-\m-bn F-{X-am{Xw
Im¿-_-Wn-s\-bm-WXv h-en-s®-Sp-Øv kq-£n-®n-cn-
°p-∂-sX-∂p-Iq-Sn B-tem-Nn-°ptºm-tg AXn-i-bw
]q¿-Øn-bm-Iq. tUm-h-dn-se Np-Æm-ºp]m-d-bn¬
\ns∂m-cp B-dn©p N-Xp-c-°-´-sb-Sp°p-I, B-bn-
cw en-‰-dn-te-sd km{μoIrX Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIv-
ssk-Uv B-Wv A-Xn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. A-
Xnßs\ A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ H-gp-In-\-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-
s∂-¶n¬ \-ap-°p Kp-W-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-
s√-∂p-d-∏mWv. A-¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≈-Xn-s‚ C-cp-]-
Xn-\mbn-c-ancń Im¿-_¨ UtbmIv-ssk-Uv Cß-
s\ `q-an-bn-se ]m-d-I-fn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cp-∏p-s≠-∂m-
Wv I-W-°v.33 Np-Æm-ºp-]m-d-bn-se Im¿-_¨
]ns∂ A-·n-]¿-h-X-ßƒ-°-I-sØ-Øpw, A-hn-sS-
\n∂-Xv A-¥-co-£hm-bp-hn-se-Øpw; ag -s]-øp-
tºmƒ Xn-cn-®p `q-an-bn-epw. Cu {]-{In-b-sbbmWv
Im¿-_¨ N-{I-sa-∂p ]-d-bp-∂Xv. kp-Zo¿-L-am-Wo
{]-{In-b˛˛H-cp Im¿-_¨ B-‰w H-cp N{Iw ]q¿-Øn-
bm-°m≥ A-©p-e-£-tØm-fw h¿jsa-Sp-°pw. a-‰p
X-S ß-ß-sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-s√-¶n¬ Im-em-h-ÿ-bp-
sS ÿncX D-d-∏m-°p∂Xn¬ kp-{]-[m-\-]-¶p-≠v
Im¿-_¨N-{I-Øn-\v.
Zu¿-`m-Ky-h-im¬ Cu N{Iw X-I¿-°p-∂-Xn-\v {]-

tXym-Im-`n-\n-th-iw X-s∂-bp-≠v a-\p-jy-\v. G-s‰-
Sp-°m≥ t^m-dm-an-\n-s^-d≥-kv X-ømdmtWm F-
s∂m∂pw t\m-°m-sX \-Ωƒ A-an-X-am-bn Im¿-
_¨ A-¥-co-£-Ønte-°p hn´p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-
°pw. 1850 \pti-jw 10,000 tIm-Sn S¨ Im¿_¨
Cß-s\ A-¥-co-£-Øn-te-°p hn-ń-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv
I-W°v. h¿-jw 700 tIm-Sn S¨ h-®v A-Xß-
s\ Iq-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibp-amWv. sam-ØØn-se-
Sp-°p-tºmƒ AX-{X h-en-b A-f-shm-∂p-a√. ]p-I-
bp-∂ A-·n]¿-h-X-ß-fn¬\n-∂pw No-bp-∂ k-ky-
ß-fn¬\n-∂p-sa√m-am-bn {]-IrXn Hmtcm h¿-j-hpw
20,000 tIm-Sn S¨ Im¿-_¨ UtbmIv-ssk-Uv A-
¥-co£-Øn-te-°p hn-Sp-∂p-≠v. Im-dp-I-fn¬\n∂pw
^m-Œ-dn-I-fn¬\n-∂p-sa√mam-bn \mw ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-
∂-Xn-s‚ ap-∏-Xn-c-ń-h-cp-an-Xv. F-¶nepw \-Ωp-sS
\Kcßƒ-°p-taepw {Km≥-Uv Im-\y-\ptaepw, F-
¥n-\v tUm-h-dn-se ssh-‰v ¢n-^v-kn-\p-taepw, X-fw-
sI-ń \n¬-°p-∂ ]p-I-a-s™m-∂p t\m-°n-bm¬
aXn, \-Ωƒ ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂ Im¿-_¨ U-tbm-Iv-
ssk-Up-≠m-°p-∂ hyXymkw a-\- n-em-Ipw.
A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bp-≈ Im¿-

_¨ U-tbmIv-ssk-Uns‚ Af-hv34 ]-Øp-e-£-
Øn¬ 280 `m-K-am-sW-∂v (280 parts per million)
hfsc ]-g-b a-™p-]m-fn-I-fp-sS˛˛hym-h-km-bn-I
{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn\p ap-ºp-≈ Ime-
sØ a-™p-]m-fn-I-fp-sS˛˛]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬\n-∂v
\-ap-°dnbmw. 1958˛¬ K-th-jI¿ Cu hn-j-b-Øn-
te-°p {i-≤ Xn-cn-°p-tºmtg°v A-Xv 315 B-bn
D-b¿-∂n-cp∂p. C-t∏m-g-Xv 360˛¬ Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv.
Im¬i-X-am-\wh-®v Hm-tcm h¿-jhpw D-b¿∂p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-I-bp-amWv. C-cp-]sØm∂mw \q-‰m-≠v A-
h-km-\n-°p-tºm-tg-°v A-Xv 560 B-bn D-b-cp-sa∂m-
Wv {]-h-N\w.
Im¿-_-Wn-s‚ A-\p-]m-Xw Cß-s\ D-b-cp-∂-Xp-

sIm-≠p-≈ sI-Sp-XnI-fn¬\n-∂v C-{X-\mfpw \-sΩ
c-£n®p-t]m∂-Xv ImSpw I-S-ep-apƒ-s∏-Sp∂ ssP-h-
hy-h-ÿ-bmWv. Im¿-_¨ B-Kn-c-Ww sN-bv-Xv kw-
c-£n-°p∂-Xv A-h-cmWv. F-∂m¬ {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se
ssP-h-hyq-lw Cß-s\ Im¿-_¨ B-Knc-Ww sN-
øp-∂-Xn-s\m-cp ]-cn-[n-bp-s≠-∂v {_n-ó-jv Im-em-h-
ÿm \nco£-Whn-`m-K-Øn-se ]o-‰¿ tIm-Iv-kv ]-d-
bp∂p. B ]-cn-[n I-gn-bp-tºmƒ Im¿-_¨ B-Knc-
Ww sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p ]I-cw A-h-bpw Im¿-_¨ ]p-
dØphn-Sm≥ Xp-S-ßpw. Im¿-_-Wn-s‚ A-\p-]m-X-ap-
b¿-∂v Nq-Sp-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ Imńse a-c-ßƒ N-Øp-ho-
Wv No-bpw. A-h-bpw Im¿-_¨ ]p-d-Øp-hn-Spw, A-
tXm-sS ÿn-Xn h-j-fm-Ipw. C-Xn-\p ap-ºv, hfsc
apºv, Aß-s\ kw`hn-®n-´p≠v. a-\p-jy-s‚ C-S-s]-
S¬ Iq-Sm-sX-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. Aßs\sbm-
cp ò-j-Wn-s°m-∏w k-Zvhm¿-Ø-bp-ap-≠v. AXn-i-
b-am-Wv {]-Ir-Xn-bpsS Im-cyw. Im¿-_¨N{Iw X-
I¿-∂m¬ Ip-d-®p-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ {]-Ir-Xn kzb a-Xv
i-cn-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°pw. Aß-s\ Im¿-_¨-N{Iw
]p-\xÿm-]n-°pw, F-∂n-´v `q-an-bn¬ ÿn-c-Xbpw
k-t¥m-jhpw Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cpw. I-gn™ X-h-
W Aß-s\ kw-`-hn-®-t∏mƒ A-Xp ]q¿-h-ÿn-Xn-
bn-se-Øm≥ th≠nh∂Xv shdpw A-dp-]-Xn-\m-bn-
cw h¿-jw am{X-amWv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 A-Xn√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \-Ωp-sS-bo `q-an iv-a-im-

\-Xp-eyam-sbmcp a™p-tKm-f-ambn am-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p:
kv-‰o-h≥kv, Z sN-bv-©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 7.
2 en-tbm¨ ^n-en-]v sS-bv-sk-dn≥ Zv t_m-¿ F∂

{^-©v _-eq¨ k©m-cn-bmWv 1902-˛¬ A-Xp I-
s≠-Øp-∂-Xv: kv-‰o-h≥kv, Z sN-bv-©v C≥ Z
shX¿, t]-Pv 56; t\-®¿, 1902 B≥Uv Hmƒ Zm-‰v,
2002 P-\p-hcn 3 t]-Pv 15.
3 sa-t\m-t]m-kn-ep-≈ A-tX {Ko-°v aq-e-]-Z-am-Wn-

hn-sS-bpw: kv-anØv, Z shX¿, t]-Pv 52.
4 i-co-c-I-e-I-fn-se {Z-hmw-iw h¿-[n-®v X-e-t®mdpw

izm-k-tIm-i-hp-sa√mw X-I-cmdm-hpw: B-jv-t{Im-^v‰v,
sse-^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-kv-{Sowkv, t]Pv 7.
5 10 In-tem-ao‰-¿ I-gn-™m¬ Xm-]-\n-e ]q-Py-Øn-

epw 57 Un-{Kn Xm-sg-bm-Ipw: kv-anØv, Z shX¿, t]-
Pv 25.
6 Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-d-™m¬ H-cp sk‚o-ao-‰-dn-s‚ 80
e-£Øn-sem-∂p Zqc-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ : A-e≥, A-
‰v-tam-kv-^nb¿, t]-Pv 58.
7 ]I-cw i-cn°pw sN-cn-™m-Wn-d-ßp-∂-sX-

¶n¬ sh-≈-Øn-te-s°-dn-bp-∂ sh≈mcwI√v sX-
∂nsØ-dn-°p-wt]m-se A-Xv sX-dn-®v _-ln-cm-Im-
iØnte°pX-s∂ Xn-cn®pt]m-Ipw: A-e≥, A-‰v-
tam-kv-^nb¿, t]Pv 57.
8 A-Wp-_m-[-tb-‰v C-f-In-t∏m-∂ amw-k-`m-Kw

izm-k-\m-f-Øn¬ Ip-Spßn im-kw apńb tkm-sa¿-
sh¬ a-cn®p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂ ÿn-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p:
Un°n≥k¨, Z A-Z¿ sskUv Hm-^v F-h-d-Ãv,
t]-Pv 86.
9 a-\p-jy-\v Ip-d-®p-Im-e-sa-¶nepw ÿn-c-am-bn

Xm-a-kn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ G-‰-hp-apb¿-∂ ]-cn[n
5,500 ao‰-dm-sW-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv: B-jv-t{Im-
^v‰v, sse-^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-kv-{Sowkv, t]Pv 8.
10 5,500 ao-‰-dn-te-sd D-b-c-Øn¬ K¿-`n-Wn-Iƒ-°p
I-gn-bm≥ ]-‰n√: B‰≥-_-tdm, Z en-hn-Mv πm-s\‰v,
t]-Pv 18.
11 cm-hn-se F-gp-t∂¬-°p-tºmƒ _m-tcm-ao-‰-

dn¬ H-cn-©p-b¿-∂p F-¶n-e-Xn-\¿Yw, cm{Xn A-c
S¨ hm-bp \-ap-°p- ap-I-fn¬ \n»-–w sIm-≠p-
sh®p-t]m-bn F∂mWv: lm-an¬-‰¨ ]m-t‰-gvk¨,
Z t{K-‰v Uo]v, t]-Pv 177.
12 hy-Xykv-X Xm-]-\n-e-bn-ep-≈ hm-bp-a-fi-e-

ß-f-S-ßp-∂ km-[mcW sh-X¿{^-≠n¬ 750 an-
ey¨ S¨ X-Wp-Ø hm-bphpw ap-I-fn¬ Hcp
_ney¨ S¨ Nq-Sp-hm-bp-hp-am-Wp-≠m-hp-I-sb-∂v :
kv-anØv, Z shX¿, t]-Pv 50.
13 H-scm-‰ C-Sn-an-∂-en-¬ A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ ap-gp-h≥

\m-ep Znh-kw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ th≠ ssh-Zyp-Xn-
bp-≠m-Ipw: PwK¿, Z s]¿^-Œv tÃmw, t]-Pv 102.
14 Hm-tcm \n-an-jhpw tem-I-sØ-hn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-

ambn 1,800 C-Sn-an-∂-ep-Iƒ cq-]-s∏Sp-∂p≠v: kv-‰o-
h≥kv, Z sN-bv-©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 55.
15 B-Im-i-Øn-s‚ D-b-c-ß-fn¬ F-¥p -kw-`-hn-
°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n \ap-°p-≈ A-dn-hn-\v hen-
b ]-g-°-an√: _n-Uv¬, F ô¬-Uv ssK-Uv Sp Z
C≥-hn-kn-_vƒ, t]-Pv 161.
16 A-Xmb-Xv a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 300 In-tem-ao-‰¿ th-

K-ap-≈ Im-‰n-\v 30 Intem-ao-‰¿ thK-ap-≈ Im-‰n-
s‚ ]-Ønc-ń-b√ \q-dnc-ń-bmWp i-‡n: s_m-Um-
\nkv, E=mc2 , t]-Pv 68.
17 C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ep a-Wn-°q¿ \o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂

Np-g-en-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰ns‚ Du¿-Pw {_n-´s\tbm
{^m≥-kn-s\tbmt]m-ep-≈ H-cn-SØ-cw cm-Pyw:
t_mƒ, H2O, t]-Pv 51.
18 k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\p-≈ A-¥-co-

£-Øn-s‚ Cu Xz-c B-Zy-am-bn a\- n-em-°nb-Xv F-
Uva-≠v lm-en-bm-Wv: k-b≥kv, Z Ak‚ v Hm-^v
A‰v-tam-kv-^n-b-dn-Iv k-b≥-kkv, 2000 H-tŒm-_¿
13, t]-Pv 300.
19 kv-Iq-fn¬ sh-®v hm-´¿ Iq-f¿ cq-]-Iev-]-\

sN-bv-X-bmƒ F-∂ {]-i-kv-Xnbpw tImdn-tbm-en-kn-
\p≠v: s{S-^n¬, Z A¨ F-Iv-kv-s]Œ-Uv hn-Ã,
t]-Pv 24.
20 Np-g-en-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰p-I-sf ]º-cwt]mse Np-g-

‰p∂Xv A-Xm-Wv: {Uyqdn, sÃ∏nMv tÃm¨kv, t]-
Pv 25.
21 A-t±-lw sh-≈w Xn-f-bv-°p-∂- Xm-]\n-e

]qPyw Un-{Kn-bm-bn \n-›-bn®p. XWpØv sF-km-
Ip∂-Xv \q-dp Un-{Kn-bm-bpw: s{S-^n¬, Z A¨ F-
Iv-kv-s]ŒUv hn-Ã, t]-Pv 107.
22 slm-hm¿-Uv 1803˛¬ ta-Lß-sf h¿-Ko-I-cn-

®p t]-cn-´-Xn-s‚ t]-cn-emWv C∂pw Hm¿-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv: UnIvjWdn Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-tbm-{K^n, hm-
eyw 10, t]-Pv 51˛2.
23 slm-hm¿-Uns‚ Cu ]-ń-I-bn¬ ]n-∂o-Sp ]-

e Iq-ń-t®¿-°-ep-I-fp-ap-≠mbn: s{S^n¬, sa-Un-t‰-
j≥-kv A-‰v k¨-sk‰v, t]-Pv 62.
24 k-t¥m-jm-Xn-tc-I-sØ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m≥ "Sp

_n Hm¨ ¢u-Uv \b≥' F-∂ {]-tbm-Kw h∂-
Xv A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww: lmw-_v en≥, Z C≥-
sh≥j≥ Hm-^v ¢u-Uvkv, t]-Pv 252.
25 \q-dp-I-W-°n-\v ao-‰¿ ho-Xn-bn¬ sIm-gp-Øp-cp-

≠p-In-S-°p-∂ th\¬-°m-e Iypape-kv ta-L-Øn-
ep≈ sam-Øw P-e-Øn-s‚ A-f-hv \qtdm \q‰-º-
tXm en-‰¿ am-{X-am-Wv : s{S-^n¬, sa-Un-t‰-j≥-kv
A-‰v k¨-sk‰v, t]-Pv 66.
26 C-t∏mƒ ap-I-fn-enß-s\ H-gp-In \-S-°p-∂

F√m ta-L-ßfpsa-Sp-Øm¬ A-Xnep-≈ sh-≈w
`q-an-bn-se sam-Øw ip-≤-P-e-Øns‚ 0.035 i-X-
am\ta h-cq. t_mƒ, H2 O, t]Pv 57
27 F-hn-sS ho-gp-∂p F-∂-Xn-s\ B-{i-bn-®n-cn-

°pw a-g-Øp-≈n-bp-sS `mhn: t_mƒ, sU∂o-kv, Z
t_¿Uv C≥ Z hm´¿^mƒ, t]Pv 8.
28 H-gp-In-sb-Øn \n-I-Øm≥ th-sd sh-≈-an-s√-

¶n¬ sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b≥ I-Sep -t]mepw B-bn-cw
h¿jw-sIm-≠p h-‰n-t∏m-Ipw: {Kn-_n≥ B≥-Uv {Kn-
_n≥, _o-bnMv lyqa≥, t]-Pv 123.
29 G-Xm-s≠m-c-p 6 aney¨ h¿-jw ap-ºv Aß-
s\ kw-`-hn-®n-´p≠v: \yq-k-b‚nkvv‰v, hm-\n-jv-Uv,
1999 B-K-Ãv 7.
30 Kƒ-^v kv-{So-sa-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ D-jv-W-P-e-

{]-hmlw H-cp Znh-kw bqtdm-∏n-seØn-°p-∂ Nq-
Sv tem-Iw -ap-gp-h≥ I¬°-cn-bn¬\n∂p ]-Øp
h¿jw-sIm≠p In-´p-∂ Nq-Sn-\p Xp-ey-am-Wv: s{S-
^n¬, sa-Un-t‰-j≥-kv A-‰v 10,000 ô‰v, t]-Pv 122.
31 GsX-¶n-epw E-Xp F-Øn-sb-∂v tPym-Xn-»m-

kv-{X-]-c-am-bn ]-d-™mepw ]-e-bn-SØpw i-cn°-
Xv A-\p-`-hn-®-dn-bm≥ Im-e-Xm-a-k-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p
Im-c-Whpw A-Xp-X-s∂: kv-‰o-h≥kv, Z sN-bv-©v
C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 111.
32 H-cp k-ap-{Z-Øn-se H-cp-Xp-≈n sh-≈w a-s‰m-cp

k-ap-{Z-Øn-se-Øp-∂ Imcyw im-kv-{X-⁄¿ F-ß-
s\-bm-Wp a-\- n-em-°p∂-Xv F-∂p kw-i-b-ap-≠m-
Ipw: \mj-W¬ tPym-{K-^nIv, \yq sFkv Hm¨ Z
Hm-j≥-kv, 2000 H-tŒm-_¿, t]-Pv 101.
33 A-¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≈-Xn-s‚ C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-
anc-ń Im¿-_¨ UtbmIv-ssk-Uv Cß-s\ `q-an-bn-
se ]m-d-I-fn¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cp-∏p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-W°v:
kv-‰o-h≥kv, Z sN-bv-©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 7.
34 A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bp-≈ Im¿-

_¨ U-tbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ Af-hv: k-b≥kv, Z
Ak‚ v Hm-^v A‰v-tam-kv-^n-b-dn-Iv k-b≥-k-kv,
2000 H-tŒm-_¿ 13, t]-Pv 303.
A[ym-bw 18
Po-hP-ew
Wtam cpNntbm \n-dtam C√mØ ssU-ssl-
{UP≥ HmIv-sskUva\n-d-s™m-cp {]-tZ-i-Øm-Wv
\n-ßƒ Po-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂p I-cp-Xp-I.1 km[m-c-W-
K-Xn-bn¬ Kp-W-Zm-bn-\nbm-b F-∂m¬ Nn-e-t∏m-sg-
¶nepw am-cIamb hn-Nn-{X kw-bp‡w. Nn-e-t∏mƒ
A-Xp \nß-sf ]p-gp-ßn-sb-Sp-°pw, a-‰p- Nn-e-t∏mƒ
a-c-hn-∏n-°pw. Nn-e Hm¿-Km-\n-Iv I-W-ß-fp-am-bn tN-
cp-tºmƒ A-Xv Im¿-t_m-Wn-Iv B-kn-Uv B-bn am-
dpw. A-t∏mgXv a-c-ß-fn¬\n-∂v C-e-Iƒ D-cn-s®-
Sp-°pw, {]-Xn-a-I-fp-sS ap-Jw Xn-∂p-Xo¿-°pw. H-cp-
an-®p-tN¿∂v hn-£p-œ-am-sb-Øp-tºmƒ G-Xp a-\p-
jy-\n¿-an-Xn-sb-bpa-Xv X-ń-Ø-I¿°pw. B A-km-
[m-c-W kw-bp‡-sØ \-Ωƒ sh-≈-sa-∂p hn-fn-
°p∂p.
k¿-h-{X-bp-≠v sh≈w. D-cp-f-°n-g-ßn-s‚

F¨]-Xp i-X-am-\hpw sh≈-amWv. ]-ip-hn-s‚ 74
i-X-am-\w, _m-Œo-cn-b-ß-fp-sS 75 i-X-am\w,2 X-°m-
fn-bp-sS 95 i-X-am-\w. F√mw sh-≈-amWv. F-¥n-\v
a-\p-jy-i-co-cØn-se 65 i-X-am-\hpw sh-≈-am-Wv.
aq-∂n¬ c-≠p- `m-K-hpw sh-≈-am-b a\p-jy-\p J-c-
cq-]-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ {Z-h-cq-]-am-Wp≈-Xv F-∂p ]-
d-bp-∂-Xm-Wp icn. hn-Nn-{X-am-Wv P-e-Øn-s‚ Im-
cyßƒ. A-Xn-\v cq-]-an√, kpXm-cy-am-WXv. F-∂n-
´pw \-tΩm-sSm-∏w A-Xp-≠m-I-W-sa-∂p \m-am-{K-ln-
°p∂p. H-cp kzm-Zp-an√ A-Xn\v, F-∂n´pw A-Xn-s‚
kzm-Zv \m-an-„-s∏-Sp∂p. kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ A-Xp-
Im-Wm≥ _-lp-Zq-cw Xm-≠n ]-Ww sN-e-hn-´v \m-sa-
Øp∂p. Hmtcm h¿-jhpw B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-I-
sf ap-°n-s°m√p∂ ò-I-c-\m-sW-∂-dn-bm-sa-¶nepw
sh-≈-Øn¬ ap-ßmw-Ip-gn-bn-Sm≥ \mw a-’cn-
°p∂p.
k¿-h-hym-]n-bm-sW-∂Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xn-s‚ A-
km-[m-c-WXzw \-Ωƒ {i-≤n-°m-sX t]m-Ip∂p. Xn-
I®pw hy-Xy-kv-X-\m-Wp Pew. P-e-Øn-s‚ k-hn-
ti-jX-Iƒ-h-®v a-‰p {Zm-hIßfp-sS Imcyw {]h-Nn-
°m≥ ]‰n√.3 Xncn®pw A-ß-s\-Xs∂. sh-≈-Øn-
s\-°p-dn-®p \-ap-s°m-∂p-a-dn-bn-s√-∂p hbv-°pI,
k-am-\-co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ a-‰p kw-bp-‡-ß-sf-Sp-Øv
(ssl-{U-P≥ skess\Upw ssl-{U-P≥ kƒ-
ssÛpw D-Zm-l-cWw) A-Xn¬-\n-∂v sh-≈Øn-
s‚ Kp-W-ßƒ {]-h-Nn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw hbv-°p-I.
A-t∏mƒ ]q-PyØn\pw Xm-sg 93 Un-{Kn-bn¬ sh-
≈w Xn-f-bv-°p-sa-∂m-Wp \mw I-cp-Xp-I. A-¥-co-
£ Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ A-sXm-cp hm-X-I-am-sW-∂pw.
an-° {Zm-h-I-ß-fpw X-Wp-∏n-°p-tºmƒ ]-Øp- i-

X-am-\w I-≠p Np-cpßpw. sh-≈hpw Np-cp-ßpw; ]-
t£, H-cp ]-cn-[nh-sc am-{Xw. X-Wp-Øv Dd-®p
Ińbm-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ sXm-´-Sp-sØ-Øp-tºmƒ A-Xv
{]-Xo-£-Iƒ X-In-Sw-a-dn®psIm≠v A-kw-`-hy-sa-
∂p tXm∂pwh-Æw hn-I-kn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßpw. J-cm-
hÿ-bn-se-Øp-tºm-f-Xn-\v t\-c-tØ-bp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂-Xns\-°mƒ ]-Øp- iXam\w A-[n-Ihym-]v-Xw
Im-Wpw.4 Cß-s\ hn-I-kn-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv
a™p-I-´ sh-≈-Øn¬ s]m-¥n-°n-S-°p-∂Xv.
Xo¿Øpw hn-Nn-{Xam-b KpW-am-W-sX-∂m-Wv
5
tPm¨ {Kn-_n≥ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. C-ßs\-sbm-cp Xm-
t¥m∂nØw P-e-Øn-\n√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ a-™p-I-´
sh-≈-Øn¬ ap-ßp-am-bncp-∂p, XSm-I-ßfpw k-ap-
{Z-ßfpw A-Sn-bn¬\n-∂v ap-I-fn-te°p X-Wp-Øpd-
bp-am-bn-cp∂p. Nq-Sp ]n-Sn-®p-\n¿-Øm≥ D-]-cn-X-e-
Øn¬ a-™n-s√-¶n¬ sh-≈-Øns‚ Nq-sS√mw
tNm¿∂p-t]mIpw. Aß-s\ Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬
sh-≈w a-™mbn am-dpw. I-S-epX-s∂ X-Wp-Øpd-
™p t]m-Ipw. ]n-s∂bXv A-ß-s\Xs∂ Xp-S-cp-
IbpwsN-øpw. Po-h-\p \n-e-\n¬-°m≥ ]‰n-b
kmlN-cy-am-hn√ AsX-∂p-d∏v. ù-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-
Øn-sebpw c-k-X-{¥-Øn-sebpw \n-b-a-ß-f-dn-bm-
sX a-™p-I-´ sh-≈-Øn-¬ s]m-ßn-°n-S-°p∂-Xv
\-Ωp-sS `m-Kyw.
sh-≈-Øn-s‚ cm-k-kq{Xw H2 O B-sW-∂v \-ap-

°-dn-bmw. hen-sbmcp Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ B-‰-Øn-s‚ Iq-
sS c-≠v Ip-™v ssl-{U-P≥ B-‰-ßƒ tN¿∂m-
Wv sh-≈-ap-≠mb-Xv F-∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw. B-Xn-tY-
b\m-b Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ B-‰Øn-t\m-Sv kp-Zr-Vw _-
‘-s∏-´pIn-S-°p-I-bm-sW-¶nepw Cu ssl{UP≥
B-‰w a-‰p P-e-X-∑m-{X-I-fp-ambpw Xm¬-°menI_-
‘w ÿm-]n-°pw. ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-
∂ H-cp k-aq-l-\r-Ø]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-set∂mWw6 P-e-
X-∑m-{X-Iƒ C-ß-s\ H-cm-fn¬\n-∂v a-s‰m-∂n-te-
°v am-dnamdnt∏m-Ipw. sh-≈w \n-d-®p-h-® •m-kv I-
≠m¬ A-Xn-enß-s\-sbmcp \rØw \-S-°p-∂p-
s≠-∂p tXm-∂n√. F-∂m¬ Hmtcm P-e-X-∑m-
{Xbpw Hmtcm \nanjhpw tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p X-h-
W Cß-s\ ]-¶m-fn-sb am-‰n-s°m-≠n-cn-°pI-bm-
sW-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X. P-e-X-∑m-{X-Iƒ H-cp-an-
®p\n∂v Ip-f-ßfpw X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sa√mw cq-]-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂-Xv AXp-sIm-≠mWv. \Ωƒ- Du-fn-bnSp-
tºmƒ {]-iv-\-sam-∂p-an√m-sX A-h am-dn-Ø-cp-
∂Xpw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂. G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp \n-an-
jw ]-Xn\-©p i-X-am-\w P-e-X-∑m-{X-Iƒ am-{X-ta
]-c-kv]-cw sXm´p-sXm-ń-cn-°p-∂p≈q.7
H-c¿-Y-Øn¬ kp-Zr-V-am-Wv P-eX-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS

Cu _‘w. Ip-g-eneqsS ap-I-fn-te-°p I-b-dm≥
sh-≈-Øn-\m-Ip∂-Xv AXp-sIm-≠mWv. Imdns‚
t_m-W-‰n¬ ]-Xn-°p-∂ sh-≈-Øp-≈n-Iƒ D-cp-≠p-
cp-≠p sN-∂v a-‰p Xp≈n-I-fp-am-bn -Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂p h-
ep-Xm-Ip-∂Xpw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂. sh≈-Øn\v
{]-X-e-_-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂-Xv X-∑m-{Xm-_-e-Ønse
Cu ZrV-XsIm-≠mWv. P-tem-]-cn-X-e-Øn-se X-
∑m-{X-Iƒ-°v A-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-bnepw h-i-ß-fn-ep-ap-
≈ X-∑m-{X-I-fp-am-bn ap-I-fn-ep-≈ hm-bpX-∑m-{X-
I-fp-am-bp≈-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ _-‘-ap-≈Xp-sIm-≠m-
Wv {]-X-e-_-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂Xv. Nne Io-S-ßƒ°v
sh-≈-Øn-\p ap-I-fn¬ \n¬-°m-\m-Ip-∂Xn\pw sh-
≈-Øn¬ sNØn-sb-dn-bp-∂ I√v sX-∂n-sØ-∂n
t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw Im-c-W-a-XmWv.
sh-≈-an-s√-¶n¬ \-Ω-fp-an-s√-∂p {]-tXy-Iw ]-d-

tb-≠ Im-cy-an√. Pemwiw \-„-am-Ip-∂tXm-sS a-
\p-jy-i-co-cw X-I-cm≥ Xp-S-ßpw. Np-≠p-Iƒ apdn-
s®-Sp-Ø-t]m-se D-W-ßn- A-{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw, tam-
W I-dp-°pw,8 aq-°n-s‚ \o-fw ]-Ip-Xn-bm-bn Np-
cpßpw, Np-‰p-ap-≈ N¿-aw D-W-ßn- h-enbp∂Xp-
sIm-≠v I-Æp-Nn-Ωm≥X-s∂ ]-‰m-Xm-Ipw. sh-≈w
Poh-s‚X-s∂ `mKam-bXp-sIm-≠v \-Ωƒ {i-≤n-
°m-sX t]m-Ip-∂ H-cp Im-cy-ap≠v. `q-an-bnse
sh≈-Øn¬ `q-cn-`m-K-hpw, H-cn-Øn-cn H-gn-®p\n¿-Øn-
bm¬ _m-°n ap-gp-h\pw \-ap-°p hn-j-amWv. hn-j-
sa-∂p ]-d-™m¬ a-c-W-Im-c-W-am-Iph-Æw hnjw.
A-Xn-e-Sßn-b e-h-W-ß-fm-W-Xn-\p Im-cWw.
Po-h≥ \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥ D∏vv B-h-iy-amWv. ]-

t£, A-Xv h-f-sc-°pd®p am{Xw a-Xn. k-ap-{Z-P-
e-Øn¬ D-∏n-s‚-bw-iw h-f-sc-°q-Sp-X-emWv, \-ap-
°p kp-c-£n-X-am-bn Z-ln-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xn-epw
F{Xtbm Iq-SpX¬. H-cp en‰¿ I-S¬-sh-≈-Øn¬
c-≠-c So-kv-]q¨ I-dn-bp-t∏- D≈q.9 ]-t£, a-‰v
kwbp‡-ßfpw aq-e-I-ß-fpw [m-cm-f-ap-≠v. C-h-
sb√mw tN¿Øv eh-Ww F-∂ A¿-Y-Øn¬ D-
s∏-∂p hn-fn-°p∂p. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ Cu e-h-W-
ßƒ \-ΩpsS i-co-c-Øn-ep-≈ A-tX A-\p-]m-X-
Øn-em-Wv k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-ep-ap≈Xv. am¿-Kp-enkpw
km-K\pw F-gpXnbt]mse, "\-Ωƒ I-c-bp-tºmgpw
hn-b¿-°p-tºmgpw ]p-d-Øp-h-cp∂-Xv k-ap-{Z-P-e-am-
Wv'10 F∂¿-Yw. A-I-Øp≈-Xv k-ap-{Z-P-e-am-sW-
¶nepw A-Xv A-I-Øp sN-∂m¬ {]-iv-\-am-Ipw.
Hcp]m-Sv D-∏p- I-gn-®m¬ \-Ωp-sS N-bm-]-N-b-{]-h¿-
Ø-\-ß-fp-sS Xm-fw-sX‰pw. AI-ØpsN-∂ D-∏n-s\
t\¿-∏n-®v B-Knc-Ww sN-øm≥ Hmtcm I-e-I-fn¬
\n-∂pw P-e-I-Wßƒ Hm-Sn-sb-Øpw. A-tXm-sS B
I-e-I-fn¬ A-h-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\p th-≠ sh-
≈w C√m-Xm-Ipw. I-e-Iƒ \n¿-÷-eo-I-cn°-s∏-´p
F-∂p ]-d-bpw. A-Xß-s\ aq¿-NvOn-®m¬ t_m-
[-£-bhpw a-kvXn-jv-Im-Lm-Xhpwh-sc-bp-≠m-Imw.
A-tX-ka-bw ITn-\m-[zm-\-Øn-te¿-s∏´ c-‡-tIm-
ißƒ Cu D-∏n-s\ hr-°-bn-se-Øn-°pw. ITn-\m-
[zm-\w sN-tø≠n h-cp-∂-tXmsS hr-°-I-fp-sS {]-
h¿-Ø-\hpw \n-e-bv-°pw. hr-°-Iƒ {]-h¿Øn-®n-
s√-¶n¬ a-cn®p-t]m-Ipw. AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv \-Ωƒ
I-S¬-sh-≈w IpSn°m-ØXv.
`q-anbn¬ B-I-∏m-sS-bp-≈-Xv 130 tImSn L-\ In-

tem-ao-‰¿ sh-≈amWv.11 F-∂-paX-{XX-s∂-bmWv.
Iq-Sp-X¬ In-ń√, Ip-d-bv-°m-\p-am-In√. A-sXm-cp
A-S-™ N-{I-am-sW-∂¿Yw. C-t∏mƒ \n-ßƒ Ip-
Sn-°p-∂ sh≈w F{Xtbm Im-ew ap-ºv `q-an-bp-sS
bu-h-\-Ime-tØ C-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-XmWv. G-
Xm-≠v 380 tIm-Sn h¿-j-am-bn k-ap-{Z-ßƒ-°n-tX h-
en-∏-ap-≠v.12
`q-an-bn-se P-e-a-fi-e-Øn¬ G-sdbpw k-ap-{Z-P-

e-amWv. C-hnSsØ sh-≈-Øns‚ 97 i-X-am-\hpw
I-S-en-emWv, A-Xn¬Ø-s∂ G-sdbpw im¥-k-ap-
{Z-Øn¬. F√m I-cbpw H-cp-an-®p tN¿-Øm-ep-w im-
¥-k-ap-{ZØns‚b-{X h-cn√. sam-Øw k-ap-{ZP-e-
Øn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xn-bnte-sd h-cpw im¥k-ap-{Z-
Øn¬13 (Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-d-™m¬ 51.6 i-X-am-\w).
A-‰v-em‚n-°n¬ 23.6 i-X-am\w, C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-
{Z-Øn¬ 21.2 i-X-am-\w F-∂n-ß-s\bmWv _m°n.
_m-°n-bp-≈ F√m k-ap-{Z-ß-ƒ°pwIq-Sn ]-¶p-h-
s®-Sp-°m\p≈Xv 3.6 i-X-am-\w am-{Xw. k-ap-{Z-ß-
fp-sS i-cmi-cn Bgw 3.86 In-tem-ao-‰-dmWv. im-¥-
k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ i-cmi-cn B-gw A-‰v-em‚n-°n-s\bpw
C¥ys\bpwImƒ 300 ao-‰¿ Iq-Sp-X-emWv. `q-an-bp-
sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-s‚ 60 i-Xam-\-hpw 1.6 In-tem-ao-‰-
dn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ B-g-ap-≈ I-S-emWv. ^n-en-]v t_mƒ
]d-™-t]m-se \-Ωp-sS {Kl-sØ `q-an F-∂p hn-
fn-°p-∂-Xns\-°mƒ \√Xv sh-≈w F-∂p hn-fn-°p-
∂-XmWv.14
- `q-an-bn-se sh-≈-Øn¬ aq-∂p i-X-am-\w am-{X-

am-Wv ip-≤-Pew. AXnte-sdbpw a-™p-]m-fn-I-fn-
emWv.15 ]p-g-I-fnepw X-Sm-I-ß-fnepw P-e-kw-`c-Wn-
I-fn-ep-sa√mam-bp≈-Xv sh-dpw 0.036 i-X-am-\w am-
{Xw. C-Øn-cn, 0.001 iX-am-\w ta-L-ß-fn-¬ _m-jv-
]-am-bp-ap-≠v. `q-an-bn-se a-™p-]m-fn-I-fpsS 90 i-X-
am-\hpw Z-£n-W{[p-h-Øn-emWv. _m-°n-bp-≈-Xn-
te-sdbpw {Ko≥e‚n-epw. Z-£n-W-{[p-h-Øn¬ sN-
∂m¬ \n-ßƒ \n¬-°p∂-Xv c-≠p ssa¬ I-\-ap-
≈ a-™p-]m-d-bv-°p ap-I-fn-emWv. D-Ø-cm¿[ tKm-
f-Øn¬ a-™ns‚ I-\w 15 A-Sn am-{X-w.16 Z-£n-
W-{[p-h-Øn-se a-™n-s‚ sam-Øw A-f-hv 60 e-
£w L-\ ssa¬ h-cpw. C-sX√mw D-cp-In sh-≈-am-
bm¬ kap-{Z-ßfpsS hn-Xm-\w 200 A-Sn D-b-cpw.17
F-∂m¬ A-¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≈ sh-≈am-sI a-g-bm-
bn Hcp-t]m-se s]-bv-Xm¬ k-ap-{Z\nc-∏v G-Xm\pw
sk‚o ao-‰¿ am-{X-am-Wp-b-cp-I.
k-ap-{Z\nc-∏v F-∂p ]-d-bp-sa-¶nepw k-ap{Zw A-

{X \nc-∂-sXm-∂pa√. then-tb-‰-ßfpw th-en-bn-
d-°-ßfpw Im‰pw D-jv-W-P-e-{]-hm-l-ß-fp-sa√mw
ImcWw Hmtcm k-ap-{Z-Ønepw P-e-\n-c-∏n¬ hy-
Xym-k-ap-≠m-Ipw. H-cp kap-{Z-Øn¬Ø-s∂ hn-hn-[-
`m-K-ß-fn¬ hnhn-[ \n-c-∏n-emIpw sh≈w. im¥-
k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ ]-Sn-™m-td aq-e-bv°v a-‰p `m-K-ß-
sf-°mƒ H-∂-cbSn Db-cw Iq-Sp-X-ep≠v. `q-an-bp-
sS Id-°waq-e-ap-≈ A-]-tI-{μ-_-e-am-Wn-Xn\p Im-
cWw. Ip-fn-sØm-ń-bp-sS H-cph-iw ]n-Sn-®p s]m-
°p-tºmƒ sh≈w ]nWßn a-d-ph-i-tØ-°p
t]mIpwt]m-se `q-an In-g-t°m-´p I-d-ßp-tºmƒ
sh-≈w ]-Sn-™mtdm-´p \o-ßpw.
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ k-ap-{Z-ßƒ-°v C{X-sbm-

s° {]m-[m-\y-ap-s≠¶nepw hf-sc ssh-In-bm-Wv
\m-a-h-bn¬ im-kv-{Xo-b Xm-Xv-]-cy-sa-Sp-°m≥ Xp-
SßnbXv. ]-sØm-º-Xmw \q-‰m-≠ph-sc k-ap-{Z-
sØ∏-‰n \-ap-°-p-≈ Adnhv H-gp-Inbpw ao≥-]n-Sn-
Ø-°m-cp-sS h-e-bn¬ Ip-Sp-ßnbpw I-c-bv-°-Snbp-
∂ km-[-\ß-sf am{Xw B-{i-bn-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
k-ap-{Z-sØ∏-‰n F-gp-Xs∏´-Xv ]p-cm-hr-Ø-ßfpw
Dulm-t]m-l-ßfpw am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. {_n-ó-jv Po-
h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ F-Uzm¿-Uv t^m-_v-kv 1830-I-fn¬
A-‰v-em‚n-Iv kap{ZØn-s‚ X-S-ß-sf∏-‰n ]T-\w \-
SØn. F-∂n-´p I-S-en¬ 600 ao-‰-dn¬ Xm-tg-°v Po-hn-
I-sfm-∂p-an√ F-∂p {]-Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
Cu \nKa-\w \ym-b-am-sW-∂p-Xs∂ F√m-hcpw I-
cpXn. I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-bn¬ {]Imisa-Øn√, AXp-
sIm-≠pX-s∂ A-hn-sS k-ky-ß-fp-≠m-hn√; a¿-
±w hfscIq-Sp-X-em-bXp-sIm-≠v A-hn-sS a-‰p Po-
hn-I-fp-ap-≠m-In√ F-s∂m-s°-bmbn-cp-∂p [mc-W.
]-t£, A-‰v-em‚n-°n-\-Sn-bn-eq-sS-bn-´ B-Zy-sØ
sSen{Km^v tI-_n-fp-Ifn-sem-∂v 1860I-fn¬ A-‰-Ip-
‰-∏-Wn-°m-bn ]p-d-sØ-SpØ-t∏mƒ I≠-Xv aq-∂p
In-tem-ao-‰-dn-te-sd Xm-gv-N-bn¬ ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-Ifpw \-
Ø-bv-°-bp-sa√mw ]-‰n-∏n-Sn-®pIn-S-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. A-
Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ [m-cW-Iƒ Xn-cp-Øm≥t]m-∂ Im-gv-
N-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv.
I-S-en-s‚ c-l-ky-ßƒ A-dn-bm-\p-≈ B-Zy-sØ

kw-LSn-X ]T-\{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S-°m≥ 1872 h-
sc Im-t°-≠nh-∂p. {_n-ó-jv ayq-knbhpw tdm-b¬
skm-ssk-‰nbpw {_n-ó-jv k¿-°mdpw tN¿-∂v
F®v. Fw. F-kv. N-e-©¿ F-∂ ]-g-b bp-≤-°-
∏-en¬ t]m¿-Sv-kv-a-Øn¬\n-∂p Xp-Sßnb B ]-cy-
th-£-W-bm-{X aq-∂-c-s°m√w \o-≠p-\n∂p. tem-
Iw ap-gp-h≥ k-©-cn-®v I-S¬-sh-≈-Øn-s‚ km-ºn-
fp-Iƒ ti-J-cn®pw ao≥ ]n-Sn-®pw aÆp-am-¥n A-h-
km-Z-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®p-ap-≈ B \n-cm-\-μbm-{X
K-thjI-sc h-´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°m≥t]m-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
im-kv-{X-⁄cpw I-∏¬ tPm-en-°m-cp-am-bn 240 t]-
cm-Wv B kw-L-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. A-Xn¬
Im¬-`mKw C-S-bv-°p-h-®p Nm-Sn-t∏mbn. F-´p-t]¿ a-
c-W-a-S-™p, Nn-e-cp-sS at\m-\ne sX‰n. a\- p a-c-
hn-∏n-°p-∂ kp-Zo¿-L ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fm-bn-cp∂p18
AsX-∂v A-Xn-s‚ N-cn-{X-sa-gpXn-b km-a-¥ sh-
bn≥-_¿-Kv ]-d-bp∂p. F-¶n-ep-a-h¿ k-ap-{Z-Øn¬
70,000 t\m-ń-°¬ ssa¬ Zq-cw Xm-≠n.19 ISen¬
]p-Xp-Xmbn 4,700 Po-h-Pm-XnI-sf I-s≠Øn. Aº-
Xp hm-ey-ßƒ \ofp∂ dn-t∏m¿-´v X-øm-dm-°m≥
th-≠ hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn®p. A-sX-gp-Xn-
Øo¿°m≥X-s∂ 19 h¿-j-w th-≠nh∂p. tem-I-
Øn-\v Ah¿ ]pXn-sbmcp imkv{Xim-J kw-`m-h-
\ sN-bvXp˛˛Hmjy-t\m-{Km-^n A-Yhm k-ap-{Z-
hn⁄m\ im-kv-{Xw. B-g-a-f-∂p-≈ \n-co-£-W-
Øn¬\n-∂v A-h-scm-cp ImcywIqSn I-s≠-Øn, A-
‰v-em‚n-°n-\p \-Sp-hn¬ sh-≈-Øn-\-Snbn-sem-cp ]¿-
h-X-\ncbp≠v. Cu I-s≠-Ø-en-s‚ B-th-i-Øn¬
Nn-ecXv I-S-se-SpØp-t]mb A-‰v-em‚n-kv F-∂
h≥-I-c-bms-W∂p-t]mepw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p.
Hu-tZymKn-I ÿm-]-\-ßƒ I-S-en-s\ A-h-K-Wn-

®Xp-sIm-≠v A-]q¿ham-bn cw-K-Øp-h-cp-∂ {]-Xn-
⁄m-_-≤cm-b k-∂-≤K-th-j-I-cm-Wv kap{ZØn-
s‚ c-l-ky-ß-fn-te-°v \-sΩ B-\-bn-®Xv. 1930˛¬
Nmƒ-kv hneyw _o_pw Hm-Sn-kv _m¿-´-\p-am-Wv I-
S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń-te--°p-≈ B-[p-\n-I ]-cy-th-£-
W-ß-ƒ°p Xp-S-°-an-Sp-∂-Xv. C-cp-hcpw Xp-ey-]-¶m-
fn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu K-th-j-W-ß-fn-se-¶nepw h¿-
Wi-_-fPo-hn-Xw \-bn-® _o-_n-s‚
t]cmWv ]p-kv-XI-ßfn-te-sdbpw Im-Wp-I. \yq-

tbm¿-°v \-K-c-Øn-se kº∂Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬
1877˛¬ P-\n-® _o-_v sIm-fw_n-b k¿-h-I-em-im-
e-bn¬ kp-thmf-Pn ]Tn-®ti-jw \yq-tbm¿-°v kp-
thm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bn¬ ]-£n-kw-c-£-I-
\m-bn tPm-en-bn¬ tN¿∂p. A-Xp- a-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ
km-lkn-I-k-©m-c-Øn-te-°p I-S-∂p. A-ßs\-
sbm-cp Im¬ \q-‰m-≠p-Im-ew G-jy-bnepw sX-t°
A-ta-cn-°-bn-epw [m-cm-fw k-©-cn-®p. k-lm-b-
Øn\v kp-μ-cn-Ifm-b bp-h-XnI-sf H-∏w-Iqń.20 ln-
tÃm-dnb≥, sS-Iv-\n-°n-kv-‰v, Akn-Ã‚ v C≥ ^n-
jv t{]m-ªw-kv Xp-Sßn-b X-kv-Xn-I-I-fn-em-W-h-c-dn-
bs∏´Xv. "F-UvPv Hm-^v Z Pw-Kvƒ', "Pw-Kvƒ tU-bv-
kv' Xp-Sßn-b P-\-{]n-b ]p-kv-X-I-ß-sf-gp-Xn-bm-W-
t±-lw CØ-cw bm-{X-Iƒ-°p-th-≠ ]-Ww Is≠-
Øn-bXv. A-tXm-sSm-∏w h-\y-Po-hnim-kv-{X-
sØbpw ]-£n-im-kv-{XsØ-bpw ]-‰n I-\-s∏-´ {K-
Ÿ-ßƒ c-Nn®p.
1920-I-fp-sS a-[y-Øn¬ Kme-∏-tKm-kv Zzo-]n-te-
°p-≈ bm-{X-bv-°n-S-bn-em-Wv I-S-en-\Sn-bn-te°v
Du-fn-bn-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚ l-cw A-t±-lw I-s≠-Øp-∂Xv.
ssh-ImsX Iq-ń-\v _m¿-´-s\bpw Inń. _o-_n-s\-
°mƒ k-º∂-\m-bn-cp-∂p _m¿´≥,21 sIm-fw_n-b
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬-Ø-s∂-bm-Wt±-lw ]Tn-®-Xv.
_o-_n-s\-t∏m-seX-s∂ km-lk-{]n-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p
_m¿´\pw. t]-cp-In-ńb-Xv _o-_n-\m-sW-¶nepw I-
S-en-s‚ A-Sn-bn¬-t∏m-Im-\p≈ _m-Øn-kv-^nb¿
(B-gw F-∂¿-Yw h-cp-∂ {Ko-°v hm-°n¬\n-∂m-
Wv Cu - t]-cp In-ń-b-Xv) B-Zy-am-bn cq-]-Iev-]-
\ sN-bvX-Xv _m¿-´-\mWv, A-Xp≠m-°m≥th-≠n
12,000 tUm-f¿ sN-e-hn-´Xpw A-t±-lwX-s∂. H-∂-
c C©p I-\-ap-≈ hm¿-∏n-cpºp-sIm-≠p ]Wn-X
sN-dp-sX-¶nepw I-cp-Øp-‰ A-dbm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. c-
≠p sNdn-b Pm-e-I-ß-fp-≠-Xn\v. aq-∂n-©p I-\-
ap-≈ kv-^-Sn-I-am-Wv B In-fn-hm-Xn-epIfn¬ ]-Xn-
®Xv. c-≠mƒ-°v A-Xn-\IØp \n¬-°mw, ]-t£,
\√ ]-cn-ioe-\w e-`n-®-h-cm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-am-{Xw.
A∂sØ \n-e-hm-cw h-®p t\m-°n-bm¬-t∏mepw
G-d-°p-sd {]mIr-Xambncp∂p A-Xn-s‚ \n¿-an-Xn.
hen-sbm-cp I-b-dn-s‚ A‰-Øv Xq-°n-bn-Sp-sa∂√m-
sX B tKm-f-Øn¬ a-‰p ku-I-cy-ß-sfm-∂p-an√.22
izm-tkmNv-Ozmk-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn®-Xv ]g-©≥ km-
t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw. Np-Æm-ºp-I√p-I-fp -]-tbm-Kn-®m-
Wv Im¿-_¨ U-tbmIv-ssk-Uv \n¿-ho-cy-am-°n-
bXv. Cu¿-∏w h-en-s®-Sp-t°-≠n-h-cp-tºmƒ
Im¬kyw t¢m-ssd-Un-s‚ ]m{Xw Xp-d-°pw. cm-k-
{]-h¿Ø-\w Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ C-S-bv°n-sS ssI-
sIm-≠p ho-in-s°mSp-°pw.
A-ßs\-sbm-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw D-t±-in-® Im-cy-

Øn-\p tI-a-am-bn-cp∂p t]-cn-ń√mØ B sN-
dptKm-fw. 1930 Pq-Wn¬ B-Zy Zu-Xy-Øn¬X-s∂
_-lm-a-knse I-S-en¬ 183 ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬ t]m-
bn _o_pw _m¿-´\pw tem-I-sd-t°m¿-Un-´p.
1934˛¬ 900 ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn-se-Øn kz-¥w sd-
t°m¿Uv A-h¿ Xn-cpØn. c≠mw tem-I-bp-≤wh-
sc A-Xß-s\\n∂p. B-g-Øn-te°p t]m-Ip-t¥m-
dpw P-e-a¿-±-Øn¬-s∏-´v t]-S-I-Øn-s‚ G-∏p-Iƒ C-
f-Ip-∂ i–w tIƒ-°p-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw 1400 ao-
‰¿h-sc B-g-Øn¬ kp-c-£n-X-am-sbØm≥ CXp-
sIm-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v _m¿´-\v D-d-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A]-
I-Sw ]nSn® ]-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. 900 ao-‰¿ B-g-
Øn¬ t]-S-I-Øn-s‚ Nn√p-Pm-e-I-Øn-e-\p-`-h-s∏´-
Xv N-Xpc-{i C-©n-\v 19 S¨ a¿-±-am-Wv. Xm-ßm-
hp-∂ a¿-±Øn-s‚ ]-cn-[n I-gn-™v A-sX-ßm≥ X-
I¿-∂m¬ D-S\-Sn ac-Ww F-∂mW¿Yw. Cu-sbm-
c]-I-Skm-[y-X-sb∏-‰n ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn-epw te-J-\-
ßfnepw tdUntbm {]-`m-j-W-ß-fnepw _o-_v hm-
Nm-e-am-bnØ-s∂ hn-h-cn°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. t]S-
Iw X-Icp-tam F-∂m-bn-cp-∂n√, t]-S-I-sØ-bpw c-
≠p S¨-`m-cw h-cp-∂ C-cp-ºpI-b-dn-s\-bpw I-∏-en-
te-°p hen-®p-I-b-‰m\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ I-∏nbpw b-
{¥hpw s]m-ń-t∏mIptam F∂m-bn-cp-∂p Ahcp-sS
`bw. s]m-ń-bm¬ C-cp-K-th-j-Icpw I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-
Ø-ń¬-sN-∂v A¥y-\n-{Z -]q-Ipw. c-£-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
H-cp h-gn-bp-an√.
kw-KXn-sbm-s° Kwò-c-am-bn-cp∂p, ]-t£, A-

h-cpsS Cu ]-cyth-£Ww-sIm-≠v k-ap-{Z-im-kv-{X-
Øn-\v hen-b sa-®-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn√. AXn-\p-ap-
ºv I-≠n-ń√m-Ø ]-e Po-hn-I-sfbpw Xm-tg-°n-d-
ßn-t∏m-hp-tºmƒ I-s≠∂-Xp i-cnXs∂, ]-t£
Pm-e-I-∏-gp-Xn-eq-sS A-Xn-s‚ hn-i-Zmw-ißƒ a-\- n-
em°m-s\m-∂pw A-h¿-°m-bn√. k-ap-{Z-im-kv-{X ]-
›m-Ø-eØn-s‚ ]n≥-_-e-an√m-ØXp-sIm≠v Cu
Im-gv-NI-sf {]-tbm-P-\-{]-Zamb co-Xn-bn¬ hn-h-cn-
°m\pam-bn√. t]-S-I-Øn-s‚ ]p-d-Øm-sW-¶n¬
sh-fn-®Øn-\p-≈ ku-I-cy-sam-∂p-an√, A-I-Øp-≈
250 hm-´v _ƒ-_v Pm-e-I-Øn\-cn-In¬ ]n-Sn-®p th-
Ww ]pd-sØ Imgv-N Im-Wm≥. 150 A-Sn-bnepw
Xmsgsb-Øp-tºmƒ B sh-fn-®-Øn-\v A-[n-I-Zq-c-
sam∂pw sN√m-\m-hn√. am{Xa√, aq-∂n-©p I-\-
ap-≈ Nn√n-eq-sS th-Ww ]p-d-tØ--°p t\m-°m-≥.
Kth-j-I-cp-sS Xm¬-]cyw sIm-≠p-am{Xw I-S¬Po-
hnI-sf Im-Wm-\m-hn√. Pohn-Iƒ Xm¬-]-cy-sa-Sp-
Øv t]-S-I-Øn-\-Sp-Øp h-∂m¬ I-„n I-≠p a-
\- nem-°mw. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂, I-S-en-\-Sn-bn¬ H-
cp-]m-Sv hn-Nn-{X-Po-hn-Ifp-s≠-∂-X√m-sX Iq-Sp-X¬
hnh-c-sam∂pw ]p-d-sØ-Øn-°m≥ A-h¿-°mbn√.
C-cp-]-X-Sn-bn-te-sd \o-fhpw h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw ho-Xn-
bp-ap-s≈m-cp òa≥ ]m-ºv I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-XpI-≠p
sR-ń-t∏m-b-Xm-bn 1934˛¬ H-cp ssU-hnMv I-gn-
s™Øn-b _o-_v A-h-Im-i-s∏´p. H-cp \ng¬-t]m-
se IS∂p-t]mb B Po-hn F-¥m-sW-∂v B¿-
°p-a-dn-bn√, G-Xm-bmepw C{X-Im-e-Øn-\nsS A-
ßs\-sbm-∂ns\ ]n-∂o-Smcpw I-≠n-t´-bn√.23 hn-h-
c-W-Øn-se CØcw A-hy-‡-X-Iƒ Imc-Ww A-
h-cp-sS \n-co-£-W-ßƒ-°v ]-fin-X-k-aq-lw h-en-
b hn-e-Iev-]n-®pan√.
sd-t°m¿-Uv t`-Zn-® 1934˛se ssU-hn-tßm-sS
_o-_n-\v I-S-en-∂-Sn-bnse ]-cy-th-£-W-ß-fn¬
Xm¬-]cyw \-„-ambn, A-t±-lw ]p-Xn-b- ta-®n¬∏p-
d-ßƒ tX-Sn-t∏mbn. ]t£, _m¿-´≥ D-d-®p-\n∂p.
Cu ]-cy-th-£-Wßƒ°p- ]n-∂n-se X-e-t®m-dv
_m¿-´-s‚-bm-sW-∂v _o-_vX-s∂ ]-eh-´w ]-d-
™n-´p-s≠-¶nepw {]-i-kv-Xnbpw Aw-Ko-Im-c-ßfpw
A-t∏mgpw A-t±lØn¬\n-s∂m-gn-™p-amdn. I-S-en-
\-Sn-bn-se km-l-k-ß-ƒ hn-h-cn®p-sIm≠v _m¿-
´\pw [m-cm-fw F-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. H-cp tlm-fn-hp-Uv
kn-\n-a-bn¬ th-j-an-Sp-I-bpwsN-bv-Xp A-t±-lw.
"ssS-‰≥kv Hm-^v Z Uo-]v' F∂ B kn-\n-abn¬
A-h-cp-sS ssU-hn-Mv t]-S-I-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ò-
a≥ I-Whbp-ambpw a-‰p hn-Nn-{X-Po-hn-I-fp-ambpw
I-S-en-\-Sn-bn¬-h-®p≠m-b km-¶ev]nI t]mcm´ß-
fp-sS Nn-{XoI-c-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kn-\n-a-bn-e-`n-\-
bn-®-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX Iyma¬ kn-K-c-‰n-s‚ ]-c-ky-
Ønepw th-j-an-´p _m¿´≥. 1948-—¬ A-t±lw
1,370 ao-‰¿ B-gwh-sc sNs∂-Øp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.
F-s¥m-s°-bm-bn´pw tem-Iw A-t±l-sØ A-h-K-
Wn-®p. "ssS-‰≥kv Hm-^v Z Uo-∏n'¬ A-`n-\-bn-®-
Xv _o-_v B-sW-∂p I-cpXn-b \n-cq-]-I¿t]m-ep-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _m¿´s‚ t]-cv C-∂p ]-cm-a¿-in-°-
s∏-Sp∂-XpX-s∂ `mKyw F-∂p I-cp-Xn-bm¬ aXn.
_m¿´-s\ ]n-∂n-te-°p X-≈n-s°m-≠v kzn-‰v-k¿-

e‚n¬\n-∂p-≈ H-c—\pw a-I\pw ssh-Im-sX cw-
K-{]-th-iw sN-bv-Xp˛˛A-K-kv-‰v ]n-Im¿Upw jm-Iv
]n-Im¿-Upw. _m-Øn-kvIs^ (B-g-h©n) F-∂
]pXn-sbmcp t]SIØn-s‚ cq-]-Iev]-\-bn-em-bn-cp-
∂p A-h¿. \n¿-Ωm-Ww \-S-∂ C-‰m-en-b≥ \-K-c-
Øn-s‚ t]-cm-W-Xn-\n-´Xv˛˛{So-sÃ. kz-¥-am-bn N-
en-°m≥ tijn-bp≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p AXv (ap-I-fn-te-
°pw Xm-tg°pw \o-ßpw, A-{X-am-{Xw). B-Zy ssU-
hn-ßp-Ifn-sem-∂n¬ 1954˛s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ {So-kv-
s‰ 4000 ao‰¿ B-g-Øn-seØn. B-dp-h¿-jw ap-ºv
_m¿-´≥ \-SØn-b sd-t°m-Uv ssUhn-ßn-s‚ aq-
∂n-cń-tbmfw. ]t£, I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-bn-se-Øp-I-
sb∂-Xv sNethdn-b Im-cy-amWv. Ip-d-®p-I-gn-™-
t∏mƒ ]n-°m¿Upw a-I\pw ]m-∏cmbn.
]-Ww I-s≠-Øm-\m-bn A-h-scm-cp hgn-sbm-∏n-

®p \m-hn-I-tk-\-bpam-bn [m-c-W-bp-≠m°n.24 D-]-I-
c-W-Øn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw \m-hn-I-tk\-bv-°m-
bn-cn-°pw, F-¶nepw \n-b-{¥-Ww ]n-°m¿-Up-am¿-
°pX-s∂. ^-≠n\p ]-™-an-s√-∂p h-∂-t∏mƒ A-
h¿ D-]-Ic-Ww A-gn-®p-]-WnXp. Np-h-cn-s‚ I-\w
13 sk‚o-ao-‰-dm°n. Pm-e-I-Øn-s‚ hym-kw A-©p-
sk‚o-ao-‰-dm-bn Np-cp°n. C-t∏m-fXn-s\m-cp Xm-
t°m¬ ]-gp-Xns\-°mƒ Aev-]w h-en-∏-tabp-≈q,
F-¶n-epw henb a¿-±-sØ A-Xn-Po-hn°m\p-≈ I-
cp-Øv ssUhnMv t]-S-I-Øn-\p ssI-h-∂p. 1960˛¬
jm-Iv ]n-Im¿Upw A-ta-cn-°≥ t\-hnbnse e-^v-
‰\‚ v tUm¨ hm¬jpw ]-Sn-™m-d≥ im-¥-k-
ap-{Z-Øn¬ Kphman¬\n-∂v 400 In-tem-ao-‰¿ am-dn
I-S-ense G-‰-hpw Bgw IqSn-b K¿ØØnte-°v,
sa-do-\ s{S-©n-te-°,v ]-Xp-s°-bn-dßn. lm-cn sl-
kv X-s‚ ^m-tXm-ao‰¿-sIm-≠p I-s≠Øn-b A-tX
K¿-Ø-Øn¬-Øs∂. shdpw \m-ep a-Wn-°qdp-sIm-
≠v A-h¿ 10,918 ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬, G-Xm-≠v G-gp
ssa¬ Xm-sg-sb-Øn. A-{X-bp-am-g-Øn¬ a¿-±w N-
Xp-c-{i- C-©n-\v 17,000 dm-Ø-em-Wv. F-∂n-´pw A-h-
n-sS-sb-Øn-b-t∏mƒ H-cp ]-c-∂ a’yw C-finsbm-
gp-In-t∏m-Ip∂-Xv A-¤p-X-tØm-sS-b-h¿ I≠p.
t^m-t´m-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ D-]-I-cW-ß-sfm-∂p-a-h-cp-
sS ssI-bn-en√m-bn-cp∂p, AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ B
kw-`-h-Øn-\p tcJ-I-sfm-∂p-an√.
temI-sØ G-‰hpw B-g-ap-≈ ÿe-Øv C-cp]-
Xp an-\n-‰p sN-e-hn´ ti-jw A-h¿ Xn-cn®p-t]m∂p.
A-Xn-\p ap-tºm ]ntºm a-\p-jy≥ A-{X-bp-am-g-
Øn¬ sN-∂n-ń√.
\m¬]-Xp h¿-j-Øn-\p-ti-jam-tem-Nn-°p-
tºmƒ \ym-b-ambpw H-cp kwi-bw tXm-∂pw, ]n-
s∂-t¥ Bcpw A-hn-sS t]m-bn√? Im-c-W-ßƒ
]e-Xp-≠v. ssh-kv A-Uv-an-d¬ ssl-am≥ Pn. dn-
t°m-h-dpsS i-‡-am-b F-Xn¿-∏m-bn-cp-∂p H-cp Im-
cWw. kzm-[o-\-i-‡nbpw hy‡am-b Im-gv-N-∏mSpw
F√m-‰n-\p-ap]-cn ]-W-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-\p-≈ A-[n-Im-c-
hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ dn-t°mh¿ I-cp-Xnb-Xv k-ap-{Z ]-
cy-th£-Ww ]m-gv-s®-e-hm-sW-∂m-Wv. \mhn-
Itk\ H-cp K-th-j-W ÿm-]-\-a-s√-∂-Xm-bn-cp-
∂p A-t±-l-Øn-\p ]-d-bm\p-≈ \ymbw. cm-Py-amI-
s´ A-t∏m-tg-°v _-ln-cmIm-i bm-{X-bp-sS
Bthi-Øn¬ ap-gp-In-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. a-\p-jy-s\
N-{μ-\n-te-°-bbv-°m-\p≈ ]≤
Xn-I-sfm-cp-°p-∂-h¿-°v I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-te-°p-≈
bm-{X ]-g-©-\m-bm-Wp tXm∂nbXv. A-Xn-s\√m-
ap]-cn {So-sÃ ]-cy-th-£Ww-sIm-≠p Im-cyam-b
t\-´sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bp-an√. "H-cp Np°pw a-\- n-em-°m-
\m-bn-ń√ A-Xn¬\n-∂v. k-ap-{Z-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ sN√m-
\m-bn F-∂p-am-{Xw. H-cn-°¬ t]mbm¬ ]n-s∂¥n-
\v ho≠pw sN√Ww?'25 F-∂m-Wv H-cp \m-hn-I-
tk\m D-tZym-K-ÿ≥ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv. ]-c-∂ ao-
\pI-sf I-s≠-Øm≥ C-{X ]-Ww sNe-hn-´v C-{X-
tb-sd B-g-Øn¬ sN-t√-≠ Im-cy-an√ F-∂-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p s]m-Xp-thbp-≈ Nn-¥m-K-Xn. A∂-sØ B
]-co£-Ww C∂m-h¿-Øn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ 100 tIm-Sn
tUm-f¿ sNe-hph-cp-sa-∂m-Wv I-W°v.
k-ap-{Z]-cy-th-£-W-Øn-\v \mhn-Itk-\ ]-Ww

ap-S-°n-s√-∂p hy‡am-b-t∏mƒ K-th-j-I¿ {]-Xn-
tj-[-ap-b¿Øn. F-Xn¿-∏p-am-sb-Øn-b-hsc A-\p-\-
bn-∏n-°m≥th-≠n Ip-td-°q-Sn an-I-® ]-cy-th-£-W
hml-\w \n¿an-°m≥ \m-hn-Itk-\ ]-W-a-\p-h-
Zn®p. a-km-®p-sk-‰v-knse hp-Uv-kv tlmƒ Hmjy-
t\m-{Km-^n-Iv C≥-Ãn-‰yq-ń-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚ Np-
a-X-e. kap-{Z -im-kv-{X⁄≥ A-en≥ kn. ssh-\n-
s‚ t]-cn-s‚ Np-cp-°-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ - - B¬hn≥
F-∂m-W-Xn-\p t]cn-´Xv. ]q¿-W-ambpw D-≈n¬\n-
∂p \n-b-{¥n°mhp-∂ sNdn-sbm-cp ap-ßn-°∏-epX-
s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. {So-sÃ- t]m-b-{X B-g-Øn¬
t]m-Im-\p-≈ tijn-sbm∂pw A-Xn-\n√m-bn-cp∂p.
]-t£, Hcp {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, AØ-c-sam-∂p
\n¿-an-°m≥ B-sf-°n-ń-bn√.26 \mhnItk-\-bn-se
A-h-km-\-hm-°m-bn-cp-∂ A-Uv-an-d¬ dn-t°m-h-dn-
\pw _yqtdm Hm-^v jn-]v-kn-\pw Xm¬-]-cy-an√m-Ø
H-cp ]-≤-Xn-bp-am-bn k-l-I-cn-°m≥ h≥-In-S ÿm-
]\-ß-sfm∂pw X-øm-dm-bn-cp-∂n√. t\-hn-°v ap-ßn-
°-∏¬ \n¿-an-®p \¬-In-bn-cp-∂ P-\-d¬ ssU-\m-
an-Iv-kvt]m-ep-≈ I-º-\n-Iƒ ]n-∑m-dn-b-t∏mƒ P-
\-d¬ an¬-kv F∂ `-£y[m\y-°-º-\n-°m-Wv
\n¿ΩmW®pa-X-e e-`n-®-Xv. tKmX-ºp s]m-Sn-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-≈ b-{¥-ßƒ \n¿an°p-∂ ^m-Œ-dn-bn-em-W-
h¿ B¬-hn-\p-≠m-°n-bXv.
C{X-sbm-s°-bm-bn´pw I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-bn-se-¥m-

Wp-≈-sX-∂-Xn-s\∏‰n B¿°pw hen-b [mc-W-
sbm-∂p-an√m-bn-cp-∂p. 1929 Ime-Øp \-S-∂ k¿th-
I-fn¬\n-∂p -Inń-b inYn-e hn-h-c-ßƒ h-®m-Wv
1950I-fn¬-t]mepw I-S-en-s‚ am-∏p X-øm-dm-°n-bn-
cp-∂Xv. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ Dulm-t]m-l-ß-fpsS I-S-
em-bn-cp∂p A-sX√mw. ap-ßn-°-∏-epI-sf K¿-Ø-
ßƒ°pw a-e-\n-c-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn-eq-sS \-bn-°m\p-
≈ anI® Nm¿-´pIƒ A-ta-cn-°≥ \m-hn-I-tk\bp-
sS ssI-h-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ tkm-hnb-‰v
bq-Wnb-s‚ ssIbnse-Øn-s∏-Sp-sa-∂ ò-Xn -Imc-
Ww A-hcXp c-l-ky-am-°n-h®p. AXpsIm≠pX-
s∂ k-ap-{Z-hn⁄m-\K-th-j-I¿-°v ]-g-©≥ k¿-
th-I-sfbpw Dulm-t]m-l-ß-sf-bpw B-{i-bn-t°-
≠nh∂p. C∂pw k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ ASnØ-ń-s\∏-‰n
\-ap-°p-≈ Nn{Xw G-d-°p-sd A-hy-‡-am-Wv. C-
SØ-cw sSenkv-tIm-∏v- D]-tbm-Kn-®v N-{μ-s\ t\m-
°n-bm¬ A-hnS-sØ B-Lm-XtI-{μ-ßƒ sX-fn-
™p-Im-Wmw. {^m-¶-tÃm-dn-bkv, ªm-¶-\kv,
kmIv, πm¶v XpS-ßn A-h-bp-sS t]-cv G-sXm-cp Nm-
{μ-im-kv-{X-⁄\pw kp-]-cn-Nn-X-amWv. Cu s{I-bv-
‰-dp-Iƒ \-Ωp-sS {K-l-Øn-se I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-
ń-em-bn-cp-s∂¶n¬ A-h \-ap°-{X ]-cn-Nn-X-am-hp-
am-bn-cp-∂n√. k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-Øń-s‚ am-∏ns\-
°mƒ an-I-®-Xm-Wv sNm-Δ-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-s‚
am∏p-Iƒ.
A-Sn-Ø-ń-s‚ am-{Xa√, k-ap-t{Zm-]-cn-X-e-Øn-s‚-

Im-cyhpw A-Xp -X-s∂-bm-Wv. F{Xtbm ]n-∂n-
emWv Cu K-th-j-W-ß-fpw. sF-kv tlm°n I-
fn-°m¿-°p≈ 34,000 ssI-bp-d-Iƒ 1994˛¬ sIm-dn-
b≥ N-c-°p-I-∏-en¬\n∂v sIm-Sp-¶m-‰n¬-s∏-´v im-
¥-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ ho-Wp.27 A-h H-gp-°n¬s∏´v hm≥-
Iq-h¿ap-X¬ hn-b-‰v\mwh-sc \m-\m-Zn-°n-ep-sa-Øn.
A-Xp-h-sc \S-Ønb F√m \n-co-£-W-ß-sf-°m-
fpw \-∂m-bn k-ap-{Z-P-e-{]-hm-l-Øns‚ K-Xn- a-\- n-
em-°m≥ im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°p I-gn™-Xv A-t∏m-
gmWv.
B-¬-hn-\n-t∏mƒ \m¬]-Xp h-b- mbn. C-t∏m-gpw

k-ap-{Zm-¥-c ]-cyth-£-W-Øn-\p-≈ G-‰hpw an-I-
® bm-\w A-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv. a-cnbm-\ s{S-©n-s‚
A-Sn-Ø-ń¬ t]m-Im≥ ]-‰n-b A-¥¿-hm-ln-\n C-
t∏m-gn√. CS-Ø-cw I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń¬ t]m-Im-
≥ ]‰n-b bm-\-ßƒX-s∂ B-sI A-s©-Æ-ta-
bp≈q. CØ-c-sam-cp A-¥¿-hm-ln\n H-cp- Znh-kw
{]-h¿-Øn∏n°m≥ th-≠ sN-e-hv 25,000 tUm-f-
dmWv. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ I-gn-bp∂Xpw A-h sh-
≈-Øn-en-d-°m-dn√. h√-t∏m-gpw \-S-Øp-∂ ]-cy-th-
£-Wßfn¬\n-∂p bm-Zr-—n-I-am-sb-s¥-¶nepw I-
Æn¬-s∏-Sp-sa-∂m-Wv im-kv-{X⁄-cp-sS [mc-W.
tXm-´w D-gm-\p-≈ Ip-™p{Sm-Œ-dp-am-bn cm-{Xn-bn¬
]cy-th-£-W-Øn-\n-dßn-b ho-c-∑m-cp-sS A-h-ÿ-
bm-Wv \Ωp-sS k-ap-{Z]-cyth-£-W-ßƒ-°pw. tdm-
_¿-´v Ip≥-kn-Kn-s‚ hm-°p-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®m¬,
"kap-{Z-Øn-s‚ C-cp-ń-s‚ e-£Øn-tem i-X-tIm-
Snbntem H-cw-iw am-{Xta a-\p-jy-\v \o-°m≥ I-gn-
™n-´p≈q.28 H-cp]-t£ C-∏-d-™-Xnepw Ipd-hm-bn-
cn-°p-aXv. h-fsc, h-f-sc-°p-d-hv.'
F-∂p-h-®v k-ap-{Z-im-kv-{X-⁄¿ D-’m-ln-I-f-

s√-∂p I-cp-X-cpXv. ]cnan-Xam-b ku-I-cy-ß-fp-]-
tbm-Kn-®v hn-e-s∏-´ [m-cm-fw I-s≠-Ø-ep-I-fnse-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v A-h¿. 1977˛se H-cp I-≠p-]n-SnØw, H-
cp]-t£ C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-
ep≠m-b G-‰hpw hen-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw, A°q-
´-Øn¬-s∏-Sp∂p. B h¿-j-am-Wv B¬-hn-s‚ ]-
cy-th-£-Wbm-{Xbn¬ Kme-∏-tKm-kv Zzo-]n-\-Sp-Øv
k-ap-{Zm-¥¿-`mK-sØ c-{‘-Øn-\-cn-In¬ h-en-b- Po-
h-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS A-km-[m-c-W k-aql-sØ I-s≠-
Øn-bXv. aq∂pao-‰-dn-te-sd \o-f-ap-≈ hn-c-I-fpw 30
sk‚o-ao-‰¿ ho-Xn-bp-≈ \-Øbv-°Ifpw sN-
Ωo\pw I-Sp-°-bp-sa√mw A-°q-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-
cp∂p.29 Cu Po-hn-Isfsb√mw \n-e-\n¿Ønb-Xv H-
cpX-cw kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. B kq£vaPo-
hnIƒ Du¿-Pw kw-`-cn®-Xv A-Sn-Ø-ń-se c-{‘-ß-
fn¬\n-∂p ]p-d-tØ°p h-an® ssl-{U-P≥ kƒ-
ss^-Un¬\n∂pw. I-c-bn-se Po-hn-Iƒ-°p hn-
jamb ssl-{U-P≥ kƒ-ss^-Uv I-S-en-s‚-b-
Snbn¬ Poh-s‚ A-Snÿm-\-am-Ip∂p. Po-h≥ F-
∂p tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ BZy-tam¿-°p-∂ {]-Imitam
Hm-Iv-kn-Pt\m C√mØ tem-I-am-WXv. {]Im-ikw-
t«-jW-sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-b√m-sX cm-k-kw-
t«-jW-sØ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈ Bhm-khy-
h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. I-≠-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pap-ºv
CØ-c-sam-cp km-[y-X-sb-∏‰n B-sc-¶nepw ]-d-
™n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ A-kw-`hyw F-∂p ]d™v Po-h-
im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ssI-tbm-sS X-ń-°-f-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
h≥-tXm-Xn¬ Du¿-÷hpw NqSpw ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-

∂p-≠v CØ-cw c{‘ßƒ. hen-sbm-cp ssh-Zy-
pXn\n-e-b-ap¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂{X Du¿Pw, h-f-scb-[n-
Iw Nq-Spw. D-d-h-bn¬ Nq-Sv 400 Un{Kn sk¬-jy-kvh-
sc-sb-Øpw. GXm\pw ao-‰-d¿ A-∏p-d-sØ Nq-S-t∏m-
ƒ ]q-Py-Øn-\v sXm-´-Sp-Øm-bn-cn°pw. B¬-hn-s\-
en-Uv-kv F-s∂m-cpX-cw hn-c c≠n-s‚bpw A-Xn¿-
Øn-bn-em-Wv Po-hn-°p-∂Xv. A-h-bp-sS X-e- \n¬-
°p-∂ {]-tZ-ihpw hm-ep \n¬-°p-∂ {]-tZ-ihpw
XΩn¬ Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ Nn-e-t∏mƒ 78 Un-{Knh-sc
hy-Xym-k-ap≠m-Ipw. 54 Un-{Kn-bn-e-[n-Iw Nq-Sp-≈
sh-≈-Øn¬ H-cp Po-hn°pw I-gn-bm\m-hn-√ F-∂m-
bn-cp-∂p apº-sØ [mcW.30 Cu I-s≠-Ø-tem-sS
A-Xp X-I¿∂p. C-hn-sS sImSpw Nq-Sn-epw X-Wp-
∏nepw H-tct]m-se Po-hn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ Po-hn-sb-
bm-Wv I-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Po-h≥ \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥ th-
≠ L-S-I-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°bm-sW∂-Xp kw-_-
‘n-®v H-cp [m-c-WIq-Sn Xn-cpØ-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
k-ap-{Z-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn-se a-s‰m-cp k-a-ky-

bv°pIq-Sn A-Xv D-Ø-c-ta-In. A-[n-I-amcpw Nn-¥n-
®n√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw k-ap-{Z-im-kv-{X-⁄¿ DØcw
In-´m-sX h-e-™ H-cp tNm-Zy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, F¥p-
sIm-≠m-Wv I-S-en¬ D-∏n-s‚ Aw-iw Iq-Sn-°q-Sn h-
cm-Ø-Xv? F√m-h¿-°p-a-dn-bm-hp-∂Xm-sW-¶nepw H-
∂pIq-Sn B-h¿-Øn-°mw, k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ [m-cm-fw D-
∏p-≠v. I-c-bn¬ sam-Ø-am-bn \n-c-Øn-bn-´m¬ 150
A-Sn D-b-c-Øn-se-Øm-hp-∂-{Xbpw D∏v31. \-Zn-Iƒ
[m-cm-fw [m-Xp°-sf I-S-en-se-Øn-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw
Cu [mXp°ƒ k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-se A-tbm-Wp-I-fp-
am-bn tN¿-∂v e-h-W-ß-fm-bn amdpsa-∂pw ]-t≠
A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. A-Xn¬ {]-iv-\-sam-∂p-an√, F-
∂n´pw I-S-en-se D-∏n-s‚ Aw-i-Øn¬ am-‰w h-cp-
∂n√ F-∂-Xm-Wp {]-iv\w. tImSn°-W-°n-\v Kym-
e≥ ip-≤P-ew Zn-h-khpw I-S-en¬\n-∂v _m-jv-]-
am-bn t]mIp-∂p≠v. D-∏v I-S-en¬Ø-s∂ X-≈n-bm-
Wh t]m-Ip-∂Xv. Cu D∏pw ]pXp-Xm-bn F-Øp-∂
e-h-W-ßfpw tN-cp-tºmƒ k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-s‚ e-h-
WXzw Iq-Sn-°q-Sn h-c-Ww. ]-t£, A-Xp kw-`-hn-
°p-∂n√. I-S-en¬ ]p-XpXm-sb-Øp-∂ D-∏v Btcm
h-en-s®-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v F-∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw. A-Xmsc-
∂v G-sd-°m-e-tØ--°v B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p.
B¬-hn≥ I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-se c-{‘-ßƒ I-s≠-

Øn-b-tXm-sS C-Xn-\pØ-c-ambn. A-tIz-dn-b-ß-fn-
se ^n¬-‰-dp-I-fp-sS ]-Wn-bmWv Cu c-{‘ßƒ
\n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-sX-∂v ù-a-im-kv-{X-⁄¿ a-\- n-
em°n. D-∏p-sh≈w C-Xneq-sS A-I-tØ--°p
sN√pw, D-∏-hn-sS \n-t£-]n-®v ip-≤-P-e-am-Wv
]pdtØ-°p h-cn-I. ]-d-bp∂-{X th-K-sam-∂p-an√,
Cu {]-{In-bbv°v. H-cp kap{Zw Cß-s\ ip-≤o-I-
cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v G-Xm-≠v H-cp tIm-Sn h¿-jsa-
Sp-°pw.32 hen-b Xn-Sp-°-sam-∂p-an-s√-¶n¬ Xn-I®pw
Im-cy-£-a-am-Wm ip≤o-Ic-Ww F-∂p k-Ω-Xn-t®
]‰q.
I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń¬ \-S-°p-∂ Im-cy-ß-

fn¬\n-∂v am-\-kn-I-am-bn \m-sa{X A-I-se-bm-sW-
∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥33 1957˛58-˛se A-¥m-cm{„ ù-
a-ùXnIh¿-jm-N-c-W-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-sa-SpØp-t\m-
°n-bm¬ aXn. tdUntbm BŒoh-X-bp-≈ ]m-gvh-
kv-Xp-°ƒ \n-t£-]n-°m≥ I-S-en-s‚ A-SnØ-´v D-
]-tbmKs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-am-bn-
cp∂p, h¿-jm-N-c-W-Øn-s‚ apJy A-P≥-U. C-
sXm-cp cl-ky Im-cy-]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√, hen-b
A-`n-am\tØm-sS ]-c-ky-N¿-®-bv-°p-h-® hn-j-bw.
A-Xph-sc ]-c-ky-am-bn k-ΩXn-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw
H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-≠p ap-ºpX-s∂ tdUntbm B-Œo-hv
]mgv h-kv-Xp-°ƒ I-S-en¬ -sIm-≠ph-∂p X-≈p-
∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 55 ho-∏ \ndsb tdUntbm B-
Œo-hv ]m-gvh-kv-Xp-°-fmWv 1946 ap-X¬ A-ta-cn-°
I-S-en¬ X-≈n-t∏m-∂Xv. Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn-se
km≥-{^m≥-knkvtIm Xo-c-Øn¬ \n-∂v 50 In-tem-
ao-‰¿ am-dn ^m-e-tdm¨ Zzo-]n-\-Sp-Øm-bn-cp∂p Cu
N-h-‰p-Ip-´. ]m-gvh-kv-Xp-°ƒ I-S-en¬ \n-t£-]n-°p-
s∂-∂p tI-´p sX-‰n-≤-cnt°≠, t_m-ń¬ sIm-
≠ph-∂v I-S-en¬ X´pw, A-{X-Xs∂.
]-d-™m¬ hn-iz-kn-°n√, A-{X-bv°v A-e-£y-

am-bmWv Cu A-]ISh-kv-Xp-°ƒ ssI-Imcyw sN-
bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. s]-t{Smƒ ]-ºp-I-fp-sSbpw ^mŒdnI-
fp-sSbpw ]pd-Øv Im-Wp-∂Xp-t]m-ep-≈ km-
[mcW ho∏-I-fn-em-Wv C-h \n-d-®n-cp-∂Xv. hn-Inc-
Ww sN-dp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kpc-£mIh-N-sam∂pw
A-hbv-°n√. I-S-en-en-´m¬ Nne-Xv ap-ßm-sX s]m-
ßn-°n-S-°pw. A-t∏mƒ \mhn-Itk-\mw-K-ßƒ sh-
Sn-h-®v Zzm-c-ap-≠m-°pw. B Zzm-c-Øn-eq-sS sh≈w
A-I-Øp-sN√p-tºmƒ ho-∏-Iƒ ap-ßpw34, ]-t£
A-tX Zzm-c-Øn-eq-sS AI-Øp-≈ πq-t´m-Wn-bhpw
bp-td-\n-bhpw kv-t{Sm-¨jn-b-hp-sa√mw ]p-dtØ-
°p-sa-Øpw. 1990I-fn¬ Cu ]-cn-]m-Sn A-h-km-\n-
∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS e-£-°W-°n-\v B-W-hho-∏-
Iƒ A-º-tXm-fw ÿ-e-ß-fn-embn A-tacn°
Cßs\ I-S-en¬ X≈n-bn-´p≠v. C-Xn¬ A-º-Xn-
\m-bn-c-hpw ^m-e-tdm¨-kn¬X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. A-
ta-cn-° X-\n-®m-bn-cp-∂p C-Xn-se∂p Icp-X-cpXv.
Iqń\v d-jybpw ssN-\bpw P-∏m\pw \yq-kn-e‚p-
ap-≠m-bncp∂p; ]ns∂ bq-tdm-∏n-se H-´p-an° cm-Py-
ß-fpw.
Cu B-W-hh-kv-Xp-°ƒ I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-se Po-hn-

I-fn¬ F-¥p {]-XymLm-X-am-Wp-≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-I.
Im-cyam-sbm-∂p-an-s√-∂m-Wv {]-Xo-£. F∂m¬ \-
ap-°-tX∏-‰n H-∂p-a-dn-bn-s√-∂-Xm-Wv hm-kv-Xhw. I-
S-en-\-Sn-bnse Po-hn-I-sf∏-‰n A-º-c-∏n°pwhn-[w
A-⁄-cm-Wp \m-w. kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fpsS Im-cy-a√,
I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-se kp-{][m-\ Po-hn-I-sf-∏-‰n-t∏m-epw,
òamIm-cPo-hn-I-sf-∏-‰n-t∏mepw \-ap-°p Im-cyam-
sbm-∂p-a-dn-bn√. F-¥n\v {_“mfih-en-∏-ap-≈
\o-e-Øn-anw-Kne-ß-sf-∏-‰n \-ap-°v A[nI-sam∂pa-
dn-bn√. \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-e-Øn-s‚ \m-hn-\v H-cm-\-bp-
sS h-en-∏-ap-≠m-Ipw, lrZbw Imdn-s‚b{X. A-Xn-
s‚ c-‡-°p-g-en-\p-≈n-eq-sS \n-ßƒ-°p \o¥n-°-
b-dmw (tU-hn-Uv B-‰≥-_-tdm-bp-tS-Xm-Wo {]-tb-
mKw). Cu temIØv C-Xph-sc-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xn¬-
h-®v G-d-dhpw ò-am-Im-cPo-hn-bm-WnXv. G-‰hpw
henb ssU-\-tkmdp-t]mepw A-Xn-\-Sp-sØ-Øn√.
C-{X-bpw hep-Xm-bn´pw \o-e-Øn-anw-K-ne-ß-fp-sS Po-
hn-Xw \n-Kq-V-am-Wp \-Ωƒ-°v. an-° k-a-bØpw
A-h-sb-hn-sS-bm-sW-∂p \-ap-°-dn-bn√, A-h-bp-sS
{]-P\-\w F-hn-sS-h®msW-∂-dn-bn√, G-Xp ]m-X-
bn-eq-sS-bm-W-h-bp-sS k-©m-c-sa-∂-dn-bn√.
Ahbp-sS ]m-´v H-fn-®p-\n-∂p tI-´m-Wv F-s¥-¶nep-
sam-s° a-\- n-em-°p∂XpXs∂. B ]m´p-t]mepw
\n-Kq-V-am-Wv. Nn-e-t∏mƒ H-cp ]m´v ]m-Xn-h-gnbn¬
\n¿-Øn A-h ap-ßpw, F-∂n-´v B-dp am-kw I-gn-
™v AtX ÿeØp h-∂v A-Xn-s‚ _m-°n ]m-
Spw.35 ]pXn-sbm-cp ]m-´p-am-bmhpw Nn-e-t∏mƒ hcn-
I, Iq-´-Øn-emcpw ap-ºp tI-ń-t´-bn√m-Ø ]m´v. F-
¶nepw F√m-h-cpaXv Xn-cn-®-dn-bpw. F-ß-s\-bn-
sX√mw km-[n-°p-∂p F-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n Hcq-l-
hpan√. A¥co-£-hm-bp iz-kn-°m≥ ap-Iƒ-∏-c-∏n-
se-Øp-∂ H-cp Pohn-bpsS Im-cy-am-Wn-∏-d-bp-∂-sX-
t∂m¿-°Ww.
A-t∏mƒ H-cn-°epw ap-I-fn-te-°p h-cm-Ø Po-

hn-I-fm-sW-¶ntem? \nKqV-X-bv-°v H-c-¥-hp-ap-≠m-
In√. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\p ò-a≥ I-W-h-.36 \o-eØn-
anw-Kn-e-Øn-\-Sp-sØm-∂p-sa-Øn-s√-¶nepw tam-i-
a√m-Ø h-en-∏-ap-≈ Pohn-I-fm-Wn-h. A-Xn-s‚ I-
Æn-\v ^pSv-t_m-fn-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-≠m-Ipw. kv]¿in-\n-
Iƒ-°v 18 ao-‰¿ \o-fw h-cpw. H-cp S-tÆm-f-amWp
`m-cw. \-s´√n√m-Ø Po-hn-I-fn¬ G-‰hpw h-ep-
XmWXv. H-∂n-s\-sb-Sp-Øv kzn-Ωn-Mv ]q-fn-en-´m¬
Ip-fw \nd-™p In-S-°p-aXv. C-ßs\-sbm-s°-bm-
sW-¶nepw ò-a≥ I-Whsb B-cp-an-Xph-sc Po-h-
t\m-sS I-≠n-ń√, km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-sS Im-cya√.
im-kv-{X-⁄¿t]mepw I-≠n-ń√. H-∂n-s\ ]n-Sn-Iq-
Sm≥ A-s√-¶n¬ Po-h-t\m-sS H-cp t\m-°p Im-
Wm≥ Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄¿ s]-Sm-∏m-Sp s]-ń-´p≠v,
]-t£, F¥p Imcyw. N-Øv I-S-∏p-d-Ø-Sn-bp-tºm-
g√msX A-h-sb∏-‰n \ma-dn-bm-dn√. F-¥m-Wv Im-
c-W-sa-∂-dn-bn-√, \yq-kn-e‚n-se ku-Øv _o®n¬
C-S-bv°n-sS A-h N-Ø-Sn-bm-dp-≠v. Ip-d-s®m-∂pa√,
A-h-bp-≠mhpI F-∂p-d-∏m-Wv. Imc-Ww, FÆØn-
anw-Kn-e-ß-fp-sS {][m-\ `-£-WamWh. Cu Xn-anw-
Kn-e-ß-fmI-s´ `-£-W-{]n-b-cp-amWv.*
I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-¬ 30 aney¨ kv-]o-jo-kn¬-s∏-´

Po-hn-I-fp-≠m-Ip-sa∂mWv H-cp I-W°v. A-Xn-te-
sdbpw C-Xph-sc I-s≠-Øn-bn-ń√m-Ø-hbm-Wv.37
1960 I-fn¬ F-]n-s_-¥n-Iv s…-UvPv F-∂ a-Æp-am-
¥n-bp-]-IcWw h-∂-tXm-sS-bm-Wv C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-
s®m-cp [m-c-W \-ap-°m-Zy-am-bn In´p-∂Xv. I-S-en-
s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ńepw ap-I-fn-ep-ap-≈ Po-hnI-sf am-
{Xa√, a-cn-®p a-Æ-Sn™-hsbbpw am-¥n-sb-Sp-
°m≥ I-gn-hp-≈-XmWv Cu D-]-I-c-Ww. C-Xp-]tbm-
Kn®v hp-Uvkv-tlm-fn-se k-ap-{Zim-kv-{X-⁄-cmb
slm-hm¿-Uv km≥Uv-edpw tdm-_¿-´v sh-kvedpw H-
∂-c In-tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬ H-cp a-Wn°q¿ \o-
≠ t{Sm-fn-ßn¬ ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn-b-Xv 25,000 Po-hn-I-sf-
bmWv. \£-{Xa’y-ßfpw I-S¬-sh-≈-cnbpw hn-c-
I-fp-sa√m-a-S-°w 365 kv-]o-jo-kpIfp≠m-bn-cp-∂p
A-°q-´-Øn¬. A-©p In-tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬\n-
∂p-t]mepw A-h¿-°v 200 kv-]o-jo-kn¬-s∏-´ 3,700
Po-hnI-sf In-ń.38 A-Xn-th-Kw \o¥nc-£-s∏-Sm≥
A-dn-bm-Ø a-μ-Po-hnI-sf am-{X-am-Wv C-h¿-°p In-
ń-sb-t∂m¿°-Ww. A-dp-]-Xp-I-fp-sS H-Sp-hn¬
tPm¨ sF-k-Iv-kv F-∂ k-ap-{Z-Po-him-kv-{X-
⁄≥ ]pXn-sbm-cp hn-Zy ]-co-£n®p. C-c-sIm-fp-
Øn H-cp Iymad I-S-en-en-d°n. A-ß-s\-b-t±-lw
Ip-td-tb-sd ]pXn-b Po-hnI-sf Is≠Øn. H-cn-\w
a-\-™n¬-a-’y-Øn-s‚ h-en-b-]-‰w, B-c-en-s\-
t∏m-ep-≈ H-cn-\w {]mNo-\Pohn, th-´-bm-Sn-\-S-°p-
∂ s{K-t\-Un-b¿-a-’yw Aß-s\ ]-e-Xpw. s]s-
´-s∂m-cp `-£y-t{kmX- p Xpd-∂p In-ń-bm¬—D-Zm-
l-c-W-Øn-\v XnanwKn-ew N-Øv Xm-gv-∂m¬—A-Xp
Xn-∂p Xo¿-°m≥ 390 Hm-fw C-\w I-S¬PohnI-
fm-sW-Øp-∂-Xv. A-Xn¬ NneXv 1,600 In-tem-ao-
‰¿ A-I-se- I-S-en-\Sn-Ø-ń-ep-≈ c-{‘-ß-fn¬ \n-
∂m-sWØp∂Xv F-∂-XmWv A-Xn-ibw. A[nIw
bm-{X-sN-øp-sa-∂p tXm-∂mØ I-Sp-°bpw I-°-bp-
wt]mepw A°q-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Nn-e Po-hn-I-
fp-sS em¿-h-Iƒ sh-≈-Øn-enßs\ H-gp-In \-S-
°p-I-bpw GtXm A-⁄m-X cm-k-k-tμ-i-Øm¬
`-£Wap-≈ ÿ-e-saØn-b Imcyw a-\- n-em-Ip-
tºmƒ A-hn-sS tN-t°-dp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂p-sh-∂m-
Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv.
C-{Xbpw hn-im-eam-Wv I-S-se-¶n¬ ]n-s∂-¥n-\m-

Wv \m-a-Xn-s\ A-an-X-ambn Nqj-Ww sN-øp∂-Xv?
F√m k-ap-{Z-ßfpw Hcp-t]m-se k-ar-≤-a-s√-∂-
XmWv h-kv-Xp-X. sam-Øw k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ ]-Øp- i-
X-am-\w am-{X-am-Wv Po-h-Pme
* ò-a≥ I-W-h-bp-sS Z-ln-°m-Ø i-co-c-`m-K-

ßƒ, hn-ti-jn-®v A-Xn-s‚ sIm-°v, FÆØn-anw-
Kn-e-ß-fp-sS h-b-‰n¬ X-ßpw. A-X-hn-sS-°nS-∂v
Bw-_¿-{Ko-kv F-s∂m-cp ]-Zm¿-Y-am-bn am-dpw. s]¿-
^yq-ap-I-fn-se tN-cp-h-bm-Wn-Xv. A-Sp-Ø X-h-W
Nm-\¬ \-º¿ ss^-sh-Sp-Øv No-‰p-tºmƒ Hm¿-
°pI, I-≠n-´p-Iq-Sn-bn√m-Ø ò-a≥ I-S¬-Po-hn-bp-
sS ti-jn-∏p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv \n-ßƒ tZl-Øp tXbv°p-
∂Xv.
k-ºp-„-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.39 {]-Im-ihpw NqSpw In-´p-

∂, A-[n-Iw B-g-an√m-Ø I-S-en-t\m-Sm-Wv an-°
Po-hn-Iƒ°pw {]n-bw. `-£-W-Øn-\p-th≠
ssPhmwi-ßƒ A-hn-sS-bm-Wp-≠m-hp-I. I-S-en¬
H-cp i-X-am-\w ÿ-eØp-am-{X-am-Wv ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fp-
≈Xv, F-∂m¬ 25 i-X-am-\w a-’y-Pm-Xn-Ifpw I-gn-
bp∂-Xv AXnt\mSv tN¿∂m-Wv.
a-‰n-S-ß-fn¬ k-ap{Zw A-{X k-º-∂a√. D-Zm-l-

c-W-Øn\v Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bp-sS Imcyw t\m-°p-I.
36,735 In-tem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Lyw h-cp-∂ Xo-c-hpw 23
aney¨ N-Xp-c-{iIn-tem-ao-‰¿ P-e-hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-ap-
≈ Hm-kv-tSenb kap{Zkm-ao-]y-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-
Øn¬ at‰-sXm-cp cm-Py-sØ-°mfpw k-º-∂-amWv.
]t£, ao≥-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ ap≥-]-¥n-
bn-ep-≈ Aº-Xp cmPy-ß-fp-sS ]-ń-I-bn¬-t∏mepw
Hm-kv-t{S-enbbv-°p ÿm-\-an-s√-∂v40 Snw ^vfm-s\-
dn Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. k-ap-t{Zm¬-]∂-ßƒ G-‰-
hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ C-d-°pa-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Py-ßfn-sem-
∂mWv Hm-kv-t{S-en-b. C-Xn-\p -ImcWw Hm-kv-t{S-en-
b-bp-sS Ict]m-seX-s∂ A-hnS-sØ I-Sepw G-
d-°p-sd h‘y-am-sW-∂-XmWv. (Iyq-≥-kve‚n-se
s{K-bv-‰v _m-cn-b¿ do-^v-km-Wv AXn∂-]-hmZw. A-
hn-Sw ^-e-`q-bnjvTam-Wv). I-c-bn¬ h-f-°q-dn√m-
ØXp-sIm≠v A-hn-sS\n-s∂m-gp-In- I-S-en-se-Øp-
∂ sh-≈-Øn-epw Po-hn-Iƒ°p th≠sXm-∂p-ap-
≠m-In√.
ssP-h-k-ar-≤am-b ÿ-e-ß-fn¬-Ø-s∂ a-\p-jy-
s‚ C-S-s]-S¬ h-enb {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-°mdp≠v. A-[n-
I-a-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø H-cn-\w a’yw G-Xm-≠v 800 ao-
‰¿ B-g-Øn¬ [m-cm-f-am-bn I-gn-bp-∂-Xm-bn 1970I-
fn¬ Hm-kv-t{Senb-bn-sebpw \yq-kn-e‚n-sebpw ao-
≥-]n-Sn-Ø-°m¿ I-s≠Øn. Hmd-©v d-^n F-∂m-
Wv B ao≥ A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv. \√ kzm-Zm-bn-cp-∂p
A-Xn\v. C„wt]m-se In-´m-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ao≥-
]n-Sn-Ø-°m¿ Ip-Xn-s®-Øn A-tßm´v. {]-Xn-h¿-jw
40,000 S¨h-sc d-^n ]n-Sn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. A-t∏m-gm-
Wv imkv{X-⁄¿ sR-ń-°p-∂ hnh-cw I-s≠-Øn-
bXv. hf-sc ]-Xp-s° h-f¿-∂p h-ep-Xm-hp-∂, h-f-
sc-tb-sd-°m-ew Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂ ao-\mWv Hm-d-©v
d-^n. 150 h¿-jwh-sc {]m-b-ap-≈ d-^nI-sf I-s≠-
Øn-bn-´p≠v. \n-ßƒ kzmtZmsS I-gn-® ao≥ H-cp]-
t£ hn-tŒm-dn-bm-dmWn-bp-sS `-c-W-Ime-Øv P-\n-
®-Xm-Ip-sa-∂¿Yw. Po-hn-°p-∂ Np-‰p-]m-Sv Xn-I®pw
t]m-j-IZ-cn-{Z-am-bXp-sIm≠m-IWah¿ C-{Xbpw a-
μ-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ Pohn-Xco-Xn A-h-ew-_n-®Xv.
AØcw km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ A-h ap-´-bn-Sp∂-XpX-
s∂ Nn-e-t∏mƒ Po-hn-XØn-sem-cn°¬ am-{X-am-
Ipw. CØ-cw Po-hn-Iƒ-°v ]pd-ta\n-∂p-≈ C-S-s]-
S-ep-Iƒ Xm-ßm-\m-hn√. ]-t£, C-sX√mw a-\- n-
em-°n-h-cp-tºm-tg°v Hmd-©v d^n-bp-sS F-Æw A-
]-I-S-I-camwh-Æw Ip-d™p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p.
hwih¿[\hn-\m-bn I¿-°-iam¿-K-ß-fm-hn-jv-I-cn-
®p \-S-∏m-°n-bmepw A-h ]gb ÿn-Xn-bn-se-Ø-
W-sa-¶n¬ ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Im-t°-≠n-h-cpw.
a-‰n-S-ß-fnepw k-ap-{Z-k-º-Øn-s‚ Nqj-Ww

H´pw {i-≤-bn√m-sX, tXm∂n-b-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p.
{km-hn-s\-∏n-Sn-®v Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ A-cn-s™-Sp-Øv
Xncn®p I-S-en-te-°p a-cn-°m≥ hn-Sp-∂-Xv D-Zm-
lcWw.41 1998˛¬ In-g-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ {km-hn-
s‚ Nnd-Ip hn‰-Xv In-tem-bv-°v 110 tUm-f-dn-\mWv.
tSm-tIym-bn¬ {km-hn≥ Nn-d-In-s‚ H-cp I-∏p kq-
∏n-s‚ hn-e 100 tUm-f-dmbn-cp∂p. thƒ-Uv ssh-Uv
^-≠n-s‚ 1994˛se I-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v H-cp h¿jw
sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂ {km-hn-s‚ F-Æw 40 aney¨ ap-
X¬ 70 aney¨ h-scbmWv.
1995˛se I-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v hym-h-km-bn-Im-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ G-Xm≠v 37,000 h-º≥ I-∏-ep-
Ifpw Hcp aneytWm-fw sN-dp- I-∏-ep-I-fp-am-Wv
kap{ZkºØv Du-‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv. C-cp-]-Ø-©p
h¿-jw ap-ºp ]n-Sn-®-Xns‚ Cc-ń ao-\m-W-h¿
Ct∏mƒ tIm-cn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv. G-Xm-s≠m-cp N-c-
°pI-∏-en-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-≈-Xm-Wv t{Sm-f-dp-I-fn¬ Nn-
eXv. A-h-bp-sS h-e-bn-emsW-¶n¬ H-cp U-k≥
Pw-t_m-sP-‰p-Iƒ sIm-≈pw.42 I-S-en-se ao≥]-‰ß-
sf I-s≠-Øm≥ {]-tXy-I \nco£Whn-am-\-ß-fp-
]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h-cp-ap≠v.
ao≥-]n-Sn-Ø-°m-cp-sS h-e-bn¬ Ip-Sp-ßp-∂ ao-\n-

s‚ \men-sem∂pw -sX-‰m-bn ]n-S-nIq-S-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-
sW-∂m-Wv I-W°v. \t∂ sNdp-tXm Bhiyan√m-
Ø-tXm Im-ew sX-‰n ]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sp∂-htbm B-Wv
A-h. "C-t∏mgpw C-cp-≠ bp-K-Øn-em-Wp \Ωƒ.
h-e sh-≈-Øn-en-Spw, F-∂n-´v F¥m-Wp In-´p-∂-
sX-∂p t\m-°pw,'43 F-∂m-Wv C-°-tWm-an-k-v‰n-se
H-cp te-J-\w ]d-bp-∂Xv. Cß-s\ A-\m-h-iy-am-
bn ]n-Sn-Iq-S-s∏-Sp-∂ 2.2 tIm-Sn S¨ ao≥ Hmtcm
h¿-jhpw Xn-cn-®p I-S-en-te-°n-Sp-∂p,44 A-Xn-te-sd-
bpw At∏mtg°p N-Øn-´p-≠m-Ipw. H-cp Intem sN-
Ωo≥ ]n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ \m-ep Intem a-‰p ao-\p-I-f-pw
P-e-Po-hn-I-fp-am-Wv \-in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
t\m¿-Øv ko-bp-sS A-SnØ-´v h¿-j-Øn¬ \m-

ep- h¿-j-am-Wv t{Smfdp-Iƒ hr-Øn-bm-°n-sb-Sp-°p-
∂-Xv.45 H-cp B-hm-k-hy-hÿ-bv°pw CØ-csam-cm-
Lm-Xw Xm-ßm-\m-hn√. t\m¿-Øv ko-bn-se aq-
∂n¬ c-≠p kv-]ojo-kp-Ifpw A-an-X-Nq-j-W-Øn-
\p hn-t[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂m-Wv I-
W°v. A-‰v-em‚n-°n-epw ÿn-Xn t`-Za√. \yq-Cw•-
≠v Xo-cw H-cp-ImeØv lm-en_-´v F∂ ]-c-h-a-
’yw-sIm-≠p k-ar-≤-am-bn-cp∂p. H-cp Znh-kw H-cp
tXm-Wn-bn¬ 20,000 dm-Ø¬h-sc A-Xp -Inń-b Im-
e-ap-≠mbn-cp∂p. C-∂v A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS h-S-°p-In-g-
°≥ Xo-c-Ø√m-sX th-sd-sbhn-sS-bpw lmen_-´v
C√.
tIm-Uv a-’y-Øn-s‚ hn[n-tbm¿-Øp t\m-°p-

tºmƒ C-sX√mw \n mcw. ]-Xn-\©mw \q-‰m-≠n-
s‚ A-hkm-\Ime-Øv tPm¨ Im-t_m-´v F-∂
]cy-th-£-I-\m-Wv hS-t° A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS In-g-
°≥Xo-c-ß-fn¬ tIm-Uv a’yw \n-c-h-[n-bp-≈-
Xmbn I-s≠-Øn-bXv. B-gw- Ip-d-™ B Pe-∏-c-∏v
A-SnØ-ń-en-c-tX-Sp∂ tImUv-t]m-ep-≈ ao-\p-I-fp-
sS ]-dp-Zo-k-bm-bn-cp∂p. C„wt]m-se ao-\p-≈Xp-
sIm-≠v \m-hn-I-¿ A-Xn-s\ _-°-‰n¬ tIm-cn-sb-
Sp-°pI-bm-sW-∂m-Wv A-¤p-X-tØmsS Im-t_m-´v
F-gp-Xn-bXv.46 A-Xn-hn-im-eam-W-hnS-sØ k-
ap{ZXo-cw. a-km-®p-sk-‰v-kn-se tKm¿P-kv _m-¶vkv
B kw-ÿm-\-sØ-°mƒ h-ep-XmWv. \yq-û-≠v-
e‚n-se {Km‚ v _m-¶v-kn-\v -a’ywvA-Xnepw h-en-∏-
ap≠v. Cu Xo-c-ß-sf√mw \q-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-fw tIm-U
{X-]n-Sn-®mepw AXp -sIm-≠p k-ar-≤-am-bn-cp∂p.
C„w-t]m-ep-≈Xp-sIm≠vFXo-cn-s√-∂pX-s∂ I-
cp-Xn A-∂m-´p-Im¿. ]-t£, A-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√
ÿnXn. h-S-°≥ A-‰v-em‚n-°n-se tIm-Un-s‚ km-
∂n[yw Ip-d-™p-h-∂v 1960 Hm-sS 1.6 aney¨ S-
Æn-se-Øn. 1990—Hm-sS C-Xv 22,000 S¨ B-bn- Ip-
d™p.47
hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m-°n-bm¬ tIm-Un-

\p hw-i-\m-iw h-∂p-I-gn™n-cp∂p. ao≥-]n-Sn-Ø-
°m¿ A-h-sb√mw Du-‰n-sb-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p48
sh-∂m-Wv C-°mcyw hn-h-cn-°p∂ "tIm-Uv' F-∂
D-÷z-e N-cn-{X-Øn¬ am¿-°v I¿-e≥-kv-In F-gp-Xn-
b-Xv. tIm-Uv a-’y-ßƒ F-s∂-t∂--°p-ambn ]-Sn-
™m-d≥ A-‰v-em‚n-Iv hn´p-t]m-bn-. 1992˛¬ {Km‚ v
_m-¶v-kn¬ tImUns\ ]n-Sn-°p∂-Xv ]p¿-W-am-bpw
A-h-km-\n-∏n-®p.49 F-∂n-´pw 2002 B-bn´pw A-Xn-
s‚ F-Æ-Øn¬ Im-cyam-b h¿[-\-sbm-∂p-ap-≠m-
bn-s√-∂m-Wv "t\®dn'se dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
^n-jv ^n√‰pw, ^n-jv ^nw-tK-gvkpw t]mep≈
a’yhn-`-h-ßn-se "^n-jv' B-Zyw tIm-Uv B-bn-
cp∂p. ]n-s∂tIm-Un-\p ]I-cw lme-Iv a-’y-
ambn. ]n∂-Xv sd-Uv-^njpw ]-k-^n-Iv t]m-tfm-°p-
ambn. C-t∏mƒ AXpw am-dn _m-°n-bp-≈ ao-
s\¥mtWm AXpsh-®mWXp-≠m-°p-∂-sX-∂v
I¿-e≥-kv-In ]-d-bp∂p.50
a-‰p ]-e I-S¬-hn-`-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw ÿn-Xn C-Xp-

X-s∂-bm-Wv. tdm-Uv-kv Zzo-]n-\-Sp-Øv \yq -Cw•-≠v
a-’y-_-‘-\-ta-J-e-bn¬ H-cpIm-e-Øv H-ºXp-In-
tem Xq-°w h-cp∂ sIm-©v [m-cm-fw In-ń-bn-cp∂p.
Nn-e-Xn-\v 13 Intemh-sc Xq-°-ap-≠m-Ipw. {]-iv\-
ß-sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-s√-¶n¬ ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fpsS B-
bp- p-≈ Po-hn-I-fm-Wv sIm-©pIƒ (70 h¿-jwh-
sc A-hbv-°v B-bp p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv). Po-
hn-X-Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ h-f¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn°p-sa-∂-Xm-
Wv sIm-©p-I-fp-sS a-s‰m-cp k-hn-tij-X. F-∂m-
en-∂v H-cp Intem-bn-e-[n-Iw `m-c-ap≈ sIm-©v In-
´m-td-bn√. \n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap-≈ Np-cp-ßn-b h-en∏-
saØn (G-Xm-≠v B-dp-hb- v {]mbw) H-cp h¿-jw
I-gnbpwap-ºv 90 i-X-am-\w sIm-©pw h-e-bn-em-Ip-
∂p-sh-∂m-Wv Po-h-im-kv-{X⁄-sc D≤-cn-®v "\yq-
tbm¿-Iv ssSw-kv' dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-bv-XXv.51 In-´p-∂
sIm©n-s‚ Af-hv Ip-d-™pIpd-™p h-cn-I-bm-
sW-¶nepw \yq Cw-•-≠n-se ao≥-]n-SnØ-°m-sc
henb t_m´pw hen-b h-ebpw hm-ßn Iq-Sp-X¬
Iq-Sp-X¬ ao≥-]n-Sn-°m≥ k¿-°m¿X-s∂ t{]m-’m-
ln-∏n-°p∂p. \n-Ip-Xn-bn-fhpw a‰pw \¬-In {]-tem-
`n-∏n-°p-∂p F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xmhpw H-∂p-Iq-Sn icn.
akm-®psk-‰v-kn-se ao≥-]n-Sn-Ø-°m¿°v A-d-∏p
tXm-∂n-°p-∂ lm-Kv-^n-jv A√msX a-s‰m∂pw In-
´m-dn√ C-t∏mƒ. In-g-°≥ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ A-Xn-\n-
t∏mgpw Bhiy-°m-cp-≠v. ]-t£, A-Xn-s‚ F-
Æhpw Ip-d-™ph-cn-I-bmWv.
I-S¬-Po-hn-Xw \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂ i-‡n-I-sf∏-‰n

Im-cyam-sbm∂pw \-ap°-dn-bn√ F-∂-Xm-Wv bm-
Ym¿-Yyw. A-an-X-am-bn Nq-j-Ww-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂
taJe-I-fn¬ I-S¬-Po-hn-I-fp-sS F-Æw \-t∂ Ip-
d-hmWv. F-∂m¬, kzm`mhn-I-am-bnØ-s∂ t]m-j-
I-Zm-cn-{Zy-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂ ]-e ta-J-e-I-fnepw A-Xv
{]-Xo-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-ep-ta-sd-bp-≠p-Xm-\pw. Z-£n-
W-{[p-h-Øn-\p Np‰pap≈ k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ tem-I-Øn-
se k-ky-π-h-I-ß-fpsS (phytoplankton) aq-∂p-
i-X-am-\w am-{X-am-Wp-≈Xv. k-¶o¿-W B-hm-k-hy-
hÿ-sb \n-e\n¿-Øm≥ th-≠-Xnepw F{Xtbm
Ip-dhv. F-∂n´pw h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw Po-hn-Iƒ A-hn-sS-
°-gn-bp-∂p. R-≠pXo-\n \o¿-\mbsb-°p-dn-®v A-
[n-I-amcpw tI-ń-´p-≠m-hn√, ]-t£, a-\p-jy≥ I-gn-
™m¬ `q-an-bn¬ G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iap≈ Po-h-Pm-Xn-bm-
WXv. 15 aneytWmfw R-≠p-Xo-\n \o¿-\m-bm-Wv
Z£nW-{[p-h-Ønse a-™n¬ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.52 2 an-
ey¨ sh-Õ¬ \o¿-\mbpw - Np-cp-ßnbXv Ac-an-
ey¨ N-{I-h¿-Øn s]≥-Kzn-\p-Ifpw \mep aney¨
AU-en s]≥-Kzn-\p-Ifpw A-hn-sS-bp≠v. `-£y-irw-
J-e-bp-sS ta¬-Ø-ń\m-Wv I\w-IqSp-X-se-∂¿Yw.
F-∂n-´pa-Xv F-ßs\-sbms°tbm \n-e-\n∂pt]m-
Ip∂p. Fß-s\-sb-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ B¿-°p-a-dn-
bn√.
`q-an-bn-se G-‰hpw henb ssP-h-hy-h-ÿ-sb∏-

‰n \-ap-°v Im-cyamsbm∂p-a-dn-bn-s√-∂p Im-Wn-°m-
\m-Wv C-{X-bpw Np-‰n-hf-™p ]-d-™Xv. I-Sen-se
Po-hn-I-sf-∏-‰n am-{Xa√, Po-h-s\-∏-‰nØ-s∂ Im-
cyam-sbm∂pa-dnbn-s√-∂v Xp-S¿-∂p hm-bn-°p-
tºmƒ \-n-ßƒ-°p a-\- n-em-Ipw. F-ß-s\bm-bn-cp-
∂p A-Xn-s‚ XpS-°w F∂p-t]m-epw \-ap°-dn-bn√.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 aWtam cpNntbm \n-dtam C√mØ ssU-ssl-

{UP≥ HmIv-ssk-Uv \nd-s™mcp {]-tZ-i-Øm-Wv
\n-ßƒ Po-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂p I-cp-Xp-I: am¿-Kp-enkv
B≥Uv kmK≥, ssa-t{Im-tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 100.
2 D-cp-f-°n-g-ßn-s‚ F¨]-Xp i-X-am-\hpw sh-

≈-amWv. ]-ip-hn-s‚ 74 i-X-am-\w, _mIvSocn-b-ß-
fpsS 75 iX-am\w: kv-tIm^v, {Im-Uv¬ Hm-^v
sse^v, t]-Pv 107.
3 P-e-Øn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ-sh-®v a-‰p {Zm-h-

Ißfp-sS Imcyw {]-h-Nn-°m≥ ]‰n√: {Ko≥, hm´¿
sF-kv B≥-Uv tÃm¨, t]-Pv 29, {Kn-_n≥, C≥ Z
_n-Kn-\nMv, t]-Pv 174.
4 -J-cm-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øp-tºm-f-Xn-\v t\-ctØ-bp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ ]-Øpi-X-am-\w A-[n-
Ihym-]v-Xw Im-Wpw: s{S-^n¬, sa-Un-t‰-j≥-kv
A‰v 10,000 ô‰v, t]-Pv 121.
5 Xo¿Øpw hn-Nn-{Xam-b Kp-W-am-W-sX-∂m-Wv
tPm¨ {Kn-_n≥ ]-d-bp-∂Xv: {Kn_n≥, C≥ Z _n-
Kn-\nMv, t]-Pv 174. 6 ]-¶m-fn-Iƒ am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p-∂ H-cp k-aq-l-\r-Ø]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-se-t∂m-Ww:
Ip≥knMv, Z sd-Ãv-se-kv ko, t]Pv 8.
G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp \n-an-jw ]-Xn\-©p i-X-am-\w

P-e-X-∑m-{X-Iƒ am{Xta ] c
kv]-cw sXm´p-sXm-ń-cn-°p-∂p≈q: sU-\n-kv, Z

t_¿-Uv C≥ Z hm-´¿-^mƒ, t]Pv 152.
8 Np-≠p-Iƒ ap-dn-s®-Sp-Ø-t]m-se D-W-ßn- A-

{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw, tamW Idp-°pw: C°-tWm-an-kv-‰v,
2000 sabv13, t]-Pv 4.
9 H-cp -en-‰¿ I-S¬-sh-≈-Øn¬ c-≠-c So-kv-]q¨

I-dn-bp-t∏-bp-≈q: sU-\n-kv, Z t_¿-Uv C≥ Z hm-
´¿-^mƒ, t]-Pv 248.
10 \-Ωƒ I-c-bp-tºmgpw hn-b¿-°p-tºmgpw ]p-d-
Øp-h-cp∂-Xv k-ap-{Z-P-e-am-Wv: am¿-Kp-en-kv B≥-Uv
kmK≥, ssa-t{Im-tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 184.
11 `q-anbn¬ BI-∏m-sS-bp-≈-Xv 1.3 _ney¨ L-

\ In-tem-ao-‰¿ sh-≈-amWv: {Ko≥, hm´¿ sF-kv
B≥-Uv tÃm¨, t]-Pv 25.
12 G-Xm-≠v 3.8 _ney¨ h¿-j-am-bn k-ap-{Z-

ßƒ-°n-tX h-en-∏-ap-≠v: hmUv B≥Uv
{_uëo, sd-b¿ F¿Øv, t]-Pv 360.
13 sam-Øw k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xn-bn-te-sd

h-cpw im-¥-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬: sU-\nkv, Z t_¿-Uv
C≥ Z hm-´¿-^mƒ, t]-Pv 226.
14 \-Ωp-sS {Kl-sØ `q-an F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-

Xns\-°mƒ \√-Xv sh-≈w F-∂p hnfn-°p-∂-
XmWv-: t_mƒ, H2 O, t]-Pv 21.
15 `q-an-bn-se sh-≈-Øn¬ aq-∂p i-X-am-\w am-
{X-am-Wv ip-≤-Pew. AXn-te-sdbpw a-™p-]m-fn-I-
fn-em-Wv: sU-\n-kv, Z t_¿-Uv C≥ Z hm-´¿-^mƒ,
t]-Pv 6, kb‚n^n-Iv A-ta-cn°≥, Hm¨ Xn≥ sF-
kv, 2002 Un-kw-_¿ t]-Pv 100˛5.
16 Z-£n-W-{[p-h-Øn¬ sN-∂m¬ \n-ßƒ \n¬-

°p∂-Xv c-≠p ssa¬ I\-ap-≈ a™p-]m-d-bv-°p
ap-I-fn-emWv. D-Ø-cm¿[tKm-f-Øn¬ a-™n-s‚ I-
\w 15 A-Sn am-{X-w: kv-an-Xv, Z shX¿, t]-Pv 62.
17 C-sX√mw D-cp-In sh-≈-am-bm¬ k-ap-{Z-ß-fp-

sS hn-Xm-\w 200 A-Sn Db-cpw: jqƒ-Svkv, sF-kv F-
bv-Pv tem-kv‰v, t]-Pv 75.
18 a\- p a-c-hn-∏n-°p-∂ kp-Zo¿-L ]cn-tim-[-\-

I-fm-bn-cp-∂p: sh-bn≥-_¿Kv, F ^n-jv tIm-´v C≥
ssSw, t]-Pv 34.
19 F-¶n-ep-a-h¿ k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ 70,000 t\m-ń-°¬

ssa¬ Zq-cw Xm-≠n: lm-an¬‰¨˛]m-t‰-gv-k¨, Z
t{K-‰v Uo]v, t]-Pv 178.
20 k-lm-b-Øn-\v kp-μ-cn-Ifm-b bp-h-XnI-sf H-
∏w-Iqń: t\m¿´≥, kv‰m¿kv _n\oØv Z ko, t]-
Pv 57.
21 ssh-ImsX Iq-ń-\v _m¿-´-s\bpw Inń. _o-

_n-s\-°mƒ k-º-∂-\m-bn-cp-∂p _m¿-´≥: _-em¿-
Uv, Z F-t‰-W¬ Um¿-Iv-s\kv, t]-Pv 14˛15.
22 B tKm-f-Øn¬ a-‰p ku-I-cy-ß-sfm-∂p-an√:

sh-bn≥-_¿-Kv, F ^njv tIm-´v C≥ ssSw, t]-Pv
158; _-em¿-Uv, Z F-t‰-W¬ Um¿-Iv-s\kv, t]-Pv 17.
23 G-Xm-bmepw C-{X-Im-e-Øn-\n-sS A-ßs\-

sbm-∂ns\ ]n-∂o-Smcpw I≠n-t´-bn√: sh-bn≥-_¿-
Kv, F ^n-jv tIm-´v C≥ ssSw, t]-Pv 159.
24 ]-Ww I-s≠-Øm-\m-bn A-h-scm-cp hgn-sbm-

∏n-®p. \m-hn-I-tk-\-bp-am-bn [mcWbp-≠m-°n:
t{_m-Uv, Z bq-\n-th-gv-kv _n-tem, t]-Pv 54.
25 H-cp Np°pw a-\- n-em-°m-\m-bn-ń√ A-Xn¬\n-

∂v. k-ap-{Z-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬ sN√m\m-bn F-∂p-am-{Xw.
H-cn-°¬ t]m-bm¬ ]n-s∂ ]n-s∂-¥n-\v ho≠pw
sN√-Ww: A-≠¿-hm-´¿ am-K-kn≥, Z Uo-∏-Ãv kv-
t]m´v Hm¨ Z F¿-Øv, 1999 hn‚¿.
26 ]-t£, H-cp {]-iv-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, AØ-c-

sam-∂p \n¿-an-°m≥ B-sf-°n-ń-bn√: t{_m-Uv, Z
bq-\n-th-gv-kv _n-tem, t]-Pv 56.
27 sF-kv tlm-°n I-fn-°m¿-°p≈ 34,000 ssI-

bp-d-Iƒ 1994˛¬ sIm-dn-b≥ Nc°pI-∏-en¬\n-∂v
sIm-Sp-¶m-‰n¬-s∏-´v im-¥-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ ho-Wp: \m-
j-W¬ tPym{K^nIv, \yq sF-kv Hm¨ Z Hm-j≥,
2000 H-tŒm_¿, t]-Pv 93.
p class="calibre4">28 k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ C-cp-ń-

s‚ e-£Øn-tem i-X-tIm-Snbntem H-cw-iw am{Xt-
a a\p-jy-\v \o-°m≥ I-gn-™n-´p≈p: Ip≥-kn-Kv, Z
sd-Ãvse-kv ko, t]-Pv 47.
29 aq-∂p-ao-‰-dn-te-sd \o-f-ap-≈ hn-c-I-fpw 30

sk‚o-ao-‰¿ ho-Xn-bp-≈ \Ø-bv°-Ifpw sN-
Ωo\pw I-Sp-°-bp-sa√mw A-°q-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p: B-‰≥-_-tdm, Z enhnMv πm-s\‰v, t]-Pv 30.
30 54 Un-{Kn-bn-e-[n-Iw Nq-Sp-≈ sh-≈-Øn¬ H-cp
Po-hn°pw I-gn-bm-\m-hn-√ F-∂mbn-cp-∂p apº-sØ
[m-cW: \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^n-Iv, Uo]v ko sh‚
vkv, 2000 H-tŒm_¿, t]-Pv 123.
31 I-c-bn¬ sam-Ø-am-bn \n-c-Øn-bn-´m¬ 150 A-

Sn D-b-c-Øn-se-Øm-hp-∂-{Xbpw D∏vv: sU-\n-kv, Z
t_¿-Uv C≥ Z hm-´¿-^mƒ, t]-Pv 248.
32 H-cp k-ap{Zw Cß-s\ ip-≤o-I-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-

Xn-\v G-Xm-≠v H-cp tImSn h¿-j-saSp-°pw:
thmK¬, s\-bv°-Uv F¿Øv, t]-Pv 182.
33 I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń¬ \-S-°p-∂ Im-cy-ß-

fn¬\n-∂v am-\-kn-I-ambn \m-sa-{X A-I-se-bm-sW-
∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥: Gw-K¬, Z ko, t]-Pv 183.
34 A-t∏mƒ \mhn-I tk-\mw-K-ßƒ sh-Sn-sh-

®v Zzm-c-ap-≠m-°pw. B Zzmc-Øn-eqsS sh-≈w A-
I-Øp-sN√p-tºmƒ ho-∏-Iƒ ap-ßpw: Ip≥-kn-Kv, Z
sd-Ã-vse-kv ko, t]-Pv 294˛305.
35 Nn-e-t∏mƒ H-cp ]m-´v ]m-Xn-h-gn-bn¬ \n¿-Øn
A-h ap-ßpw, F-∂n-´v B-dp amkw I-gn-™v A-tX
ÿe-Øp h-∂v A-Xn-s‚ _m-°n ]m-Spw: kmK≥,
tImkvtamkv, t]-Pv 271.
36 D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\p ò-a≥ I-W-h-: Kp-Uv hos-

°≥Uv, B¿-av-Uv B≥-Uv sU-bv-©-d-kv, 2000 Pq-
sse 15, t]-Pv 35.
37 I-S-en-\-Sn-bn-¬ aq-∂p tIm-Sn kv-]o-jo-kn¬-

s∏-´ Po-hn-I-fp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv H-cp I-W°v. A-Xn-
te-sdbpw C-Xph-sc I-s≠-Øn-bn-ń√m-Ø-h-bm-Wv:
ssSw, tImƒ Hm-^v Z ko, 1998 H-tŒm-_¿ 5, t]-Pv
60.
38 A-©p In-tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬\n-∂p-t]mepw

A-h¿-°v 200 kv-]o-jo-kn¬s∏´ 3,700 Po-hnI-sf
In-ń: Ip≥-kn-Kv, Z sd-Ã-vse-kv ko, t]-Pv 104˛5.
39 sam-Øw k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ ]-Øp- i-X-am-\w am-

{X-am-Wv Po-h-Pm-e-k-ºp-„-am-bn-´p≈-Xv: C-°-tWm-
an-kv-‰v k¿th, Z ko, 1998 sa-bv 23, t]-Pv 4.
40 ]t£, ao≥-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ ap≥-
]-¥n-bn-ep-≈ Aº-Xp cm-Py-ßfp-sS ]-ń-I-bn¬-
t∏mepw Hm-kv-t{S-enb-bv°p ÿm-\-an-√: ^v-fm-
s\dn, Z ^yq®¿ Cu-t‰-gvkv, t]-Pv 104.
41 {km-hn-s\-∏n-Sn-®v Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ A-cn-s™-Sp-Øv

Xn-cn-®p I-S-en-te°p a-cn-°m≥ hn-Sp-∂-Xv D-Zm-lc-
Ww: Hm-U-t_m¨, 1998 sa-bv˛Pq¨, t]-Pv 54.
42 A-h-bp-sS h-e-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ H-cp U-k≥ Pw-

t_m-sP-‰p-Iƒ sIm≈pw: ssSw, Z ^n-jv ss{I-kn-
kv, 1997 B-K-kv-‰v 11, t]-Pv 66.
43 C-t∏mgpw C-cp-≠ bp-K-Øn-em-Wp \Ωƒ. h-e

sh-≈-Øn-en-Spw, F∂n´v F¥mWp In-´p-∂-sX-∂p
t\m-°pw: C-°-tWm-an-kv‰v, t]m-tfmIv Hmh¿-t_m¿-
Uv, 1996 P-\p-hcn 6, t]-Pv 22.
44 Cß-s\ A-\m-h-iy-am-bn ]n-Sn-Iq-S-s∏-Sp-∂ 22

aney¨ S¨ ao≥ Hmtcm h¿jhpw Xn-cn-®p I-S-en-
te-°n-Sp-∂p: C-°-tWm-an-kv-‰v k¿th, Z ko, 1998
sa-bv 23, t]-Pv 12.
45 t\m¿-Øv ko-bp-sS A-SnØ-´v h¿-j-Øn¬ \m-
ep- h¿-j-am-Wv t{Sm-f-dp-Iƒ hrØn-bm-°n-sb-Sp-°p-
∂-Xv: Hu´v-ssk-Uv, 1997 Un-kw_¿, t]-Pv 62.
46 C-„wt]m-se ao-\p-≈Xp-sIm-≠v \m-hn-I-c-Xn-

s\ _-°-‰n¬ tIm-cn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-∂m-Wv A-
¤p-X-tØmsS Im-t_m-´v F-gp-Xn-b-Xv: \m-j-W¬
tPym-{K-^nIv, 1993 H-tŒm_¿, t]-Pv 18.
47 1990 Hm-sS C-Xp 22,000 S¨ B-bn- Ip-d-™p:

C-°-tWm-an-kv-‰v k¿th, Z ko, 1998 sa-bv 23, t]-Pv
8.
48 ao≥-]n-Sn-Ø-°m¿ A-h-sb√mw Du-‰n-sb-Sp-

Øp-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p: I¿-e≥-kv-In, tImUv, t]Pv 186.
49 A-Xn-s‚ F-Æ-Øn¬ Im-cyam-b h¿[-\-sbm-

∂p-ap-≠m-bn-√-: t\®¿, lu- sa\ntam¿ ^n-jv C≥
Z ko?, 2002 H-tŒm-_¿ 17, t]-Pv 662.
50 C-t∏mƒ AXpw am-dn _m-°n-bp-≈ ao-

s\¥mtWm A-Xp-sh-®mWXp-≠m-°p∂X-v: I¿-
e≥-kv-In, tIm-Uv, t]Pv 138.
51 \n-b-a-{]-Im-c-ap-≈ Np-cp-ßn-b h-en-∏-saØn H-
cp h¿-jw I-gnbpwapºv 90 i-Xam\w sIm-©pw h-
e-bn-em-Ip-∂p: \yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kv am-K-kn≥, F
sS-bv¬ Hm-^v Sp ^n-j-do-kv, 2000 B-K-Ãv 27, t]-Pv
40.
52 15 aneytWm-f-w R-≠p-Xo-\n \o¿-\m-bm-Wv

Z-£n-W-{[p-h-Øn-se a-™n¬- Ign-bp-∂-Xv:
_n._n.kn. slm-ssd-k¨, A‚m¿-ń-°, Z sF-kv
sa¬-‰vkv, t]-Pv 16.
A[ym-bw 19
Poh-s‚ DZ-bw
°m-tKm- k¿-h-I-em-ime-bn-se _ncp-Zhn-

Zym¿-Yn kv-‰m≥-en an√¿ 1953˛¬ H-cp ]-co-£-
WØn-s\m-cpßn. c-≠p ^v-fm-kv-Iv. H-∂n¬ C-Øn-
cn sh≈w, BZn-ak-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ {]-Xo-I-am-bn-cp-∂p
A-Xv. c-≠m-atØ-Xn¬ `q-an-bp-sS BZn-am-¥-co-£-
sØ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øm≥ ao-tY\pw A-tam-Wn-
bbpw ssl-{U-P≥ kƒ-ss^-Upw. c-≠n-s\-bpw d-
∫¿ Syq-_pIƒsIm-≠v _-‘n-∏n®p. F-∂n-´v ssh-
Zyp-Xk-v^p-enw-Kw ]m-bn®p. C-Sn∂-en-\p ]-I-c-am-bn-
cp-∂p AXv. Ip-d-®p Znh-kw I-gn-™-t∏mƒ ^v-fm-
kvInse -ansh-≈w a-™bpw ]-®bpw \n-dw ]q≠p.
Aant\m A-æ-ßfpw ^m-‰n B-knUpw ]-©-km-
cbpw a-‰p Nn-e Hm¿-Km-\n-Iv kw-bp-‡-ß-fp-a-Sßn-
b kq-∏m-bn A-Xp- amdn.1 "ssZ-hw Cß-s\ sN-bv-
Xn-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ hensbmch-k-c-am-bn-cp-∂p A-
t±-l-Øn-\p \-„-s∏SpI', ]-co-£-W-Øn-\p ta¬-
t\m´w h-ln® t\m-_¬ tP-Xm-hv lm-tcmƒ-Uv bq-
dn ]-d™p.
C-\n- B ^v-fm-kv-Ip-I-sfm-∂v \-∂m-bn Ip-ep-°n-

bm¬ aXn, Po-h≥ Cg-™p -hcpw F-∂ a-ń-em-
bn-cp-∂p ]-{X-hm¿-ØIƒ. ]-t£, A-{X efnXa√
kw-K-Xn-I-sf-∂p Im-ew sX-fn-bn®p. ]n-s∂bp-sam-
cp A-c-\q-‰m-≠v ]-ecpw {i-an-®n´pw ]-co-£-W-im-
e-bn¬ Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn Po-h≥ kr-„n-°p∂Xn-\v A-
Sp-sØm-∂p-sa-Øm≥ \-ap-°m-bn-ń√. A-ßs\-sbm-
∂n-\p Ign-bptam F∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ 1953˛ep-≈ {]-
Xo-£-t]mepw C-t∏m-gn√-Xm\pw. ]-t£, C-∂p im-
kv-{X-⁄¿-°v H-cp Im-cy-Øn-ep-d-∏p≠v: B-Zn-am-¥-
co-£w an√dp-sS-bpw bq-dn-bp-sSbpw hm-X-I-kq∏p-
t]m-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂n√. A{X- s]s´∂v cm-k-{]-h¿-
Ø-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-ImØ ss\-{S-P-s‚bpw Im¿-
_¨ UtbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚bpw an-{in-X-am-bn-cp-∂p
AXv. Ip-td-°q-Sn k¶o¿-Wam-b tNcph-I-fp-]-tbm-
Kn-®v an√-dp-sS ]-co£-Ww B-h¿-Øn-®-t∏mƒ B-
sI-bp-≠mb t\-´w G-Xm-≠v B-Zn-a-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈
H-cp Aant\m A-æw \n¿-an-°m-\m-bn F-∂-Xp-am-{X-
amWv.2 ]-t£, Aant\mA-æ-ß-fp-sS \n¿-amW-am-
bn-cp-∂n√ b-Ym¿-Y {]-iv\w. t{]m-ó-\p-I-fm-Wv {]-
iv\w.
Aant\m B-kn-UpI-sf C-g-tN¿-sØ-Sp-°-ptºm-

gm-Wv t{]m-ó-\p-Ifp≠m-Ip-∂Xv. A-XmIs´ Ip-d-
s®m∂pw t]m-cmXm-\pw. a-\p-jyi-co-c-Øn¬ e-£-
°-W-°n-\v Xcw t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-s≠-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-
∂Xv.3 kz-¥w \ne-bv-°v A-Xnib-ß-fm-Wv AXn-
tem-tcm-∂pw. kw-`-hy-Xm kn-≤m-¥-a-\p-kcn®v A-
ß-s\-sbm-∂p-≠mhp-IX-s∂ km-[ya√ F-∂-Xm-
Wv G-‰hpw hen-b A-Xn-i-bw. t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-≠m-
I-W-sa-¶n¬ Aant\m A-æ-ßƒ (Poh-s‚ A-Sn-
ÿm-\-in-e-I-sf-∂mWn-h hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Smdv)
hm-°p-I-fn¬ A-£cßƒ hn-\y-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp-
t]m-se {]-tXy-I {I-a-Øn¬ hn-\y-kn-®n-cn°-Ww.
t{]m-ó-\p-I-fn¬ hn-\y-kn-°m≥ A-£-c-ßƒ H-cp-
]m-Sp-≠v F-∂-Xm-Wv {]-iv\w. sIm-fmP≥ (colla-
gen) F-∂ G-‰hpw km-[m-c-Wam-b t{]mó\n-s‚
t]-cv Cw-•n-jn-se-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\v F-´-£-c-ßƒ {I-a-
Øn¬ \n-c-Ønbm¬ aXn. F-∂m¬ sIm-fm-P-\p-
≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v 1,055 Aant\m A-æ-ßƒ Ir-Xyam-
b t{i-Wn-bn¬ A-Sp-°n-hbv-°-Ww. Aß-s\ B-
sc-¶nepw ASp°nhbv°p-I-b√Xv. Xm-t\ {I-ao-I-
cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv. B-cp-sSbpw \n¿t±-i-ß-f-\p-k-
cn-®√m-sX B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn A-h-sbß-s\ A-Sp-
°n-hbv-°-s∏Spw. C-hn-sS-bm-Wv A-kw-`hy-X h-cp-
∂Xv.
1,055 Aant\m A-æ-ßƒ B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn Ir-

Xy-am-b {I-a-Øn¬ AWn\n-c-°m-\p-≈ km-[y-X-
sb-s¥-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ ]qPyw F-∂m-Wp-Øcw.
em-kv sh-Km-kn-se Nq-XpI-fn tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ Im-
Wp-∂ km-[m-c-W t…m-´v sa-jo≥ k-¶ev-]n-°p-
I. km-[m-c-W aqt∂m \m-tem N-{I-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-
∂ b-{¥sØ 1,055 N-{I-ß-fpƒ-s°m-≈n-°m≥ ]m-
I-Øn\v H-∂p h-ep-Xm-°n-sb-Sp-°Ww. A-t∏mƒ
G-Xm≠v 27 ao-‰¿ \o-fw h-cp-a-Xn\v. Hmtcm N-{I-
Ønepw C-cp]-Xv Nn-”-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw, C-cp]-Xp km-
[m-c-W Aant\m A-æ-ß-fp-sS {]-Xo-I-ß-fm-Wh.*
Cu 1,055 N-{I-ß-fn-sebpw Nn-”-ßƒ i-cnbm-b
{I-a-Øn¬ h-c-W-sa-¶n¬ F-{X X-h-W I-d-t°-≠n-
h-cpw. icn°p]-d-™m¬ F-s∂-t∂--°p-am-bn-Xn-ß-
s\ I-d-°n-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. 1,055˛\p
]I-cw N-{I-ß-fp-sS F-Æw 200 B-°n-°p-d-bv-°p-
I (t{]m-ó-\pI-fn-se km-[m-c-W Aant\m A-æ-ß-
fmW-h). F-∂n-´v ho≠pw I-d-°nbm¬ A-Xp i-
cnbm-b {I-a-Øn-em-Im-\p-≈ km-[y-X 10260¬ H-∂m-
Wv.4 (A-XmbXv H-∂p I-gn-™v 260 ]q-Pyw h-cp-∂
kw-Jy-bp-sS-b-{Xbpw X-hW I-d-°nbm-em-Wv H-cn-
°e-Xp i-cn-bm-bn h-cm≥ km-[y-X-bp-≈Xv.) Cu
{]]-©-Ønse sam-Øw ]-c-am-Wp-°-fp-sS F-
ÆsØ-°mƒ hen-b kw-Jy-bm-WXv.
Np-cp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ A-Xn-k-¶o¿-W-am-Wp t{]m-

ó-\pIƒ. lo-tam -t•m-_n-\v 146 Aan-t\m A-æ-ß-
fp-sS ssZ¿-Ly-ta-bp≈q.5 t{]m-ó-\n-s‚ \nehmcw
h-®p t\m-°n-bm¬ A-Xn-s\ Ip-≈-s\-∂p hn-fn-
°Ww. F-¶nepw AXnse Aan-t\m A-æ-ß-sf
10190 co-Xn-I-fn¬ {I-ao-I-cn-°mw. A-Xn-s‚ clkyw
A-\m-hc-Ww sN-øm≥ tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv k¿-h-I-em-im-
e-bn-se ckX-{¥-⁄≥ am-Iv-kv s]-dp-Sv-kv \o-≠
21 h¿-j-sa-SpØ-Xv sh-dp-sXb√. B-I-kv-an-I-am-b
{I-ao-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS t{]m-ó≥ cq-]-s∏-Sm-\p-≈
km[yX Gd-°p-sd iq-\y-am-sW-∂m-Wv C-∏-d-™-
Xn-\¿-Yw. ho-in-b-Sn-°p-∂ Np-gen-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰n¬
]m-gvh-kv-Xp-°ƒ I-d-ßn-Øn-cn-™v H-cp-an-®p tN¿-
∂v Hcp Pwt_m-sP-‰v \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ km[y-
X F-{XbmtWm A-t{X-bp-≈q CXn-\p≈
km[yX.
∗ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bp-≠m-Ip-∂ 22 Aan-t\m A-æ-

ß-fmWv `q-an-bn-¬ \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-bp-≈Xv.
I≠p]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-\m-bn C-\n-bp-sa{X-tbm D≠m-
Imw. ]-t£, A-Xn¬ C-cp-]-sX-Æ-am-Wv a-\p-jy-
s‚bpw a-‰p Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS-bpw \n¿-Ωn-Xn-°p-
th-≠-Xv. ss]-tdm-sse-kn≥ F-∂ C-cp-]-Øn-c-
≠ma-sØ Aant\m A-æw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv 2002˛¬
H-l-tbm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se K-th-j-I-cmWv. sa-
X-t\m km¿In-\ _m¿-tI-dn F∂ H-scm-‰-bn-\w A-
In-b-\n (archaean)¬ am-{X-am-Wv A-h ImWp∂Xv.
Poh-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-cq-]ß-f-nsem-∂m-Wv A-In-
b≥. A-tX∏-‰n ]n-s∂-∏-d-bmw.
- F-∂n-´p-an-hn-sS e-£-°-W-°n-\p Xcw t{]m-
ó-\p-I-fp≠v. F√mw H∂ns\m-∂p hy-Xy-kv-Xw.
\nßƒ Cu cq-]-Øn¬X-s∂-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-
\n-hm-cy-hp-amWh. C-\n Aant\m B-kn-Up-Iƒ
Cß-s\ k-hn-ti-j-{I-a-Øn¬ A-Wn-\n-c-∂m¬
am{Xw t]m-c; A-sXm-cp {]-tXy-I cm-kcq-]w kzo-I-
cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. C-ßs\-sbm-s°- kw-`-hn-s®-
∂p-hbv-°pI. kzbw s]-‰p-s]-cp-Im≥ ]-‰p-∂n-s√-
¶n¬ t{]m-ó-\p-I-sf-s°m-≠v \-ap-s°mcp {]-tbm-
P-\-hp-an√. t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ-°v Aß-s\ s]-‰p-s]-cp-
Im≥ ]-‰n√, AXn\v Un.F≥.F. thWw. i-cn-∏-
I¿-∏n¬ C-c-ń-°p-∂ am-{¥n-I-\mWvv Un.F≥.F.
\n-an-jßƒ-sIm-≠v Un.F≥.F-.bv-°v kz-¥w ]-
I¿-∏p-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-bpw.6 a-s‰m-∂n\pw I-gn-bp-I-bp-
an√. A-t∏mƒ t{]m-ó-\n-\v Un.F≥.F-.sb-°qSm-
sX \n-e-\nev]n√. t{]m-ó\n-s\-°q-Sm-sX
Un.F≥.F. \n-e-\nev-°p-∂-Xn-e¿Yhpan√. A-
t∏mƒ ]-c-kv]cw Du-∂p-h-Sn-I-fm-bn \nev-°m-hp-∂
co-Xn-bn¬ Htcka-bw kr-„n-°-s∏-´XmtWm C-Xp
c-≠pw. B-sW-¶n¬ A-Xni-bw F-∂√m-sX-¥p ]-
d-bpw.
C{X-sbm-s° kw-`-hn-®Xp-sIm-≠p-am-bn√.
Un.F≥.F-.bv°pw t{]mó\pw Poh-s‚ a-‰p L-S-
I-ßƒ-°pw \n-e-\n¬-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A-h-sb s]m-
Xn -™p-hbv-°m≥ H-cp kvX-cw th-Ww. ]-c-am-Wp-
°ƒt°m X-∑m-{X-Iƒt°m kz-X-{¥-am-sb-Sp-
Øm¬ Po-h-\p-≠m-hn√. \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn¬\n-
∂v Hcm-‰-sa-Sp-Øp t\m-°q, ho-´p-ap‰-sØ a-W¬-
Ø-cn-°n√m-Ø Po-h-s\m∂pw A-Xn-\p-an√. ssh-hn-
[y-am¿-∂ Cu ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-sf√mw-Iq-Sn tIm-i-Øn-
s‚ t]m-j-W-kwc-£-WI-h-N-Øn-seØp-tºm-fm-
Wv Po-h-≥ F-∂p \mw hnfn°p-∂ hn-kv-a-b\r-Øw
Xp-S-ßp-∂Xv. tIm-i-ß-fn-s√-¶n¬ Ip-td c-kn-I≥
cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ am-{X-am-Wv C-∏-d-™-sX√mw. F-
∂m¬ Cu cm-k-h-kvXp°-fn-s√-¶n¬ tIm-iwsIm-
s≠m-cp Im-cy-hp-an√-Xm-\pw. tU-ho-kv tNmZn-®t]m-
se "Cß-s\ H-∂n-\p a-s‰m-∂pIq-Sn-tb I-gn-bp-I-
bp-≈p-sh-¶n¬ Fßs\-bm-Wv BZy-sam-cp X-∑m-
{Xm-k-aq-l-ap-≠m-b-Xv?7 "A-Sp-°-f-bn-se tNcphI-
sf√mw kz-bw H-cp-an-®ptN¿-∂v H-cp tI-°m-bn amdn,
]n-s∂ B tI-°v kz-bw hn-`-Pn-®v ho≠pw Iq-Sn-
t®¿-∂v ]pXn-b tI-°p-I-fm-bn F-∂p ]-d-bptºm-
se-bm-Wp Im-cyw. sh-dp-sXbmtWm Po-h≥ H-c-¤p-
X-am-sW-∂p ]-d-bp∂Xv? sh-dp-sXbmtWm Poh-
s‚ c-l-ky-ßƒ C-\nbpw \-ap-°-tßm-´p i-cn-°p
a-\- n-em-°m≥ ]-‰m-ØXv?
A-t∏mƒ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv Cu A-Xn-i-bk-¶o¿-

W-X hn-i-Zo-I-cn°p-I? Hcp km-[y-X-bp≈-Xv CX-
{X A-Xn-i-b-a√ F-∂-p Xo-cp-am-\n-°pIbmWv.
BZyw tXm-∂p∂-{X A-¤p-Xw hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ A-
Xn-ep-≠m-I-W-sa-∂n√. t{]mó\n-s‚ Imcyw hen-b
A-¤p-X-am-bn \-ap-°p tXm-∂p∂-Xv k-¶o¿-WtN-
cp-h-Iƒ {I-a-s∏-Sp-Øn H-‰-b-Sn°-Xv cq-]-s∏-´p-h-cn-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p F∂p I-cp-Xp-∂Xp-sIm-≠mWv. A-ß-
s\-b√m-sX ]-Sn-]-Sn-bm-bmW-Xv D-cp-Øncn-™ph-
∂-sX¶ntem? Nq-Xm-´-tI-{μ-Øn-se t…m-´v sa-jo-
s‚ Nn-e N-{I-ßƒ ]nSn®p-hbv-°p-I, F-∂n-´v _m-
°n-am{Xw I-d-°n-hn-Sp-I, A-t∏mƒ ]¥-bw t\Sm≥
Ip-td-°q-Sn F-fp-∏-am-Ipw. A-Xmb-Xv t{]m-ó≥ H-‰-
b-Sn-°v {]-Xy£s-∏-´-Xm-I-W-sa-∂n√, A-X-nß-s\
]-cn-W-an-®p h-∂-Xm-Imw.
a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-ep-≈ F√m L-S-I-ß-fpw \n-

ß-fp-sS ssI-bn-ep-s≠∂p I-cp-Xp-I-˛˛Im¿_¨,
Hm-Iv-knP≥, ssl-{U-P≥ A-ß-s\-sb√mw. F√mw-
Iq-Sn H-cp ]m-{X-Øn-en-´v Ipd-®p sh-≈hp-sam-gn-®v
\-∂m-bn Ip-ep-°p-I. ]m-{X-Øn¬\n-∂n-d-ßn h-
cp∂-Xv ]q¿-W a-\p-jy-\m-sW-¶n¬ A-X-¤p-
XamWv. t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ H-‰-b-Sn-°p cq-]-s∏-´-Xm-sW-
∂p ]-d-bp∂ tlm-bvepw Iq-ćpw F√m kr-„n-hm-
Zn-Ifpw hm-Zn-°p-∂-X-ß-s\-bmWv. ]t£ A-Xß-
s\b√. A-ß-s\-bm-Im≥ ]-‰p-I-bp-an√. Aant\m
A-æ-ß-fp-sS Iq-Snt®-c-ep-≠mb-Xv ]-e X-e-ß-fn-em-
bm-Wv8 "ssª-≥-Uv hm-®v-ta-°-dn'¬ dn®m¿Uv tUm-
°n≥-kv ]-d-bp-∂Xv, ct≠m aqt∂m Aant\m A-
æ-ßƒ GtXm efn-tXm-t±-iy-Øn¬ BZyw H-∂n-
®ptN¿-∂p. Ip-td-°-gn-™v AXv AØ-cw a-‰p kw-
L-ß-fp-am-bn tN¿-∂p. B {]-{In-b-bnß-s\ XpS¿-
∂t∏mƒ Nn-e k-hnti-jKp-W-ßƒ D-cp-Øn-cn-
™p-h-∂p.
Po-h-\p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ cm-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-ƒ

b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ A-{X A-]q¿-ha√. Ãm≥-en an√-
dpw lm-tcmƒ-Uv Dtdbpw {i-an-®-t]m-se ]-co£-W-
im-e-bne-Xv ]m-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]-‰n√m-bn-cn-
°pw. ]t£, Cu {]-]-©-w A-Xnß-s\ sN-bvXp-
sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p≠v. {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se F{Xtbm
X-∑m-{X-Iƒ H-cp-an-®p tN¿-∂v t]m-fn-a-dp-I-sf-∂
hen-b irw-Je-I-fp-≠m-Ip∂p.9 ]-©-km-c-Iƒ H-cp-
an-®p-tN¿-∂v A-∂-P-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. Poh\p-≈-h sN-
øp∂t]m-se ]-eXpw sN-øm-\mhpw, ]-c-ep-Iƒ°v.
X-\n-∏-I¿∏n¬ s]-cp-Ip-I, Np-‰p-]mSn-t\m-Sv {]-Xn-I-
cn-°p-I, k-¶o¿-WL-S-\ kzo-Icn-°p-I, Aß-s\
]-e-Xpw. Po-h-\m¿-÷n-°m≥ A-h-bv-°p I-gn-bm-dn-
s√∂Xp i-cnXs∂, F-∂m¬ Cu {]-Xn-`m-k-ßƒ
kzm-`m-hn-Ihpw B-I-kvan-Ihpw hn-iz-k-\o-b-hp-am-
sW-∂v A-h sX-fn-bn-°p∂p. {]-]-©-Øn¬ Poh≥
A-{X-b-[n-I-an√m-bn-cn-°mw, F-∂m¬ t\-c-tØ -]-
d-™ kp-hy-h-ÿn-X{I-a-Øn\pw ]-c-kv]ckw-K-a-
Øn\pw H-cp Ip-d-hp-an√. a-™p-]m-fn-I-fp-sS {]Xn-
k-a-X-bn¬ ap-X¬ i-\n-bp-sS h-f-b-ß-fp-sS a-t\m-
lm-cn-X-bn¬h-sc AXp Im-Wmw.
]-Zm¿-Y-ßƒ-°v Cß-s\ kz-bw H-∂p-tN¿-∂p cq-

]-s∏-Sm-\p≈ tNmZ\ A-Xn-i-‡-am-b-Xp-Imc-Ww
Poh-\v h-cm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn√m-bn-cp-s∂-∂p Icp-Xp-
∂-h-cm-Wv an-° im-kv-{X-⁄-cpw. "]‰n-b km-l-
Ncyw A-\p-tbm-Py-ambn h-cp-tºm-sg√mw cq-]-s∏-´p-
h-cn-I-sb∂-Xv ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS I¿-Ø-hy-amsW∂v
tXm-∂p-∂p'10 F-∂m-Wv t\m-_¬ kΩm\ tP-Xm-
hm-b _¬-Pnb≥ _-tbm-sI-an-kv-‰v {In-kv-‰y≥ Zv
Up-th ]-d-bp-∂Xv. F√m Km-e-Iv-knI-fnepw tImSn-
°-W-°n-\p X-h-W CØ-c-sam-cp km-l-Ncyw h-
∂p-tN-cp∂p-≠mIpsa-∂mWv Up-th-bp-sS A-`n-
{]mbw.
\-sΩ-bnß-s\ Po-h-t\m-sS \n¿-Øp-∂ aq-e-I-

ßƒ A-{X A-]q¿-hsam-∂p-a√. kz¿-W-a-’y-am-
bm-epw No-c-s®-Sn-bm-bmepw a-\p-jy-\m-bm-epw \m-ev
aq-e-I-ß-fm-Wv {]-[m-\-am-bn th-≠-Xv:11 Im¿_¨,
ssl-{UP≥, HmIv-knP≥, ss\-{SP≥. ]n-s∂ H-cev-
]w kƒ-^dpw t^m-kv-^-dkpw Im¬kyhpw C-cp-
ºpw a-‰p Nn-e aq-e-I-ß-fpw. Ch-sb G-Xm-s≠m-
cp ap-∏-Ømdp Iq-´p-I-fn-em-°n H-cp-an-®p tN¿-Øv ]-
©-km-c-Ifpw A-æ-ßfpw a-‰v A-Snÿm\ kw-bp-
‡-ß-fp-am-°n-bm¬ Po-h-\p-≈ F-¥n-s\bpw \n¿-
Ωn-°mw. tUm-°n-≥kv ]-d-bp-∂Xp-t]mse "Po-hn-I-
fp-sS \n¿am-Wkm-a-{Kn-Iƒ-°v {]-tXy-IX-Isfm-∂p-
an√.12 a-s‰-¥n-s\bpwt]m-se X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS k-aq-
lw am-{X-am-Wv Po-hn-I-fpw.'
Nm-cn-Xm¿-Yy-P-\-I-am-Wv Poh≥, A-Xn-i-b-hpw.

]-t£, A-Xv I-cp-Xp∂Xp-t]m-se A-{X A-km-[y-
a√. A-Xn\v \-Ωp-sS-bo Ffn-b Po-hnXwXs∂ sX-
fn-hv. kq-£v-a-X-e-Øn¬ Poh-s‚ XpS-°w Xn-I®pw
\n- m-cam-b kwKXn-I-fn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p. Poh-s‚
Xp-S-°-sØ-∏-‰n-∏-d-bp-tºmƒ B-Zyw a\
n-seØp-I P-e-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-am-Wv˛˛Poh-s‚

Cu-‰n√-sa-∂v Um¿-hn≥ hn-`mh-\w sN-bv-X Du-jv-
a-famb Ip™p P-emi-bwap-X¬ C-∂v ap≥-
]¥nbn¬ \n¬-°p-∂ k-ap-{Zm¥cc-{‘-ßƒhsc.
]-t£, t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-sS \n¿-an-Xn-°m-bn G-I-X-∑m-
{X-m ]-Zm¿-Y-ßfm-b tam-tWm-a-dp-Iƒ Iq-Sn-t®¿∂v
t]m-fn-a-dp-I-fm-bn am-d-W-sa-¶n¬ Po-h-im-kv-{X-
Øn¬ \n¿-÷-eoIr-X _‘-\w ( dehydration
linkage) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ cm-k-{]-h¿Ø-\w \-
S°-W-sa-∂ Im-cyw P-e-Øn\v Du-∂¬ \¬-Ip-
∂-h¿ A-h-K-Wn-°p∂p. "B-Zn k-ap-{ZØntem a-
t‰-sX-¶n-epw P-e-am-[y-aØntem CØ-c-sam-cp
cmk{]-h¿Ø-\w \-S-°m≥ am-kv B-Ivj≥ tem
A-\p-Iq-e-a-s√∂ -Imcyw Kth-j-I¿ Aw-Ko-I-cn-
°p-∂p≠v' F-∂v H-cp {]ap-J Po-h-im-kv-X-{K-Ÿw
hy‡-am-°p∂p.13 Ipd-®v ]-©-km-c-sb-Sp-Øv •m n-
se sh-≈-Øn-en-´m¬ AXv kz-bw ]-©-km-c-°-
ń-bm-bn amdp-sa-∂v {]-Xo-£n-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se-bm-
WXv. Aß-s\ kw-`-hn-°n√, F-∂m¬ {]-Ir-Xn-
bn¬ F-ßs\tbm A-Xv kw-`-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. F-
ß-s\-bn-Xp kw-`-hn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s‚ c-k-X{¥w
Aev]w k-¶o¿-W-amWv. X¬-°m-ew C-{X-am{Xw a-
\- n-em-°p-I. G-I-X∑m{XIsf \-\-s®-Sp-Øm¬
A-Xv _-lp-X-∑m{Xm]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fm-bn am-dn√,
F∂m¬ `qan-bn¬ Poh-s‚ kr-„n- \-S-°p-tºmƒ
am{Xw A-Xv kw-`-hn-°p∂p. At∏mƒ C-sXß-s\
kw-`-hn-°p∂p? a-‰p km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬
F¥psIm≠p kw-`-hn-°p-∂n√? CXv Po-h-im-kv-{X-
Ønse DØ-cw In-´m-Ø henb tNm-Zy-ßfn-sem-
∂mWv.
`q-an-bn¬ Po-h≥ cq-]-s∏´-Xv t\c-tØ I-cp-Xn-

bn-cp-∂-Xnepw F{Xtbm t\-ctØ-bm-sW-∂v A-Sp-
Ø-Im-e-ØmWv I-s≠-Øn-bXv. Poh-\v Adp]Xp
tIm-Sn-bn¬ Xmsg h-b-t -bp-≈q F-∂m-Wv
14
1950Iƒh-sc I-cpXn-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXv 250 tIm-Sn-h-
sc-t∏m-Im-sa-∂v 1970I-fn¬ km-l-kn-Icmb Nne
K-th-j-I¿ {]-Jym-]n-®p. F-∂m-en-t∏mg-sØ I-W-
°-\p-k-cn-®v `q-anbn¬ Po-h-\p-≠m-bn-´v 385 tIm-Sn
h¿-j-ambn. C-Xev-]w Iq-Sn-t∏m-bn-t√ F∂p-
tXm∂mw, Imc-Ww `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cnX-ew Dd-®p I-
ń-bm-bn-´v 3.9 tImSn h¿-j-ta-bm-bn-´p≈q.
"A-\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ap-≈ {K-l-ßfn¬ kq-£v-
a-Po-hn-Iƒ A-\m-bmkw D-S-se-Sp-°p-∂p-s≠-∂m-Wv
C-Xn¬\n∂pw hy-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv'15 F∂v 1996˛¬
\yq-tbm¿-°v ssSw-kn-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn¬ kv-
‰o-^≥ tP Kqƒ-Uv ]-dbp-∂p. "I-gn-bp-∂-{X-th-Kw
Po-h-\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p cmk \n-
tbm-Kw F-∂ \n-Ka-\w H-gn-hm-°m-s\-fp-∏-a√' F-
∂v A-t±-lw Iq-ń-t®¿°p-∂p.16
Aß-s\ Po-h≥ A-Xn-th-K-sa-Ø-W-sa-¶n-e-Xn-

\v th-sd-sb-hn-sS \n-s∂-¶nepw k-lmbw—hen-b
k-lmbw˛˛In-ń-bn-´p-≠m-I-W-sa-∂ Nn¥mKXn {]-
_-e-amWv. `q-an-bn-se Poh-s‚ D-Zv`-hw _-ln-cm-
Imi-Øp\n-∂msW-∂ B-i-b-Øn-\v \-Ωƒ {]-Xo-
£n-°p-∂-Xnepw ]-g-°-ap-≠v. sI¬hn≥ {]-`p
1871-˛¬X-s∂ C-ßs\-sbm-cmi-bw ap-t∂m-´p-h-®n-
cp∂p. Pohs‚ kq-£v-aI-W-ßƒ `q-an-bn-se-Øn-®-
Xv GtXm D¬-°-bm-Ip-sa-∂ A`n-{]mbw A-t±-lw
A-h-X-cn-∏n®Xvv {_n-ó-jv A-t m-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿
AUzm-≥ -kv-sa‚ v Hm-^v k-b≥-kn-s‚ tbm-K-Øn-
emWv. hen-b {]m-[m-\y-a¿-ln-°msØm-cm-i-b-am-
bn F{Xtbm Im-ew A-Xp \n-e-\n-∂p. ]t£, 1969
sk-]vXw-_-dn-se H-cp Rm-b-dmgv-N ÿn-Xn-K-Xn-Iƒ
am-‰n-a-dn-®p. B-Im-i-Øn-¬ Ing-°p\n-∂p ]-Sn-
™ms´m-cp A·n-tKm-fw Ip-Xn-s®-Øp-∂-Xn-s‚ A-
Xni-b-°m-gv-N-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p A∂v Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-
°m¿.17 hn-Nn-{Xam-sbmcp s]mńsØ-dni-–-hp-am-bn
B A·n-tKm-fw ]m™p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Fßp-sam-
cp K-‘w ]-c∂p. Nn-e¿°-Xv a-ZyK-‘wt]m-se
tXm∂n, a-‰p-Nn-e¿-°v GtXm A-k-ly-K-‘-am-bpw.
sa¬-_-Wn-\p hS-°v Kqƒ-_¨ Xm-gvh-c-bn¬

600 t]-¿ am-{X-ap-≈ a¿-®n-k¨ ]-´-W-Øn-\p ap-
I-fn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ B A·n-tKmfw s]mńsØ-
dn®p. A-h-in-„-ßƒ a-g-t]m-se h¿-jn®p, A-Xn¬
Nn-e-Xn-\v A-©p In-temh-sc Xq-°-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
`m-Ky-Øn-\v B¿°pw ]-cn-s°m∂pw ]‰nbn√. Im¿-
_-tW-jy-kv tNm¨-ss{U-‰v F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ A-
]q¿-h-bn-\w D¬-°-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. \-K-c-hm-kn-I-
f-Xn-s‚ 90 In-tem-tbm-fw h-cp-∂ I-j-W-ßƒ s]-
dp-°n-sb-SpØp. \√ k-a-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p Cu D¬-
°-bpsS h-chv. A-t∏m-tfm 11˛se k-©m-cn-Iƒ H-
cp k-©n-\nd-sb N-{μ-\n-se ]m-d°-j-W-ß-fp-am-
bn `q-an-bn-se-Øn-bn-´v c-≠p-am-kw Xn-I-bpw ap-ºv.
`q-an-°p ]p-d-Øp\n-s∂Øn-b ]m-d-°-j-W-ßƒ
]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ tem-I-sa-ßp-ap≈ ]-co-£-W-im-
e-Iƒ B-Imw-£m-]q¿-hw Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂ k-abw.
a¿-®n-k¨ D¬-°-bv°v 4.5 _ney¨ h¿-jw ]-

g-°-ap-s≠-∂v ]cntim-[-\-bn¬ sXfn™p. Aan-
t\mA-æ-ß-fm¬ k-ar-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. 74 C-\w
Aant\m A-æßƒ,18 A-Xn¬ F-s´-Æw B-Zn-a-
t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-sS \n¿anXn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏´-h.
ap∏-Xp h¿-j-Øn-\pti-jw 2001˛s‚ A-h-km\w
Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn-se F-bnw-kv dn-k¿-®v sk‚-dn-
se K-th-j-I¿ H-cp ImcywIq-Sn Is≠Øn. a¿-®n-
k¨ D¬-°-bn¬ t]mfn-tbmƒ F-∂ k¶o¿W-bn-
\w ]-©-km-c-bp-sS I-Wn-I-I-fp-ap≠v. A-Xn-\p ap-
ºv `q-an-bn¬ I≠n-t´-bn√mØ ]-Zm¿-Y-am-WXv.
1969˛\p ti-jw CØ-cw D¬-°-Iƒ sh-sd-bpw

`q-an-bn-se-Øn-bn´p≠v.19 2000 P-\-ph-cn-bn¬ Im-\-U-
bn-se bp-t°m-Wn¬ Sm-Kn-jv X-Sm-IØn-\-Sp-Øp-sN-
∂pho-W D¬-° hS-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se hen-sbm-
cp `mKw {]-tZ-iØp Zr-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]]-©w
Hm¿-Km-\n-Iv kw-bp-‡-ß-fm¬ kar≤am-sW-∂v
A-h-sb√mw sX-fn-bn-®p. lm-en [q-a-tI-Xp-hn-s‚
25 i-X-am\hpw Hm¿-Km-\n-Iv X-∑m-{X-I-fm-sW-∂m-
Wv C-t∏mƒ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. A-ßs\sbm-∂v ]‰n-b
ÿ-eØv, D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v `q-an-bn¬ ]-Xn-°p-I-bm-
sW-∂p hbv°pI, A-t∏mƒ Po-h-\p-th-≠ A-Sn-
ÿm-\L-S-I-ß-fmbn.
Poh-s‚ D-Zv`-hw `q-an-°p ]p-d-Øp-\n-∂m-sW-∂p

]-d-bp-∂ ]m≥-kvt]¿an-b kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ-°v c-≠p
Ip-g-∏-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p: H-∂ma-Xv, Pohs‚ -D-Zv`-hw
F-ß-s\-sb-∂ A-Snÿm-\{]-iv-\-Øn-\v A-Xp-Ø-
c-ta-Ip-∂n√. DØc hm-ZnXzw `q-an-bn¬\n-∂v ]p-d-
tØ-°p X-≈n-am-‰p-t∂-bp≈q. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn A-hn-
th-Iw F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂ ]-e hn-Nn-{Xm-i-
b-ßƒ°pw AXp hgn-sbm-cp°n. Un.F≥.F. L-
S-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-h-cn¬ H-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂ {^m≥kn-kv
{In-°pw k-l-K-th-j-I≥ se-kv-en Hm¿-Kepw A-
`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv _p≤n-bp-≈ A-\y-{K-l-Po-hn-Iƒ
t_m-[-]q¿-hw `q-an-bn¬ Poh-s‚ tcWp°ƒ hn-
X-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv. im-kv-{X-hn-th-I-Øn-s‚
]p-d-tºm-°n¬ \n¬-°p-∂ B-i-b-sa-∂m-Wv20 {Kn-
∫n≥ C-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv. th-sdmcp co-Xn-
bn¬ ]-d-™m¬ t\m-_¬kΩm-\tP-Xmhm-b H-cp
im-kv-{X-⁄-\√ ]-d-™n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ {`m-s¥-∂v
]d-™p X-≈n-°-f-bm-hp-∂ B-i-b-ambn-cp-∂p A-
Xv. s{^-Uv tlm-bv-epw Iq-´p-Im-c≥ N-{μ hn-{I-a-
knw-tKbpw A-Xn-s‚ hn-e H-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-Sn®p. aq-∂m-
a-[ym-b-Øn¬ ]d-™-t]m-se Poh≥ am-{X-a√ ^v-
fqhpw _yq-t_m-Wn-Iv tπ-Kpw t]m-ep-≈ tcm-K-ß-
fpw _-ln-cm-Im-iØp\n-s∂-Øp-∂-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv
A-h¿ hm-Zn-®-Xv.
Poh-s‚ D-Zv-`-h-Øn-\v Xp-S-°-amb-Xv F-¥m-sW-

¶n-epw A-Xv kw-`-hn®Xv H-‰-b-Sn-°m-Wv. Po-h-im-
kv-{X-Øn-se G-‰hpw A-km-[m-c-Wam-b h-kv-XpX-
bm-WXv. Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-se am-{Xa√, H-cp-]t£,
\-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ h-kv-Xp-X-I-fn¬Øs∂ G-‰hpw
A-km-[m-cWw. G-Xm-bmepw `q-an-bn-ep≠mbn-´p-≈
Po-hn-I-fp-sS-sb√mw Xp-S°w˛˛sN-Sn-I-fm-bmepw P-
¥p-°-fm-bm-epw icn A-Xn-s‚ XpS-°w˛˛H-tc B-
Zn-a-kv-]-μ-\-Øn¬\n-∂m-bn-cp∂p. H-cn-°¬, k-¶ev-
]m-Xo-X-amwh-Æw ]-g-sbm-cp-Ime-Øv cm-k-h-kv-Xp-
°-fpsS sN-dpk©-bw Po-h-\n-te°p- Xp-Sn®pb¿-
∂p. A-Sp-Øp-\n-∂Xv t]m-j-Ißƒ hen-s®-Sp-Øp,
sN-dp-Xmbn kv-]-μn-®p. ap-ºp-aßs\ kw-`-hn-®n-´p-
≠m-Ipw, H-cp]t£ ]-e-Xh-W. F-∂m-enØ-h-W
th-sdm-cp hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p, H-c-km-[m-c-
Wtijn. A-Xp kz-bw ]n-f¿∂p, F-∂n-s´m-cp ]n≥-
Km-an-sb kr-„n®p. Po-h-\p-≈ H-∂n¬\n-∂v a-s‰m-
∂n-te-°v P-\n-X-I ]-Zm¿-Yw ]-¶phbv°-s∏´p. B
{]-{In-b Aßs\ -A\-hc-Xw Xp-S¿∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-
cp∂p. A-Xm-bn-cp-∂p kr-„n-bp-sS ap-lq¿-Øw. Po-
h-im-kv-{X-⁄-¿ A-Xn-s\ almP-\\wF-∂p hn-fn-
°p∂p.
"temI-sØ-hn-sS-t∏m-bn F-¥n-s\ t\m-°nbm-

epw, ar-KsØtbm sNSnsbtbm Io-SsØtbm
t\m-°n-bmepw Po-h-\p-≈ km-[-\-am-sW-¶n¬ Ah-
sb√m-ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xv H-tc i-–-tIm-i-am-Wv.21
A-h-bvs°√mw A-dn-bp∂-Xv Htc \n-b-am-h-en-bm-
Wv. F√m Po-hn-Xhpw H-∂pXs∂.' am-‰v dnUven ]-d-
bp∂p. \m-\qdp-tImSn-tbm-fw h¿-j-am-bn X-e-ap-d-I-
fmbn ssI-am-dnt∏m-cp-∂ H-scm-‰ P-\n-X-I-kq-{X-Øn-
s‚ ^-e-am-Wp \-Ωƒ. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ a-\p-
jy-s‚ P-\n-X-I-kq-{XØn-sem-cp I-j-W-sa-Sp-Øv
Ip-g-∏-aps≈mcp boÃv tIm-i-Øn¬ k-∂n-th-in-∏n-
®m¬ A-Xp kz-¥-am-sW-∂t]mse bo-Ãv {]-h¿-
Øn-°pw. H-c¿-Y-Øn¬ A-Xv kz-¥-am-Wp-Xm-\pw.
Poh-s‚ D-Zbw, A-s√-¶n¬ AXp-t]m-sem-∂p-≠v

hn-tŒmdn-b s_-∂-‰ns‚ A-e-am-c-bn¬. Im≥-_-d-
bn¬ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ \m-j-W¬ bq-Wn-th-gvkn-‰n-
bn¬ (F.F≥.bp.) sF-tkm-tSm-]v Pn-tbm-sI-an-kv-
‰mWv Cu A-tacn°°m-cn. c-≠-c-h¿j-sØ I-cm-
dn¬ 1989˛¬ Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bn¬\n-s∂ Øn-b
s_∂-‰v ]n-s∂ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬-Ø-s∂ Xp-S-cp-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. 2001˛¬ F.F≥.bp-.hn-s‚ F¿Øv k-
b≥-kv _n¬-Un-ßn-se-Øn I-≠-t∏mƒ s_∂‰v H-
cp ]m-d-°j-Ww F-s‚ ssI-bn¬ h-®pX∂p. sh-
≈- kv-^-Sn-IØn-s‚bpw ss¢-t\m-ss]-tdm-Iv-kn≥
F-∂- Nm-c-∏-® h-kv-Xp-hn-s‚-bpw ]mfnIf-Sßnb
B ]m-d-°j-Ww {Ko≥-e‚n-se A-Inen-b Zzo-]n-
te-Xm-bn-cp∂p. 1997˛¬ A-Xn-{]mNo-\in-e-Iƒ I-
s≠-Sp-Ø ÿ-e-am-W-Xv. 3.85 _ney¨ h¿-jw ]-
g-°-ap≈ ]m-d-I-fm-W-Xv. I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xn-te-‰-
hpw ]-g-°ap-≈ k-ap-{Z Ah-km-Z-in-e.
"H-cn-°¬ Po-h-I-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ]m-

dXs∂bmtWm \n-ß-fp-sS ssI-bn-en-cn-°p-∂-sX-
∂v D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm-\m-hn√.22 A-°mcyw I-s≠-
ØW-sa-¶n¬ A-Xp s]m-Sn-®p ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww,'
s_∂-‰v ]-d-™p. "G-‰hpw {]m-b-ap-≈ Po-hm-h-
in-„-ßƒ I-≠ A-tX ÿ-e-Øp\n-∂p Ip-gn-s®-
SpØ-Xm-WXv. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ A-Xnepw Po-
h-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw.' F{X kq-£v-a-am-bn t\m-
°n-bmepw A-Xn¬ kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fp-sS t^mkn¬
I-s≠-Øm-\m-sb-∂p-h-cn√. Imc-Ww, I-S-en-se sN-
fn-sb ]m-d-°√m°n- am‰nb {]-{In-b-bn-¬ A-Xn-ep-
≈ kq-£v-a-Po-hn-Iƒ sh¥p-t]m-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw.
s]mSns®-Sp-Øv kq-£v-a-am-bn \n-co-£n-®m¬ Im-
Wm≥ In´pI B Po-hnIƒ _m-°n-bm°n-b cm-km-
h-in-„-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. Im¿-_¨ sF-tkm-tSm-∏p-
Ifpw A-∏-ss‰-‰v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ H-cn-\w t^m-kv-
t^-‰pw. A-h-bp-sS km∂n[yw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bm¬
Cu ]m-d-bn¬ Po-hn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂Xn-\v i-
‡am-b sX-fn-hm-Ipw. "A-sX-¥pX-cw Po-hn-I-fm-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-∂v Duln-°pI-tb \n-hr-Øn-bp≈q. an-°-
hmdpw G-‰hpw Xm-tg-Ø-ń-ep-≈ PohnI-fm-Ipw. F-
¶n-epa-Xv Po-hn-IƒX-s∂-bmWv. A-Xv Po-hn®p, s]-
‰p-s]-cpIn.' s_∂-‰v ]-d™p.
A-ß-s\-bß-s\ A-Xv \-Ω-fn-seØn.
s_-∂-‰n-s\-t∏m-se h-f-sc∏-g-b ]m-d-I-fp-sS ]n-

∂m-se-bm-Wv \n-ßfp-sS A-t\z-j-W-sa-¶n¬
F.F≥.bp-.hm-Wv ]‰n-b ÿew. _n¬ tImw]v-
Ã¨ F-s∂m-cm-fp-sS {]-Xn-`-bv-°m-W-Xn-\p \-μn
]-d-tb-≠Xv. C-t∏mƒ hn-{i-a-Po-hn-Xw \-bn-°p∂
tImw-]v-Ã-Wm-Wv 1970I-fn¬ tem-I-Øn-em-ZysØ
sk≥-kn-‰o-hv ssl sd-k-eq-j≥ A-tbm¨ ssa-
t{Imt{]m-_v \n¿-Ωn-®-Xv. t]-cn-s‚ B-Zy-£-c-ßƒ
tN¿-Øv {jnw]v F-∂mW-Xns\ hn-fn-°p-∂Xv. kn¿-
tIm-¨ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Ip-™p-[m-Xp-°-fn-se
bp-td-\n-bw £-bn-°p∂ tXm-Xv \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p-≈ b-{¥-am-WXv. _m-kmƒ-´p-I-sfm-gn-sI-bp-≈
F√m ]m-d-I-fnepw kn¿-tIm-Wp≠v. h-f-sc°mew
Cu-Sp-\n¬°pw kn¿-tIm-WpIƒ. `q-an-bn-te-°v Dƒ-
h-en-™p t]mIp-tºm-g√msX G-Xm-s≠√m ù-a-
{]-Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-bpa-Xv A-Xn-Po-hn-°pw. H-cn-°-e-
s√-¶n¬ a-s‰m-cn°¬ `q-h¬-°-w A-I-°m-ºn-te-°v
h-en-s®-Sp-°s∏-Sm-dp≠v. F-∂m¬ F-°m-ehpw `q-
h¬-°-Øn¬Ø-s∂ \n-e-\n-∂ ]md-Iƒ A-]q¿-h-
am-bn˛˛D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v ]-›n-am-{^n-°-bnepw
{Ko≥-e‚nepw˛˛ù-a-im-kv-{X-⁄¿ I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-
≠v. tImw-]v-kv‰-s‚ b-{¥-ap-]-tbmKn-®v A-km-am-\y-
Ir-Xy-X-tbm-sS C-Xn-s‚ {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°m≥ I-
gn™p.
F¿-Øv- k-b≥-kv Un-∏m¿-´v-a‚n-s‚ kz-¥w

h¿Iv-tjm-∏n¬ cq]-Iev-]-\ sN-bv-Xp \n¿-an-®-Xm-
Wv {jnw-]n-s‚ B-Zy-am-Xr-I. Np-cpßn-b sNe-hn¬
]m-gvh-kv-Xp°ƒ-sIm-≠p \n¿-an-s®-Sp-Ø b-{¥-am-
sW-∂mW-Xv I≠m¬ tXm∂p-I. ]t£, D-÷z-e-
am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w. 1982˛¬ BZy]-
co-£-W-Øn¬-Ø-s∂ A-Xv tem-I-sØ G-‰hpw ]-
g-b km-[-\-Øn-s‚ {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn®p. ]-Sn-™m-
d≥ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬-\n-∂p I-s≠-Øn-b 430 tIm-
Sn h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap-≈ ]m-d-°√m-bn-cp∂p A-Xv.
"A∂-Xv Ip-td H-®-∏m-Sp-≠m°n. C-{Xbpw {]-[m-

\-s∏-s´m-cp Imcyw C-{X s]-s´-∂v- I-s≠-Øp-I, A-
Xpw ]pXn-sbm-cp km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy-sIm≠v.'
B D-]-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ ]pXnb tamU¬˛˛{jnw-]v

2˛˛Im-Wm-\m-bn s_∂‰v F-s∂ Xm-tg°p-
sIm≠p-t]mbn. kv-s‰-bn≥-se-kv kv-‰o¬-sIm-≠p-
≠m°nb `m-c-tadnsbm-cp-]-I-cWw. aq-∂-c ao-‰¿
\o-fhpw H-∂-c ao-‰¿ D-b-c-hpw. I-Sen-\-Sn-Ø-ń¬-
t∏m-Im-\p-≈ t]S-Iwt]m-se I-cp-Øp-‰ \n¿-anXn.
ap-I-fn-ep≈ kv-{Io-\n¬ N-en®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ h-
c-I-fn-te-°p I-Æpw\´v A-Xn-s‚ I¨-tkm-fn-sem-
cm-fn-cp-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. \yq-kn-e‚n-se Im‚¿_-dn
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬-\n-∂p≈ t_m-_v. cm-hn-se
\m-ep-a-Wn-°n-cn-°m≥ XpSßn-b-Xm-W-hn-sS-sb-∂v
t_m-_v ]-d™p. H-º-Xpa-Wn I-gn-™-tX-bp-
≠mbn-cp-∂p≈q. D-®h-sc B b{¥w t_m-_n-s‚
\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-Wv. Znhkw C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ep a-
Wn-°qdpw {]-h¿-Øn-°pw {jnw]v 2. A-{Xbv°p ]m-
d-Ifp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°m-\p≠v. {jnw-]n-s‚ {]-
h¿-Ø-\-sa-ß-s\-bm-sW∂v G-sX-¶nepw Pn-tbm-
sI-an-kv‰n-t\m-Sp tNm-Zn®p-t\m-°pI. sF-tkm-tSm-
∏p-I-fp-sS k-ar-≤n-sb-∏-‰n-bpw A-b-WoI-c-WX-e-
ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw hm-Nm-e-ambn kw-km-cn-°p-ah¿. A-
Xn-s‚ Np-cp-°-an-XmWv. ]m-d-bn-te°v Nm¿-Pp-≈
B‰w sXm-Sp-Øp-hn´v Cu b-{¥-Øn-\v A-Xn-se
kn¿-tIm¨ ti-J-c-Øn-se bptd\n-b-Øn-s‚bpw
Im-co-b-Øn-s‚bpw A-f-hn-se t\cn-b hy-Xymkw-
t]m-epa-f-°m≥ ]-‰pw. A-Xn¬\n-∂v ]m-d-°√n-s‚
{]m-bw Ir-Xy-am-bn I-W-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-°mw. H-cp
kn¿-tIm¨ i-I-e-Øn¬\n-∂v A-f-sh-Sp-°m≥ 17
an\n-s‰-Sp-°p-sa-∂v t_m-_v ]-d-™p. I-W-°v B-
[n-Im-cn-IamI-W-sa-¶n¬ H-cp ]m-d-°-j-W-Øn-
seX-s∂ U-k≥- I-W-°n-\v kn¿-tIm¨ i-Ie-
ßfn¬\n∂v Cu A-f-sh-Sp-°Ww. A-e-°p-I-S-I-
fn-se-t∏m-se ap-jn-∏≥ tPmenbmW-Xv F-¶nepw
t_m-_v k-¥p-„-\m-bn-cp∂p. \yq-kn-e‚pIm¿ s]m-
Xpth A-ß-s\-bmWv.
F.F≥.bp.hn-se F¿-Øv k-b≥-kv Un-∏m¿-´v-

sa‚n-s‚ LS\ hn-Nn{Xam-bn-cp∂p. Hm-ô-kv, ]-co-
£-W-im-e, b-{¥∏p-c F√mw tN¿-∂-Xm-bncp-∂p
A-Xv. "R-ß-fn-hn-sS F√m-ap-≠m-°m-dp≠v. Du-Xn
ho¿-∏n-®v •m-kp≠m-°p-∂-bm-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p C-
hnsS, C-t∏m-g-t±-lw dn-´-b¿ sN-bv-Xp. ]md s]m-
ń-°p-∂-h¿ C-t∏m-gp-ap-≠v.' F-s‚ A-Xn-i-b-`m-hw
I-≠v s_∂-‰v Nncn®p. "H-cp-]m-Sv ]m-d-Iƒ h-cp-
an-hnsS. kq-£va-X-tbm-sS th-Wa-Xv s]m-Sn-s®-
Sp°m≥. [m-cm-fw X-øm-sd-Sp-∏p-Ifpw thWw.
t\ctØ s]m-ń-® ]m-d-I-fpsS s]m-Sn-t]mepw
]pXn-b ti-J-c-Øn¬ I-e-cp-∂n-s√-∂v D-d-∏p-h-cp-
Ø-Ww.' ]m-d-s]m-ń-°m-\p-≈ b-{¥-ßƒ A-h-sc-
\n-°p Im-Wn-®pX-∂p. H´pw A-gp°n√m-Ø b-
{¥ßƒ. ]m-d-s]m-ń-°p-∂-h¿ A-hn-sS-bn√m-bn-cp-
∂p, Im-∏n Ip-Sn-°m≥ t]m-b-Xm-IWw. b-{¥-ßƒ-
°-cn-In¬ hen-b s]-ń-I-fn¬ ]e-Xcw ]m-d-°-j-
W-ßƒ. F.F≥.bp.hn-\v ]m-d-°-j-W-ßƒ [m-cm-
fw In´p∂p-s≠-∂p-d∏v.
Id-°w I-gn-™v s_-∂-‰n-s‚ Hm-ô-kn¬ Xn-cn-
s®-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AhnsS Np-a-cn¬ Xq-ßp-∂ Nn-{X-
am-Wv Rm≥ {i-≤n-®-Xv. 350 tIm-Sn h¿jw ap-ºv Po-
h≥ ]n-®-h-®p-Xp-Sßp-∂ Ime-sØ `q-anbp-sS h¿-
Wm-àm-b k¶ev]-Nn-{Xw. ù-a-im-kv-{X-Øn¬
B¿-ss°≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Im-e-Øn-s‚ Nn-
{Xw. A-]-cn-Nn-Xam-sbm-cp `q-`m-K-Øn¬ k-Po-ham-
b ò-a≥ A-·n-]¿hXßfpw sN-ºp-\n-d-ap-≈ B-
hn-]-d-°p-∂ k-ap-{Z-ß-fpw Np-h-∏p-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ I-
Sp-Ø B-Im-i-hpw. ap-∂n-se Xm-gvh-c \nd-sb kv-
s{Sm-am-t‰m-sse-‰v F∂phn-fn-°p-∂ kq-£v-a-Po-hn-
∏m-d-I-fm-Wv. Poh-s‚ kr-„n°pw t]m-j-W-
Øn\pw ]‰n-b A-¥-co-£-am-bn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂v B
Nn{Xw I≠m¬ tXm∂n√. i-cnX-s∂bmtWm B
Nn-{X-sa-∂v Rm≥ s_-∂‰n-t\m-Sp tNm-Zn®p.
"A-°m-e-Øv Nq-Sp h-f-sc -Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-s∂-∂p I-

cp-Xp-∂-h-cp≠v. ImcWw, kq-cy-\v A-t∏mƒ C-Xn-
ep-sa{Xtbm i-‡n Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂p (Pohim-kv-{X-
⁄¿ X-am-i-bv°n-Xn-s\ ssN-\o-kv d-kv-‰d‚ v {]-
iv-\-sa-∂m-Wp hn-fn-°m-sd-∂v ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv Rm≥ a-
\- n-em-°n-b-Xv. aßn-b kq-cy-{]-Imiw Im-c-W-am-
WnXv). A-¥-co-£-an-s√-¶n¬, {]-Im-i-sa-{X Ip-d-
hm-sW-¶n-epw, kq-cy-\n-se Aƒ-{Sm-h-be-‰v c-iv-an-
Iƒ G-Xp X-∑m-{Xm-_-‘-\-sØbpw X-I¿-°m≥
{i-an-°pw. F-∂n´pw A-hn-sS˛˛kv-s{Sm-am-t‰m-sse-‰v
]m-d-I-fn¬˛˛X-ń-s°m-≠v s_∂-‰v ]-d™p: "D-]-
cn-X-e-Øn¬Ø-s∂ k-Po-h-h-kv-Xp°-fp≠v. A-sX-
ß-s\-sb-∂-sXm-cp {]-tl-fn-I-bm-Wv.'
"A-t∏mƒ A∂-sØ tem-Iw F-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-

s∂-∂v \-ap-°-dn-bn√.'
s_∂-‰v i-cn-sb-∂p aqfn.
"F-¥m-bm-epa-Xv Poh-\v A-{X A\p-tbm-Py-am-

bn-cp-s∂-∂p tXm-∂p∂n√.'
AXpw i-cn-sb-∂p k-Ω-Xn®p-sIm-≠v A-h¿ Iq-

ń-t®¿Øp: "]-t£, A-hn-sS Poh-\p ]‰n-b
Ft¥m D-≠m-bn-cp∂p, A-s√-¶n¬ C-∂p \man-
hnsS-bp-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√.'
G-Xm-bmepw \-ap-°p- ]‰n-b km-l-N-cy-a√ A-

hn-sS. k-a-b-b-{¥-Øn¬ Ib-dn B {]mNo\temI-
Øp sN-∂n-d-ßn-bm¬ A-Sp-Ø \n-an-jw \nßƒ
Xn-cn-®v A-Xn-te-°pX-s∂ Nm-Sn-°-b-dpw. Im-c-Ww,
A-hn-sS iz-kn-°m≥ C∂p sNm-Δ-bn-ep-≈-Xn¬ Iq-
Sp-X-sem∂pw Hm-Iv-kn-P-\n√. ssl-t{Um-t¢m-dn-Iv
B-kn-Un-s‚bpw kƒ-^yq-cn-Iv B-kn-Un-s‚bpw
Xo£vW-_m-jv-]-amWv Np-‰pw.23 h-kv-{Xhpw sXm-en-
bpw Xpf-®v \n-ß-fp-sS amwkw Im-¿-∂pXn-∂paXv.
hn-tŒmdn-b s_-∂-‰n-s‚ Nn-{X-Øn¬ I-≠ {]-Im-
ihpw Xn-f-°hp-sam∂pw A-hn-sS-bp-≠m-In√. A-
¥-co-£-Øn-se cm-k-kq-∏n-eqsS A-[n-Iw kq-cy{]-
Im-i-sam∂pw `q-an-bn-se-Øn√. B-sI-bp-≈ {]-Im-
iw C-S-bv°n-sS-bp≈ an-∂¬-∏n-W-cp-Iƒ \¬-Ip∂
ss\-an-jn-I{]-` am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw. Np-cp-°n∏-d-
™m¬ `q-an-X-s∂-bm-W-sX-¶nepw \-Ωp-sS `q-an-bm-
W-sX-∂v \-ap°p tXm-∂p-I-tb-bn√.
B {]mNo\temI-sØ \m-gn-I-°√p-Iƒ-°v
ssZ¿Lyw h-f-sc-°q-SpX-em-bn-cp-∂p, A-{X ]-Xp-
s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p Poh-s‚ hn-Imkw. C-cp-\q-dp tIm-
Sn h¿-jIm-e-tØ-°v `q-an-bn-se Po-h-s\-∂p ]-d-
™m¬ _m-Œo-cn-b-Iƒ am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p. A-h Po-
hn®p, s]-‰p-s]-cpIn. F-∂m¬ Ip-sd-°q-SnD-b¿-∂
a-s‰m-cp X-e-Øn-te-°p \o-ßm-≥ A-h {]-tXyI
Xm¬-]cysam∂pw {]-I-Sn-∏n-®n√. F-∂m¬ Poh-s‚
B-Zy i-X-tIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ°n-S-bn-se-t∏mtgm
kb-t\m-_m-Œo-cn-b A-s√-¶n¬ \o-e-∏-® B¬-K
H-cp hn-Zy I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p. A-∂p b-tY-„-w e-`y-am-bn-
cp∂ ssl-{UP-s\ D-]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]Tn-®p.
P-e-I-W-ßƒ h-en-s®-Sp-Øv A-h ssl-{UP≥ B-
Kn-cn-Ww sN-bvXp. F-∂n-´v ]m-gvh-kv-Xp-hm-bn Hm-Iv-
kn-P≥ ]p-d-Øp-hn´p. ]pXn-sbm-cp {]-{In-b-bp-sS I-
≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv, {]Im-ikwt«-j-W-
Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°w. "`q-an-bn-se Po-h-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn¬
G-‰hpw {]-[m-\s∏-´ N-bm-]-N-b- I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-
Wv {]Im-ikw-t«-j-Ww'24 F-∂mWv am¿-Kyp-en-
kpw km-K\pw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv. A-Xp- I-≠p-]n-
Sn®-Xv k-kyß-fm-bn-cp-∂n√, _m-Œo-cn-b-bm-bn-
cp∂p.
kb-t\m-_m-Œocn-b hym-]n-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-

sS `q-an-bn¬ Hm-Iv-knP≥ \n-d-bm≥ Xp-S-ßn. Hm-
Iv-kn-P-s\ hn-j-h-kv-Xp-hm-bn- I-≠ Po-hn-Iƒ-°v
henb ò-j-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ D-]-
tbm-Kn-°mØ temIØv sImSpwhn-j-am-Wv AXv.
A-Xn-{I-an-®p I-b-dp-∂ kq-£v-am-Wp°-sf
sIm√m\m-Wv \-Ωp-sS tiz-X-c-‡m-Wp°ƒ Hm-Iv-
kn-P≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.25 HmIvkn-P-s\ {]m-W-
hm-bp-hm-bn- I-cp-Xp-∂ \-ap-°n-Xv A-hn-iz-k-\o-b-
am-bntØm∂pw. A-Xn-\p X-°-co-Xn-bn¬ ]-cn-W-an-
®p h-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv \ap°v Hm-Iv-kn-P-s\m-cp A-
\p-{K-l-am-bn-tØm-∂p-∂-Xv. a-‰p-≈h-bv°v A-sXm-
cp ò-j-Wn-X-s∂-bmWv. sh-Æ h-fn®p-t]m-Im\pw
C-cp-ºv Xp-cpºn-°m-\pw Im-c-W-am-Ip∂Xv Hm-Iv-kn-
P-\m-Wv. \-ap°p-t]mepw H-cp ]-cn-[n-h-sc-am-{Xta
Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ Xm-ßm-\mhq. a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se
tIm-i-ß-fn-ep≈ Hm-Ivkn P-s‚ A-\p-]mXw A-
¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≈-Xn-s‚ ]Øn-sem∂p-am-{X-am-
sWt∂m¿-°Ww.
Du¿-t÷m-Xv-]m-Z-\-Øn-\v Ipsd-°q-Sn Im-cy-£-a-

am-bn-cp∂p, Hm-IvknP≥. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ Hm-
Iv-kn-P-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Po-hn-Iƒ-°p a‰p≈-h-bv-
°p-ta¬ hy-‡am-b ta¬ss° e-`n®p. Hm-Iv-kn-
P≥hn-cp-≤-¿ ]Xps° X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-Ø-ń-se
sN-fn-°p-g-ºn-te-°p \o-ßn. Nn-e¿ A-hn-sS\n-∂v
F-s∂bpw \n-ß-sfbpwt]m-ep≈ -Po-hn-I-fp-sS Z-
l-\-hy-h-ÿ-bnte-°p tN-t°dn. AØ-cw Nn-e¿
`-£W-sØ Z-ln-∏n-°m≥ k-lm-bn®psIm≠v C-
t∏mgpw \n-ß-fp-sS h-b-dn-\p-≈n-ep≠v, ]t£, Hm-Iv-
knP-s‚ sNdn-sbm-cp I-Wn-I-t]mepw Xm-ßm≥ A-
h¿-°m-In√. km-l-N-cy-ß-tfmSnW-ßn-t®-cm≥ I-
gn-bmsX-t]m-b A-kw-Jy-sa-Æw N-sØm-Spßn.
h-º≥ hn-P-b-am-bn-cp-∂p k-b-t\m-_m-Œo-cn-b.

A-h¿ ]p-d-Øp-hn-´ A[nI Hm-Iv-knP≥ BZyw A-
¥-co-£-Øn¬ Iq-Sn-°n-S-°p-Ib-√ sN-bv-XXv. A-
Xv C-cp-ºp-am-bn-t®¿-∂v s^-dnIv HmIv-ssk-Up-I-fp-
≠mbn, A-Xv B-Zn-a-k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ńeq-dn.
tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p h¿-j-ß-tfm-fw `qanbß-s\ Xp-
cp-ºn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂p ]-d-bmw. A-bn-cp-I-fpsS
cq-]-Øn¬ -\n-t£-]n-°-s∏-´ C-cp-ºp-tiJ-cw A-Xn-
s‚ sX-fnhm-Wv. ]n-∂o-Sp-≈ GXm\pw Im-Sn h¿j-
ß-tfmfw C{X-sbm-s°-tb kw-`-hn-®p-≈q. t{]m-´-
tdm-tkmbnIv F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ A-°m-e-tØ-s°m-
∂p sN∂p-t\m-°n-bm¬ `q-an-bn¬ Poh\v hen-b
`m-hn-bp-s≠-s∂m∂pw tXm-∂n√. A-hn-Shn-sS-bm-bn
sN-dp-Ip-fß-fn¬ kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fp-sS ]-‰-ßƒ A-
gp-°-Sn-™Xp-t]m-se-bnßs\ s]m-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂p-
≠m-hpw. Xo-c-ß-fn-se ]m-d-I-fn¬ ]-®bpw Nm-chpw
\nd-Øn¬ Nne-Xp ]-‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw. Po-h≥ F-
∂p-]d-™v Im-Wm≥ A{Xsbm-s°-tb D-≠m-hq.
]-t£, 350 tIm-Sn h¿-jw ap-ºv \n¿-Wm-b-Iam-b
Nne-Xp kw-`-hn®p.26 B-gw -Ip-d-™ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
Zr-iy-cq-]-ßƒ {]-Xy-£s∏-Sm≥ Xp-S-ßn. cm-k-am-
‰-ßƒ-°nsS k-b-t\m-_m-Œo-cn-bbv°v H-ń-∏n-Sn-°p-
∂ kz-`m-hw h∂p. s]m-Sn-]-S-e-ßfpw a-W¬-Ø-
cn-Ifpw A-Xn¬ H-ń-∏n-Sn-®-t∏mƒ L-\cq-]-ßƒ D-
cp-Øn-cn-™p-h∂p. hn-tŒm-dn-b s_-∂-‰ns‚ Hm-ô-
kv Np-a-cnse Nn-{X-Øn¬-°-≠ kv-s{Sm-am-t‰m-sse-
‰v A-ß-s\-bp-≠m-b-Xm-Wv. ]-e cq-]-Ønepw h-en-
∏-Øn-ep-a-h h-∂p, Nn-e-Xp -I-≠m¬ ò-a≥ tIm-
fn-^v-f-h-dmsW∂p- tXm-∂pw, Nn-e-Xp- I-≠m¬ ar-
Zp-sa-Ø-I-sf-∂pw (sa-Ø F-∂¿-Yap-≈ {Ko-°v]-
Z-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv kv-s{Sm-am-t‰m-sse-‰v F-∂ t]-cp-
h∂-Xv). Nn-e-t∏m-g-h Xq-Wn-s‚ cq-]w ]q≠p. Cu
Xq-Wp-Iƒ I-S-en¬\n-∂ß-s\ D-b¿-∂p-\n∂p. Nn-
e-Xn-\v \q-dp-ao-‰¿h-sc D-b-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cq]-sa-
¥mbmepw H-cp-X-c-Øn¬ Po-h-\p-≈ ]m-d-I-fm-bn-cp-
∂p A-h. tem-I-Øn-se B-Zy-sØ k-l-I-c-W-{]-
ÿm-\-Øn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-ambpw Ah-sb hn-tijn-
∏n-°mw. Cu Po-hn-I-fn¬ Nne-Xv ]p-dw]m-fn-I-fm-bn
I-gn™p, Nne-Xv D-≈n-epw. ]p-d-Øp≈-Xv A-I-Øp-
≈-Xn-s‚ k-lm-bw kzo-I-cn®p. A-I-Øp≈-Xv Xn-
cn-®pw. temI-Øv B-Zy-sØ Bhm-khy-h-ÿ cq-]-
s∏-Sp-Ibm-bn-cp∂p.
t^m-kn¬cq-]-ß-fn¬-\n-∂m-Wv G-sd-°m-e-tØ-
°v im-kv-{X-⁄¿ kv-s{Sm-am-t‰m-sse-‰p-I-sf∏-‰n a-
\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬ im-kv{X⁄-sc A-
¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v 1961-˛¬ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se
h-S-°p]-Sn-™m-dv jm¿-Iv t_ F-∂ hnZq-cXo-c-Øv
Po-h-\p≈ kv-t{Sm-am-t‰m-sse‰v I-s≠Øn. Xn-I-
®pw A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. H´pw {]-Xo-
£n-®X√m-ØXp-sIm-≠v F-¥m-Wo I-s≠-Øn-b-
sX-∂ -Imcyw im-kv-{X-⁄¿ a-\- n-em-°n-b-XpX-
s∂ h¿-j-ßƒ-°pti-j-am-Wv. G-Xm-bmepw ap-Jy-
[mcbn¬\n-∂v F-{Xtbm A-I-∂p-In-S-°p-∂ jm¿-
Iv t_ C-s∂m-cp hn-t\m-Zk©m-ctI-{μ-am-Wv. D-]-
cn-X-e-Øn¬\n-∂ev-]w Xm-sg-bm-bn Po-h-t\m-sSbn-
cn-°p-∂ Cu A-]q¿-h-hkv-Xp°-sf Im-Wm-\m-bn
sh-≈-Øn-\p ap-I-fneq-sS \-S-∏m-ew Xo¿-Øn-´p-≠-
hn-sS. ap-sºm-cp ]p-kv -X-I-Øn¬ Rm-s\-gpXn-b-
t]mse, aßn-b Nm-c-\n-d-Øn¬ In-S-°p-∂ A-Xp
I-≠m¬ ]-ip-hns‚ NmW-Iwt]m-se tXm-∂pw.
]t£ \n- m-c-a√ B Im-gvN. `q-an-bn¬ 350 tIm-Sn
h¿-jw ap-ºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ Poh-s‚ A-h-in-„ß-sf-
bm-Wp \mw Poh-t\m-sS Im-Wp-∂-Xv. "Im-e-Øn-eq-
sS ]n-d-tIm-´p-≈ k-©m-c-am-Wn-sX∂v'27 dn-®m¿-Uv
t^m¿-ń ]-d-bp∂p. "`q-an-bn-se b-Ym¿-Y A-¤p-X-
ßƒ a-\- nem-°m≥ tem-I-Øn-\p I-gn-™n-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ Cu ÿ-e-Øn-\v Kn-k-bn-se ]n-c-an-Up-I-fp-
sSb-{X {]-i-kv-Xn e-`n-°p-am-bn-cp-s∂'-∂m-Wv A-t±-
l-Øns‚ A-`n-{]mbw. hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]-bm-k-am-
sW-¶nepw Cu \-c-® ]m-d-Iƒ Pohs‚ Iq-ºm-c-
am-sW-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-XpX. Cu ]m-d-bpsS Hmtcm
N-Xp-c-{i-hm-cbn-epw 300 tIm-Sn hy-Xykv-X Po-h-Pm-
e-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv I-W-°v. kq-£n®p-t\m-°n-
bm¬ ]m-d-bn¬\n-∂v hm-bp-hn-s‚ Ip-™p-Ip-an-f-
Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-cp∂-Xp Im-Wmw. D-≈n-se Ip-™p-
Po-hnIƒ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-I-bm-Wv. 200
tIm-Sn h¿-jwsIm-≠v C-h-bß-s\ ]p-d-Øp-hn-´ Hm-
Iv-kn-P-\m-Wv `q-an-bp-sS A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ {]m-W-
hm-bp-hn-s‚ A-f-hv 20 iX-am-\-Øn-se-Øn-®Xv. A-
Xm-Wv Poh-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Ip-td-°q-Sn k-
¶o¿Wam-b A-Sp-Ø A-[ym-b-Øn-\v A-c-sßm-cp-
°n-bXv.
`q-apJ-Øv G-‰hpw a-μ-K-Xn-bn¬ ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v

hn-t[-bamb Po-h-Pm-e-ßfn-sem-∂m-Wv k-b-t\m-
_m-Œocn-b F-∂m-Wv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.28 C∂p≈
Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ A-Xy-]q¿-h-hp-amW-h. Ip-td-°q-
Sn k-¶o¿-Wamb Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS h-c-hn-\v A-
c-sßm-cp°n-b Cu _m-Œo-cnbI-sf Ahsb B-
{i-bn-®p h-f¿-∂p-h-∂ Po-hn-IƒX-s∂ \-in-∏n-®p
(jm¿-°v t_-bn¬ A-h-bn-t∏mgpw \n-e-\n¬-°p∂-
Xv A-Xn-s\ C-c-bm-°p-∂ Po-hn-Iƒ-°v D∏ns‚ B-
[nIyw Imc-Ww A-hn-sS I-gn-bm≥ ]-‰mØXpsIm-
≠mWv).
k-¶o¿-WL-S-\-bp-≈ D-b¿-∂ t{i-Wn-bn¬-s∏-´

Po-hn-Iƒ D-cp-Øn-cn™p-h-cm≥ C-{Xbpw k-a-b-sa-
Sp-Ø-Xv, A-h-bv-°m-h-iy-ap-≈ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ kq-£v-
a-Po-hnIƒ A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n-d-bv°pwh-sc {]-
Ir-Xn-°p Im-Øncn-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂Xp-
sIm-≠mWv. "B-h-iy-ap-≈ Du¿-÷w kzbw B¿-
÷n-°m≥ P-¥p-°ƒ-°p I-gn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p'29 F-
∂m-Wv t^m¿ń C-tX∏-‰n ]-d-™Xv. Hm-Iv-knP-
s‚ Af-hv G-Xm-≠v A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Ct∏m-gp≈
tXm-Xn-se-Øm≥ 200 tIm-Sn h¿-j-tØm-f-sa-Sp-Øp.
A-XmbXv `q-an-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ 40 i-X-am-\w
kabw. F-∂m¬ A-c-sßm-cp-ßn-b-tXm-sS h-f-sc-
s∏-s´-∂pX-s∂ Xn-I®pw ]pXn-sbm-cpX-cw tIm-i-
ßƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h∂p. \yq-¢n-b-kpw kq-£v-amw-
K-ß-sf-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂ sNdph-kv-Xp°fp-ap≈
tIm-i-ßƒ. km-l-k-{]n-b-\m-b G-tXm _m-Œocn-
bw as‰m -∂n-s\ A-I-Øm-°p-Ibpw A-Xp c-≠p-Iq-
´¿°pw Kp-W-{]-Z-am-hp-IbpwsNbvXt∏mgm-I-Ww
C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ BZy-tIm-i-ap-≠m-b-Xv. Cß-s\
A-IØm-°-s∏-´ _m-Œo-cn-b-am-I-Ww tIm-i-Øn-
se kq-£v-amw-Kamb ssa-t‰mtIm¨-{Sn-tbm-Wm-b-
Xv. Cu ssa-t‰m-tIm¨-{S-n-tbm¨ A-[n-\n-th-iw
AYhm B-¥-c-k-l-Po-h-\-am-Wv k-¶o¿-WPo-hn-I-
fp-sS hc-hv km-[y-am-°n-bXv (k-ky-ß-fn¬ CØ-
c-samc-[n-\n-th-i-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ t¢m-tdm-]v-fm-Ãp-I-
fp≠mbn. A-Xm-Wv {]-Im-i-kw-t«j-Ww km-[y-am-
°n-bXv).
Hm-Iv-knP-s\ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn `-£y-h-kv-Xp-

°-fn¬\n-∂v Du¿-÷-ap-Xv-]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂-Xv ssa-t‰m-
tIm¨-{Sn-b-bm-Wv. Cu X-{¥-w cq-]-s∏-´ph-∂n√m-
bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ `q-ap-J-Øn-t∏m-gpw Ipsd kq-£v-a-Po-
hn-Iƒ am-{Xta D-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p.30 Xo-sc-s®-
dp-XmWv ssa-t‰m-tIm¨-{Sn-b˛˛H-cp aW¬Ø-cn h-
en-∏-ap-≈ ÿe-Øv AØ-cw \qdp-tIm-Sn-sbÆ-
sØ A-Sp-°n-hbv°mw31˛˛hf-sc h-ep-Xm-W-h-cp-sS
hni-∏v. \-Ωƒ h-en-s®-Sp-°p-∂ G-Xms≠√m t]m-
j-I-ßfpw A-h-bm-Wv Xn-s∂m-Sp-°p-∂Xv.
ssa-t‰m-tIm¨-{Sn-b-I-fn√m-sX c-≠p- an-\n-‰p

XnI-®p Po-hn-°m≥ \ap°m-hn√. ]t£, i-co-c-
tIm-i-Øn-\I-Øp I-S-∂p-]-‰n-bn-´v \qdp-tIm-Sn
h¿jwI-gn-s™-¶n-epw C-t∏mgpw X-ßƒ kz-X-{¥-
cm-sW-∂ a-ń-em-W-h-cp-sS s]cpam-‰w. kz-¥w
Un.F≥.F.bpw B¿.F≥.F.bpw ssd-t_m-tkm-ap-
I-fp-ap≠h-bv°v. B-XntY-btIm-i-Øn¬\n-∂p `n-
∂-am-bm-W-h s]-‰p-s]-cp-Ip-∂Xv. Im-gv-N-bn¬ _m-
Œo-cn-b-I-sf-t∏m-se-bmW-h, hn-`-Pn-®p s]-‰p-s]-cp-
Ip-∂Xpw _m-Œo-cn-bI-sf-t∏m-seXs∂. B‚n-_-
tbm-ń-°p-I-tfm-S-h-bv-°p-≈ {]-XnIc-Whpw ]-e-
t∏mgpw _m-Œo-cn-b-I-sf-t∏m-seX-s∂-bmWv. B-
XntYb tIm-i-Øn-s‚ P-\n-X-I`m-j-b√ A-h kw-
km-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xm-a-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-´v h¿jw \qdp-tIm-
Sn I-gn-s™-¶nepw GtXm A-]-cn-Nn-X-s\-t∏m-se
`m-fiw ap-dp°n C-d-ßm≥ X-øm-dm-bn \n¬-°p-I-
bm-W-h¿ F-∂¿Yw.
Cu ]pXn-b C-\w tIm-iß-sf bq-°mcn-tbm-´p-

I-sf-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂p (i-cn°pw \yq-¢n-b p≈Xv F-
∂m-Wo hm-°n-\¿-Yw.) ]-g-b-Xn-s\ s{]m°mcn-tbm-
´p-Iƒ F-∂p- hn-fn-°pw (\yq-¢n-b- n-\p ap-ºp≈-Xv
F-∂¿-Yw). bq°mcn-tbm-´p-Ifp-sS hc-hv s]m-Sp-∂-
t\-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv t^m-kn¬ tc-J-Iƒ kq-Nn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv. 1992˛¬ an-jn-K-Wn¬ C-cp-ºn-s‚ A-h-
km-Z-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv {Kn-∏m\n-b F-∂p t]-
cp-≈ G-‰hpw ]-g-b bq-°mcn-tbm-´pI-sf I-s≠-
Øn-bXv. AØ-cw t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ H-cn-°¬ am-{X-
ta In-ń-bn´p-≈q,32 500 aney¨ h¿-j-tØ-°v A-Xn-
s‚ kq-N\-I-sfm∂pw In-ń-bn-´pan√.
`q-an H-cp c-kn-I≥ {K-l-am-Im-\p-≈ B-Zy Np-h-

Sp- h-®p-I-gn™p. ]pXnb bq-°mcn-tbm-´p-I-fp-am-bn
Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-tºmƒ ]-g-b s{]m-°mcn-tbm´p-
Iƒ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS shdp-sam-cp k-©n am-
{X-am-bn-cp∂p33 ({_nójv Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰v kv-‰o-^≥
{Uq-dn-bp-tS-Xm-Wo {]-tbmKw). bq-°mcn-tbm-´p-I-ƒ
h-ep-XmWv. s{]m-°mcn-tbm-´pI-sf A-t]-£n-®v ]-
Xn-\m-bn-c-an-c-ńhsc h-ep-Xv. B-Zy-sØ Iq-´-sc-
°mƒ B-bn-c-anc-ń Un.F≥.F. h-ln-®p Ah¿.
Aß-s\ ]-Xps°, Po-h≥ k-¶o¿-Wcq-]-ßƒ
ssI-s°m-≈m≥ Xp-S-ßn. {Ita-W c-≠pX-cw Po-
hn-Iƒ cq-]-s∏´p. Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ ]pd-Øphn-Sp-∂-hcpw
(D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v k-ky-ßƒ) A-Xp kzo-I-cn-°p-
∂-hpw (F-s∂bpw \nßsfbpwt]m-se).
G-I-tImi bq-°mcn-tbm-´p-I-sf t{]m-´-tkm-h

F-∂m-Wp hn-fn-®n-cp∂-Xv (P-¥p-°-fp-sS ap≥-Km-an
F-∂¿-Yw). C-∂v B -hm-°v Aß-s\ {]tbmKØn-
en√. t{]m-ń-kv-‰v F-∂m-Wv ]pXn-b ]Zw. ap≥-Km-
an-Ifm-b _m-Œo-cn-bI-fp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-
tºmƒ Cu t{]m-ń-kv-‰p-Iƒ cq-]-I-ev-]-\-bnepw k-
¶o¿-W-X-bnepw Xp-temw ap-∂n-em-bn-cp∂p. F-ß-
s\bpw Po-hn-°-W-sa∂√m-sX a-‰v B-{Kl-ß-sfm-
∂p-an√m-Ø Ip-™v A-ao-_-bp-sS Im-cy-saSp-°p-I.
A-Xn-s‚ Un.F≥.F-.bn¬ 40 tIm-Sn _n-‰v P-\n-X-
I hnh-c-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. Imƒ km-K≥ ]-d-™Xp-
t]mse 500 t]-Pp-≈ 80 ]p-kvX-I-ßfn¬ \n-d-b-v
°m-\p-≠m-hp-w Cu hn-h-c-ßƒ.34
]-Xps° bq-°mcn-tbm-´p-I-ƒ ]pXn-sbm-cp hn-Zy-

Iq-Sn kzm-b-Ø-am°n. H-cp-]m-Sp-Im-e-sa-
SpØp˛˛\qdp-tIm-Sn h¿-jtam a-t‰m˛˛A-Xn\v, F-
¶nepw AXp h-i-Øm-b-tXm-sS Im-cy-ßƒ H-cp-]m-
Sp amdn. G-I-tImi bq-°mcntbm-´p-I-ƒ H-cp-an-®p-
tN¿-∂v _lp-tIm-i Po-hn-I-fm-Im≥ Xp-Sßn. h-
en∏hpw k-¶o¿-WL-S-\-bp-ap≈, Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-
∂, \-sΩ-t∏mep≈ Po-hn-I-fpsS h-c-hv km-[y-amb-
Xv Aß-s\-bm-Wv. `q-an-sb-∂ {K-lw A-Sp-Ø L-´-
Ønte-°p {]-th-in-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
A-tXm¿Øvv B-th-iw sIm≈pwap-ºv H-cp Im-cy-

tam¿-°p∂-Xp \∂v: C-t∏m-gp-ao tem-I-w Ip-™p-Po-
hn-Iƒ-°-h-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv. A-tX-∏-‰n-bmWn\n.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 Ip-d-®p-Znh-kw I-gn-™-t∏mƒ ^v-fm-kv-In-se

sh-≈w a-™bpw ]-®bpw \n-dw ]q≠p, Aant\m
A-æ-ßfpw ^m-‰n B-knUpw ]-©-km-cbpw a-‰p-
Nne Hm¿-Km\n-Iv kw-bp-‡-ß-fp-a-Sßn-b kq-∏m-bn
A-Xp- am-dn: F¿Øv, sse-^v-kv {Iq-kn_vƒ, 1998
^n-{_p-hcn, t]-Pv 34.
2 Ip-td-°q-Sn k-¶o¿-Wam-b tN-cp-h-I-fp-]-tbm-

Kn-®v an√-dp-sS ]-co£Ww B-h¿Øn-®-t∏mƒ B-
sI-bp-≠mb t\-´w G-Xm-≠v B-Zn-a-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈
H-cp Aant\m A-æw \n¿-an-°m-\m-bn F-∂-Xp-am-{X-
am-Wv: t_mƒ, H2O, t]-Pv 209.
3 a-\p-jyi-co-c-Øn¬ e-£-°-W-°n-\v Xcw
t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-s≠-∂mWv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv: Un-kv-Ih¿,
Z ]h¿ Hm-^v t{]m-ó≥-kv, 2002 P-\phcn, t]-Pv
38. 4 F-∂n-´v ho≠pw I-d-°n-bm¬ A-Xp i-cnbm-
b {I-a-Øn-em-Im-\p-≈ km-[y-X 10260 ¬ H-∂m-Wv
: {In°v, sse-^v C-‰v-sk¬^v, t]-Pv 51. 5 lo-
tam-t•m-_n-\v 146 Aan-t\m A-æ-ß-fp-sS ssZ¿-Ly-
ta-bp≈q: kpƒ-Ã¨ B≥Uv s^dn, Z tIm-a¨
s{XUv, t]-Pv 14.
6 i-cn-∏-I¿-∏n¬ C-c-ń-°p-∂ am-{¥n-I-\mWvv

Un.F≥.F. \n-an-jßƒ-sIm-≠v Un.F≥.F-.bv-°v
kz-¥w ]-I¿-∏p-≠m-°m≥ I-gn-bpw: am¿-Kp-en-kv
B≥-Uv kmK≥, ssa-t{Im-tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 63.
7 Cß-s\ H-∂n-\p a-s‰m-∂p Iq-Sn-tb I-gn-bp-I-

bp-≈p-sh-¶n¬ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv BZysam-cp X-∑m-
{Xm-k-aq-l-ap-≠m-b-Xv: tU-hnkv, Z ^n-^v-Xv an-d-
°nƒ, t]-Pv 71. 8 Aant\m A-æ-ß-fp-sS Iq-Sn-t®-c-
ep-≠mb-Xv ]-e X-e-ß-fn-em-bm-Wv: tUm-°n≥kv,
Z ssª≥-Uv hm-®v-ta°¿, t]-Pv 45.

9 {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se F{Xtbm X-∑m-{X-Iƒ H-cp-an-
®p tN¿-∂v t]m-fn-a-dp-I-sf-∂ henb irw-J-e-I-fp-
≠m-Ip-∂p: tUm-°n≥kv, Z ssª≥-Uv hm-®v-
ta°¿, t]-Pv 115. 10 ]‰n-b km-l-Ncyw A-\p-tbm-
Py-am-bn h-cp-tºm-sg√mw cq-]-s∏-´p-h-cn-I-sb∂-Xv
]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS I¿-Ø-hy-am-sW-∂v tXm-∂p-∂p:

\yp-e‚ v, lu hn en-hv, t]-Pv
121. 11 kz¿-W-a-’y-am-bm-epw No-c-s®-Sn-bm-

bmepw a-\p-jy-\m-bm-epw \m-ev aq-e-I-ßfmWv {]-
[m-\-am-bn th-≠-Xv: tjm-]v, {Im-Uv¬ Hm-^v
sse^v, t]-Pv 107 12 Po-hn-I-fp-sS \n¿am-W km-
a-{Kn-Iƒ-°v {]-tXy-IX-I-sfm-∂p-an√: tUm°n≥kv,
Z ssª≥-Uv hm-®v-ta°¿, t]-Pv 112. 13 F-∂v H-cp
{]ap-J Po-h-im-kv-X-{K-Ÿw hy-‡-am-°p-∂p: hme-
kv Xp-S-ßn-bh¿, _-tbm-fPn, t]-Pv 428.
14 Poh-\v A-dp]Xp tIm-Sn-bn¬ Xmsg h-b-t -

bp-≈q F-∂m-Wv 1950-˛Iƒ h-sc Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
: am¿-Kp-en-kv B≥-Uv kmK≥, ssa-t{Im-tImkv-
tamkv, t]-Pv 71.
15 A-\p-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ap-≈ {K-l-ßfn¬ kq-
£v-a-Po-hn-Iƒ A-\m-bmkw D-S-seSp°p-∂p-s≠-
∂m-Wv C-Xn¬ \n∂pw hy-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv: \yq-
tbm¿°v ssSw-kv, sse^v Hm¨ am¿kv, tkm hm-
´v?, 1996 B-K-Ãv 11
16 I-gn-bp-∂-{X-th-Kw Po-h-\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-I-sb-

∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p cm-k\n-tbm-Kw F∂ \n-Ka-\w H-gn-
hm-°m-s\-fp-∏-a√ F-∂v A-t±-lw Iq-ń-t®¿-°p-∂p:
KqƒUv, Fbv‰v en-‰v¬ ]n-§okv, t]-Pv 328.
17 B-Im-i-Øn-¬ Ing-°p\n-∂p ]-Sn-™ms´m-cp

A·n-tKm-fw Ip-Xn-s®-Øp-∂-Xns‚ A-Xn-i-b-°m-gv-
N-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p A∂v Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-°m¿: kn-Uv-\n
tamWnMv sl-dmƒUv, G-cn-b¬ ªm-kv-‰v tdm-Iv-kv
Su¨kv, 1969 sk]v‰w-_¿ 29, ^m¿-a¿ ss^≥-Uv-
kv ao-‰n-b¿ kq-´v, 1969 sk]v‰w-_¿ 30.
18 Aan-t\m A-æ-ß-fm¬ k-ar-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p A-

Xv. 74 C-\w Aant\m Aæ-ßƒ: tU-hnkv, Z ^n-^v-
Xv an-d-°nƒ, t]-Pv 209˛10.
19 1969˛\p ti-jw CØ-cw D¬-°-Iƒ sh-sd-bpw
`q-an-bn-se-Øn-bn-´p≠v: t\®¿, sse-^v-kv kzo-‰v _n-
Kn-\n-Mv-kv? 2001 Un-kw-_¿ 20˛27, 857, F¿Øv,
sse-^v-kv {Iq-kn-_vƒ, 1998 ^n-{_-hcn, t]-Pv 37
20 im-kv-{X-hn-th-I-Øn-s‚ ]p-d-tºm-°n¬ \n¬-

°p-∂ B-i-b-sa-∂m-Wv: {Kn-_n≥, C≥ Z _n-Kn-
\nMv, t]-Pv 78.
21 temI-sØ-hn-sS-t∏m-bn F-¥n-s\ t\m-°nbm-

epw, ar-KsØtbm sNSnsbtbm Io-SsØtbm
t\m-°n-bmepw Po-h-\p-≈ km-[-\-am-sW-¶n¬ Ah-
sb√m-ap-]tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xv H-tc i-–-tIm-i-am-Wv:
dn-Uven, Pn-t\mw, t]Pv 21.
22 H-cn-°¬ Po-h-I-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ ]m-

dXs∂bmtWm \n-ß-fp-sS ssI-bn-en-cn°p-∂-sX-
∂v D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm-\m-hn√: hn-tŒmdn-b s_-∂-‰p-am-
bp-≈ A-`n-apJw, Hm-kv-t{Sen-b \m-j-W¬ bq-\n-
th-gv-kn‰n, Im≥-_-d, 2001 Hm-K-kv-‰v 21.
23 ssl-t{Um-t¢m-dn-Iv B-kn-Un-s‚bpw kƒ-
^yq-cn-Iv B-kn-Un-s‚bpw Xo-£v-W_m-jv-]-am-Wv
Np-‰pw: s^-dnkv, ko-bn-Mv C≥ Z Um¿Iv, t]-Pv 200.
24 `q-an-bn-se Po-h-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-‰hpw {]-

[m-\-s∏-´ N-bm-]-N-b- I-≠p-]n-SnØ-am-Wv {]Im-i
kw-t«-j-Ww: am¿-Kp-en-kv B≥-Uv kmK≥, ssa-
t{Im-tImkvtamkv, t]-Pv 78.
25 A-Xn-{I-an-®p I-b-dp-∂ kq-£v-am-Wp°-sf

sIm√m-\m-Wv \-Ωp-sS tiz-X-c-‡m-Wp°ƒ Hm-Iv-
kn-P≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv: tUm. tem-d≥-kv kv-am-
tP \¬In-b Ip-dn∏v.
26 ]-t£, 350 tIm-Sn h¿-jw ap-ºv \n¿-Wm-b-

Iam-b Nne-Xp kw-`-hn-®p: hn¬k¨, Z ssU-th-gv-
kn‰n Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 186.
27 Im-e-Øn-eq-sS ]n-d-tIm-´p-≈ k-©m-c-am-Wn-

sX-∂v: t^m¿ń, sse^v, t]-Pv 66.
28 `q-apJ-Øv G-‰hpw a-μ-K-Xn-bn¬ ]-cn-Wm-a-

Øn-\v hn-t[-bamb Po-h-Pm-e-ßfnsem-∂m-Wv k-b-
t\m-_m-Œocn-b F-∂m-Wv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: tjm]v,
{Im-Uv¬ Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 212.
29 B-h-iy-ap-≈ Du¿-÷w kz-bw B¿-÷n-

°m≥ P-¥p-°ƒ-°p I-gn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p: t^m¿ń,
sse^v, t]-Pv 89.
30 Cu X-{¥-w cq-]-s∏-´p-h-∂n√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
`q-ap-J-Øn-t∏m-gpw Ipsd kq-£v-aPo-hn-Iƒ am-{X-
ta D-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p: am¿-Kyp-en-kv B≥-Uv
kmK≥, ssa-t{Im-tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 128.
31 H-cp a-W¬Ø-cn h-en-∏-ap-≈ ÿe-Øv AØ-

cw \qdp-tIm-Sn-sbÆsØ A-Sp°nhbv-°mw:
{_u¨, Z F-\¿Pn Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 101.
32 AØ-cw t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ H-cn-°¬ am-{X-ta

In-ń-bn-´p-≈q, 500 aney¨ h¿-jtØ-°v A-Xn-s‚
kq-N\-I-sfm∂pw In-ń-bn-´p-an√: hm¿-Uv B≥-Uv
{_uëo, sd-b¿ F¿Øv, t]-Pv 10.
33 s{]m-°mcn-tbm-´p-Iƒ cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS
shdp-sam-cp k-©n am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p: {Uqdn, sÃ-∏n-
Mv tÃm¨kv, t]-Pv 68.
34 500 t]-Pp-≈ 80 ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ \n-d-b-v°m-

\p-≠m-hp-w Cu hn-h-c-ßƒ: kmK≥, tImkv-tamkv,
t]-Pv 273.
A[ym-bw 20
Ip-™ptemIw
£v-am-Wp-°-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ A-an-X-{i-

≤ sN-ep-Øm≥t]m-bm¬ henb _p-≤n-ap-´mWv. eq-
bn ]m-kv-N¿ A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p. alm\mb B
{^-©v im-kv-{X-⁄≥ `£-Ww hnf-ºn ap-∂n-se-
Øn-®m¬ BZyw `q-X-°-Æm-Sn h-s®m∂p ]cn-tim-
[n-°pw.1 tcm-Km-Wp-°-sfm-∂p-ans√∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn-
bn-t´ I-gn°m≥ XpSßq. H-cn-°¬ hn-cp-∂n-\p
hnfn®-h¿ ]n-∂o-S-t±l-sØ £-Wn-°m-≥ a-Sn-°p-
sa-∂p-d-∏v.
Cß-s\ `q-X-°-Æm-Sn h®p-t\m°n _m-Œo-cn-b-
bn¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏Sm≥ {i-an-°p-∂-Xn¬ hen-b I-
Y-sbm∂pan√. \n-ß-fp-sS tZ-lØpw ]p-d-Øp am-
bn A-{X-b-[n-I-ap-≠v A-h, k-¶ev-]n-°m-hp-∂-Xn-
ep-sa{Xtbm Iq-SpX¬. \√ B-tcm-Ky-hm\pw km-
am\yw ip-NnXzw ]m-en-°p-∂-bm-fp-am-Wv \n-ßsf-
¶n¬ tZl-Øv Hcp {Sney¨ _m-Œo-cn-b-bp-≠mIpw
Ct∏mƒ.2 N¿-Ω-Øns‚ Hmtcm N-Xpc-{i C-©p
ÿ-eØpw H-cp e-£w ho-Xw. Zn-\w{]-Xn \n-ßƒ
s]m-gn-°p-∂ ]Øv _ney-tWmfw N¿-Ω-iev-°-
ßƒ `-£n-°m-≥ Im-Øp-sIń\n¬-°p-I-bm-Wh¿.
AXn-s\m∏w \nß-fpsS Hmtcm kp-jncØn-eq-
sSbpw h-an-°p-∂ kzm-tZdpw F-Æ-I-fpw Btcm-Ky-
Zm-b-Iam-b [mXp°fpw A-I-Øm-°pw Ah. \n-
ß-fm-Wv A-h-bp-sS `-£-Ww. A-h-bv-°pth-≠ Nq-
Sp \¬-Ip-∂Xpw N-e-\-Øn-\p-≈ Ah-k-cw \¬-Ip-
∂Xpw \nßƒXs∂. {]-Xyp-]-Im-c-sa-∂ \n-e-bv°v
A-h \nß-ƒ-°v i-co-cK-‘w \¬Ip∂p.
\n-ß-fp-sS N¿-Ω-Øn¬ X-º-Sn-®n-´p-≈ _m-Œo-

cn-b-bp-sS Im-cy-am-Wn∏-d-™-Xv. A-∂-\m-f-Ønepw
\m-km-Zzm-c-ß-fnepw tIm-Sm\p-tIm-Sn-sb-Æw th-sd-
bp-≠v. ap-Sn-bnepw I¨-]o-en-I-fnepw ]n-Sn-®p Xq-
ßn-°n-S-°p-∂-h-cp≠v, I-¨-]m-S-bn¬ \o-¥n-\-S-°p-
∂-h-cp≠v, ]√n-s‚ C-\m-a¬ I-Sn-®p Xp-f-bv°p-∂-h-
cp≠v. Z-l-\hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ am-{Xw \m-\q-dn-\-ß-fn¬-
s∏-´ Hcp tImSnt°m-Sn kq-£v-am-Wp-°-fp≠v.3 A-
Xn¬ Nne-Xv ]-©-km-c-bm-Wv ssI-Imcyw sN-øp-
∂Xv, Nn-e¿ A-∂-Pw. a-‰p Nn-e¿ _m-Œo-cn-bßsf
t\cn-Sp∂p. h-bdn¬ k¿-hhym-]nbm-b kv-ss]-tdm-
s°-‰ns\-t∏m-se a-‰p Nn-eXn-\v {]tXyI ]Wn-sb-
s¥-¶n-ep-ap-≈-Xm-b-dn-bn√.4 \n-ß-tfm-Sp-≈ C-„w
Im-c-W-amIpw A-h-bß-s\ H-∏w I-gn-bp∂p. a-\p-
jyi-co-c-Øn¬ 10 Izm-{Un-ey≥ (H-∂p I-gn-™p 15
]qPyw h-cp-∂ kw-Jy-bm-Wv Izm-{Un-ey≥) tImi-
ß-fp-s≠∂m-Wv I-W°v, ]-t£,5 A-Xn-Yn-I-fm-sb-
Øp-∂ _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fpsS FÆw 100 Izm-{Un-ey≥
h-cpw. \-Ωp-sS hen-sbm-cp `m-K-amWvv _mŒo-cnb
F-∂¿Yw. _m-Œo-cn-b-bp-sS `m-K-Øp-\n-∂p t\m-
°nbm-tem, A-h-bpsS sNdn-sbm-cp `m-Kw am-{X-am-
Wp a-\p-jy≥.
B‚n-_-tbm-ń-°p-I-fpw A-Wp-\m-in-\n-Ifpw
\n¿-Ωn-°m-\pw D-]-tbmKn°m\pw X-°h-Æw _p-
≤nbpw h-en-∏-hp-ap-≈-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v _m-Œo-
cnbI-sf D∑q-e-\w sN-øm≥ \-ap-°m-hpsa∂p I-cp-
Xm-s\-fp-∏-am-Wv. sX-‰n≤m-c-W-bm-WXv. _m-Œo-cn-b-
Iƒ \-sΩ-t∏m-se \-K-c-ßƒ ]-Wn-bp-∂p-≠mhn√,
c-kn-I≥ km-aq-ln-IPo-hn-X-hpw A-h-bv°n√m-bn-cn-
°pw. ]t£, kqcy≥ s]m-ń-sØ-dn-°p-tºmgpw
_m-Œo-cn-b-I-fn-hn-sS-bp-≠m-Ipw. A-hcp-tS-Xm-Wv
Cu {Klw. A-h¿ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{X-
am-Wv \-Ω-fnhn-sS I-gn-bp-∂Xv.
\-Ω-fm-cp-an√m-sXX-s∂, i-X-tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p
h¿-jw C-hn-sS-°-gn™-h-cm-Wv _m-Œo-cn-b-Iƒ.
]t£, A-h-cn√m-sX H-cp Zn-hkw-t]mepw I-gn-
bm≥ \-ap-°m-hn√.6 \-Ωp-sS hn-k¿-÷y-ß-sf√mw
kw-kv-I-cn-®v ]p-\-cp-]-tbm-K-tbm-Ky-am-°p∂-Xv A-
h-cmWv. B¿-Øn-]q-≠v Xn-∂p-Xo¿-°m≥ A-h-cn-s√-
¶n¬ C-hnsS-sbm∂pw No™p-t]m-In√. \-Ωp-sS
sh-≈w ip-≤n-sN-bv-sX-Sp-°p∂-Xv A-h-cm-Wv, a-Æn-
s\ h-f-°q-dp-≈-Xm-°p-∂Xpw Ah¿Xs∂. A-∂-
\m-f-Øn-en-cp-∂v Po-h-Iß-sf kw-t«j-Ww sN-øp-
∂-X-hcmWv, \-Ω-f-I-Øm-Ip-∂ km-[-\ß-sf D-]-
tbm-K-{]-Z-am-b ]-©-km-c-Ifpw t]m-fn-km-°-ssd-
Up-I-fp-am-°p-∂Xpw A-h¿Xs∂. ]p-d-Øp-\n-t∂-
sX-¶nepw kq-£v-am-Wp ]p-Xp-Xm-sb-Øn-bm¬ A-
h-tbm-Sp bp-≤-{]-Jym]-\w \-S-Øp∂-Xp-w _m-Œo-cn-
bIƒXs∂.
A-¥-co-£-Øn¬\n-∂v ss\-{S-P-s\-Sp-Øv D-]-

tbm-K-{]-Zam-b \yq¢ntbm-ss‰-Up-Ifpw Aant\m
A-æ-ß-fp-am-°n am-‰p-∂-Xn-\v \-ap-°p _m-ŒocnbI-
fp-sS k-lm-bw thWw. A-Xn-i-b-I-c-amwh-Æw _r-
l-Øm-Wv B {]{Inb. C-tX]-Wn cm-k-h-f-ap-≠m-
°p∂ ^m-Œ-dn-I-fn¬ sN-øp-I-bm-sW¶n-ep-≈ A-
h-ÿ km-K\pw am¿-Kypenkpw hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
A-kw-kvIrX h-kv-Xp-hn-s\ 500 Un{Kn sk¬-jy-
kv Nq-Sm-°Ww. F-∂n-´-Xn-s\ km-[mcW-bnepw ap-
∂q-dnc-ń a¿-±-Øn¬ ]n-gn-s™-Sp-°Ww. C-tX]-
Wn H-scm-®∏mSpw _-l-f-hp-an√m-sX im-¥-am-bn
_m-Œo-cn-b-Iƒ sN-øp∂p. Aß-s\ A-h \¬-
Ip∂ ss\-{S-P≥ C√m-sX hen-b Po-hn-Iƒ-
s°m∂pw I-gn-bm\m-hpI-bp-an√. I-gn-™n√, \-ap-
°p iz-kn-°m-\p-≈ hm-bp \¬-Ip∂-Xv Cu
kq£vaPo-hn-I-fmWv, A-¥-co-£-Øn-s‚ ÿn-c-X
\n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xp-ah¿Xs∂. k-b-t\m-_m-Œo-cn-b-
bp-sS B-[p\n-I ]-Xn∏m-b kq-£v-a-Po-hnI-fm-Wv
`qan-bn-se {]m-W-hm-bp-hn¬ `q-cn-`m-Khpw kw-`m-h-
\ sN-øp-∂Xv. I-S-en-se B¬-K-Ifpw kq-£v-a-Po-
hn-I-fp-w H-cp h¿-jw 15,000 tIm-Sn Intem{Kmw Hm-Iv-
kn-P-\m-Wv Ip-an-f-I-fm-bn ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂Xv.7
s]-‰p-s]-cp-Im-\p-≈ _m-Œo-cn-bIfp-sS I-gn-hn-

s\ A-Xn-i-b-I-c-sa-t∂ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-\mIq. A-
h-bn¬ ]-e-Xn\pw ]p-Xp-X-e-apd-sb kr-„n-°m≥ ]-
Øp an-\n‰p-t]mepw th-≠. Km-Mv-{Ko≥ F-∂ {h-
Ww kr-„n-°p-∂ t¢mkv{So-Un-bw s]¿-{^n≥-P≥-
kv F-∂ _m-Œocnb shdpw Hº-Xp an\n‰psIm-≠m-
Wv k-¥-Xn-I-sf-bp-≠m-°p-∂Xv.8 A-Sp-Ø Hº-Xp
an-\n‰p-sIm-≠v Ahbpw s]-‰p-s]-cp-Ipw. B I-W-
°p-h®p- t\m-°n-bm¬ H-scm-‰ _m-Œocnb-w c-≠p
Zn-hkw-sIm-≠p s]-‰p-s]-cp-In-bp-≠m-Ip-∂ A-\-¥-
cm-h-Im-in-I-fp-sS FÆw Cu {]-]-©-Øn-se t{]m-
t´m-Wp-I-fp-sS F-Æ-sØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ h-cpw.9
"B-h-iy-Øn-\v t]m-j-Iw e-`n-®m¬ H-scm-‰ _m-Œo-
cn-bmtIm-iw H-‰-Zn-hkw-sIm-≠v 280,00,000 tIm-Sn
_m-Œo-cn-b-Iƒ-°p P-∑w \¬-Ip-'sa-∂v10 t\m-_¬
kΩm\ tP-Xm-hm-b s_¬-Pn-b≥ _-tbm-sI-ankv-
‰v {In-kv-‰y≥ Zv Uq-th ]-d-bp∂p. A-{Xbpw ka-
bwsIm-≠v a-\p-jy-s‚ H-cp tIm-i-Øn\v H-scm-‰-Ø-
h-W- hn-`-Pn-°m-t\ I-gn-bq.
Cß-s\ hn-`-Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-sS ]-Øp-e-£Øn-
sem-∂n¬ F-∂ tXmXn¬ _m-Œo-cnbbv-°v Dƒ-∏-
cn-h¿Ø-\w kw-`-hn-°p∂p. Aß-s\ ]cnh¿-Øn-
X-\m-bn P-\n-°p-∂ _m-Œo-cn-b-bp-sS `m-hn A-{X
ip-`-am-bn-cn-°n√, an°-t∏m-gpw. Imc-Ww, G-Xp- Po-
hn°pw am-‰-sa-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv A-]I-Sw ]n-Sn-® ]-
Wn-bmWv. F-∂m¬ A-]q¿-h-am-bn ]pXn-b _m-Œo-
cn-b-Øn-\v Nne B-I-kv-an-I-m\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e-`n-
°pw. Nn-e-t∏mƒ B‚n-_-tbm-ń-°n¬\n∂v H-gn-
™p-am-dm-\p-≈ I-gnhv, Nn-e-t∏mƒ B‚n-_-tbm-
ń-°n-s\ sN-dp-Øp tXmev-]n-°m-\p-≈ I-gnhv. C-
ßs\-sbm-cp k-hn-ti-j-X-bp-am-bn ]-cn-Wan®ph-
cm-\p-≈ I-gn-hv a-‰p _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fn-te-°p ]-I-cpw.
H-c-]q¿-htijn Xs∂-bm-WXv. _m-Œo-cn-b-Iƒ hn-
hcßƒ ]c-kv]cw ]-¶p-hbv°pw. GsXmcp _m-
Œo-cn-bØn\pw a-s‰m-∂n-s‚ P-\n-X-Ihnh-cw kzo-I-
cn-°mw. H-scm-‰ P\n-X-I P-em-i-b-Øn-em-Wv _m-
Œo-cn-b-Iƒ \o-¥n-Øp-Sn-°p-∂-sX-∂m-Wv am¿Kp-en-
kpw km-K\pw C-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.11 _m-
Œo-cn-b-I-fp-sS {]]©-Øn-s‚ H-cp tIm-Wn¬ \-S-
°p-∂ Kp-W-]-cam-b ]-cn-h¿Ø-\w a-t‰ tIm-Wn-
se _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fn-ep-sa-Øp-∂p. Nn-d-Ip-hn-cn-®p ]-
d-°m\pw ta¬°q-c-bn¬ ]-‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°m\pw th-
≠ P-\n-X-Ic-lkyw a-\p-jy-\v G-sX¶n-epw ]-
d-h-bn¬\n-∂p ti-J-cn-°m-\m-bm¬ F-ß-s\-bn-
cn°pw? AXpt]mse-bm-Wn-Xv. P-\n-X-I ho£-W-
tIm-Wn¬ t\m-°n-bm¬ Nn-X-dn-°n-S°p∂, hn-im-e-
am-b F-∂m¬ A-Zr-iyamb H-scm‰ ò-a-≥ Po-h-kw-
hn-[m\-am-bn _m-Œo-cn-bI-sf I-W-°m-°mw.
\n-ßƒ Xq-hn-°-f-bp-∂, A-e-£y-am-bp-t]-

£n®p-t]m-Ip-∂ F-¥nepw ]n-Sn-®ph-f-cm≥ _m-Œo-
cn-b-Iƒ-°m-hpw. \-\-™ Xp-Wn aq-e-bn-en-Sp-tºmƒ
In-´p-∂ Cu¿-∏-Øn¬ iq-\y-X-bn¬\n-s∂-∂-t]m-
se A-h Xp-Sn-®ph-f-cpw. A-h a-cw Xn-∂pw, thmƒ-
t]-∏-dn-se ]-i Xn-∂pw. s]-bn‚n-se tem-lm-
wihpw Xn-∂pw. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se im-kv-{X-⁄¿
X-tbm-_m-kn√-kv tIm¨-s{I‰n-thm-d≥-kv F-s∂m-
cn-\w kq-£va-Po-hnI-sf I-s≠-Øn-bn´p≠v.12 tem-
lß-sf e-bn-∏n-°m-≥ X-° I-Sp-∏-ap-≈ kƒ-^yq-
cn-Iv B-kn-Un-emWv A-Xp I-gn-bp-∂Xv. F-∂p-]-d-
™m¬-t∏m-cm, A-Xn-te A-hbv°p I-gn-bm≥ ]‰q.
ssa-t{Im-tIm°-kv tdUn-tbm-ssê-kv F-∂ a-
s‰m-cn-\w kk-t¥mjw I-gn™-Xv B-W-hdn-bm-
Œ-dn-s‚ ]m-gvh-kv-Xp-°-fn-Sp-∂ Sm¶nemWv. πq-t´m-
Wn-bhpw AXp-t]m-ep-≈ tdUntbm B-Œo-hv h-
kv-Xp-°-fpam-W-h¿ B¿Øn-tbm-sS hm-cn-hn-gp-ßp-
∂-Xv. Nn-e cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hmintbm-sS hn-L-
Sn-∏n-°p-∂ kq-£v-am-Wp-°-fp≠v, AXp-sIm-≠v A-
hbv-s°s¥¶n-epw {]-tbm-P-\-ap-≈-Xm-bn B¿-°p-
a-dn-bn√.13
Xn-f-®p-a-dn-bp-∂ sN-fn°p-f-ß-fn¬ _m-Œo-cn-bI-

sf Im-Wm-dp≠v. Imkv-‰n-Iv tkm-U-bp-sS X-Sm-I-ß-
fn-e-h-bp≠v, ]m-d-I-fp-sS D-≈n-ep≠v, I-S-en-s‚ A-
Sn-Ø-ń-epw Z-£n-W-{[p-h-Øn-¬ a-Iva¿tUm Xm-gvh-
c-I-fn-se a-™p-X-Sm-I-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. im-¥-k-ap-{Z-
Øn¬ 11 In-tem-ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬ D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-te-
Xn-s‚ B-bn-c-anc-ń a¿-±-ap-≈ (Aº-Xp Pw-t_msP-
‰p-Iƒ°v A-Sn-bn¬ sR-cp-ßp-∂-Xn-\p Xp-ey-am-Wo
a¿-±w) ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ A-h I-gnbp-∂p≠v. H-cphn-
[-Ønepw \-in-∏n-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂p tXm-∂p-whn-[-am-
Wv NneXn-s‚ Po-hnXw. sUbv-t\m-tIm°-kv
tdUn-tbm-Up-d≥-kv F-∂ kq-£v-am-Wp- G-d-°psd
tdUntbm hn-In-cW-sØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ ti-jn-
bp≈-XmsW-∂v "C-°-tWm-an-kv-‰v' dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-
øp∂p. A-Xn-s‚ Un.F≥.Fsb tdUntbm hn-In-
c-W-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p X-I¿-Øp t\m-°p-I. ò-I-c-kn-
\n-aI-fnse a-c-W-an√m-Ø P-¥p-hn-s\-t∏m-se
Un.F≥.F. i-I-e-ßƒ Iq-Snt®¿∂v ]-g-b cq-]-
Øn-em-Ipw.14
A-Xn-Po-h-\-Øn-s‚ G-‰hpw A-km-[m-c-Wam-b

I-Y H-cp-]-t£, kvs{S]v-t‰m-tIm-°-kn-t‚-Xm-Ipw.
hm-bp-\n-_-≤-am-bS-®v c-≠p- h¿-j-°m-ew
N{μ\n¬sh-® Iym-a-d-bp-sS se≥-kn¬\n-∂m-W-
Xn-s\ I-s≠-Øn-bXv.15 _mŒocn-b-Iƒ-°p I-gn-bm-
\m-Im-Ø ÿ-e-ßfpw km-l-N-cy-ßfpw C-s√-
∂pXs∂ ]-d-bmw. "I-S-en-\-Snbn-se D-jvW-P-ec-
{‘-ß-fn-te-°p im-kv-{X⁄¿ ]cyth-£-Wt]-S-
I-ß-f-b-bv°m-dp≠v. sh-≈-Øn-s‚ NqSp-sIm≠v
Cu hml\ßƒ ]-e-t∏mgpw D-cp-Im≥ Xp-Sßpw.
]t£, A-hn-sSbpw _m-Œo-cn-b-Ifp≠v.' hn-tŒmdn-
b s_∂-‰v F-t∂m-Sp ]-d™p.
F-Æ-°n-W-dp-I-fn¬ 600 ao-‰-dn-e-[n-Iw Xm-gv-N-

bn¬ I-gn-bp-∂ _m-Œocn-bI-sf I-s≠-Øn-b-Xm-bn
Nn°mtKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se F-Uv-k¨ _m-
kv-‰n\pw {^m-¶v {Ko-dpw 1920˛¬ {]-Jym-]n®p. A-{X-
bp-am-g-Øn¬ Poh\p -th-≠ km-l-N-cy-ß-sfm-∂p-
an√m-ØXp-sIm≠v A-kw-_-‘-sa-∂p ]d™p X-
≈n-°f™p C-h-cp-sS I-s≠-Ø-ens\. C-h-¿ ]cn-
tim-[-\bvs°-Sp-Ø km-ºn-fn¬ ]pd-Øp\n-∂p-≈
_m-Œo-cn-b-Iƒ I-e¿-∂-Xm-Ipsa∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-
bn-cp∂p A-c-\q-‰m-≠p Im-ew im-kv{X-temIw.
F∂m¬ `q-an-°p-≈n¬ h-f-sc-h-f-sc-bm-g-Øn¬ kq-
£v-am-Wp-°ƒ Po-hn-°p-∂ps≠∂v C-∂p \-ap-°-
dn-bmw. D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-se Po-hn-I-fp-am-bn H-cp km-
ayhp-an√ A-h-bv°v. ]m-d-bm-W-h Xn-∂p-∂Xv—H-
∂p-Iq-Sn Ir-Xy-am-bn-∏-d™m¬ ]m-d-bn-se C-
cpºpw kƒ-^dpw amw-K-\okpw a-‰pw. A-h- iz-
kn°p-∂Xpw hn-Nn-{X-h-kv-Xp-°-fm-Wv—C-cp-ºv
t{Im-an-bw sIm-_mƒ´v, F¥n\v bp-td-\n-bwt]m-
epw. kz¿-Whpw sN-ºpwt]m-ep-≈ hn-e-]n-Sn® tem-
l-ßfpw FÆbpw {]-Ir-Xn-hm-X-I-ßfpw Nn-e-`m-
K-ß-fn¬ H-cp-an-®p Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°m≥ k-lm-bn-°p∂-
Xv CØ-cw kq-£v-am-Wp-°-fp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-sW-
∂p IcpXp-∂-h-cp≠v. C-h-bnß-s\ A-hn-{iaw \-S-
Øp-∂ I-c-≠p-Xn-∂¬ Im-c-W-am-Wv `q-h¬-°w cq-
]-s∏-´-sX∂p-t]mepw ]-d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v.16
\-Ωp-sS Im¬-°o-gn-ep-≈ _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fp-sS `m-

cw H-cp tIm-Sn-t°m-Sn S¨ h-cp-sa-∂m-Wv Nn-e im-
kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS I-W-°v. k-_v-k¿^-kv enXut´m-
t{Sm-^n-Iv ssa-t{Im-_-b¬ C-t°m-kn-kv-‰w F-∂m-
Wv ù-tam-]-cn-X-eØn-\p Xm-sg-bp-≈ Cu B-hm-
khy-hÿ-bv°p ]-d-bp-∂ t]cv. Np-cp-°Øn-en-Xn-
s\ …nw (SLiME) F-∂p hn-fn-°pw. `q-an-°-Sn-
bn-ep-≈ ap-gp-h≥ _mŒo-cn-b-I-sfbpw Xp-c-s∂-Sp-
Øv ]p-d-Øn-´m¬ 15 ao-‰¿ I-\-Øn¬ A-Xp `q-ansb
aqSpw F-∂m-Wv tIm¿-W¬ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se
tXma-kv tKmƒUv ]-d-bp-∂Xv.17 A-Xmb-Xv \m-ep-\n-
e-s°-ń-S-Øn-s‚ D-b-c-Øn¬ `qan- kq£vaPo-hn-I-
sf-s°m-≠p aq-Spw. Cu IW-°p i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬
A-Xn-\¿Yw, `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-ep-≈-Xn-s\-
°mƒ Po-hn-Iƒ A-I-Ø-f-Øn-ep-s≠∂mWv.
B-g-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fp-sS h-
en-∏w H-∂p-Iq-Sn Ipdbpw, {]-h¿Ø-\w a-μ-K-Xn-bn-
em-Ipw. A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰hpw Du¿-÷-kz-
e¿t]mepw \q-‰m≠n-sem-cn-°-em-Ipw kz-bw hn-`-
Pn-°p-I.18 A-™q-dp h¿-jØn-semcn-°¬ am-{Xw
s]-‰p-s]-cp-Ip-∂-h-bp-ap≠v. H∂pw sN-øm-Xn-cn-°p-I-
sb-∂Xm-bn-cn°-Ww Zo¿-Lm-bp- n-s‚ c-lkyw19 F-
∂m-Wv "C-°-tWm-an-kv-‰v' CtX°p-dn-®p ]-d-bp-
∂Xv. km-l-Ncyw {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-Ip-tºmƒ _m-Œo-cn-
bw F√m {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw A-h-km-\n-∏n-®v \√
A-hk-cw h-cp-∂-Xph-sc D-d-ßn°n-S-°pw. 1997˛¬
t\m¿-th-bn-se t{Sm≥-Uv-sl-bn-an-se ayq-kn-b-
Øn¬ F¨]-Xp h¿-jw kp-jp-]v-Xn-bn-em-≠p In-
S-∂ B-{¥m-Iv-kv A-Wp°-sf im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]p-
\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-®p. 118 h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap-≈ C-d-®n-∏m-
{XØn¬\n-∂pw 166 h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap-≈ _n-b¿-°p-
∏n-bn¬\n∂pw im-kv-{X⁄¿ ]-c-am-Wp°-sf ]p-
\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.20 ssk-_o-cn-b≥ a-™p]m-fn-
I-fn¬ ap∏-Xp e-£w h¿-jw a-c-hn-®p-In-S-∂ _m-
Œo-cn-bI-sf ]p-\cp-÷o-hn-∏n-®-Xm-bn21 1996˛¬ d-
jy≥ A-°mZan Hm-^v k-b≥-kv {]-Jym]n®p. {]m-
b-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn-se sd-t°m¿-Uv CXn-s\m-
∂pa√.22 s]≥kn¬-hm-\n-b-bn-se sh-ÃvsN-Ã¿
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se d- ¬ do-e‚pw kw-L-hpw
2000˛¬ \-SØn-b {]-Jym]-\w i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬ 25
tIm-Sn h¿jw {]m-b-ap-≈ _m-kne-kv s]¿-an-b≥-
kv F-∂ _m-Œo-cn-b-sb-bm-Wv Ah¿ ]p-\-cp-÷o-
hn-∏n-®Xv. \yq-sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn-se Imƒ-kv-_m-Un-¬
600 ao-‰¿ B-g-Øn¬ D-∏p-]m-d-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬\n-∂m-
Wv A-Xn-s\ I-s≠-Øn-bXv. Aßs\-bm-sW-¶n¬
Cu kq-£v-a-Po-hn-°v h≥-I-c-I-sf-°mƒ {]m-b-
ap≠m-IWw.
kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw Cu dn-t∏m¿-´v ]-e kw-i-b-ß-
fp-ap-b¿Øn. C-Sbv°nsS D-d-°-ap-W¿-∂n-s√-¶n¬
C-{Xbpw Im-ewsIm-≠v kq-£v-aPo-hnbp-sS L-S-I-
ßƒ {Z-hn-®v D-]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-Ip-sa-∂v Po-h-c-kX-
{¥-⁄¿ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn®p. C-\n A-h Cßs\ C-
S-bv°n-sS D-W-cp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-Xn-\v C-{X-Im-ew
\n-e-\n¬-°m≥ th-≠ Du¿-÷w Fß-s\ In-´p-sa-
∂ adp-tNm-Zy-ap-b-cpw. kw-i-bmep-°fm-b imkv-{X-
⁄¿ thsdmcp km[yXbmWp apt∂m´ph-®Xv.
]cn-tim[n® kmºnƒ aen\-ambn°m-Wpw.23 H∂p-
In¬ a-Æn-\-Sn-bn¬\n-∂p ]p-d-sØ-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ A-
Xn¬ ]p-d-Øp-\n-∂p thsd kq-£v-am-Wp-°ƒ I-S-
∂p. A-s√-¶n¬ a-Æn-\-Sn-bn¬h-®pX-s∂ ]pXnb
_m-Œocn-b I-S∂p. _n. s]¿-an-b≥-kn-\v sN-¶-S-
en¬ C-t∏m-g-pw Im-W-s∏Sp∂ _m-kne-kv am-cnkv-
tam¿-Sp-bn F-∂ _m-Œo-cn-b-tbm-Sp h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw
km-ay-ap-s≠-∂v 2001˛¬ sS¬ Ahn-hv k¿-h-I-em-
im-e-bn-se im-kv-{X-⁄¿ hm-Zn®p. A-Xn-s‚ P-\n-
X-It{i-Wn-bn¬ c-≠p L-S-I-ßƒ-°p am-{X-am-Wv
hy-Xym-k-ap-≈Xv, AXpw t\cn-b hy-Xym-kw am-
{Xw.
"e-t_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ aq-∂pap-X¬ G-gph-sc Zn-h-kw-
sIm-≠p ssI-h-cn°p-∂ P\n-XIhy-Xym-kw am-{X-
am-Wv _n. s]¿-an-b≥-kn-\v 250 aney¨ h¿-
jwsIm-≠p-≠m-b-sX-∂p hn-iz-kn-°-tWm?' F-
∂mWv C-°mcyw hn-iZo-I-cn®p-sIm-≠p-≈ {]-_-
‘-Øn¬ C-{km-tb-en im-kv-{X-⁄¿ F-gp-XnbXv.
C-Xn-\v do-e≥-Uv \¬In-b a-dp-]-Sn, {]-Ir-Xn-bn-te-
Xn-s\ A-t]-£n®v e-t_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ _m-Œo-cn-b-I-
fp-sS ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v th-Kw Iq-Sp-sa-∂mWv.
i-cn-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
\mw _-ln-cmIm-ibp-K-Øn-te-°v I-S-∂n-´p Im-e-

ta-sd-bm-sb∂-Xp i-cnXs∂. ]t£, an-° ]mT-]p-
kv-X-I-ßfpw C-t∏mgpw Po-hn-I-sf c-≠p hn`mKß-
fm-bm-Wp X-cwXn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv˛˛P-¥p-°fpw k-
ky-ß-fpw. kq-£v-aPo-hn-Iƒ F-s∂m-cp h¿-Ko-Ic-
Ww A-°q-´-Øn-en√. A-ao-_t]m-ep-≈ GItIm-
iPo-hnI-sf {]m-Y-an-I P-¥p-°-fm-bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-
°p-∂Xv; B¬-KI-sfbpw a‰pw {]m-Yan-Ik-ky-ß-
fm-bpw. _m-Œo-cn-bI-sf k-ky-ß-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn-em-
Wv s]-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂Xv,24 F-∂m-e-h k-ky-ß-
f-s√-∂v \-ap°p \-∂m-b-dn-bmw. kq-£v-a-Po-hn-Iƒ-
°m-bn {]-tXy-I hn-`m-Kw kr-„n-°-Wsa-∂v P¿-
a≥ Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ G¨-Ãv sl-s°¬ ]-
sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ A-h-km-\wX-s∂ \n¿-
t±-in-®n-cp∂p. sam-t\-d F-∂m-WvAt±lw A-Xn-
s\ hn-fn-®Xv. F-∂m¬ 1960 Iƒh-sc B \n¿-
t±-i-Øn-\v Bcpw hen-b hn-e-Iev-]n-®n√. A-Xn-
\pti-jwt]mepw Nn-e¿ am-{X-amWXv AwKo-I-cn-®-
Xv (1969 ap-X-ep≈ A-ta-cn-°≥ sl-dn-t‰-Pv sU-kv-
Iv Un-IvjvWdnt]mepw Cu ]-Z-Øn-\v Aw-Ko-Im-cw
\¬-In-bn-ń√).
kq£v-aPo-hn-Iƒ-°p am-{Xa√, Zr-iy-{]-]-©-Øn-

se ]-e Po-hn-Iƒ°pw Po-h-im-kv-{X h¿-Ko-I-c-W-
Øn¬ C-Sw In-ń-bnń√ F-∂-Xm-Wp hkv-Xp-X. Iq-
Wp-Ifpw ]q-∏epw bo-Ãpw Ip-an-fp-Ifpw a-‰p-a-S-
ßp∂ ^w-K
kpI-sf k-ky-ß-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn-em-Wv s]-Sp-Øn-

bn-´p-≈Xv. F-∂m-¬ {]Xyp¬]m-Z\w, izm-tkm-
NvOzmkw, cq-]-L-S-\ XpS-ßn A-h-bp-sS kz-`m-
h-Øn¬ kky-ß-fp-sS co-Xn-I-fp-am-bn s]m-cp-Ø-
ap≈-Xv \-t∂ Ip-d-hm-W-v. L-S\m]-c-ambn A-h-bv-
°p arK-ß-tfm-Sm-Wp km-ayw. Io-S-ß-fp-sS tXmSpw
k-kv-X-\n-I-fp-sS \-J-ßfpw \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂ Nn-
‰n≥ F-∂ ]-Zm¿YwsIm≠mWv A-h-bp-sS tIm-
i-ßƒ \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Iq-Wns‚b-{X kzmZv
No-hoSn\p-≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-s√-¶nepw c-≠n-s‚ i-co-c-
Ønepw H-tc km[-\-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX-∂¿-Yw. F√m-
‰n-\pap-]-cn, a-s‰√m k-ky-ß-sfbpw t]m-se ^w-
Kkp-Iƒ {]Im-ikw-t«j-Ww \n¿-h-ln-°m-dn√,
A-h-bp-sS \n-dw ]-®-bpa√. `-£-Wt{km-X n-\p ap-
I-fn¬ ]-‰n-∏n-Sn-®p h-f-cp-I-bmW-h sN-øp-∂Xv.
Cu `-£W-t{km-X- mI-s´ F-¥p-am-Imw. tIm¨-
{Io‰v Np-a-cn¬\n∂-Xv K‘-Iw `-£n-°pw, \n-ß-fp-
sS Im¬-hn-c-ep-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬\n∂v Po¿-Wn®p Xp-S-
ßp-∂ i¬-°-ß-f-I-Øm-°pw. sN-Sn-Iƒ C-∏-Wn-
Isfm∂pw sN-øm-dn√. H-cp Im-cy-Øn-te A-h-bv°p
k-ky-ß-fp-am-bn kmayap≈q, c-≠n\pw th-cp-≠v.
h¿-Ko-I-c-W-Øn-\v H-´p-an-W-ßm-sØm-cp Iq-´-cm-

Wv ss…w ]q-∏-se-∂dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ssaIv-tkm-ssa-
sk-‰p-Iƒ. N-en-°m-Ø D-’m-lnbm-b Po-hm¶p-cw
F-∂m-Wv B kw-⁄-sIm-≠¿-Y-am-°p∂Xv. A-
S™p-t]m-b Agp°p-Nm-en¬ Im-Wp-∂ Ch {]-]-
©-Øn-se G-‰-hpw c-kn-I≥ Po-hn-I-fp-sS - Iq-´-
Øn¬-s∏-Sp∂p. ka-bw A-\p-Iq-e-am-Ip-tºmƒ A-
h A-ao-_-sbt∏mse G-I-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fmIpw.
km-l-N-cyw {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-hp-tºmƒ, Ahsb√mw h-
en-™p-Ib-dn H-cp tI-{μ-ÿm\-Øv H-ØpIq-Sn P-
U-{]-Ir-Xn-bnte-°p am-dpw. Im-Wm≥ tN-en√m-Ø
Ah A-[n-Iw k-©-cn-°n√, G-dnbm¬ N-∏p-N-h-dn-
s‚ Io-gv`m-K-Øp-\n-∂p ap-I-fn-te-°p t]m-Ipw. F-
∂n-´-hnsS-bß-s\ In-S-°pw. e-£-°-W-°n-\p h¿-
j-ß-fm-bp-≈ A-Xn-Po-h-\X{¥-am-WXv.
A-hnSw-sIm-≠-h-km-\n-°p-∂n√. A-\pIq-e ]-cn-

Xx-ÿn-Xn-bn-se-Øns∏-´m¬ A-h ho-≠p-w D-W-cpw.
F-∂n-s´m-cp k-ky-Øn-s‚ cq-]w kzo-Icn°pw. H-
sØm-cp-a-tbm-sS A-Wn-\nc-∂v tIm-i-L-S-\-bpsS
hn-Nn-{Xam-sbmcp cq-]-am-‰-Øn-eq-sS H-cp-an-®p tN¿-
∂v G-Xm-s≠m-cp I-\n-bpsS B-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n-e-
\n¬-°pw. Cu I-\n-bp-sS D-≈n¬ e-£-°-W-°n-\p
tc-Wp-°-fp-≠mIpw. ]‰n-b ka-bw h-∂p-tN-cp-tºm-
fh s]m-ń-Øpd-∂v Im-‰n¬ k-©-cn-°pw. F∂n´v
ho≠pw G-I-tIm-iPo-hn-bm-Ipw. B {]-{In-b Cß-
s\ Xp-S-cpw. ss…w ]q-∏-ep-Isf {]m-Yan-I P-¥p-
°-fm-bm-Wv P-¥p-im-kv-{X-⁄¿ X-cw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-
∂Xv. F-∂m¬ Ip-anƒ-im-kv-{X-⁄¿°-Xv ^w-K-
kp-IfmWv. c-≠n-S-Øp-a-h s]-Sp-∂n-s√-∂m-Wv an-°-
h-cp-sS-bp-a-`n-{]m-bw. P-\nXI]cn-tim-[-\-I-fp-sS
Im-ew h-∂-t∏m-gm-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ A-Xn-i-bn-
∏n°p-∂ hnh-cw a-\- n-em-°n-bXv. ss…w ]q-∏-ep-
Iƒ-°v {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se as‰m∂p-ambpw t\-cn-´p _-
‘-an√. ]-e-t∏mgpw A-h-bv-°p ]-c-kv-]-c-_-
‘wt]mepan√.
h¿-Ko-I-c-W-Ønse Cu t]m-cm-bv-a-Iƒ \n-I-

Øm≥ tIm¿-W-en¬ \n-∂p-≈ ]-cn-ÿn-Xnim-kv-{X-
⁄≥ B¿. F®v. hn-t‰-°¿ 1969˛¬ kb≥kv
tP-W-en-se-gp-Xn-b te-J-\-Øn-eq-sS H-cp {i-aw \-
SØn.25 Po-hnI-sf {]-[m-\-ambpw A©m-bm-Wv A-
t±lw hn-`-Pn®Xv˛˛In-Mv-Uw (kingdom) F∂m-W-
X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv˛˛A-\n-am-en-b, πm‚-b, ^wKn,
t{]m-ń-kv-‰, tamsW-d. kvtIm-Sv-e‚n¬\n-∂p-≈ Po-
h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ tPm¨ tlm-Kv Hcp \q‰m≠p ap-
ºv ap-t∂m-´p-h-® t{]m-t´m-Œn-kv-‰ F-∂ ]-Z-Øn-s‚
]-cn-jvIrX cq-]-amWp t{]m-ń-kv-‰. P-¥p-°tfm k-
ky-ßtfm A√m-Ø F√m-‰n-s\bpw kq-Nn-∏n-°m-
\m-W-t±-lw Cu ]-Zw D-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv.
hn-t‰-°-dp-sS ]pXn-b ]≤-Xn F{Xtbm sa-®-

am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw C-∏-d™ t{]m-ń-kv-‰-bp-sS \n¿-
hN-\w A-hy-‡-am-bn- Xp-S¿-∂p. Nn-e¿ hen-b G-
ItIm-i-Po-hnI-sf hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-\m-Wo ]-Z-ap-]-
tbm-Kn-®Xv. a-‰p- Nn-e-cmIs´, a-‰p I-≈n-Ifn-
sem∂pw s]-Sp-Øm-\m-Im-Ø-h-sb C-Sm-\p≈
s]mXp I≈nbm-bn A-Xn-s\ D-]-tbm-Kn-®p. ss…w
]q-∏epw A-ao-_bpwap-X¬ I-S¬∏mb¬h-sc C-
Xn¬-s∏-Spw. c-≠pe-£w C-\w Po-hn-Iƒ A-Xn-ep-
s≠∂p ]-dbp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.26 hn-t‰-°-dpsS Cu
A©n-\ h¿-Ko-Ic-Ww ]mT-]p-kv-X-Iß-fn¬ ÿm-
\w ]n-Sn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏m-gm-Wv F√mw X-In-Swa-
dn-°m≥ ]‰n-sbm-cp I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-hp-am-bn C-e-t\m-
bn k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se A[nIam-cp-a-dn-bm-sØm-
cp K-th-j-I≥ cw-K-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv. Imƒ thm-kv F-
∂mW-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cv. 1960Iƒ ap-X¬ _m-Œo-cn-
b-I-fp-sS P-\n-X-It{iWn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ \n»-– K-
th-j-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p thmkv. A-°meØv ITn-
\m-[zm-\wX-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. H-scm-‰ _m-Œo-
cn-b-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T\-Øn-\pX-s∂ H-cp h¿-jw
thWw. A-∂v A-™q-dn-\w _m-Œo-cn-b-Isf-°p-dn-
®p am-{X-ta A-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q F-∂v thm-kv
]-d-bp∂p.27 \-ΩpsS hm-bn¬Ø-s∂ A-Xn-e-[n-Iw
_m-Œo-cn-b-I-fp-≠v F-∂-Xm-Wv bm-Ym¿-Yyw. C-∂v
A-Xn-s‚ ]-Ønc-ń _m-Œo-cn-b-I-sf-°p-dn-®-dn-bmw.
26,900 kv-]o-jokn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ B¬-K-I-sfbpw
70,000 C-\w ^w-K-kp-I-sfbpw 30,800 C\w A-ao-_-
I-sf-bpw I-W-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Xo-sc sN-dp-Xm-
Wo kw-Jy.
im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS A-ew-`m-hw Im-c-W-am-Wv kw-

Jy C-{X sN-dp-Xmbnt∏m-b-sX-∂p I-cp-X-cpXv. _m-
Œo-cn-bI-sf th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Øv ]Tn-°p-I-sb∂-Xv
Xn-I®pw {i-a-I-c-amWv. sam-Øw _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fn¬
H-cp i-Xam\sØ am-{X-ta ]-co-£-W-im-e-I-fn¬
h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]-‰p-Ibp≈q.28 {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬
G-Xp km-l-N-cy-tØm-Sp-an-W-ßp-∂ _m-Œo-cn-b-
Iƒ ]-co£-W-im-e-bn¬ h-f-cn-s√-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv
hn-Nn-{X-am-bn-tØm-∂mw. ]q-sa-Ø-bn¬ InSØn F-
ßs\-sbm-s° em-fn-®mepw A-h A-hn-sS-bnßs\
In-S-°p-I-tb-bp≈p, h-f-cn√. e-t_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ h-f-
cp-∂ _m-Œo-cn-bI-sf A]q¿-h- C\-ß-fm-bm-Wv I-
W-°m-°p-∂Xv. A-h-sb-∏-‰n am-{X-am-Wp ssat{Im-
_-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰p-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂Xv. ar-K-im-e-bn¬-
t∏m-bn P-¥p-°sf∏-‰n ]Tn-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wn-
sX-∂m-Wv thm-kv ]-d-bp-∂Xv.29
P-\n-X-Ihn-Zy-bp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS thm-kn-\v
th-sdm-cp ho-£W tIm-Wn¬\n∂v _m-Œo-cn-b-I-
sf∏-‰n ]Tn-°m≥ ]-‰n. Ipd-®p ]Tn-®-t∏mƒXs∂,
A-t±-l-Øn-\p a-\- n-embn, kq£v-aPo-h-nI-fp-sS
temI-Øv \Ωƒ I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xnepw hen-b A-
Snÿm-\hn-`-P-\-ß-fp-≠v. Im-gv-N-bn¬ _mŒocn-b-
sb-t∏m-se tXm-∂p-sa-¶nepw s]-cp-am-‰w _m-Œo-cn-
b-sb-t∏m-se-bm-sW¶nepw ]-e-Xpw _m-Œo-cn-b-
b√. F{Xtbm ap-ºv _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fn¬\n∂p h-
gn-]n-cn™p-t]m-∂-XmW-h. B-°nb_m-Œo-cn-b
F∂mWv thm-kv Ah-sb hn-fn-®Xv. ]n-∂oS-Xv Np-
cp-°n B-°nb Bbn.
_m-Œo-cn-b-I-sfbpw B-°n-b-I-sfbpw th¿-Xn-cn-

°p-∂ L-S-I-ßƒ Poh-im-kv-{X-⁄∑m-sc-b√m-
sX th-sd-bm-scbpw H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ B-
I¿jn°n√. {]-[m-\-am-bpw ssP-hcm-k kw-bp-‡-
ß-fn-emWp hy-Xym-kw. AhnsS s]-]v‰n-tUm-
•n°m≥ F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂ H-∂n-s‚ A-km-∂n-[y-
am-Wv {]-[m-\ambpw hy-Xym-k-Øn-\p tl-Xp. F-
∂m¬ ^-e-Øn¬ A-h X-Ωn¬ henb hy-Xym-
k-ap-≠p-Xm-\pw. B-°n-bbv-°v _m-Œo-cn-b-bn¬\n-
∂p-≈ hy-Xym-kw F-\n°pw \n-ßƒ°pw Nn-e-¥n-
bn¬\n∂pw R-≠n¬\n-∂p-ap-≈ hy-Xymk-Øn-
s\m-∏-amWv. A-Xph-sc A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-sX In-S-s∂m-
cp Po-hnh¿-K hn-`-P-\-Øn-\v thm-kv X-\n-®p cq-]w
\¬-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. km¿-h-euIn-I Po-hmhen
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-`-P-\-co-Xn-bp-sS ap-I-fnem-bn-cp-
∂p A-Xns‚ ÿm\w.
A-©p im-J-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ Po-hm-h-ensb C-cp-

]-Ønaq-∂p imJ-Itfm-sS am-‰nh-c-®v 1976˛¬ thm-
kv temI-sØ sR-ń®p. aq-∂p ]pXn-b {][m-\
hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠m-W-t±-lw ]pXn-b
h¿-Kßsf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. _m-Œo-cn-b, B°n-
b, bp-t°-dn-b F-∂n-h-bmWv Cu aq∂p - {][m-\
hn-`m-Kßƒ. C-Xn-s\-b-t±lw sUm-ssa-\p-Iƒ F-
∂p hn-fn®p. ]pXn-b X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-s\ Cß-s\ hn-i-
Zo-I-cn-°mw:
_m-Œo-cn-b: k-b-t\m-_m-Œo-cn-b, ]¿-∏nƒ _m-

Œo-cn-b, {Kmw˛t]m-kn‰o-hv _m-Œo-cn-b, {Ko≥
t\m¨˛kƒ-^¿ _m-Œo-cn-b, ^vfm-thm-_m-Œo-cnb,
sX¿-tam-s‰m-sK-bv¬-kv. B-°n-b: lm-tem-^n-en-Iv
B-°n-b≥kv, sa-Y-t\m-km¿-kn-\, sa-Yt\m-_m-Œo-
cnbw, sa-Y-t\m¨-tIm-°kv, sX¿-tam-ske¿,
sX¿-tam-t{]m-ńbkv, ss]-tdm-Un-Œn-bw.
bp-t°-dn-b: Un-tπm-am-Uvkv, ssa-t{Imkv-s]m-do-

Un-b, ss{S-t°m-samWm-Uv-kv, ^v-fm-sK-t√-‰vkv,
F‚-ao-_, ss…w ]q-∏-epIƒ, kn-en-tb-‰v-kv, k-
kyßƒ, ^w-K-kv, P-¥p°ƒ.
thm-kn-s‚ ]pXn-b kw-hn-[m-\w Po-h-im-kv{X-

temI-sØ sIm-Sp-¶m‰pt]m-se Io-gv-s∏-Sp-Øn F-
s∂m∂pw I-cp-X-cpXv. kq£v-aPo-hn-Iƒ-°v
AanX{]m-[m\yw \¬-Ip-s∂-∂p ]d-™v Nn-ec-Xv
X-≈n-°-f™p. `q-cn]-£wt]cpw Np-Ωm A-Xn-
s\b-ßv A-h-K-Wn®p. thm-kv I-Sp-Ø \n-cm-i-bn-e-
Is∏-´p30 F-∂m-Wv {^m≥I-kv B-jv-t{Im-^v-‰v F-
gp-Xn-bXv. ]t£, ]-Xps°-bm-sW-¶n-epw kq-£v-
amWpim-kv-{X-⁄¿ A-Xp kzo-I-cn®p. k-kyim-
kv-{X-⁄cpw P-¥p-im-kv-{X-⁄cpw Ip-td-°q-Sn ]-
Xp-s°-bm-Wv A-Xn-te-s°-Øn-b-Xv. a-\- n-em-°m-hp-
∂-tX-bp≈q, A-Xv. Cu Po-h-m-h-en-bn¬ bp-t°-dn-
b≥ F-∂ ]p-dwim-J-bn-se G-Xm-\pw Nn√-Iƒ am-
{X-am-Wv kkyim-kv-{X-Øn-s‚bpw P-¥p-im-kv-{X-
Øn-s‚bpw temIw. _m-°n-sb√mw GI-tIm-iPo-
hn-Iƒ-°-h-Im-i-s∏-´-XmWv.
"cq-]-L-S-\-bn-se km-ay-Øn-s‚bpw ssh-Pm-Xy-

ß-fp-sSbpw A-Sn-ÿm\Øn-ep-≈ X-cw-Xn-cn-hp-I-fm-
Wv A-h¿-°p ]-cn-Nn-Xw. X-∑m{Xmt{i-Wnbp-sS A-
Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ X-cw-Xn-cn-hv Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ A-
h¿-°v Aev]w _p-≤n-ap-´p-≠m-Ipw.' 1996˛¬ H-c-`n-
ap-J-Øn¬ thm-kv ]-d™p. IÆpsIm-≠p Im-Wm-
\m-Im-Ø Im-cy-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°m≥ A-h¿-°ev-]w
_p≤nap-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂¿Yw. AXp-sIm-≠-h¿
]-c-º-cm-K-Xamb A-©p- imJI-fp-≈ a-c-sØ-t∏m-
ep-≈ Po-hm-h-ensbØs∂ B-{i-bn®p. F∂m¬
Cu hn-`P-\w h-gn-sX-‰n-°p-∂-Xm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p
thm-kn-s‚ A`n-{]mbw. "ù-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-sØ-t∏m-
seX-s∂ Po-h-im-kv-{Xhpw ]pXn-sbmcp X-
eØnte-°p I-S-∂pI-gn™p.31 h-kv-Xp-°fpw A-h-
bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfpw t\-cn¬ I-≠p a-\- n-em-°m-
\m-hm-Ø X-e-Øn-te-°v.' thm-kv F-gpXn.
lm¿-hm-Un-se h-tbm-[n-I\m-b P-¥p-im-kv-{X-

⁄≥ G¨-kv-‰v sab¿ (A-∂-t±-l-Øn\v 94 h-
b- mWv. C-sX-gp-Xp-tºmƒ \q-dn-\-SpØv. F-¶n-epw
Du¿-÷-kz-e-X-bv°v H-cp Ip-d-hp-an√) ]pXn-sbm-cp
hm-Z-a-h-X-cn-∏n®p-sIm≠v hn-hm-Zw H-∂p-Iq-Sn sIm-
gp-∏n®p. Po-h-temI-Øv {]m-Y-an-I-am-bn c-≠p
hn`mKß-tf-bp-≈q F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚
hmZw. km{am-Pyßƒ F-∂m-W-t±-lw A-Xn-s\ hn-
fn-®Xv. thm-kn-s‚ I-s≠-Ø¬ IuXp-I-I-c-am-sW-
¶nepw sX-‰n-≤m-c-Wm-P-\-I-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p sa-
b-dpsS A-`n-{]m-bw. Po-h-im-kv-{X]-cn-ioe-\w e-`n-
®n-ń√mØ thm-kn\v h¿-Ko-Ic-W-X-Øz-ß-fn¬
hen-b ]n-Sn-]m-Sn√m-Ø-XmWv Cu {]-iv-\-ßƒ°p
ImcW-sa∂pw32 A-t±-lw ]-d-™p-h-®p. Imcyw a-
\- n-em-°m-sX-bm-Wv H-cp im-kv-{X-⁄≥ kw-km-
cn-°p-∂-sX∂vv B-Z-c-Wo-b\m-b a-s‰mcp imkv-{X-
⁄≥ ]-d-bp-∂Xp-t]m-se-bm-WnXv.
sa-b-dp-sS hn-a¿-i-\-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\w km-t¶-Xn-I-

am-bn-cp∂p. {]-Xyp¬]m-Z-\co-Xn-I-sfbpw sl-\o-Pn-
b≥ h¿-Ko-I-c-W-sØbpw sa-X-t\m-_m-Œocn-bw
sX¿-tam-t{Sm-^n-°-Øn-s‚ hnhm-Z P-\n-X-I-t{i-Wn-
-sbbpw a‰pw ASnÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p
B hn-a¿-i\w. ]-t£, A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚ hm-Z-sØ- Cß-s\ Np-cp-°mw˛˛thm-kn-
s‚ h¿Ko-IcWw Po-hm-h-en-bp-sS k-¥pe-\w X-
I¿-°p-∂p. _m-Œocn-bma-fi-e-Øn-ep≈Xv G-Xm-
\p-am-bn-cw kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ am-{X-am-Wv. B-°n-b-\n-
emI-s´ t]-c-dnbp-∂ 175 kv-]o-jo-kp-I-tf-bp≈q,
G-Xm-\p-am-bn-c-sa-ÆwIq-Sn I-≠p-]n-Sn°-s∏-Sm-\p-
≠m-tb-°pw, A-Xn¬-°q-Sp-X-en√. F-∂m¬ \-sΩ-
t∏m-se k¶o¿WL-S-\-bpw \yq-¢n-b-kv tIm-i-hp-
ap-≈ bp-°mcn-tbm-´v a-fi-eØn-emI-s´ tIm-Sn-°-
W-°n-\v kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fp≠v. Cu-sbm-c-\p-]m-Xw
\n-e\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\v A-t±-lw ap-t∂m-´p-h-® \n¿-
t±-i-an-XmWv: efn-XL-S-\-bp≈ kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-sf-
sb√mw H-cp hn-`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-ØpI˛˛-s{]m°m-cn-
tbm´. D-b¿-∂ t{i-Wn-bn-ep-≈ Po-hn-I-sf-sb√mw
c-≠ma-sØ K-W-Øn¬s]-SpØp-I˛˛bp-°mcn-tbm-
´. a-s‰m-cphn-[-Øn¬ ]-d-™m¬ PohnIsf ]-≠p-
≠mbn-cp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬Ø-s∂ h¿-Ko-I-cn-°p-I.
efnXtIm-i-L-S-\-bp-≈ Pohn-Ifpw k-¶o¿-WL-S-
\-bp-≈ Po-hn-I-fpw.
thm-kn-s‚ ]pXn-b X-cw-Xn-cn-hn¬\n-∂v th-

sdm∂pw a-\- n-em-°n-bns√-¶nepw H-cp Imcyw a-\- n-
em-°n-tb ]-‰q—Po-h≥ F-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv ssh-
hn-[y-am¿-∂-Xm-Wv, A-°q-´-Øn-te-sd-bp≈-Xv \-ap-
°p ]-cn-N-b-an√mØ kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fm-Wp-Xm-\pw.
\-Ωƒ a-\p-jy¿-°n„w ]-cn-Wm-asa-∂p ]-d-bp∂-
Xv sa-®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fp-sSbpw h-f¿-®-bp-sSbp-sam-
cp irw-J-e-bmsW-∂p hn-iz-kn-°m-\mWv. h-f¿-∂p
h-f¿∂v, sa-®-s∏-´p sa-®-s∏-´v H-Sphn¬ \-Ω-fn-se-
Øn \n¬-°p-∂ \o-≠ t{iWn. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ B-
fl-{]-iw-k-bm-WnXv. ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-se b-Ym¿Y
ssh-hn-[y-ß-tf-sdbpw sN-dn-b -tem-I-Øm-Wv \-S-
∂-Xv. \-Ωƒ h-en-b-h-cp-tS-Xv bm-Zr—n-Ihn-P-b-w am-
{Xw. ]cn-Wm-aN-cn-{X-Øn-se D-]-im-J-am-{Xw. Po-h-
tem-I-sØ 23 {][m-\ imJI-fn¬ aq-s∂Æw˛˛k-
ky-ßfpw P-¥p-°-fpw ^w-K-kp-I-fpw˛˛am-{X-am-Wv
a\p-jy-\v IÆp-sIm-≠p Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xv.33 C-°q-´-
Øn¬Xs∂ \-·-t\-{Xßƒ sIm-≠p Im-Wm-\m-
Im-Ø kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fp-ap≠v. temI-sØ apgph≥
Poh-]n-fi-hp-sa-Sp-Øm¬—k-ky-ß-fpƒ-s∏-sS Po-
h-\p-≈ F√m-‰n-s\-bpw˛˛-AXn¬ 80 i-X-am-\hpw
kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v34 thm-kv ]-d-
bp∂p. H-cp]-t£ A-Xn¬-°q-SpX¬. Cu tem-Iw
sNdn-b Po-hn-Iƒ-°p-th-≠nD-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈-XmWv,
]-≠p-apX-te A-X-ß-s\-bmWv.
F-¶n¬ ]n-s∂, Cu kq£v-aPo-hn-Iƒ \-sΩ-

bnß-s\ F¥n\v D-]-{Z-hn°p-∂-p F∂v ]-e-
t∏mgpw \n-ßfm-tem-Nn-®p-Im-Wpw. \-sΩ ]-\n- ]n-
Sn-∏n®n´v, P-e-tZm-jw-sIm-≠p h-e-®n-´v, {h-Wßƒ-
sIm-≠p hn-Ir-X-am-°n-bn-´v, F√m‰n-\p-ap]-cn sIm-
∂n-´v A-h¿-s°-¥p kw-Xr-]v-Xn-bm-Wp In-´p-I. B-
Xn-tYbs\ sIm-∂m¬ A-Xn-Yn-°v B-XnYywX-
s∂b-t√ \-„-am-hp-I.
C-hn-sS a-\- n-em-t°-≠ B-Zy-sØ Imcyw an-°

_m-Œo-cn-b-Ifpw \sΩ D-]-{Z-hn-°m-dn-s√-∂-Xm-Wv.
]-eXpw D-]-Im-cn-I-fm-Wp-Xm-\pw. tem-I-Øn-
te‰hpw A-{I-am-k-‡-am-bn ]-I-cp-∂ _m-Œo-cn-
bamb thmƒ-_m°n-b a-\pjys\ D-]-{Z-hn-°m-td-
bn√.35 a-\p-jy-s\-sb∂√, \-s´√p-≈ H-cp
Pohnsb-bp-aXv ]n-Sn-Iq-Sm-dn√. sN-Ωo-\n-s‚bpw ]-g-
bo-®-bp-sSbpw ]p-gp-°-fp-sS-bpsa√mw Po-hn-X-sØ-
bmW-Xv \-c-I-Xp-ey-am-°p-∂Xv. B-bn-cw kq-£v-am-
Wp-°-sf-sb-Sp-Øm¬ AXn-sem-∂p-am-{X-am-Wv a-\p-
jy-\v tcm-K-ap-≠m-°p∂-sX-∂v36 \m-j-W¬ tPym-
{K-^n-Iv am-K-kn≥ ]-d-bp-∂p. Cu Ip-d-s®Æap≠m-
°p∂ {]-iv-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ F-
¥n-\-[n-I-sa-∂p ]d™p-t]m-Ip-sa∂-Xv th-sd- Im-
cyw. `q-cn]-£w kq-£v-am-Wp-°-fpw D-]-Imcn-I-fm-
sW-¶n-epw ]m-›mXy-tem-I-sØ sIm-e-bm-fn-I-
fn¬ aq∂mw ÿm\ap≠v kq£v-a-Po-hn-Iƒ-°v.37
sIm-e \SØm-Ø-h-cpX-s∂ \-Ωp-sS PohnXw Zp-cn-
X-a-b-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ tI-a-cm-Wv.
B-Xn-tY-b-s\ tcm-Knbm-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠v kq-

£v-am-Wp-°ƒ-°p {]tbmP-\-sam-∂p-an-s√-∂p I-cp-
X-cp-Xv. ]e tcm-K-ß-fp-sSbpw e-£-W-ßƒ
tcmKmWp-°ƒ-°p hym-]n-°m-\p-≈ th-Zn-bm-Wv.
tcm-Kn O¿-±n-°p-tºmgpw aq-°p No-‰p-tºmgpw h-b-
dn-f-Ip-tºm-gpw A-tXm-sSm-∏w tcm-Km-Wp-°fpw ]p-
d-ØpI-S°pw. A-hn-sS\n-∂-h a-‰p i-co-c-ß-fn-se-
Øn-t®-cpw. N-en-°p-∂ aq∂mw I-£n-bp-sS k-lm-
bw Ip-td-°qSn ^-e-{]-Z-am-Wv. ]-I-cp∂ tcm-Km-
Wp°ƒ-°v sIm-Xp-In-s\ hen-b C-„-am-Wv. Imc-
Ww, H-cm-fp-sS c-‡-Øn¬\n∂v t\-cn-´v a-s‰m-cm-
fp-sS c-‡-Øn-te-s°-Øn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v sIm-Xp-
Ins\°mƒ \-s√m-cp k-lm-bn-sb th-sd In-ń√.
sIm-Xp-Ip I-Sn-® Imcyw \-Ωf-dn-bp-tºm-tg-°v tcm-
Km-Wp c-‡-Øn-se-Øn-°-gn-™n-cn-°pw. a-e-º-\n,
a-™-∏\n, sU-¶n-∏\n, a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Pz-cw Xp-Sßn-
b h-º≥ tcm-K-ßfpw A-{X A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-c-s√-
¶nepw B¿-Øn-°mcm-b a-‰-t\-Iw tcm-K-ßfpw Xp-
S-ßp∂-Xv sIm-Xp-Ip-I-Sn-bn¬\n-∂m-Ip∂-Xv AXp-
sIm-≠m-Wv. F-bn-Uvkp-≠m-°p-∂ F®v. sF. hn.
`m-Ky-Øn-\v A-°q-´-Øn-en√ (C-Xp-h-sc-bn√). sIm-
Xp-In-s‚ i-co-c-Øn¬ I-b-dp-∂ F®v. sF. hn.sb
sIm-Xp-In-s‚ Zl\-hy-h-ÿX-s∂ \-in-∏n-°pw. `m-
hn-bn¬ Cu tcm-Km-Wp C-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S°m-\p-≈
hn-Zy- B¿-Pn-®p-Iq-Sm-bv-I-bn√. A-t∏m-gm-Wv \-Ωƒ
i-cn°pw Ipgßp-I.
hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬, kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fp-sS {]-h¿-

Ø\-sØ C-ß-s\ bp‡n-bp-sS Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬-\n-
∂p t\m-°p∂-XpX-s∂ i-cnb√. Imc-Ww, hy-
‡am-b I-W-°p-Iq-´-ep-I-fn-eq-sSb√, A-h Im-cy-
ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv. \∂mbn tkm-∏p tX-®v Ip-fn-
°p-tºmgpw hn-b¿-∏p-K-‘-a-I-‰m≥ Un-tbmU-d‚ v
]q-ip-tºmgpw e-£-°-W-°n-\v kq-£v-a-Po-hnI-sf
sIm-s∂m-Sp-°pI-bm-sW-∂ Imcyw \n-ßƒ {i-≤n-
°m-dn-s√∂Xp-t]m-seXs∂, \n-ß-sf-sb-¥m-Wp
sN-øp-∂-sX-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n A-hcpw Im-cy-am-bn Nn-
¥n-°p-∂n√. \n-ß-fp-sS kuJyw kq-£v-am-Wphn-
s\m-cp hn-j-b-am-Ip∂-Xv A-Xn-s‚ B{I-a-W-Øn¬
\n-ßƒ a-cn-°m≥t]m-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ am-{X-amWv.
ImcWw, \n-ßƒ a-c-W-a-Sbpwap-ºv am-dn-t∏m-
Im≥ I-gn-™n-s√-¶n¬ km[mc-W-K-Xn-bn¬ A-
Xpw a-c-W-a-S-bpw. "ò-I-c-amw-hn-[w ]-S¿-∂p-]n-Sn-®
[m-cmfw ]-I¿-®-hym-[n-I-ƒ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ [m-cm-f-
ap≠v. ]-eXpw h-∂-t]m-se \nKqVam-bn A-{]-Xy-
£-am-hp-IbpwsN-bvXp.'38 sP-tb¿-Uv U-b-a¨-Uv
F-gpXp-∂p. Cw-•n-jv skz-‰n-Mv tcmKw A-t±-lw D-
Zm-l-c-W-am-bn Nq-≠n-°m-Wn°p-∂p. 1485 ap-X¬
1552 h-sc ]-S¿-∂p]n-Sn® B hym-[n-bn¬ ]-Xn-\m-
bn-cß-fm-Wp a-cn-®Xv. ]n-s∂b-Xv kz-ba-ßv C√m-
Xmbn. Im-cy£-a-X A-an-X-am-Ip∂-Xv ]Icp-∂ Po-
hn-Iƒ-°p hn-\-bm-Ipw.
]e tcm-K-ß-fpw h-cp∂-Xv kq-£v-a-Po-hn-Iƒ \n-

ß-fp-sS i-co-cØnt\mSp sN-øp-∂ Im-cy-ßƒaq-e-
a-s√-∂-Xm-Wv a-s‰m-cp Im-cyw. kq-£v-a Po-hnI-sf
t\-cn-Sm≥ i-co-cw sN-øp-∂ Im-cy-ß-fm-Wv ]-e {]-
iv-\-ß-fp-ap≠m-°p-∂Xv. A-Xn-{I-an-®p I-bdnb
tcm-Km-Wp-hn-s\ \-in-∏n-°m-\p-≈ Xzcbn¬ i-co-
c-Øn-s‚ {]Xn-tcm-[ kw-hn-[m-\w Nn-e-t∏mƒ
icoctIm-i-ßsf-Ø-s∂ \-in-∏n-°pw, Nn-e-t∏mƒ
\n¿-Wm-b-II-e-Iƒ-°p tI-Sp-h-cp-Øpw. \√ kp-J-
an-s√-∂p tXm-∂p-tºmƒ \n-ßƒ-°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂-
Xv kq-£v-amWp-hn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-In√, a-dn-®v, i-
co-c-Øn-s‚ {]Xn-tcm-[ {]-Xn-IcWam-bn-cn-°pw. G-
Xm-bmepw kp-J-an-s√-∂ tXm-∂-ep-f-hm-°p∂-Xv
_p-≤n]q¿-ham-sbm-cp Im-cy-am-Wv. kp-J-an-s√-∂p
tXm-∂p-tºmƒ \mw ho-ń¬ Ib-dn-°nS-∂p hn-{i-an-
°pw. Aß-s\ tcm-Kw h≥ tXm-Xn¬ ]-I-cp∂-Xv
Hgn-hm-Ipw.
t{Zm-ln-°m≥ ti-jn-bp-≈ ]-eXpw ]p-d-Øp-s≠-

∂Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xns\ {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ i-co-cw ]-
eX-cw tiz-X-c-‡m-Wp°-sf I-cp-Xnh-®n-´p≠v. Hm-
tcm-X-cw \p-g-™p-I-b-‰-°m-sc-bpw t\-cn-Sm≥X-°-
co-Xn-bn¬ k-÷-am°n-h-®n-´p-≈ H-cp tImSn-tbm-fw
C-\w tiz-Xc-‡m-Wp-°ƒ \n-ß-fp-sS icocØn-
ep≠v. Cß-s\ 10 aney¨ hy-Xy-kv-X tk-\m-hn-`m-
Kß-sf ap-gp-h\mbn k-Zm kp-k-k-÷-cm-°n \n¿-
Øp-I-sb∂-Xv A-{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bXpsIm≠v Hm-
tcm-bn-\w tiz-Xc-‡m-Wp-°fpw Ip-d-®p \n-
co£W`-S-∑m-sc am-{X-am-Wv F√mbv-t]mgpw k-
÷-cm-°nhbv°p-∂-Xv. ]p-d-Øp-\n-s∂m-cp A{I-an-
sb-Øp-tºmƒ˛˛B‚n-P≥ F-∂mW-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv˛˛_-‘s∏-´ \n-co-£-W`-S∑-m¿ i-{Xp-hn-s\
Xn-cn-®-dnbpw. F-∂n-´v A-Xn-s\ t\-cnSm≥ th-≠ {]-
tXyI ssk\n-I-sc A-bbv-°m-\p≈ k-tμ-i-a-b-
bv°pw. icocw Cu ssk\n-Ihyql-sØ \n¿-Ωn-
°p-∂ ]-Wn-bn¬ ap-gp-Ip-tºmƒ \n-ßƒ°v B-I-
∏msS-sbm-c-kz-ÿXbpw £o-W-hp-sa√mw A-\p-`-
h-s∏Spw. ssk-\n-I¿ k-÷-cm-bn {]-Xym-{Ia-Ww
Xp-S-ßp-tºm-gm-Wv kuJyw A\p`-h-s∏-Sm≥ Xp-S-
ßp-I.
Z-bm-Zm-£nWyw H-´p-an√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv tiz-Xm-

Wp°ƒ. A-h-km\-sØ tcm-Km-Wp-hn-s\h-sc A-
h I-s≠-Øn th-´-bm-Spw. Cu th-´-bn¬\n-∂p
c£-s∏-Sm≥ tcm-Km-Wp-°ƒ c-≠p h-gn-bm-Wp kzo-
I-cn-°p-I. H-∂p-In¬ an-∂-em-{Ia-Ww A-gn-®p-hn-´v
A-Sp-Ø-bm-sf A-t\z-jn®p-t]m-Ipw. A-s√¶n¬
tiz-Xm-Wp-°ƒ-°p Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bm-Øh-Æw
th-jw-am-dn \n¬°pw. ^v-fq-hn-s\-t∏m-ep-≈ km-[m-
c-W ]-I¿-®-hym-[n-Iƒ B-Zy-sØ Iq-´-Øn¬s]-
Sp∂p; F-bn-Uv-kp-≠m-°p-∂ F®v.sF. hn. c-≠m-a-
tØ-Xn-epw.
i-co-c-tIm-i-ß-fp-sS \yq-¢n-b- n¬ h¿j-ß-tfm-

fw B-cp-a-dn-bmsX ]-Xn™n-cp-∂-ti-j-am-Wv F®v.
sF. hn. B-{I-a-W-a-gn-®p-hn-Sp-∂Xv.
tcm-Km-Wp-_m-[-bv-°v hn-Nn-{X-ßfm-b Nn-e h-i-
ß-fp-ap-≠v. \n-cp-]-{Zh-Im-cn-I-fm-bn i-co-c-Øn¬ I-
gn-bp-∂ Nn-e kq-£v-a-Po-hn-Iƒ Nn-e-t∏mƒ sX‰m-
b ÿ-e-ß-fn-se-Øn-t®-cpw. A-hn-sS-sb-Øn-bm-e-
h "{`m-¥am-b coXnbn¬' s]-cp-am-dp-IbpwsN-øpw.
"Im-d-]-IS-Øn¬ B-¥-cc-‡-{km-h-ap-≠mIp-
tºmƒ C-Xp kw-`-hn-°m-dp≠v. h-b-dn-\p-≈n¬ D-
]-{Z-h-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-°msX I-gn™p-t]m-∂ kq-£v-
am-Wp-°ƒ A-t∏mƒ Nn-e-t∏mƒ c-‡-Nw-{I-a-W
hy-h-ÿbntem i-co-c-Øn-s‚ a-‰p Nne `m-K-ß-fn-
tem I-e-cpw. A-hn-sSs®∂m-e-h ò-I-c-{]-iv\ß-
fp-≠m°pw,' \yq-lmw-]v-j-b-dn-se Um¿-Sv-
aØv˛˛ln®vtIm-°v sa-Un-°¬ sk‚-dn-se ]-I¿-
®-hym-[n hn-Z-Kv-[≥ tUm. {_-bm≥ am¿-jv ]-d-
bp∂p.
_m-Œo-cn-b D-≠m-°p-∂ {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬ G-‰hpw

ò-I-chpw A-\n-b-{¥n X-hpw s\-t{Im-ss´-kn-Mv ^m-
kn-‰n-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tcm-K-amWv. ChnsS tcm-
Kn-sb AI-Øp\n-∂p Xn-∂p-Xo¿-°p-I-bm-Wp _m-
Œo-cn-b.39 Im¿-∂pXn∂v A-h-km-\w sIm-gp-Øp-cp-
s≠m-cp Po-h—-hw _m-°n-hbv°pw. XmcXtay-\ e-
Lphm-b {]-iv-\-ß-fmWv tcm-Kn-Iƒ-°v B-Zy-a-\p-`-
h-s∏-Sp-I. sXmenbn¬ X-Sn∏v, ]-\n F-∂n-ß-s\.
]t£, s]m-Sp∂t\ \m-S-Io-b-ambn ÿnXn h-j-
fm-Ip∂p. i-co-cw Xpd-∂p t\m-°p-tºm-gm-W-dn-bp-
I, B-¥-c-`m-K-ßƒ ]-eXpw Xn-∂pXo¿∂p-t]m-sb-
∂v. tcm-Kw am-‰m≥ H-scm-‰ h-gn-tb-bp-≈q, tcm-K-
_m-[-bp-≈ `m-K-ßƒ ]q¿-W-ambpw ikv-{X-{In-b-
bn-eqsS \o-°w sNøp-I. Cu tcm-Kw _m-[n-°p-∂-
h-cn¬ 74 i-X-am-\hpw a-c-W-a-Sbpw. _m-°n-bp-≈-
h-cn¬ ]-e¿°pw Kp-cp-X-cam-b Aw-K-`w-Kw A-\p-`-
hn-t°-≠nhcpw. {Kq-∏v F kv-s{S-]v-t‰m-tIm°kv F-
∂-bn-\w _m-Œo-cn-b-amWo {]iv\-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ sXm-≠-bn¬ Ip-g∏ap-≠m-°p-
sa∂√m-sX a-s‰m-∂n\pw ap-Xn-cm-Ø ]m-h-amWv
Cu _m-Œo-cn-b. h-f-scb]q¿-hambn, Ft¥m
A⁄m-XIm-c-W-ß-fm¬ Ah sXm-≠-bp-sS
kvXcw t`-Zn-®v i-co-c-Øn-s‚ D-≈n-se-Øpw. ]n-s∂
k-I-eXpw \-in-∏n-°pw. B‚n_-tbm-ń-°p-I-sf
sN-dp-°m≥ti-jn-bp-≈ Cu _m-Œo-cnb-sb \n-b-
{¥n°ms\-fp-∏-a√-Xm-\pw. bp-ss\‰-Uv kv-t‰-‰v-kn¬
am{Xw G-Xm-s≠m-cm-bn-cwt]¿°v h¿-jwtXmdpw
Cu A-kp-Jw h-cm-dp-≠v.
sa-\nRv-ssP-‰n-kn-s‚ Im-cy-hp-an-Xp-Xs∂. Np-cp-
ßn-b-Xv 10 i-X-am-\w bp-hm-°-fn-epw 30 i-X-am-\w
Iu-am-c-°m-cnepw sa-\nRv-tPm-tIm-°¬ _mŒocn-
b-ap≠v. ]-t£ A-Xv {]-iv-\-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-°m-sX
sXm-≠-bn-eß-s\ Ign-™p-sIm-≈pw. F-∂m¬ A-
]q¿-hw Nn-e-cn¬, H-cp e-£-Øn¬ H-cmƒ F∂ I-
W-°n¬ A-Xv c-‡-Øn¬ I-e-cpw, A-tXm-sS A-
bmƒ I-SpØ tcm-K-Øn-\-Sn-s∏-Spw. Nn-e-t∏mƒ 12 a-
Wn-°q-dn\-IwX-s∂ a-c-Whpw kw-`hn-t®°pw. A-
{X th-K-Øn-em-W-Xn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w. "]q¿-W B-
tcm-Kyhm-\m-bn {]-`m-X`£-Ww I-gn-®-bmƒ ssh-
Ip-t∂-c-am-hp-tºm-tg-°p a-cWaS-™n-´p-≠mIpw,'
am¿-jv ]-d-bp∂p.
_m-Œo-cn-b-tbm-Sp-≈ bp-≤-Øn¬ ]-e-t∏mgpw \-

ap-°v A-Sn-b-dhp -]-d-tb-≠n-h-cp∂-Xv A-Xn-s\-Xn-
sc-bp-≈ G-‰hpw \√ B-bp-[-Øn-s‚ Zp-cp-]tbm-
Kw ImcW-amWv˛˛˛B‚n-_-tbm-ń-°n-s‚ Aan-tXm-
]-tbmKw. hn-IknXcm-Py-ß-fn¬ B‚n-_-tbm-ń-
°n-s‚ 70 i-X-am-\hpw \¬-Ip∂-Xv h-f¿-Øp-ar-K-
ßƒ-°m-sW-∂m-Wv H-cp I-W°v. Im-en-Øo-‰-bn¬
I-e¿-Øn-bnßs\ B‚n-_-tbm-ń-Iv \¬-Ip∂-Xv
]-e-t∏mgpw A-h-bp-sS h-f¿-® Xz-cn-X-K-Xnbnem-°m-
\mWv, A-s√-¶n¬ A-Wp-_m-[-bv-°p-≈ km[y-X
sN-dp-°m≥. B‚n_-tbm-ń-Iv Cß-s\ hym-]n-°p-
tºmƒ A-Xn¬-\n-∂p Kp-Ww sImøp∂-Xv _m-Œo-cn-
b-IƒX-s∂-bm-Wv, Ah a-cp-∂n-s\ sN-dp-°m-\p-≈
ti-jnbm¿÷n-®p ]-cn-W-an-°pw. A-Xn-\p-≈ H-c-h-
k-chpw A-h ]m-gm-°n√.
1952 Ime-Øv sÃ-ss^-tem-tIm°-kv _m-Œo-cn-

b-bp-sS F√m h-It`Zß-sfbpw \-in-∏n-°m≥ Xn-
I®pw ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p s]-\n-kn-en≥.
"]I¿®hym-[n-I-fp-sS ]p-kvX-Iw A-S-®p-hbv°m≥
k-a-b-am-bn'40 F-∂v A-tacn°-bp-sS k¿-P≥ P-\-
d¬ hneyw sÃ-hm¿-´v 1960I-fn¬ {]-Jym-]n®-Xv s]-
\n-kn-en≥ \¬In-b B-fl-hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚ _-e-
Øn-emWv. "bp-ss\‰Uv tÃ‰v-kn¬\n-∂v ]-I¿-®-
hym-[nI-sf Xp-S-®p-\o-°n-°-gn-™p' F∂m-W-
t±lw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´Xv. A-t±-lw Cu {]-Jym]-
\w \-S-Øp-tºmƒ t\-ctØ ]d™ _m-Œo-cn-b-bp-
sS 90 i-X-am-\w h-I-t`-Z-ßfpw s]-\n-kn-en-s\ sN-
dp°m-\p≈ ti-jn- B¿-÷n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-
bn-cp∂p.41 ssh-Im-sXXs∂ AXn-sem-cn-\w˛˛sa-Yn-
kn√n≥ sd-kn-Ã‚ v ssÃss-^-tem-tIm°kv Hm-
dnbkv˛˛-B-kv-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sm≥ Xp-
Sßn. hm-t\m-ssa-kn≥ F∂ H-scm-‰ B‚n-_-tbm-
ń-°v am-{X-am-Wv A-Xn-s\-Xn-sc ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn-cp-
∂Xv. F-∂m¬ AXn-s\bpw sN-dp-°m≥ti-jn-bp-
≈ _m-Œo-cn-b cw-K-{]-thiw sN-bv-X-Xm-bn 1997˛¬
tSm-tIym-bn-se H-cm-kv-]-{Xn I-s≠Øn.42 am-k-
ßƒ°p-≈n¬ P-∏m-\nse th-td B-dv B-kv-]-{Xn-
I-fn-te-°p-Iq-Sn A-Xp hym]n®p. temI-saßpw
tcm-Km-Wp-°ƒ a-cp-∂n-s\-Xnsc hn-P-b-Øn-te°p
\o-ßp-∂-Xn-s‚ Xp-S-°-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. B-kv-]-
{Xn-I-fn¬\n-∂p ]-I-cp∂ tcm-K-ßƒ aq-ew A-ta-cn-
°-bn¬ am{Xw h¿-jw G-Xm≠v ]-Xn-∂m-em-bn-cam-
fp-Iƒ acn-°p∂p. "c-≠m-gv-N-tØ-°v Zn-h-khpw I-
gn-°m-\p-≈ B‚n_-tbm-ń-°v hnI-k-n∏n-°-tWm,
Zn-h-khpw B-Po-h-\m-¥w I-gn-°m-\p-≈ B‚n-Un-
{]k‚ v hn-I-kn-∏n-°tWm F∂ tNmZyw h-∂m¬
a-cp-∂p-I-º\n-Iƒ kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw c-≠m-a-tØ-
Xm-Wv kzo-I-cn-°p-I. Nn-e B‚n_-tbm-ń-°p-I-fp-
sS i-‡n h¿-[n-∏n-®n-´p-s≠-∂√m-sX Hu-j-[ hy-
h-kmbtemIw 1970 Iƒ°p-ti-jw H-scm-‰ ]pXn-b
B‚n-_-tbm-ń-°v \-ap-°p X-∂n-ń√.' \yq-tbm¿-°-
dn-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn¬ sP-bnw-kv kp-tcm-ho°n
Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p.43
`-bm-\-Iam-b \n- w-K-X-bm-Wv C-°m-cy-Øn¬ \-
Ωƒ ]p-e¿-Øp-∂sX-∂p ]-d-bm-sX h-ø. a‰p ]e
tcm-K-ß-fp-sSbpw aq-e-Imc-Ww _m-ŒocnbI-fm-sW-
∂p I-s≠-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-
Wv Cu Aew-`m-hw F-∂-Xm-Wp {i-t≤-bw. ]-Sn-
™md≥ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se s]¿Øn¬\n-∂p-≈
_m-cn am¿-j¬ F∂ tUm-Œ-dm-Wv _m-Œo-cn-b-I-
sf-°p-dn®p-≈ ]pXn-b I-s≠-Ø-en-\p XpS-°w Ip-
dn-®-Xv. h-b-dn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ ]-e A¿-_p-Z-ßƒ-°pw
]p-Æn\pw Imc-Ww slen-tIm_m-Œ¿ ss]-tem-dn
F∂ _m-Œo-cn-b-am-sW-∂v 1983˛¬ A-t±-lw I-
s≠-Øn. ]cn-tim-[n-®p-d-∏n-°m≥ H-cp {]-bm-k-hp-
an√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Cu B-i-b-Øn-\v km-am-\y
kzo-ImcyX e-`n-°m≥ H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-≠p Im-Øn-cn-
t°-≠n-h-∂p. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-
‰yq´v Hm-^v sl¬-Øv 1994-˛¬ am-{X-amWv Cu I-
s≠-Ø¬ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-ambn i-cn-h-®Xv.44 "c-£-s∏-
Sp-Øm-am-bn-cp∂ \q-dp-I-W-°n\v, As√-¶n¬ B-bn-
c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ A-t∏m-tg-°v h-b-dn-se {h-W-
ßƒ Imc-Ww a-cn-®n-´p-≠mIpw'45 F-∂m-Wv am¿-
j¬ 1999˛¬ "t^m¿-_v-kn'-s‚ dnt∏m¿-´-tdm-Sp ]-d-
™Xv.
A-Wp-_m-[-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-X-s√-∂p-d-∏n-®n-´p-≈
]e tcm-K-ß-fnepw A-Wp-_m[-bv°p ]-¶p-s≠-∂v
A-s√-¶n¬ ]¶p-≠m-Im-sa-∂v Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ ]-e K-
th-j-W-ßfpw sX-fn-bn®p.46 lr-t{ZmKw, B-kv-Xva,
k-‘n-hmXw, aƒń-∏nƒ kvs¢-tdm-kn-kv F-∂p
XpS-ßn Nn-eX-cw am-\knItcm-Kßƒ°pw ]-e
A¿-_p-Z-ßƒ-°pw _m-Œo-cn-b-Iƒ Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p-
s≠∂m-Wv Is≠-Ø¬. F-¥n-\v s]m-Æ-Ø-Sn-°p
]n-∂nepw _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fps≠-∂v A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-h-cp≠v (th-sd-hn-sS-bpa√, {]-i-kv-Xam-b
kb≥-kn-em-Wv C-Xp-kw-_-‘n-® teJ-\w h-∂-
Xv). C-Xns\-sbm-s° t\-cn-Sm≥ ^-e{]Zamb
B‚n-_-tbm-ń-°p-Iƒ A-\n-hm-cy-am-bn h-cp-∂ Im-
ew hnZqca-s√-∂m-Wv kqN-\. ]-t£, B-tcm-Sm-Wn-
Xp ]-d-tb-≠Xv.
\-sΩ-bnß-s\ tcm-Kn-I-fm-°p-∂ _m-Œo-cn-b-

Iƒ°pw tcm-Kw h-cm-dp≠v F-∂-Xm-Wv Aev-]-sam-
cm-izm-kw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv. _m-Œocn-tbm-t^-P-kv
(shdpw t^P-kv F-∂pan-h A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-dp≠v) F-
∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ H-cn-\w ssh-d-km-Wv _m-Œo-cn-bI-
sf _m-[n-°p-∂Xv. hn-Nn-{Xhpw \n-Ir-„-hpam-sbm-
cp km-[-\-am-Wv ssh-d-kv. ("H-cp Ij-Ww \yq-¢n-
b-kn-s\ No-Ø-hm¿-Ø-sIm≠p s]m-Xn-™m¬
sshd-kv Bbn' F-∂m-Wv t\m-_¬ tP-Xm-hv ]o-
‰¿ saUmh¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv).47 _m-Œo-cn-b-I-sf-
°mƒ sN-dp-Xm-Wp ssh-dkv. AXns\-°mƒ e-fn-X-
am-Wp LS-\. kz-¥w \n-e-bv-°p ssh-d-kn-\p Po-h-
\n√. th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Øm¬ \n-jv-{In-b-amW-h, \n-
cp-]-{Z-h-I-c-hpw. F-∂m¬ ]‰nsbm-cp B-Xn-tY-b-\n-
se-Øn-s∏-´m¬ A-Xv Po-h≥-h-®p-W¿-∂p ]-WnXp-
Sßpw. G-Xm-≠v A-øm-bn-cw ssh-d-kpI-sf \-ap-
°-dn-bmw,48 \q-dpIW°n\v tcm-K-ß-fm-W-h-bp-≠m-
°p-∂-Xv. ^v-fqhpw P-e-tZm-jhpw ap-X¬ a-\p-jy-cm-
in-bp-sS t]-Sn-kz-]v-\-am-b h-kq-cnbpw t]-hn-j-_m-
[bpw a-™∏\nbpw F-t_mf-bpw t]mfn-tbmbpw
F-bn-Uv-kpwhsc A-Xn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.
B-Xn-tYb-s‚ Po-h-\p-≈ I-e-I-fnse P-\n-X-

I]-Zm¿-Yw X-ń-sb-Sp-Øm-Wv ssh-d-kp-Iƒ ]p-„n-
{]m-]n-°p-∂Xv. A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-®v- Ah s]‰p s]-cp-
Ip∂p. A-\n-b-{¥n-X-am-bn s]-cp-In- tIm-iw t`-Zn-®p
]pd-ØpNmSpw, F∂n´v A-Xn-{I-an-®p I-S-°m≥ a-
‰p I-eIƒ tX-Sn-bn-d-ßpw. kz-¥w \n-ebv-°p Po-h-
\n√m-ØXp-sIm-≠v ssh-d-kp-Iƒ-°v Xn-I®pw e-fn-
Xam-b LS\ kzoI-cn-°m-\m-Ipw. F®v. sF. hn.
Dƒ-s∏-sS ]e ssh-d-kp-Iƒ°pw ]tØm A-Xn¬
Xmsgtbm Po-\p-I-tf-bp≈q (F-∂m¬ G-‰hpw e-
fn-Xamb _mŒo-cn-b-I-fn¬ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p Po-
\p-I-fp-≠v). \-t∂ sN-dp-Xm-Wh. km[m-c-W ssa-
t{Imkv-tIm-∏p-I-fp-sS I-Æn¬-s∏-Sm-Ø A-hsb
1943˛¬ Ce-t{Œm¨ ssa-t{Imkv-tIm-∏v I-≠p-]n-Sn-
®-t∏m-gm-Wv- im-kv{X-tem-Iw BZy-am-bn Im-Wp-∂-
Xv. h-en-∏w Ip-d-hm-sW-¶nepw A-h-bp-≠m-°p-∂ Zp-
cnX-ßƒ sN-dp-X√. C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ am-{Xw
30 tIm-Sn- B-fp-I-sfbmWv h-kqcn sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n-
bXv.49
A-º-c-∏n-°p∂ ]pXn-sbm-cp cq-]w ]q-≠v {]-Xy-

£-s∏-´v A-tXt]mse t]m-bv-a-d-bm-\p-≈ A-km-
[m-c-Wti-jn-bp-≠v ssh-d-kp-Iƒ°v. AØ-csam-
cp an-∂-em-{I-a-W-Øn¬ 1916˛¬ bq-tdm-∏n-sebpw
A-ta-cn-°-bn-se-bpw P-\-ßƒ-°v hn-Nn-{Xam-sbm-cp
Dd-°-tcm-Kw ]n-Sn-s]´p. F≥-k-^-se-‰n-kv se-
Øm¿-Pn-s° F-∂mW-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-´Xv. tcm-Kw
_m-[n-®-h¿ D-d-ßm≥ t]m-Ipw, ]-ns∂ D-W¿-s∂-
Wo-°n√. D-d-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂-h-sc hen-b {]-
bmkan√m-sX Ip-ep-°n-bp-W¿-Øn `£-Ww \¬-
Im\pw \n-Xy-I¿-a-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-∏n-°m\pw ]-‰pw.
tNm-Zn-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ-°v sX-‰n√m-sX a-dp-]-Snbpw
\¬-Ipw, X-ß-fm-sc∂pw F-¥m-sW-∂p-sa√mw A-
h¿-°-dn-bmw. ]-t£, s]mXpth-sbm-cp D-’m-l-
an√m-bv-abpw D-Zm-ko-\-X-bp-ap-≠m-Ipw. sh-dp-
sX\n¬-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-®m¬ tcm-Kn ho≠pw Km-Vam-
b a-b-°-Øn-te-°p h-gpXn ho-gpw. ho≠pw Ip-
ep-°n-bp-W¿-Øp-∂-Xph-sc Aß-s\ Xp-S-cpw. Nn-
e¿ amk-ß-tfmfw Cu \n-e-bn¬\n-∂v H-Sp-hn¬ a-
c-W-Øn-\p Io-g-Sßn. Np-cp°w Nn-e¿ am{Xw c-£-
s∏´p, ]t£, ]-g-b Du¿-÷-kz-e-X A-h¿-°p Xn-
cn-®pIn-ń-bn√. D-’m-l-an√msX, H-cp- tUm-Œ-dp-sS
hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ "kp-jp-]v-Xn-bn-em-≠ A-
·n-]¿h-Xwt]m-se' A-h-cß-s\ I-gn-™p. ]-Øp
h¿-jwsIm-≠v A-º-Xp e-£-w B-fp-I-fmWv Cu
tcm-Kw h-∂p a-cn-®-Xv.50 ]ns∂b-Xp sa-s√ A-{]-
Xy-£-ambn. Cu hn-Nn-{Xtcm-Kw A-[n-I-Im-ew im-
kv{X-tem-I-Øn-s‚ {i-≤-bn¬ \n-∂n√. Imc-Ww,
A-Xn-epw ò-I-c-amb, H-cp]t£ N-cn-{X-Øn-seX-
s∂ G-‰hpw tam-iam-b ]-I¿-®-hym-[n A-t∏mt-
g°pw temI-sØ hn-gp-ßm≥ Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p.
Cu a-lm-hym-[nsb t{K-‰v sskz≥ ^v-fq ]-I¿-

®hym-[n-sb∂pw t{K-‰v kv-]m-\n-jv ^v-fq ]-I¿-®-
hym-[n-sb∂pw hn-fn-°m-dp≠v. c-≠m-bmepw A-Xnò-
I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. H∂mw tem-I-bp-≤w \m-ep
h¿-jwsIm-≠p sIm∂Xv 210 e-£-w B-fp-I-sf-
bm-Wv. sskz≥ ^v-fq-hn-\v C-{X-bp-am-sf sIm√m≥
\mep-amk-ta th-≠n-h-∂p≈q.51 H∂mw tem-I-bp-≤-
Ime-Øv A-ta-cn-°≥ ]£-Øp≠m-b Bƒ\m-i-
Øn-s‚ 80 i-X-am-\-Øn\pw Imc-Ww i{Xphns‚
sh-Sn-bp-≠-bmbncp-∂n√, ]-I¿-®-∏-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p.
]-\n ]-S¿∂ Nn-e ssk\nI bq-Wn-‰p-I-fn¬ a-c-W-
\nc°v 80 i-X-am-\wh-sc D-b¿∂p.
Xp-S-°-Øn¬ A-km-[m-c-WXzw H-´p-an√m-bn-

cp∂p, sskz≥ ^v-fq-hn\v. am-c-I-a√m-Ø km-[mc-
W ]-I¿-®-∏-\n-bm-bm-Wv 1918˛se h-k-¥-Ime-Øv
A-Xp s]m-ń-∏p-d-s∏-´Xv. ]-t£, F-ßs\tbm
hcpwam-k-ß-fne-Xv amc-Itcm-K-am-bn cq-]-s∏´p.
tcm-Km-Wp-hns‚ Cu cq-]-]-c-nWm-aw F-t∏mƒ
FhnsSh-®m-bn-cp-s∂-∂v B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√. ]-\n]n-
Sn-®-h-cn¬ A©n-sem-∂m-fpIƒ-°v hen-b Ipg-∏-
sam-∂p-an√m-bn-cp∂p, A-]-I-S-Im-cn-b√m-Ø km[m-
c-W ]\n. F-∂m¬ _m-°n-bp-≈-h-¿ Kp-cp-X-c-m-h-
ÿ-bn-te-°p \oßn. Nne¿ ]-\n ]n-Sn-®p a-Wn-°q-
dp-Iƒ°-Iw a-cn®p. Nn-e¿ G-Xm\pw Zn-h-kw ]n-
Sn®p\n-∂p.
t_m-kv-‰-Wn-se \m-hn-I-¿-°nSbn¬ 1918 B-K-kv-

‰n-s‚ A-h-km-\-amWv Cu ]-\n-aqew A-ta-cn-°-
bn¬ B-Zy-a-c-W-ap-≠m-bXv. ssh-Im-sXb-Xv
cmPyØn-s‚ a-‰p `m-K-ß-fn-te°pw ]-S¿-∂p. A-
tXmsS kv-Iq-fp-Iƒ A-S-®n´p, hn-t\m-ZtI-{μ-ßƒ
Xp-d-°m-sX-bmbn. \m-´p-Im¿ ]p-d-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒ
apJwaq-Sn [-cn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. ]t£, AXp-sIm-
s≠m∂pw hen-b {]-tbm-P-\-ap≠m-bn√. 1918-˛se
i-c-Xv-Im-e-Øn\pw A-Sp-Ø h¿j-sØ h-k-¥-Im-
eØn-\p-an-S-bv-°v A-ta-cn-°-bn¬am-{Xw 548,452
t]¿ ]-\n-]n-Sn®p a-c-n®p. {_n-´-\n-se a-c-W-kw-Jy
2,20,000. G-Xm-≠n-{X-bp-am-fp-Iƒ {^m≥-knepw P¿-
a-\n-bn-epw a-cn-®p. temI-Øv sam-Øw F-{X-bm-fp-
Iƒ a-c-W-a-S-s™∂Xn-\v Ir-Xyam-b I-W-°n√.
Imc-Ww, ]-e aq∂mwtem-Icm-Py-ß-fnepw IW-
s°-Sp-∏v k-a-{K-am-bn-cp-∂n√. G-Xm-bmepw A-Xv 20
aney-Wn¬ Ip-d-bn-s√∂p-d-∏mWv. Nn-e-t∏m-fXv 50
aney¨h-sc F-Øm-\p-an-S-bp-≠v. 100 aneyWmfp-I-
sf-¶n-epw a-cn-®n-´p-s≠-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v.
]-I¿-®-∏-\n-°p {]Xn-tcm-[Ip-Øn-hbv-∏p I-≠p-
]n-Sn-°m≥ t_m-kv-‰¨ lm¿-_-dn-se Uo¿ sF-
e‚n-se X-S-hp-Im-cp-sS Iq-´-Øn-ep-≈ k∂-≤mw-
Kßƒ°p ta-emWv A-[n-Ir-X¿ ]-co-£-W-ßƒ
\-S-Øn-bXv.52 ]-co-£-W]c-º-c I-gn-™n´pw Po-h-
t\m-sS- _m-°n-bp-s≠-¶n¬ P-bn-en¬\n∂p
tamNn∏n-°m-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p hm-Kv-Zm-\w. G-‰hpw an-
X-am-bn-∏-d-™m¬ AXn-ITn\am-bn-cp∂p, Cu ]-co-
£-W-ßƒ. tcm-Kw _m-[n-®p a-c-W-a-S-™-h-cp-sS
izm-k-tIm-i-Øn¬\n-s∂-Sp-Ø I-e-Iƒ X-S-hp-Im-
cn¬ Ip-Øn-hbv°p-I-bm-Wv BZyw sN-øp-I. A-
Wp-_m-[-bp-≈ {Zmh-Iw I-Ænepw aq-°nepw hm-bn-
epw No-‰p-I-bm-Wv A-Sp-Ø ]Sn. F-∂n´pw _m-°n-
bm-hp-I-bm-sW¶n¬, k-∂-≤`-S-∑m-cp-sS sXm-≠
tcm-K-_m-[-bp-≈-h-cn¬\n-∂p-≈ {khw-sIm≠p \-
\-bv-°pw. AXpw ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´m¬ hm-bpw Xp-d-∂n-
cn-°m≥ ]-d-bpw, F∂n´v tcm-KnI-sf h-cp-Øn B
Xp-d-∂ hm-bn-te-°p t\m-°n Np-a-bv-°m≥ ]-dbpw.
ap-∂q-dpt]-cm-Wv C-Xn\p k∂-≤-X {]-I-Sn-∏n-s®-

Øn-bXv. A-Xn¬ 62 t]-sc tUm-Œ¿-am¿ ]-co-£-W-
Øn-\p Xn-c-s™-SpØp. A-Xn-i-b-sa-∂√msX-¥p-
]-d-bm≥ A-Xn-em¿-°pw, H-scm-‰-bmƒ-°pw, tcm-Kw
h-∂n√. tcm-Kw ]n-Sn-s]-´ Htc-sbm-cmƒ hm¿-Un-
se tUm-Œ-dmWv, A-t±-lw ssh-Im-sX a-c-W-a-S-
bp-IbpwsN-bvXp. F¥p-sIm-≠n-Xp kw-`-hn-®p F-
∂- tNm-Zy-Øn\v im-kv{X-tem-Iw \¬-Ip∂ D-Ø-
cw ]-I¿-®∏-\n G-Xm-\p-am-gv-N-Iƒ-°p apºv Cu
X-S-h-d-bn-eq-sS I-S∂p-t]m-bn-cp-s∂-∂-XmWv. A-∂-
Xn¬\n-∂p c-£s∏-´-h-cm-Wv Cu X-S-hp-Im¿. tcm-K-
Øn¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ kzm-`mhnI {]Xn-tcm-
[i-‡n A-h¿ B¿-÷n-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.
A∂sØ Cu ]-I¿-®-∏-\n-bp-sS c-l-ky-ßƒ

Im-cyam-sbm∂pw \ap°-dn-bn√ F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-
Xp-X. H-∂p-a-dn-bn√ F-∂p ]-d-™m¬-t]mepw sX-
‰n√. tem-Iw ap-gp-h≥ H-‰-b-Sn-°v F-ß-s\b-Xp ]-
S¿-∂p]n-Sn-®p F-∂-Xm-Wv B-Zy-sØ k-aky. k-
ap-{Z-ßfpw ]¿-h-X-\n-c-Ifpwt]m-ep-≈ {]-Ir-Xn-bp-
sS X-S- -ßƒ a-dn-IS-∂v F-ß-s\-bh sRm-Sn-bn-S-
bn¬ F√m-bn-S-Øp-saØn? B-Xn-tY-b-cp-sS i-co-c-
Øn-\p ]pd-Øv G-Xm\pw a-Wn-°qdp-Iƒ am-{X-ta
ssh-d-kn-\p I-gn-bm-\mIq. A-t∏m-sg-ß-s\-bmW-Xv
H-tc Bgv-N am-{Un-Unepw t_mw-s_-bnepw ^n-em-
U¬-^n-b-bnepw F-Øn-s∏´Xv?
h-en-b tcm-Ke-£-W-sam∂pw Im-Wn-°m-Ø, A-
s√-¶n¬ tcm-K-e-£W-ßƒ H-´p-an√m-Ø Nn-e-cp-sS
i-co-c-Øn¬ Ib-dn s]-‰p-s]-cp-In-bmhpw ssh-d-
kpIƒ H-cp]t£ tem-I-saßpw ]-c-∂-Xv. G-Xp
]-I¿-®-∏-\n-bp-sS - Im-eØpw e-£W-ß-sfm∂pw
Im-Wn-°msX, ]-\n-bp-s≠-∂pt]mepw Xncn®-dn-bm-
sX, A-kz-ÿX-I-sfm-∂p-an√msX ]-\n-bp-am-bn \-
S-°p-∂ ]-Øpi-X-am-\-am-fp-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. a-‰p-≈-h-
cp-am-bn- CS-]-g-Ip-∂ C-h-cm-Wv ]-I¿®hym-[n-bp-sS
G-‰hpw hen-b {]-Nm-cI¿.
A-∂-sØ-bo ]-I¿-®∏-\n tem-Iw ap-gp-h≥ ]-

c∂-Xv H-cp]-t£ Cßs\-bm-bn-cn-°mw. ]-t£,
s]m-Sp∂-s\ kv-t^m-S-\m-fl-I-am-bn \m-iw hn-
Xbv°pwap-ºv A-Xn-s\ß-s\ B-cp-a-dn-bm-sX H-Xp-
ßn-°-gn-bm-\m-bn F-∂ tNmZy-Øn-\v D-Ø-c-an√.
\n-Kq-Vam-b a-s‰m-cp Imcyw Cu ^v-fq-hn-\v C-cbm-
b-h-cn-te-sdbpw Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ kp-h¿-W-Im-e-Øp-
≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p F∂-XmWv. Ip-ń-I-sfbpw {]m-b-
am-b-h-sc-bp-amWv km-[m-c-W ]-I¿-®∏\n G‰hpw
ITn-\-am-bn _m-[n-°p-∂Xv. F-∂m¬ 1918˛se ]-
I¿-®-∏-\n-bp-sS C-c-I-fnte-sd-bpw C-cp-]-Xp-I-fnepw
ap-∏-Xp-I-fn-ep-ap-≈ sN-dp-∏-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p.
apºp≠m-b ]-I¿-®-hym-[n-I-fn¬\n-∂m¿-÷n-®
{]Xn-tcm-[ti-jn-bm-bn-cn°-Ww {]m-b-am-b-h-¿-°p
c-£-bm-bXv. ]t£, Ip-ńI-sf sh-dp-sXhn´-Xv
F¥psIm-s≠-∂-dn-bn√. km-[m-c-W ]-I¿-®-∏-\n-
Iƒ hen-b Ip-g-∏-ap-≠m-°msX I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-
tºmƒ 1918˛se ]-I¿-®∏-\n am{Xw C-{Xbpw ò-I-c-
am-bsX¥p-sIm-≠v F-∂-Xm-Wv G-‰hpw \n-KqVw.
A-Xn-s‚ DØ-cw C-t∏mgpw \-ap-°-dn-bn√.
Nn-e Pm-Xn ssh-d-kp-Iƒ hen-b C-S-th-f-bv-

°pti-jw Xn-cn-s®-Øn \m-iw hn-X-bv-°p-∂-Xpw Zp-
cq-l-amWv. F-®v1 F≥1 F-∂ d-jy≥ ssh-d-kv
1933˛¬ hen-sbm-cp hn-`m-Kw {]-tZi-Øv ]-S¿-∂p-]n-
Sn-®p. ]n-s∂ 1950Ifn¬ A-Xm-h¿-Øn®p, A-Xn-\p-
ti-jw 1970 I-fn¬ h-∂p. B-{I-a-W-Øn-s‚ CSth-
f-I-fn¬ A-sX-hn-sS-t∏m-sbm-fn-®p-sh-∂v B¿-°p-a-
dn-bn√. ]p-Xp-X-e-apdbn-se a-\p-jy¿-°p t\-tc Xn-
cnbpw ap-ºv A-Xv B-cp-a-dn-bm-sX h-\yar-K-ß-fn¬
H-fn-®pI-gn-bp-I-bm-bn-cps∂-∂m-Wv H-c-`n-{]mbw. A-
ß-s\-bmsW-¶n¬, ]-g-b t{K-‰v sskz≥ ]-I¿-®-
hym-[n C-\nbpw X-e-s]m-°m-\p-≈ km[y-X
B¿°pw X-≈n-°-f-bm-\m-In√.
AY-hm C\n A-Xp Xn-cn-s®-Øn-bn-s√-
¶n¬t]mepw a-‰p- ]-eXpw -hcm\p≈ km-[y-X-bp-
≠v. ò-I-c-∑mcm-b Nne ssh-d-kp-Iƒ C-S-bv°n-sS
X-es]m-°m-dpap≠v. F-t_m-f, em-k, am¿-_¿-Kv
ô-h¿ Xp-S-ßn ]-eXpw CSbv°n-sS B-fn°-Øn
]n-s∂ sI-´-S-ßp-I-bm-Wp ]-Xnhv. A-I-se-sbhn-
sSsb-¶nepw H-Xp-ßn-°-gn™v cq-]-]-cn-WmaØneq-
sS I-cp-Øm¿-÷n-°p-Ib√, C-t∏m-g-h F∂-Xn-\v H-
cp-d-∏p-an√. A-Xs√-¶n¬ i-‡-am-bn Xn-cn-®-Sn-°m≥
A-hk-cw ]m-Øp I-gn-bp-I-bm-bn-cn-°mw. \-Ωƒ I-
cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-epw F{X-tbm-ap-ºv F-bn-Uv-kv C-hn-
sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂v G-Xm-≠p hy‡-am-bn-°gn-
™p. Nn-In-’-bn√m-sØm-cp Zpcql A-kp-Jw h-
∂v 1959˛¬ a-c-W-aS™ H-cp \m-hnI-\v b-Ym¿-Y-
Øn¬ F-bn-Uv-kv B-bn-cp-s∂-∂v am©-kv-‰¿ tdm-
b¬ C≥-^¿-a-dn-bn-se K-th-j-I¿ I-s≠-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v.53 Imc-W-sa-¥m-bmepw ]ns∂-sbm-cp C-cp]-
Xp h¿-j-tØ-s°-¶nepw A-Xv \n»–-am-bn H-Xp-
ßn°-gn-™p.
A-°q-´-Øn-ep≈ a-‰p tcm-K-ßƒ ]-e-t∏mgpw A-

\n-b-{¥n-X-am-bn ]-Scmdn-s√-∂-Xm-Wv a-s‰m-c-¤pXw.
]-Sn-™m-d≥ B-{^n-°-bn¬ 1969˛¬ B-Zy-am-bn I-
s≠-Øn-b em-km ]-\n A-Xyp-{K-amWv, A-{XX-s∂
A-⁄mX-hp-am-W-Xn-s‚ Im-cy-ßƒ. 1969˛¬ I-W-
Œn-°-ńse \yq-lm-h-\n-se tb¬ k¿-h-I-emim-em
em-_n-¬ em-km ]-\n-sb-°p-dn-®p ]Tn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p∂ H-cp tUm-Œ¿-°v B A-kp-Jw ]n-Sn-s]´p.54
]-t£, A-t±-lw c-£-s∏-´p. sXm-´-Sp-Ø em-_n¬
Cu tcm-Km-Wp-°-fp-am-bn k-º¿-°-sam-∂p-an√m-
Xncp∂ H-cp sS-Iv-\o-jy\pw em-k ]n-Sn-s]´p. A-t±-
lw a-c-W-a-S-bp-IbpwsN-bvXp.
`m-Ky-Øn-\v A-X-hn-sS A-h-km-\n®p. ]-t£, F-

t∏mgpw Aßs\ `mKyw Xp-W-bv°W-sa-∂n√. ]-
I¿-®hym-[nI-sf £-Wn-®ph-cp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv \-Ωp-
sS Po-hn-X-ssi-en. tcm-Kß-sf `q-an-bp-sS G-Xp- `m-
KØpw A\mbm-k-sa-Øn-°m≥ hn-am-\-bm-{X k-
lm-bn-°p∂p. s_-\n-\n¬ H-cp Znhkw {]-Xy-£-
s∏-´ F-t_mf ssh-d-kn\v \yq-tbm¿°ntem lmw-
_¿Kntem s\bv-tdm-_n-bnen-tem A-s√-¶n¬ aq-
∂p ÿ-eØpw H-cp-ant®m A-\m-bmkw F-Øn-s∏-
Smw. tem-I-Øn-s‚ G-sXm-cp tIm-Wn-¬ ]-I¿-®-
hym-[n s]m-ń∏pds∏-´mepw A-Xp t\-cn-Sm≥ \-Ωp-
sS ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X hn-`m-Kw k-Zm k÷-cm-bn-cn°-
Ww F-∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw. ]-t£, A-ß-s\b√, Im-
cy-ßƒ. jn°mtKm-bn¬ I-gn-bp-∂ H-cp ss\-Po-cn-
b-°m-c≥ 1990˛¬ P-∑-\m-ń¬ sN-∂t∏mƒ emk
sshd-kv ]n-Sn-IqSn.55 ]t£, A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ Xn-
cn-s®Øpwhsc A-t±-l-Øn¬ A-Xn-s‚ e£-W-
sam∂pw {]-Xy-£-s∏-ń√. A-kpJsa-s¥-∂p I-
≠p-]n-Sn°pwap-ºpX-s∂ jn°m-tKm-bn-se H-cm-kv-
]-{Xnbn¬h®v A-t±-lw a-cn®p. A-Xn-th-Kw ]-S-cp-
∂ am-c-Iam-sbm-cp tcm-K-amW-t±-l-sØ _m-[n-®-
sX-∂ Imcyw B-cp-a-dn-™n√. A-ß-s\-bp≈ tcm-
Knsb Nn-In’n-°p-tºm-sg-Sp-t°-≠ ap-≥-I-cp-X-
sem∂pw B-cp-sa-Sp-Øp-an√. A¤p-X-sa∂-√m-sX-
¥p ]-d-bm≥. th-dm¿°pw tcm-Kw ]n-Sn-®n√. Cu
`mKyw A-Sp-Ø Xh-W-bp-≠m-I-W-sa-∂n√.
Ku-c-h-{i-≤-b¿-ln-°p-∂ Cu-sbm-cp {]-kv-Xmh-

\-tbm-sS \-ap-°v Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ Po-hn-I-fp-sS
Im-cy-ß-fn-te-°p I-S-°mw.
Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ 1 eq-bn ]m-kv-N¿ A-ß-s\-bm-bn-

cp∂p. a-lm\mb B {^-©v im-kv-{X-⁄≥ `£-
Ww hnf-ºn ap-∂n-se-Øn-®m¬ BZyw `q-X-°-Æm-
Sn sh-s®m∂p ]cn-tim[n-°pw: _n-Uv¬, F ô¬-
Uv ssK-Uv Sp Z C≥-hn-kn-_vƒ, t]-Pv 16.
2 \√ B-tcm-Ky-hm\pw km-am\yw ip-NnXzw ]m-
en-°p-∂-bm-fp-am-Wv \nß-sf-¶n¬ tZl-Øv G-Xm-
s≠m-cp Hcp {Sney¨ _m-Œo-cn-b-bp-≠mIpw
Ct∏mƒ: B-jv
t{Im-^v‰v, sse-^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-kv-{Sowkv, t]Pv

248. am¿-Kyp-en-kv B≥-Uv kmK≥,
Km¿U≥ Hm-^v ssa-t{Im-_n-b¬ Un-sse-‰vkv,

t]Pv 4.
3 Z-l-\hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ am-{Xw \m-\q-dn-\-ß-fn¬-

s∏-´ Hcp tIm-Sn-t°m-Sn kq-£v-am
Wp-°-fp-≠v: _n-Uv¬, F ô¬-Uv ssK-Uv Sp Z

C≥-hn-kn-_vƒ, t]-Pv 57.
4 kv-ss]-tdm-s°-‰ns\-t∏m-se a-‰p Nn-e-Xn-\v {]-

tXy-I ]Wn-sb-s¥-¶n-ep-ap-≈Xm-b-dn-bn√: \m-j-
W¬ tPym-{K-^nIv, _m-Œo-cn-b, 1993 Hm-K-kv‰v, t]-
Pv 51.
5 a-\p-jyi-co-c-Øn¬ 10 Izm-{Un-ey≥ tIm-i-ß-

fp-s≠-∂m-Wv I-W°v, ]-t£, A-Xn-Yn-I-fm-sb-
Øp-∂ _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fp-sS F-Æw 100 Izm-{Un-ey≥
h-cpw: am¿Kyp-en-kv B≥-Uv kmK≥, ssa-t{Im-
tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 67.
6 ]t£, A-h-cn√m-sX H-cp Zn-hkw-t]mepw I-gn-

bm≥ \-ap-°m-hn√: \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSwkv, {^w _¿-
Øv, Hu-h¿ t_m-Un lu-kkv F ssa-t{Im-_v
kq, 1996 HtŒm-_¿ 15, t]-Pv c -3.
7 I-S-en-se B¬-K-Ifpw kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fp-w H-

cp h¿-jw 150 _ney¨ In-tem{Kmw Hm-Iv-kn-P-\m-
Wv Ip-an-f-I-fm-bn ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂-Xv: am¿-Kyp-en-kv
B≥-Uv kmK≥, Km¿U≥ Hm-^v ssa-t{Im-_n-b¬
Un-sse-‰vkv, t]-Pv 11.
8 Km-Mv-{Ko≥ F-∂ {h-Ww kr-„n-°p-∂ t¢m-

kv-{So-Un-bw s]¿-{^n≥-P≥-kv F-∂ _m-Œocnb
shdpw Hº-Xp an-\n‰p-sIm-≠m-Wv k-¥-Xn-I-sf-bp-
≠m-°p-∂-Xv: HuSvssk-Uv, 1999 Pq-sse, t]-Pv 88.
9 B I-W-°p-sh®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ H-scm-‰ _m-Œo-

cn-b-w c-≠p Zn-hkw-sIm-≠p s]‰ps]-cp-In-bp-≠m-
Ip-∂ A-\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-I-fp-sS FÆw Cu {]-]-
©-Øn-se t{]mt´m-Wp-I-fp-sS F-Æ-sØ-°mƒ Iq-
Sp-X¬ h-cpw: am¿-Kyp-en-kv B≥-Uv kmK≥, ssa-
t{Im-tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv 75.
10 B-h-iy-Øn-\v t]m-j-Iw e-`n-®m¬ H-scm-‰

_m-Œo-cn-bm tIm-iw H-‰-Zn-hkwsIm≠v 280,000
_ney¨ _m-Œo-cn-b-Iƒ-°p P-∑w \¬-Ipw: Z
Upth, F ssKU-Uv Sq¿ Hm^v Z en-hn-Mv sk¬,
hm-eyw 2, t]-Pv 320.
11 H-scm-‰ P-\n-X-IP-em-i-b-Øn-em-Wv _m-Œo-cn-

b-Iƒ \o-¥n-Øp-Sn-°p-∂-sX-∂mWv am¿-Kyp-enkpw
km-K\pw C-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv: am¿-Kyp-en-
kv B≥-Uv kmK≥, ssa-t{Im-tImkv-tamkv, t]-Pv
16.
12 Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se im-kv-{X-⁄¿ X-tbm-_m-

kn√-kv tIm¨-s{I‰n-thm-d≥-kv F-s∂m-cn-\w kq-
£va-Po-hnI-sf I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v: tU-hnkv, ^n-
^v-Øv an-d°nƒ, t]-Pv 145.
13 Nn-e cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ hmin-tbm-sS hn-L-

Sn-∏n-°p-∂ kq-£v-am-Wp-°-fp≠v, AXpsIm-≠v A-
hbvs°-s¥-¶n-epw {]-tbm-P-\-ap-≈-Xm-bn B¿-°p-
a-dn-bn√: \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^nIv, _m-Œo-cn-b, 1993
Hm-K-kv‰v, t]-Pv 39.
14 ò-I-c-kn-\n-a-I-fn-se a-c-W-an√m-Ø P-¥p-hn-

s\-t∏m-se Un.F≥.F. i-I-e-ßƒ Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂v ]-
g-b cq-]-Øn-em-Ipw: C-°-tWm-an-kv‰v, lyq-a≥ Pn-
t\mw k¿-th, 2000 Pqsse 1, t]-Pv 9.
15 hm-bp-\n-_-≤-am-bS-®v c-≠p-h¿-j-°m-ew N-{μ-

\n¬ sh-® Iym-a-d-bpsS se≥kn¬ \n-∂m-W-Xn-
s\ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv: tU-hnkv, ^n-^v-Øv an-d-°nƒ,
t]-Pv 146.
16 C-h-bnß-s\ A-hn-{iaw \-S-Øp-∂ I-c-≠p-

Xn-∂¬ Im-c-W-am-Wv `q-h¬-°w cq]s∏-´-sX∂p-
t]mepw ]-d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v: \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSwkv, _-
Kv-kv sj-bv-]v em≥-Uv-kv-tI-]v sa-bv-Iv tKmƒ-U,v
1996 H-tŒm-_¿ 15, c1.
17 `q-an-°-Sn-bn-ep-≈ ap-gp-h≥ _m-Œo-cn-b-I-sf-

bpw Xp-c-s∂-Sp-Øv ]p-d-Øn-´m¬ 15 ao-‰¿ I-\-Øn¬
A-Xp `q-an-sb aqSpw F-∂m-Wv tIm¿-W¬ k¿-h-I-
em-im-ebnse tXma-kv tKmƒ-Uv ]-d-bp-∂-Xv: Un-
kv-I-h¿, 1999 Pq-sse, t]-Pv 82.
18 A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰hpw Du¿-÷-kz-e¿t]m-epw
\q-‰m≠n-sem-cn-°-em-Ipw kz-bw hn-`-Pn-°p-I: k-
b‚n-^n-Iv A-ta-cn°≥, ssa-t{Im-_v-kv Uo-]v C≥-
ssk-Uv Z F¿-Øv, 1996 H-tŒm_¿, t]-Pv 71.
19 H∂pw sN-øm-Xn-cn-°p-I-sb∂Xm-bn-cn°-Ww
Zo¿-Lm-bp- n-s‚ c-l-kyw: C-°tWm-an-kv‰v, F¿-Øv-
kv ln-U≥ sse-^v, 1996 Un-kw-_¿ 21, t]-Pv 112.
20 118 h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap-≈ C-d-®n-∏m-{X-Øn¬\n-

∂pw 116 h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap≈ _n-b¿Ip-∏n-
bn¬\n∂pw im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]-c-am-Wp°-sf ]p-\-cp-
÷o-hn-∏n-®n-´p≠v: t\®¿, F sI-bv-kv Hm-^v _m-
Œo-cn-b¬ C-tΩm¿-´m-en-‰n, 2000 H-tŒm-_¿ 19, t]Pv
844.
21 ssk-_o-cn-b≥ a-™p-]m-fn-I-fn¬ ap∏-Xp e-

£w h¿-jw a-c-hn-®p-InS-∂ _mŒo-cn-bI-sf ]p-
\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-®-Xm-bn: C-°-tWm-an-kv‰v, F¿Øvkv
ln-U≥ sse^v 1996 Un-kw-_¿ 21, t]-Pv 111.
22 {]m-b-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn-se sd-t°m¿-Uv CXn-
s\m-∂p-a√: \yq-k-b‚nÃv, …o-∏nMv _yq-ń, 2000 H-
tŒm-_¿ 21 t]-Pv 12.
23 ]cn-tim-[n-® km-ºn-ƒ a-en-\-am-bn-°m-Wpw:

_n._n.kn. \yqkv Hm¨-sse≥, tdm Hm-h¿ B≥-
jy‚ v _m-Œo-cn-b, 2001 Pq¨ 7.
24 _m-Œo-cn-bI-sf k-ky-ß-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn-em-Wv

s]-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂-XvXv: am¿-Kypen-kv B≥-Uv
kmK≥, Km¿U≥ Hm-^v ssa-t{Im-_n-b¬ Unsse-
‰vkv, t]-Pv 22.
25 h¿-Ko-I-c-W-Ønse Cu t]m-cm-bv-a-Iƒ \n-

I-Øm≥ tIm¿-W-en¬\n-∂p-≈ ]cn-ÿn-Xn im-kv-
{X-⁄≥ B¿. F®v. hn-t‰-°¿ 1969˛¬ kb-≥kv
tP-W-en-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn-eq-sS H-cp {i-aw \-S-
Øn: am¿-Kyp-enkv B≥-Uv kmK≥, Km¿U≥ Hm-^v
ssa-t{Im-_n-b¬ Un-sse-‰vkv, t]Pv 23.
26 c-≠pe-£w C-\w Po-hn-Iƒ A-Xn-ep-s≠∂p

]-d-bp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v: am¿-Kyp-enkv B≥-Uv kmK≥,
Km¿U≥ Hm-^v ssa-t{Im-_n-b¬ Un-sse-‰vkv, t]-
Pv 24.
27 A-∂v A-™q-dn-\w _m-Œo-cn-b-I-sf-°p-dn-®p

am-{X-ta A-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q F∂v thm-kv ]-d-bp-
∂p: \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSwkv, ssa-t{Im-_n-b¬ sse-^v-
kv sÃ-Uv^m-Ãv Nm-ºy≥, 1996 H-tŒm-_¿ 15, t]Pv
c3
28 sam-Øw _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fn¬ H-cp i-X-am\-sØ

am-{X-ta ]-co-£-W-im-e-I-fn¬ hf¿-Øn-sb-Sp-
°m≥ ]-‰p-I-bp-≈q: k-b≥kv, ssa-t{Im-_-tbm-f-
Pn-kv-‰v-kv F-Iv-kv-tπm¿ sse-^v-kv dn-®v ln-U≥ In-
Mv-Uw-kv, 1997 am¿-®v 21, t]-Pv 1740.
29 ar-K-im-e-bn¬-t∏m-bn P-¥p-°-sf∏-‰n ]Tn-°p-

∂Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wn-sX-∂m-Wv thmkv ]-d-bp-∂Xv:
\yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSwkv, ssa-t{Im-_n-b¬ sse-^v-kv
sÃ-Uv-^m-Ãv Nm-ºy≥, 1996 H-tŒm-_¿ 15, t]Pv c7.
30 thm-kv I-Sp-Ø \n-cm-i-bn-e-I-s∏-´p F-∂m-Wv:

B-jv-t{Im-^v-‰v, sse^v A-‰v Z F-Iv-kv-{Sowkv, t]-
Pv 274˛5.
31 ù-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-sØ-t∏m-seX-s∂ Po-h-im-
kv-{Xhpw ]pXn-sbm-cp Xe-Ønte°p I-S-∂p I-
gn-™p: s{]m-ko-Un-Mvkv Hm-^v Z \m-j-W¬ A-
°mZan Hm-^v k-b≥kkv, Un-t^mƒ-´v SmIv-tkm-
W-an, G¨-kv-‰v sa-tb-gv-kv hyp Hm-^v Z ssa-
t{Im_n-b¬ thƒ-Uv, 1998 sk-]v-‰w-_¿ 15.
32 Po-h-im-kv-{X]-cn-ioe-\w e-`n-®n-ń√mØ thm-

kn-\v h¿-Ko-I-c-W- XØz-ß-fn¬ hen-b ]n-Sn-]m-
Sn√m-Ø-XmWv Cu {]-iv-\-ßƒ-°p Im-c-W-sa-∂pw:
s{]m-ko-Un-Mvkv Hm-^v Z \m-j-W¬ A-°mZan Hm-
^v k-b≥-kkv, Sp Fw-]-tb-gvkv Hm¿ {Xo?, 1998 Hm-
K-kv-‰v 18.
33 Po-h-tem-I-sØ 23 {][m-\ im-J-I-fn¬ aq-

s∂Æw—k-ky-ßfpw P¥p-°-fpw ^w-K-kp-I-
fpw—am-{X-am-Wv a-\p-jy-\v IÆp-sIm-≠p Im-Wm-
hp-∂-Xv: tjm-]v^v, {Im-Uv¬ Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv
106.
34 temI-sØ ap-gp-h≥ Po-h-]n-fi-hp-sa-Sp-

Øm¬—k-ky-ß-fpƒ-s∏-sS Po-h-\p-≈ F√m-‰n-s\-
bpw—A-Xn¬ 80 i-X-am-\hpw kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fm-bn-
cn-°p-sa-∂v: \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSwkv, ssa-t{Im-_n-b¬
sse-^v-kv sÃ-Uv-^mÃv Nm-ºy≥, 1996 H-tŒm-_¿
15, t]Pv c7.
35 tem-I-Øn-te-‰hpw A-{I-am-k-‡-am-bn ]-I-cp-

∂ _m-Œo-cn-bamb thmƒ-_m°nb a-\p-jy-s\ D-
]-{Z-hn-°m-td-bn√: t\®¿, thmƒ-_m-°n-b: F sS-
bv¬ Hm^v skIvkv B≥-Uv k¿-ssh-h¬, 2001 sa-
bv 11, t]-Pv 109.
36 B-bn-cw kq-£v-am-Wp-°-sf-sb-Sp-Øm¬
AXn-sem-∂p-am-{X-am-Wv a\p-jy-\v tcm-K-ap-≠m-°p-
∂-sX-∂v : \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^n-Iv, _m-Œo-cn-b,
1993 Hm-K-kv‰v, t]Pv 39.
37 ]m-›mXy-tem-I-sØ sIm-e-bm-fn-I-fn¬
aq∂mw ÿm-\-ap≠v kq-£v-a-Po-hn -Iƒ°v: HuSv-
ssk-Uv, 1999 Pq-sse, t]-Pv 88.
38 ò-I-c-amw-hn-[w ]-S¿-∂p-]n-Sn-® [m-cm-fw ]-I¿-

®-hym-[n-I-ƒ N-cn-{X-Øn¬ [m-cm-fap≠v. ]-eXpw h-
∂-t]m-se \n-Kq-V-am-bn A-{]-Xy-£-am-hp-IbpwsN-
bvXp: U-b-a¨-Uv, K¨-kv, tPw-kv B≥-Uv Ão¬,
t]-Pv 208.
39 _m-Œo-cn-b-bp-≠m-°p-∂ {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬ G-
‰hpw ò-I-chpw A-\n-b{¥n-X-hpw s\t{Im-ss´-kn-
Mv ^m-kn‰n-kv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tcm-K-amWv.
ChnsS tcm-Kn-sb AI-Øp \n-∂p Xn-∂p-Xo¿-°p-
I-bm-Wp _m-Œo-cn-b: K-hm≥sU, tImw-πn-
t°j≥kv, t]-Pv 234.
40 ]-I¿-®-hym-[n-I-fp-sS ]p-kvX-Iw A-S-®phbv-

°m≥ k-a-b-am-bn: \yqtbm¿°¿, t\m t{]m-^n‰v,
t\m Iyq¿, 2001 \-hw_¿ 5, t]-Pv 46.
41 A-t±-l-w Cu {]-Jym]-\w \-S-Øp-tºmƒ t\-

c-tØ ]-d-™ _m-Œo-cn-b-bp-sS 90 i-X-am-\w h-I-
t`-Z-ßfpw s]-\n-kn-en-s\ sN-dp-°m-\p-≈ ti-jn
bm¿-÷n®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p: C-°-
tWm-an-kv‰v, Un-ko-kv ss^‰vkv _m-°v, 1995 sa-bv
20, t]-Pv 15.
42 F-∂m¬ A-Xn-s\bpw sN-dp-°m≥ ti-jn-bp-
≈ _m-Œo-cn-b cw-K-{]-th-iw sNbvXXm-bn 1997˛¬
tSm-tIym-bn-se H-cm-kv-]-{Xn I-s≠-Øn: t_m-kv-
‰¨ t•m_v, ssa-t{Im_v Cu-kv ^n-tb-Uv Sp _n
hn-∂n-Mv _m-‰v¬ FK≥-Ãv B‚n-_-tbmńIv, 1997
sa-bv 30, t]-Pv A7.
43 \yq-tbm¿-°-dn-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn¬ sP-

bnw-kv kp-tcm-ho-°n Nq≠n-°m-Wn°p-∂p: \yq-
tbm¿°¿, t\m t{]m-^n‰v, t\m Iyq¿, 2001 \-
hw_¿ 5, t]-Pv 46.
44 A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq´v Hm-^v

sl¬-Øv 1994-˛¬ am{X-amWv Cu I-s≠-Ø¬ Hu-
]-Nm-cn-I-ambn i-cn-sh-®-Xv: C-°-tWm-an-kv‰v, _-Kv-
Uv ss_ Un-ko-kv, 1998 am¿-®v 21, t]-Pv 93.
45 c-£-s∏-Sp-Øm-am-bn-cp∂ \q-dp-I-W-°n\v, A-
s√-¶n¬ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ A-t∏m-tg-°v h-
b-dn-se {h-W-ßƒ Imc-Ww a-cn-®n-´p-≠m-Ipw:
t^m¿-_v-kv, Up sPwkv tIm-kv Im≥-k¿, 1999 \-
hw-_¿ 15, t]Pv 195.
46 A-Wp-_m-[-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-X-s√-∂p-d-∏n-®n-´p-
≈ ]e tcm-K-ß-fnepw A-Wp_m[bv-°p ]-¶p-s≠-
∂v A-s√-¶n¬ ]¶p-≠m-Im-sa-∂v Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ ]-e
K-thj-W-ßfpw sX-fn-bn®p: k-b≥kv, Up t{Im-
Wn-Iv Un-kok-kv lm-hv B≥ C≥-s^-Ivjy-kv dq-
´v, 2001 k-]v-Xw-_¿ 14, t]-Pv 1974˛6.
47 H-cp Ij-Ww \yq-¢n-b-kn-s\ No-Ø-hm¿-Ø-

sIm-≠p s]m-Xn-™m¬ sshd-kv Bbn F-∂m-Wv
t\m-_¬ tP-Xm-hv ]o-‰¿ sa-Um-h¿ hn-ti-jn-∏n-
®Xv: Hmƒ-Uv kv-t‰m¨, ssh-dk-kv tπ-Kv-kv B≥-
Uv ln-Ãdn, t]-Pv 8.
48 G-Xm-≠v A-øm-bn-cw ssh-d-kpI-sf \-ap-°-dn-

bmw: _n-Uv¬, F ô¬Uv ssKUv Sp Z C-≥-hn-kn-
_vƒ, t]-Pv 153˛4.
49 C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ am-{Xw 30 tIm-Sn B-fp-

I-sf-bm-Wv h-kq-cn sIm-s∂m-Sp-°nb-Xv: Hmƒ-Uv kv-
t‰m¨, ssh-dk-kv tπ-Kv-kv B≥-Uv ln-Ãdn, t]-Pv
1.
50 ]-Øp h¿-jwsIm-≠v A-º-Xp e-£w B-fp-
I-fmWv Cu tcm-Kw h-∂p a-cn-®-Xv: sIm-fm-‰, ^vfq,
t]-Pv 292.
51 H∂mw tem-I-bp-≤w \m-ep h¿-jw sIm-≠p

sIm-∂-Xv 210 e-£-w Bfp-I-sfbmWv. sskz≥ ^v-
fq-hn-\v C-{X-bp-am-sf sIm√m≥ \m-ep-amk-ta
th≠n-h-∂p≈q: A-ta-cn-°≥ sl-dn-t‰Pv, Z t{K-dv-dv
sskz≥ ^v-fq F-∏n-sU-anIv Hm-^v 1918, 1976 Pq¨,
t]-Pv 82.
52 ]-I¿-®-∏-\n-°p {]Xn-tcm-[ Ip-Øn-sh-∏p I-

≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ t_m-kv-‰¨ lm¿_-dn-se Uo¿ sF-
e≥-Un-se X-S-hp-Im-cp-sS Iq-´-Øn-ep-≈ k∂-≤mw-
K-ßƒ°p ta-emWv A-[n-Ir-X¿ ]-co-£-W-ßƒ
\-S-Øn-b-Xv: A-ta-cn-°≥ sl-dn-t‰Pv, Z t{K-dv-dv
sskz≥ ^v-fq F-∏n-sU-anIv Hm-^v 1918. 1976 Pq¨,
t]-Pv 82.
53 1959˛¬ a-c-W-aS-™ H-cp \m-hnI-\v b-Ym¿-Y-

Øn¬ F-bn-Uv-kv B-bn-cp-s∂-∂v am-©-kv-‰¿ tdm-
b¬ C≥-^¿-a-dn-bn-se K-th-j-I¿ I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-
≠v: \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^nIv, Z Un-ko-kv Un-‰-Œo-
hv-kv, 1991 P-\p-hcn, t]-Pv 132.
54 1969˛¬ I-W-Œn-°-ńse \yq-lm-h-\n-se tb¬

k¿-h-I-emim-em em_n¬ em-km ]-\n-sb-°p-dn-®p
]Tn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ H-cp tUm-Œ¿-°v B Ak-
pJw ]n-Sns]-´p: Hmƒ-Uv kv-t‰m¨, ssh-dk-kv tπ-
Kv-kv B≥-Uv lnÃdn, t]-Pv 126.
55 jn°m-tKm-bn¬ I-gn-bp-∂ H-cp ss\-Po-cn-b-

°m-c≥ 1990˛¬ P-∑-\m-ń¬ sN-∂t∏mƒ emk
sshd-kv ]n-Sn-IqSn: Hmƒ-Uv kv-t‰m¨, ssh-dkkv
tπ-Kv-kv B≥Uv ln-Ãdn, t]-Pv 128.
A[ym-bw 21
Poh-s‚ ap-t∂‰w
-kn-em-bn-Øo-cp-I-sb∂-Xv F-fp-∏-ap-≈
Im-cya√. {Z-hn-®v H∂pw _m-°n-hbv-°m-sX a-Æ-
Sn™p-t]m-hp-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv G-Xms≠√m Po-h-Pm-
e-ß-fp-sS-bpw˛˛99.9 i-X-am-\-Øn-te-sd Po-h-Pm-e-
ß-fpsSbpw˛˛hn[n.1 Poh-s‚ \m-fw A-W-bp-∂-
tXm-sS \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Ønse Hmtcm X-∑m-
{Xbpw A-S¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°-s∏-´v a-t‰-sX-¶nepw kw-
hn-[m-\-Øns‚ `m-K-am-bn am-dpw. C-\n Cß-s\ {Z-
hn-®pXo-cm-Ø 0.1 i-X-am-\w Po-h-Pm-eß-sf-sb-Sp-
Ømepw A-Xpw t^m-kn-em-bn am-dm-\p-≈ km[y-X
\-t∂ IpdhmWv.
a-cn-®p I-gn-™v \n-ß-sfm-cp t^m-kn-em-bn am-d-

W-sa-¶n¬ ]-e Im-cyßƒ H-Øp-h-cWw. H-∂m-a-
Xm-bn a-cn-®pho-gp∂-Xv A-Xn\p ]‰n-b ÿ-e-Øm-
bn-cn°Ww. `q-an-bn-se ]m-d-I-fn¬ 15 i-X-am-\-Øn-
\p am-{X-ta t^mknepI-sf kw-c-£n-°m-\p-≈ I-
gn-hp≈q.2 `m-hn-bn¬ I-cn-¶¬in-e-bm-bn am-dm≥-
t]m-Ip-∂ ÿe-Øv ho-Wp-InS∂n-´p Im-cy-an√ F-
∂¿Yw. t^m-knem-bn am-d-W-sa-¶n¬ ar-X-tZ-lw
ho-gp∂-Xv A-h-km-Z-sa-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ Du-d¬a-Æn-
em-bn-cn-°Ww. N-fn-bn¬ hoW C-e-sb-t∏m-se ar-
X-tZ-lØn\v a-Æn¬ A-S-bm-fw ho-gv-Øm≥ I-gnb-
Ww F-∂¿Yw. F-∂n´v Hm-IvknP\p-am-bn k-º¿-
°-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sm-sX {Z-hn-°Ww. F√n-se-bpw
ImTn-\yap-≈ a-‰p i-co-c-`m-K-ß-fn-se-bpw (A-]q¿-
h-am-bn ar-Zp `m-K-ß-fn-se-bpw) X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS
ÿm\-Øv ]p-d-sa\n-∂p-≈ [m-Xp-°ƒ I-b-dn-∏-
‰Ww. Aßs\ ar-X-tZ-l-Øn-s‚ ]m-d-t]m-ep-d-®
]-I¿-∏p cq-]-s∏-S-Ww. Cu Du-d¬a-Æv ù-a-{]-{In-
b-Iƒ-°n-sS k-Ω¿-±-ßƒ°pw ]-ehn-[ am-dn-a-d-b-
ep-Iƒ°pw hn-t[-b-am-Ip-tºmgpw D-≈n-ep≈ t^m-
kn-en-\v Gd-°p-sd Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ ]-‰p-∂ cq-]w \n-
e-\n¿-Øm-\m-I-Ww. F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn, tIm-Sn-°-W-
°n-\p h¿-jw Cß-s\ a-d-™p-In-S∂ t^m-kn-en-
s\ B-sc-¶nepw I-s≠-Øp-Ibpw kq-£n-®p-hbv-
t°-≠ H-∂m-W-sX-∂p a-\- n-em-°p-Ibpw thWw.
\qdp -tIm-Sn A-ÿn-I-ƒ a-Æn¬ ho-gp-tºmƒ A-

Xn¬ H-∂v F∂ tXmXn-em-Wv t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ cq-]-
s∏-Sp∂-Xv F-∂m-Wv H-cp I-W°v. A-Xm-bXv 206
F√p-I-fp-≈ 27 tIm-Sn A-ta-cn-°-°m-sc-sb-Sp-
Øm¬ A-Xn¬ I-„n 50 F√pI-tf t^m-kn-ep-I-
fm-bn-Øo-cq. H-c-ÿn-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ Im¬-`mK-ta h-cq
A-Xv. C-Xß-s\ t^m-kn-em-bn am-dn-bm¬Ø-s∂
`m-hn-bn-em-sc-¶nepw I-s≠-Øp-sa-∂ Im-cy-Øn-epw
Hcp-d-∏pan√. 9.3 aneyWn-tesd N-Xpc-{i In-tem-ao-
‰¿ h-n-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-≈ cm-Py-sØ-hn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-am-bn
Nn-X-dn-°n-S°pI-bm-bn-cn°pw B Aº-Xv F√n≥I-
j-W-ßƒ. A-Xp In-S-°p-∂ `m-Kw B-sc-¶nepw
D-gp-Xp-a-dn-°m-\p-≈ km[y-X Ip-d-hm-Wv. Ip-gn-s®-
Sp-Øm¬Xs∂ A-Xv ]cn-tim-[n-®p Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\p-
≈ km[y-X A-Xnepw Ip-d-hmWv. I-s≠-Øn ]cn-
tim-[n-®p Xn-cn-®-dn-™m¬ A-sXm-c-¤p-X-am-sW-
∂¿Yw. A-Xy-]q¿-h-am-Wp t^m-kn-epIƒ. `q-an-
bn¬ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-h-cn¬ _-lp-`qcn]-£hpw H-cp
sX-fn-hp-a-h-ti-jn-∏n-°m-sX-bm-Wv t]m-bv-a-d-™-Xv.
]-Xn\mbn-cw Po-hPm-Xn-I-fn¬ H-s∂∂ tXm-Xn-te
t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-fn¬ tcJs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-´p-≈q
F-∂m-Wv I-W-°v.3 A-Xn-\n- m-c-am-Wo A-\p-]m-Xw.
`q-an-bn¬ C-{X-Imew-sIm≠v 30 _ney¨ tIm-Sn
kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fp-≠m-bn´p-s≠∂ IW-°v kzo-I-cn-
°p-I-bm-sW¶n-tem? "kn-Iv-kv-Øv F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mvj≥'
F∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ dn-®m¿-Uv eo-°nbpw tdm-P¿
se-hn\pw ]-d-bp∂-X-\p-k-cn®v 2,50,000 kv-]o-jo-kp-
Iƒ am-{X-am-Wv t^m-kn¬tc-J-I-fnep-≈-Xv.4
1,20,000 Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ H-∂n\v F∂ tXm-Xn-te
t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-fp-≈q F∂m-Wv A-Xn-\¿-Yw.
F-¥m-bmepw H-cp- Imcyw D-d-∏n®p ]-d-bmw. `q-ap-
JØp Po-hn-®p a-Æ-Sn-™-h-cn¬ \-t∂ sNdn-sbm-
cwi-ta Chn-sS Fs¥-¶nepw A-S-bm-fw ti-jn-∏n-
®n-´p-≈q.
D-≈ tc-JX-s∂ ]-£-]m-X-]-c-hp-amWv. I-c-bn-
se Po-hn-I-fn-e-[n-Ihpw a-cn-®pho-gp∂Xv Du-d¬a-
Æn-e√. Xp-d m-b ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ho-gp-∂ Ahsc H-
∂p-In¬ a-‰p-Po-hn-Iƒ A-I-Øm°pw; A-s√-¶n-e-
h a-Æn¬ A-en-™pXo-cpw. c-≠m-bmepw A-S-bm-
f-sam∂pw ti-jn-°n√. F-∂m¬ k-ap-{ZPo-hnI-fp-
sS ÿn-Xn A-X√. t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-Iƒ-°v A-
h-tcm-Sm-Wp Nmbvhv. \-Ωp-sS ssI-h-i-ap≈ t^m-
kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-fn¬ `q-cn-]-£hpw k-ap-{Z-Po-hn-I-
fp-tS-Xm-Wv;5 AXpw A-[n-Iw B-g-an√m-ØnSØp I-
gn-bp-∂ k-ap-{Z-Po-hn-I-fp-tSXv.
C-{Xbpw ]-d-™Xv, s^{_p-h-cn-bn-se H-cp \-c-

® Znh-kw e-≠-\n-se \m®p-d¬ ln-kv‰-dn ayq-kn-b-
Øn¬ t]m-bn dn-®m¿-Uv t^m¿-ń-sb-∂ ]p-cmPo-hn-
im-kv-{X⁄-s\ Rm-s\-¥n-\p I-s≠-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-
cn-°m-\m-Wv.
D√m-k-hm-\m-b, C-S-bv°n-sS A-hy-‡-am-bn ap-

c-fp∂, t^m¿-ń-sb B¿°pw C-„-s∏-Spw. H-cp-]m-
Sp Im-cy-ß-sf-∏d-dn H-cp-]m-Sv Im-cy-ß-f-dn-bmat±-l-
Øn\v. "sse-^v: G≥ A-tWm-X-ssd-kv-Uv _-tbm-
{K^n' F-∂ IpkrXn \n-d-™ D÷z-e{K-Ÿ-Øn-
s‚ I¿-Øm-hp-am-W-t±lw. Po-htLm-j-bm-{Xbp-
sS c-kn-I≥ Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-Wv B ]p-kv-XIw.
ss{S-tem-ss_-‰v F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ I-S¬Po-hn-h¿-K-
am-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ {]n-b -hnjbw. Hm¿tUmhn-
jy≥ Ime-Øv I-S-ep-I-fn¬ k-ar-≤-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p B Po-hn. ]t£, A-[n-IwIm-ew Aß-s\ I-
gn-bm-\-Xn-\p ]-‰n-bn√; t^m-kn¬ cq-]-Øn-e√msX.
X-e, hm¬, s\-©v F-∂nß-s\ aq-∂m-bn Xn-cn-°m-
hp-∂ i-co-cL-S-\-bm-Wv ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-Iƒ°v.
Cu-sbm-cp L-S-\bmW-hbv°v ss{Stem-ss_-‰v F-
∂ t]-cp \¬-In-b-Xv. Ip-ń-bm-bn-cns° sh-bn¬-
kn¬ sk-bn‚ v tU-hn-Uv t_-bn-se ]m-d-s°-´p-
I-fn¬ A-≈n-∏n-Sn-®p I-b-dp-tºm-gm-Wv t^m¿-ń-°v
B-Zy-sØ ss{S-tem-ss_-‰v t^m-kn¬ In-ń-b-Xv.
]n-∂oSp-≈ Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ A-t±-lw A-Xn-s‚ B-
I¿-j-W-h-e-b-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p.
\n-c-\n-c-bm-bn sh-® D-b-c-tadnb A-e-am-c-I-fp-

sS-b-Sp-tØ-°mWv t^m¿ń F-s∂ Iq-ń-s°m≠p-
t]m-bXv. A-e-am-c-Iƒ-s°√mw I-\w Ip-d-™ h-
en∏pIƒ. A-Xn-se√mw ss{S-tem-ss_-‰pIƒ. sam-
Øw 20,000 F-Æw. - hf-sc hen-sbm-cp kw-Jy-
bm-W-sX-∂p tXm-∂mw.6 ]t£, H-cp- Imcytam¿-
°Ww, tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-Iƒ
tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p h¿-j-ßƒ C-hn-sS I-gn-™n-
cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw F-
∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv A-{X -hen-b Im-cya√. am-{Xa√,
C-sX√mw `mKnI t^m-kn-ep-I-fmWv. H-cp ]q¿-W
ss{S-tem-ss_-‰v t^m-kn¬ In-´p-I-sb∂Xv C-
t∏mgpw ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS kz-]v-\-am-bn
ti-jn-°p∂p.
]q¿-Wcq-]-w ]q-≠ ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-Iƒ iq-\y-X-

bn¬\n-s∂-∂t]mse B-Zy-sa-Øp∂-Xv G-Xm-≠v
540 aney¨ h¿-jw ap-ºm-Wv. k-¶o¿W Po-hn-h¿-
K-ß-fm-hn¿-`-hn-® Imw-{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^m-S-\-sa-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ImeØm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ]ns∂-sbm-
cp ap-∏-Xp- tIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ-°ptijw a‰p ]-e-
Xn-s\bpw A-{]-Xy-£-am°n-b \n-KqV s]¿-an-b≥
D≥-aq-e-\-ImeØv A-Xv t]m-bv-a-d-bp-Ibpw sN-
bvXp. hw-i-\m-iw h-∂ Po-hn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ s]m-
Xp[m-c-W-b-\p-k-cn-®v ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-Ifpw ]-cm-
P-b-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p hn-[n-sb-gp-Xm-\m-Wv B-cpw Xp-
\n-bp-I. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ `q-an-bn-en-∂p-h-scbp≠m-b
Po-hn-I-fn¬ G-‰hpw hen-b hn-P-b-am-bn-cp-∂p ss{S-
tem-ss_-‰p-I-ƒ. \o-≠ 30 tIm-Sn h¿-jw A-h-
bn-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ssU\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS Im-
e-Øn-s‚ C-cń. ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fpw A-Xn-Po-h-\-
Øn-s‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ap≥-\n-c-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
Im-e-b-f-hn-s‚ H-cp iX-am-\-Øn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xn- am-
{X-ta-bm-bn-´p-≈q a-\p-jy-\n-hn-sS-sb-Øn-bn-´v7 F-
t∂m¿-°-Ww.
C-{Xbpw \o-≠-Im-ew C-hn-sS I-gn-bm-\m-bn F-

∂Xp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-Iƒ b-tY-„w
s]-‰p-s]-cp-In. \t∂ sN-dp-Xm-bn-cp∂p, A°q´-
Øn¬ an-°-Xpw. C∂-sØ No-hoSns‚-b-{Xbpw h-
en∏w. F-∂m¬ NneXv H-cp Xm-e-Øn-s‚-b-{Xbpw
h-en-∏-am¿-÷n®p. A-øm-bn-cw P-\p- p-I-fn-embn A-
dp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-h.
]p-Xp-Xm-bn ]-eXpw C-S-bv°n-sS {]-Xy-£-s∏´p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-IbpwsN-bv-Xp. A-Sp-Ø-bn-sS
t^m¿ń Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬ H-cp tIm¨-^-d≥-
kn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°m≥ t]mbn. A-hn-sS A¿-P‚o-\-
bn-se sNdn-sbm-cp {]m-tZin-I k¿-h-I-
emimebn¬\n-∂p-≈ K-th-j-I A-t±l-sØ Im-
Wm-s\Øn. "A-h-cp-sS ssIbnsem-cp s]-ń-bp-≠m-
bn-cp∂p. A-Xn¬ H-cp-]m-Sv c-kn-I≥ km-[-\-ß-fpw.
sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ A-Xn-\pap-ºp I-≠n-ń√m-
Ø ss{S-temss_-‰p-Iƒ A-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p, sX-
t° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se∂√, tem-I-Øn-s‚ H-cp
tImWnepw A-Xn-\p ap-ºp I-≠n-ń√mØ-h. A-h¿-
°m-sW-¶n¬ A-sX°p-dn-®p ]Tn-°m-\p-≈ ku-I-
cy-an√. Iq-Sp-X¬ A-t\z-j-W-ßƒ \-S-Øm≥ ^-
≠p-an√. `q-an-bp-sS hen-sbm-cp `m-Kw C-t∏mgpw kv-
]¿-in-°-s∏-Sm-sX In-S-°p-I-bmWv.'
"ss{S-tem-ss_-‰v-kn-s‚ Im-cy-ØnemtWm?'
"A√, F-¥n-s‚ Im-cy-Øn-em-bm-epw.'
B-Zn-a k-¶o¿-WPo-hn-I-fpsS A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ G-

I sX-fn-hm-bn-cp∂p ]sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬
ss{S-tem-ss_-‰pIƒ. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ AXv A-
h-[m-\-]q¿-hw I-s≠-SpØp ]Tn-°-s∏´p. B-I-kv-an-
I-am-bn s]m-ń-∏p-ds∏´p F-∂-Xm-Wv ss{S-tem-ss_-
‰p-I-fp-sS k-hn-tij-X. AXns‚ Im-cy
- Øn-ep-≈ G-‰hpw hen-b \n-Kq-V-Xbpw A-Xp-

Xs∂. C-t∏mfm-tem-Nn-°ptºm-gpw A-º-c-∏n-°p-
∂ Im-cyamW-sX-∂p t^m¿-ń ]-d-bp-∂p. "]‰n-sb-
mcp ]m-d I-s≠-Øn bp-K-ßƒ ]n-∂n´p ap-I-fn-te-
°p I-b-dp-I. tKmN-cam-b Po-h-Pm-Xn-Isf-sb-
m∂pw Im-Wm-\m-Im-sX Cß-s\ I-b-dn-s°m-≠ncn-
t° s]-s´-∂v R≠n-t\m-fw h-en-∏-ap-≈ s{]m-^-
t√m-Sm-kv-]nkpw Fse-s\-e-kpw a‰pw ssI-bn¬
h-∂p-ho-gp-I.'8 Fß-s\ A-º-c-°m-Xncn°pw
F∂m-Wv t^m¿ń tNm-Zn-°p-∂Xv. sN-In-f-bpw \m-
Uo-hy-h-ÿbpw kv-]¿in-\n-I-fp-sa√m-ap-≈ Po-hn-
I-fmW-h. "X-e-t®m-sd-∂p hn-fn-°m-hp-∂
Ahbhhp-ap≠v. hn-Nn-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p A-h-bpsS I-
Æp-I-ƒ. Np-Æm-ºp]m-d-bn-ep≈ A-tXX-cw Im¬-
kywsIm-≠p≈ B I-Æp-Iƒ \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂
G-‰-hpam-Zy-sØ Z¿-i\mh-b-h-ß-fm-Wv. hen-b A-
Xni-bw A-X√. km-l-kn-Iam-bn D-S-se-Sp-Ø H-c-
]q¿h kv-]o-jo-kmbncp-∂n√, B-Zy-sØ ss{S-
temss_-‰pIƒ. U-k≥-I-W-°n-\p kv-]o-jo-kp-
Iƒ. AXpw H-t∂m- ct≠m ÿ-eØ√, tem-I-Øn-
s‚ \m\m-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬. ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-
‰m≠nse Nn-¥m-ti-jn-bp-≈ a-\p-jy¿ ]-ecpw C-
Xn-s\ ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ {]-hrØn-bm-bn- I≠p. Um¿-
hn-s‚ ]-cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m-¥w sX-‰m-sW-∂-Xn-s‚
sXfnhm-b-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n®p. Um¿-hn≥ ]-d-bpw-
t]m-se a-μ-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p ]-cn-Wm-a-sa-¶n¬
]q¿-W-ambpw cq-]-s∏-´ k-¶o¿-WPo-hn-I-ƒ Fß-
s\ s]m-Sp∂-t\ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Spw. ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-
I-fp-sS hchn-\v A-t±-lw F-¥p hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww
\¬-Ipw? hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ A-Xn-\p hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww
\¬-Im≥ A-t±-l-Øn\p I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
F√mw hn-[n-I-ev-]n-X-am-sW-∂ X-c-Øn¬ Im-cy-

ß-fß-s\ A-\pkyqXw Xp-Scpw F-∂ L-´-Øn-em-
Wv 1909˛¬ H-cp -Znh-kw, Um¿-hn≥ "Hm¨ Z Hd-
nPn≥ Hm-^v kv-]o-jo-kv' {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn-s‚ A-
ºXmw hm¿jn-I-Øn\v aq-∂p-am-kw am{Xw Xn-I-bm-
\n-cn-t°, Nmƒ-kv Uq-en-‰n¬ hm¬tIm-´v F-∂ ]p-
cm-Po-hn im-kv-{X-⁄≥ I-t\-Un-b≥ tdm-°o-kn¬
H-c-km-[m-c-W Is≠-Ø¬ \-S-Øn-bXv.
\yq-tbm¿-°n-se bq-ń-°-bn¬ H-cp km-[m-c-W

Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ 1850 em-bn-cp-∂p hm¬-tIm-ń-s‚ P-
\-\w. Ip-ń-°me-ØpX-s∂ A-—≥ a-c-Wa-S™p.
A-tXmsS, Ip-Spw-_-Øn-s‚ ÿn-Xn H-∂p-IqSn ]-
cp-ß-en-em-bn. t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ I-s≠-Øp-∂- Im-cy-
Øn¬, hn-ti-jn®pw ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-I-fp-sS t^m-
kn-ep-Iƒ I-s≠-Øp-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬, _m-ey-Ime-
ØpXs∂ hm¬-tIm-´v k-a¿-Y-\m-bn-cp∂p. A-
ßs\, X-c-t°-Sn√m-sØm-cp t^mkn¬ ti-J-c-hpw
A-h-\p-≠m°n. B ti-Jcw Ipd-®p ]-Ww \¬-In
(C∂sØ \ne-bv-°v G-Xm-≠p 45,000 ]u-≠v h-
cp-aXv) lm¿-hm-Un-se ayq-kn-b-Øn\p th-≠n eq-
bn A-Km-kn-kv hmßn.9 I-„n ssl-kv-Iqƒ hn-Zym-
`ymkw am-{Xap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ hm¬-tIm-´v kz-b-a-`y-
kn-® im-kv-{X-⁄m-\-Øn-eq-sS ss{Stem-ss_-‰v
hn-⁄m-\-Øn¬ A-{K-K-Wy-\m-bn am-dn. C-t∏mg-
sØ jUv]-Z-ß-fpw I-h-NP-¥p-°-fp-a-S-ßp-∂
B¿-t{Xm-t]mUv hn-`m-K-Øn-em-Wv ss{Stem-ss_-
‰p-I-fp-sS ÿm-\-sa-∂v B-Zyw a-\- n-em-°nbXvv
hm¬-tIm-´mWv.
]p-Xp-Xm-bn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ bp-ss\‰-Uv tÃ-‰v-kv

Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿th-bn¬ ô¬-Uv dn-k¿-®-dm-
bn 1879˛¬ tN¿-∂ hm¬-tIm-´v10 {]-iw-k-\ob {]-
h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS 15 h¿-jwsIm-≠v A-Xn-s‚ ta-
[m-hn-bmbp-b¿∂p.
1907˛¬ kv-an-XvtkmWn-b≥ C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-j-s‚

U-bd-Œ-dm-b A-t±-lw, 1927˛¬ ac-Wwh-sc B
ÿm\-Øp Xp-S¿∂p. Hu-tZymKn-I Np-a-X-e-I-fpsS
Xn-c-°n-\n-S-bnepw hm¬-tIm-´v ]-cy-th-£-W-
ßƒ°p ka-bw I-s≠Øn. [m-cm-fw F-gp-Xp-Ibpw
sN-bvXp. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ H-cp
sse{_-dn-bn¬ H-cp A-eamc \n-d-bv-°m≥ am-{X-
ap-s≠-∂m-Wv11 t^m¿-ń ]d-™Xv. A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS
\m-j-W¬ A-ssUzk-dn I-Ωn-‰n t^m¿ Fbvtdm-
t\m-ń-Iv-kn-s‚ ÿm-]-I U-b-d-Œ-dm-bn-cp-∂p hm¬-
tIm´v. Cu ÿm]\-am-Wv ]n-∂oSv \m-j-W¬ Fbv-
tdm-t\m-ń-Iv-kv B≥Uv kv-s]-bv-kv GP≥kn AY-
hm \mk (NASA) B-bn am-dn-bXv. B \n-e-bv-°v
_-ln-cm-Im-i bp-KØn-s‚ ]n-Xm-a-l≥ F-∂ ÿm-
\w hm¬-tIm-ń-\v A-h-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
]-t£, hm¬-tIm-ńs\ C-t∏mgpw \-Ω-tfm¿-

°p∂Xv C-Xns‚-sbm∂pw t]cn-e√. {_n-ó-jv sIm-
fw-_n-b-bn-se s^-¬-Uv ]-´-W-Øn-\-SpØv 1909˛se
H-cp th-\¬-°me-Øv A-t±-lw \-SØn-b I-s≠-
Ø-em-Wv B t\-´-Øn\p ]n-∂n¬. C-tX∏-‰n km-
[m-c-W ]d-™p tIƒ-°m-dp-≈ I-Y-bn-ß-s\-
bmWv: `m-cybp-sam-Øv a-e-{º-tZi-Øv Ip-Xn-c-k-hm-
cn \-S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p hm¬tIm-´v. C-f-In-°n-S-°p-
∂ I√n¬ N-hn-ń `m-cy-bp-sS Ip-Xncbv-°v A-Sn-
sX‰n. k-lm-b-Øn\v Ip-Xn-c-∏pd-Øp \n-∂n-dßn-b
hm¬-tIm-ń-s‚ {i-≤-bn¬ Hcp in-em-]m-fn h-∂p-
s]´p. ]p-cm-X-\hpw A-km-[m-c-W-hp-am-b IhNP-
¥p°fp-sS t^m-kn-ep-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn¬ \n-
dsb. a-™p s]-øp-∂p-≠m-bncp∂p A-t∏mƒ. I-
t\-Un-b≥ tdm-°n-bn¬ a-™p-Im-ew t\-ctØ-sb-
Øpw. AXp-sIm-≠v A-[n-I-ka-bw A-hn-sS sN-e-
h-gn-°m-sX A-h¿ a-Sßn. ASpØ h¿-jw BZyw
In-ń-b A-h-k-c-Øn¬Ø-s∂ hm¬-tIm-´v Xn-cn-
s®Øn. ]gb Hm¿-a-h-®v a-e-I-b-dn 750 ao-‰¿ Dbsc
sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bn-seØn-. A-hnsS, kap{Z\n-c-
∏n¬\n∂v 8,000 A-Sn Db-sc A-t±-lw I≠Xv
HcXnibtem-I-amWv. hnJym-Xam-b tI-w{_n-b≥
hnkv-t^m-S-\-Øn¬ k¶o¿-WL-S-\-bp-≈
PohnIƒ D-Zv-`-hn-® Ime-Øv Iq-´-tØm-sS N-sØm-
Spßn-b Po-hn-I-fp-sS \n-c X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
]p-cm-Po-hnim-kv-{X-Ønse hn-ip-≤ Im-k-bm-Wv
hm¬-tIm-´v A-hn-sS I-s≠-Øn-bXv. I-s≠Øn-b
]m-d-bp-sS t]-cp-h-®v B inem-]m-fn-°v _¿K-kv
sj-bn¬ F-∂p t]-cn-´p. "B-[p-\n-I Po-h≥ D-S-
se-Sp-Ø-Xn-s‚ GI k-ºq¿W Im-gv-N-bm-bn-cp-∂p
h¿j-ß-tfm-fw A-Xv'12 F∂mWv "h-≠¿-^pƒ
sse-^v' F-∂ P-\-{]n-b ]pkv-X-I-Øn¬ Ão-^≥
tP KqƒUv F-gp-Xn-bXv.
kq-£v-a-m-t\z-jnbm-b Kqƒ-Uv hm¬-tIm-ń-s‚ U-
b-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ]cntim-[n-®v H-cp Im-cyw I-
s≠Øn.13 _¿K-kv sj-bn-en-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sn-
ØsØ-°p-dn-®p {]-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv Aev-]w s]m-
Sn∏pw sXm-ßepw h-® I-Y-bmWv. Ip-Xn-c-bv-°v A-
Sn-sX-‰n-b-Xn-s\-°p-dn-t®m, a-™p-ho-gv-N-sb-°p-
dnt®m hm¬tIm-ń-s‚ U-b-dn-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂n√. I-
Y-bn¬ Aev-]w Iq-ń-t®¿-°-ep-I-fp≠m-bn-´p-≠m-hm-
sa-¶nepw hm¬-tIm-ń-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw A-km-[m-
c-W-ambn-cp-s∂-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ X¿-°-an√.
C-∏-d-™ tI-w{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^mS-\w F-{X-

am{Xw A-I-se-bm-bn-cps∂-∂ Imcyw `q-an-bn¬ G-
Xm\pw Z-i-I-ßƒ am{Xw B-bp- p-≈ a-\pjy-\v Dƒ-
s°m-≈m≥X-s∂ {]-bm-k-am-Wv. sk-°≥-Un¬ H-
cp h¿-jw F∂ th-K-Øn¬ k-a-b-c-Y-Øn¬ ]n-
d-tIm-´p ]m-bp-I-bm-Wp \-n-ß-sf-∂n-cn-°s´. A-ca-
Wn-°qdp-sIm-≠p \n-ßƒ {In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ Im-e-
sØ-Øpw. a-\p-jy Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°Im-es-
ØØ-W-sa-¶n¬ aq-∂mgv-N thWw. tIw-
{_nb≥Ime-sØ-Øm≥ th≠-Xv C-cp]-Xp h¿-j-
amWv. hf-sc hf-sc ap-ºmbn-cp-∂p AXv. A∂-
sØ tem-I-amI-s´ Xn-I®pw `n-∂-am-bn-cp-∂p.
B-Zy-sØ hy-Xym-kw, 50 tIm-Sn h¿-jwapºv,
A-s√-¶n¬ _¿K-kv sj-bn¬ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂ Ime-
Øv A-Xn-t∏m-gp-≈t]m-se ]¿-h-Xin-J-c-Ønem-bn-
cp-∂n√ F-∂-XmWv. ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚ A-SnØ-ń-em-
bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚ ÿm\w. H-∂pIq-Sn Ir-Xy-am-bn-
∏-d-™m¬ sN-¶pØm-sbm-cp ]m-d-s°-ńs‚ A-Sn-
bn¬, B-gw Ip-d-s™m-cp k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ Xo-c-Øm-
bn-cp-∂p AXv. Pohk-ar-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p A∂-sØ
k-ap-{Zßƒ. ]-t£, B Po-hn-Iƒ ChnsS A-S-
bm-f-sam∂pw ti-jn-∏n-®n√. ar-Zphm-b ico-c`m-K-
ß-fp-≈ A-h N-Ø D-S≥X-s∂ {Z-hn-®pXo¿∂p.
F-∂m¬ _¿-K-kn¬ th-sdm-∂m-Wp kw-`-hn®Xv.
B ]m-d-s°-´v C-Sn-™p-hoWp. Xm-sg-bp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂ Po-hn-Iƒ ]p-kv-X-IØn-\p-≈n¬h-® ]q-hn-X-fp-
Iƒt]m-se a-Æn-\-p-≈n-e-I-s∏-´p. hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-
sfm∂pw \-„-am-Im-sX Ah a-Æn¬ kw-c-£n-°-
s∏-´p.
1910 ap-X¬ 1925 h-sc h¿-jwtXm-dpw \-SØn-

b hm¿-jn-I ]-cy-th£Wbm-{X-I-fn¬ hm¬tIm-
´v (A-t∏m-tg-°-t±-l-Øn-\v 75 h-b- m-bn-cp∂p) ]-
Xn\mbn-c-°-W-°n-\v t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ I-s≠-Sp-Øp
(80,000 F-∂m-Wv KqƒUv ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. I-W-°n-s‚
Im-cy-Øn¬ G-d-°p-sd A-{]-am-ZnXzw A-h-Im-is∏-
Sm-hp-∂ \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^n-°n-s‚ I-W-°-\p-
k-cn-®v C-Xv 60,000 B-Wv). hn-i-Z-am-b ]T-\-Øn-
\m-bn A-t±l-w Cu t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ hm-jn-MvS-Wn-
te-°p sIm-≠p-h∂p. F-Æ-Øn-s‚bpw ssh-hn-[y-
Øn-s‚bpw Im-cy-Øn¬ A-Xp-ey-am-bn-cp∂p Cu
t^m-kn¬ ti-Jcw. A-Xn¬ Nn-e-Xn-\v Ih-N-ß-fp-
≠m-bn-cp∂p, Nn-e-Xn-\n√. Nn-e-Xn-\v Im-gv-N-bp-≠m-
bn-cp∂p, NneXv A-‘-hpw. 140 Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬-
s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-h F-∂mWv H-cp I-W-
°v.14 "_¿K-kv sj-bn-en-se t^m-kn-ep-I-fp-sS im-
cocn-IL-S-\bn-se ssh-hn[yw ]n-∂o-sS-hn-sSbpw
I-≠n-ń√.15 C-∂v k-ap-{Z-ß-fn-ep-≈ ap-gp-h≥ Po-hn-
I-sf-bp-sa-Sp-Ømepw C-{Xbpw ssh-hn[yw I-s≠-
Øm-\mhn√.' Kqƒ-Uv F-gp-Xn.
\n¿-`m-Ky-h-im¬ X-s‚-bo I-s≠-Ø-en-s‚ \n¿-

Wm-b-I {]m-[m\yw a-\- n-em-°m≥ hm¬tIm-ń-\m-
bn√. hn-P-b-Øn-s‚ hm-bn¬\n-∂v ]-cmPbw ]n-
Sn-®phm-ßp-∂Xp-t]m-ep-≈ G¿-∏m-Sm-bn-t∏m-bn A-
sX-∂m-Wv Kqƒ-Uv ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. "A-aq-ey-am-b Cu
t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hpI-sf X-s∂-s°m-≠mhpwhn-[w
sX-‰m-bn hym-Jym-\n-°p-I-bm-Wv hm¬-tIm-´v sN-bv-
X-Xv',16 F∂v "Fbv‰v en-‰n¬ ]n-§o-kv' F-∂ ]p-
kv-X-I-Øn¬ KqƒUv F-gp-Xn. B-[p\nIPo-hn-I-fp-
sS Iq-´-Øn-em-Wv A-t±-lw A-h-sb- s]-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.
F-∂n-´-Xn-s\ C∂sØ hn-c-I-fp-sS-bpw sP√n ^n-
jn-s‚bpw a-‰p Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw ap≥Km-an-I-fmbn
hn-ti-jn-∏n®p. A-Xph-gn A-h-bp-sS hy-Xn-cn-‡-X
Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. "Cu-sbm-cp hym-
Jym-\-{]-Imcw au-en-I-am-b emfnXytØm-sS-bm-bn-
cp-∂p Poh-s‚ Xp-S°w, ]n-s∂b-Xv {I-a-am-bn {]-
h-N\ob-am-bn-Ø-s∂-bp-≈ sa-®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fn-eq-
sS k-¶o¿-WL-S-\-I-fn-te°p \oßn.' Kqƒ-Uv F-
gpXn.
hm¬-tIm-´v 1927-˛¬ a-c-W-a-S™p. _¿K-kv

t^m-kn¬ G-Xm-s≠m-cp A-c \q-‰m-≠p-Im-ew A-
ta-cn-°≥ ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn-bpsS
ayq-kn-b-Øn-s‚ A-d-I-fn¬ Bcpw ]cn-tim-[n-°m-
sX, Bcmepw tNmZyw sN-ø-s∏-Sm-sX InS∂p. A-
ß-s\-bn-cn-s°-bm-Wv 1973˛¬ tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv k¿h-
I-em-im-e-bn-se _ncp-Zhn-Zym¿-Ynbmb ssk-a¨
tIm¨-th tam-dnkv Cu tiJ-cw Im-Wm-s\-Øp-
∂Xv.17 I¨-ap-∂n-ep≈ t^m-kn-¬ tiJcw tam-
dn-kn-s\ A-Xn-i-bn-∏n®p. hm¬-tIm-´v F-gp-Xnb-
Xnepw F{Xtbm D-÷zehpw ssh-hn-[y]q¿-W-hp-
am-W-sX-∂v B bp-hmhv a-\- n-em°n.
im-cocn-IL-S-\- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am°n Po-hn-I-sf

im-kv-{X⁄¿ ssêß-fm-bm-Wv h¿-Ko-I-cn-°p-
∂Xv. C-hn-sS ayq-kn-b-Øns‚ Hmtcm A-d-I-fnep-ap-
≈ Po-hn-I-fp-sS im-cocn-IL-S-\-bn-se ssh-hn[yw
A-Xp-ey-amWv. Cu t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ I-s≠-Ønb K-
th-j-I-\mI-s´ A-Xn-s‚ {]m-[m\yw a-\- n-em-b-Xp-
an√.
K-th-j-W-Øn-\p ta¬-t\m-´w h-ln-°p-∂ lm-

cn hn-‰n-Mv-S-Wn-s‚bpw k-l-]mTn sUd-Iv {_n-Kv-kn-
s‚bpw k-lm-b-tØm-sS tIm¨-th tam-dnkv ]n-
∂o-Sp-≈ F{Xtbm h¿-jßƒ Cu t^m-kn¬ti-
J-c-Øn-s‚ imkv{Xob ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ ap-gp-In.
]pXn-b ]pXn-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ h-∂-tXmsS H-
∂n-\p ]pd-sI H-∂m-bn A-h ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fm-bn-d-
°n. Cu Po-hn-I-fp-sS i-co-cL-S-\ A-Xph-sc I-
≠n-´p≈ Po-hn-I-sf-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂n√, F-∂p ]-
d-™m¬-t∏m-c, a-‰p-Po-hn-I-fn¬\n-∂v A-º-c-∏n-
°pwhn-[w hy-Xy-kv-Xam-bn-cp-∂p A-h. H-]m-_o\n-
b F-∂ Po-hn-°v A-©p I-Æp-I-fp-≠m-bncp∂p,
Ip-gep-t]m-sem-cp Xp-ºn-ss°-bpw A-Xn-s‚-b-‰Øvv
\-J-ß-fpw. s]bvt‰m-b F-∂ a-s‰m-∂n-s\-°-≠m¬
h-´-Øn¬ ap-dn-®p-h® ssI-X-®-°°-jWwt]m-en-
cn-°pw. a-s‰m-∂n-s‚ Im-ep I-≠m¬ h-®p-]n-Sn-∏n®
s]mbv°m¬ B-sW-t∂ tXm-∂q. B hn-Nn-{Xcq-
]w Im-c-Ww lm-eq-kn-sP\n-b F-∂m-W-Xn-\p t]-
cn-´-XpXs∂. ap-ºp I-≠n-ń√m-Ø A-km-[m-c-W-Xz-
amWv Hmtcm t^m-kn-ep-I-fpw k-Ωm-\n-®-Xv.18 ]pXn-
sbm-cp A-d Xp-d-°p-tºmƒ tIm¨-th tam-dn-kv ]n-
dp-]n-dp-Øp-h-s{X, "]-≠m-cw ho≠p-samcp ss^-ew'
F-∂v. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-bo B-flK-XwX-s∂ Po-h-
im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ {]-i-kv-X-ambn.
Cw-•-≠n¬\n-∂p-≈ K-th-j-I-cpsS Cu ]T-\-

Øn¬-\n-∂v H-cp Imcyw hy-‡-am-bn. ico-cL-S-\-
bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ A-Xp-ey-hpw A-km-[m-c-Wh-
pamb ]-co-£-W-ßƒ \-S-∂n-cp∂p, tIw-{_n-b≥
Im-e-L-´-Øn¬. k-¶o¿WL-S-\ kz-¥-am-°-W-sa-
∂ B-{K-l-sam∂pw Iq-Sm-sX 4 _ney¨ h¿jw
I-gn-™p-IqSn-b Po-h≥ s]m-Sp-∂t\, sh-dpw A-
ºtXm \qtdm e£w h¿jwsIm-≠v k-¶o¿-W i-
co-c-L-S-\-bv-°p cq-]w \¬In. C-∂pw \-Ω-fp]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂ A-tX i-co-c-LS-\. \n-a-t‰m-Uv hn-c ap-
X¬ Im-a-dq¨ Ubkv h-sc-bp-≈-h-cp-sS ico-cL-
S-\-sb-Sp-Øm¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn A-Xv tIw{_n-
b≥ Ime-Øv cq-]-Iev-]-\ sN-ø-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p
ImWmw.19
]t£, A-∂p≠m-b Nn-e cq-]-Iev-]-\-Iƒ-°v A-

{X kzo-Im-cy-X Inńbn√. AØ-cw Po-hn-Iƒ-°p
]n≥-Km-an-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn√. _¿K-kv Po-hn-Ifn¬ Np-
cp-ßnbXv ]-Xn-\-©v, (G-dn-bm¬ C-cp-]Xv) F-Æ-
Øn-s\-¶n-epw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ H-cp Po-hn-bp-sSbpw
i-co-c-L-S-\-bp-am-bn km-ay-an√m-bn-cp∂p20 F∂m-
Wv Kqƒ-Uv ]-d-bp-∂-Xv (]-d-™p-]-d™v Cu kw-
Jy h-f¿-∂v \qsdÆwh-sc-sbØn. tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn-
se im-kv-{X-⁄¿ A-ßs\-sbm-ch-Im-i-hm-Zw D-
∂-bn-®n-ń√ F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-XpX). "Poh-s‚ N-
cn-{X-sa-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv C-S-bv°n-sS-bp-≈ Iq-´-\m-
ihpw A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ sshhn[yh¬-°-c-
W-hp-a-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv. ]-cn-Wm-a-sa-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv
km-[m-c-W Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xp-t]m-se Iq-Sp-X¬ D-
b-c-Øn-te-°v, Iq-Sp-X¬ k-¶o¿-WX-bn-te°v, Iq-
Sp-X¬ ssh-hn-[y-Øn-te-°v \-S-Øp-∂ kpÿn-c
{]-bm-Wa√. ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-se hnP-bw F-∂p -]-
d-bp∂-Xv G-Xm-s≠m-cp `m-Ky-°p-dn-bmWv', Kqƒ-Uv
F-gpXn.
Cu {]-{In-b-bn¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏-´pt]m-∂ Po-hn-

bm-Wv ]n-Imbn-b {Kmknse≥kv. ]p-gp-hn-s\-t∏m-
se tXm-∂p-∂ C-Xn-\v H-cp {]m-Yan-I kp-jp-av\-
bp≠v. A-Xp -Imc-Ww a-\p-jy-\pƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ I-
ti-cp-In-I-fp-sS G-‰-hp-am-Zy-sØ ap≥-Km-an-bm-bm-Wv
C-Xn-s\ I-W-°m-°p-∂Xv. _¿K-kv t^m-kn-ep-I-
fn¬ ]n-Imbn-b A-[n-I-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. A-h-bp-
sS hw-i-\m-i-Øns‚ Im-ew hy-‡-hpa√. G-Xm-
bm-epw ]-cnWm-at{i-Wn-bn¬ a-\p-jys‚ hnP-bw
B-I-kv-an-Iw am-{X-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ Kqƒ-
Un-\p kw-i-b-an√. At±l-Øns‚ Cu hm-°p-Iƒ
{]-i-kv-X-am-Wv: "Po-h-s‚ tS-∏v _¿K-kv sj-bven-
s‚ Im-e-tØ-°v Xn-cn-®p Np-‰p-I. F-∂n-´v k-am-
\ Xp-S-°-Øn¬\n∂p ho≠pw ]m-Sn-®m¬21 -]-cnWm-
at{i-Wn-bn¬\n-∂v a-\p-jy-s‚ _p-≤n-i‡nt]m-
sem-∂v ho≠pw In-´m-\p-≈ km[y-X Xp-temw Ip-d-
hm-Wv.'
Kqƒ-Un-s‚ "h-≠¿-^pƒ sse^v' F-∂ ]p-kvX-

Iw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂-Xv 1989-˛em-Wv. h≥ hym-]m-
c-hn-P-bhpw km-ºØn-It\-´hpw ssIh-cn®p, B
]p-kv-XIw. F-∂m¬ Kqƒ-Un-s‚ \n-K-a\-ß-tfm-Sv
]-e imkv{X⁄cpw tbm-Pn-°p-∂n√ F-∂ Imcyw
B ]p-kvX-Iw hm-ßnhm-bn® A[nIam-fp-
Iƒ°padn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. B hn-tbm-Pn-∏v ssh-Im-
sX sN-fn-hm-cnsbdn-b-en-s‚ X-ewh-sc-b-sb-Øp-
IbpwsN-bv-Xp. tIw-{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^mS\w icnt-
bm sXt‰m F-∂p ÿm-]n-°m≥ {]mNo-\ i-co-c-
LS-\msX-fn-hp-Isf-°mƒ {]-[m-\w B-[p\n-I Xn-
Æ-an-Sp-°m-sW-∂p h∂p.
F-¥m-bmepw tIw-{_n-b≥ Im-e-Øn-\pw 100 an-

ey¨ h¿-jw ap-sº-¶nepw k-¶o¿-W ico-cL-S-
\-bp-≈ Po-hn-Iƒ D-S-se-Sp-Øn-cp-s∂-∂ Imcyw
Ct∏mƒ \-ap-°-dn-bmw. A-dn-bm≥ th-sdbpw ]-e-
Xp≠m-bn-cp∂p. Im-\-Ubn¬ hm¬-tIm´v Cu I-
s≠-Ø¬ \S-Øn G-Xm-≠p 40 h¿-jw I-gn-
™t∏mƒ, `q-an-bp-sS a-dp-hi-Øv sd-Pn-\mƒ-Uv kv-
{]n-§v F-∂ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv‰v A-Xnepw A-km-[m-c-
Wam-sbm-cp Imcyw I-s≠Øn.
Z£n-W Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬ k¿-°m-dn-s‚ A-kn-

kv‰‚ v Pn-tbm-f-Pnkv-‰m-bn-cp-∂p kv-{]n§v. A-U-
sse-Un-\p hS-°v A-™q-dp In-tem-ao-‰¿ amdn ^v-
fn≥-tU-gv-kv a-e-\n-c-I-fn-ep-≈ CUn-bm-I-c≥ Ip-
∂n¬ D-t]-£n-°-s∏-´ J-\n-I-fp-sS k¿-th \-S-
Øm≥ 1946˛¬ A-t±-lw \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p.22 B-
[p\n-I km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®v ]p-\-cp-]-
tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]‰n-b GsX-¶nepw J-\n-Iƒ A°q-
´-Øn¬ Dt≠m F-∂p t\m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p - A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚ Zu-Xyw. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ D-]-cn-X-
e-Øn-se ]m-d-Iƒ \n-co-£n-t°-≠ B-hiyw A-
t±-l-Øn-\n√m-bn-cp∂p, t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ t\mt°-≠
Imcyw Xo-sc-bn√. F-¶nepw H-cp Znh-kw D-®-`£-
Ww I-gn-®ncn-t°, kv-{]n§v A-Sp-Øp-≈ ]m-d-°j-
Ww a-dn-®n-´v sh-dptX-sbm-∂v t\m°n. A-Xn-s‚ D-
]-cn-X-ew \ndsb t^m-kn-ep-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. \-\-™
aÆn¬ ]Xn-∏n-®-t]m-ep-≈ kp-hy-‡cq-]ßƒ.
tIw{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^m-S-\-Øn-\p ap-ºp-≈-Xm-bn-
cp∂p, B ]m-d-Iƒ. Zr-iyPohs‚ D-Z-b-Øn-te-°m-
Wv kv{]n§vv IÆpXp-d-∂Xv.
H-cp {]_-‘w X-øm-dm°n, kv-{]n-§v t\-®-dn-\v

Ab-®psIm-SpØp. AhcXp {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-sX
a-S-°n-b-b-®p. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ B≥-Uv \yqkne‚
v A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ Z A-Uzm≥-kv-sa‚ v
Hm-^v kb≥-kn-s‚ hm¿jn-Itbm-K-Øn¬ A-t±-
la-Xp hm-bn®p. A-tkm-kn-tbj-s‚ ta-[m-hn-°v
AXnt\m-Sp tbm-Pn-°m-\m-bn√.23 C-Unbm-I-c≥ A-
S-bm-f-ßƒ G-sX-¶nepw PohPm-e-ß-fp-sS t^m-
kn-es√-∂pw a-gtbm Imt‰m aq-e-ap≠m-b A-S-bm-
f-ßfm-Ipsa∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-`n-
{]mbw. \n-cm-i-bv-°p Io-g-SßmsX kv-{]n-§v e-
≠≥h-sc sN-∂v C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
tIm¨-{K n¬ {]_‘w k-a¿-∏n®p. A-hn-sSbpw
AwK-ß-fp-sS hn-izmkam¿÷n°m-t\m A-h-cn¬
Xm¬-]cyw P-\n-∏n°mt\m At±-l-Øn-\mbn√. H-
Sp-hn-e-t±lw Cu I-s≠-Ø¬ "{Sm≥-kmIvj≥kv
Hm-^v Z tdmb¬ skm-ssk‰n Hm-^v kuØv Hm-
kv-t{S-en-b'-bn¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn®p. F-∂n-´v k¿-°m-
dp-tZym-Kw cm-Pn-h-®v F-Æ]-cy-th-£-W-Øn-te-°p
Xn-cn-™p.
Hº-Xp h¿-j-Øn-\pti-jw, 1957˛¬ tdm-P¿ ta-

k¨ F-∂ kv-Iqƒ hn-Zym¿-Yn24 Cw-•o-jv an-Uv-e≥-
Uv-kn-se Nm¨-hp-Uv Im-ń-eq-sS \-S-°p-tºmƒ hn-
Nn-{X t^m-kn-ep-≈ H-cp ]m-d I≠p. C∂-sØ ko
s]-∂n-t\mSp kmayap-≈ Po-hn-bp-sS t^m-kn¬.
kv-{]n§v t\c-tØ I-s≠-Øp-Ibpw a-‰p-≈hsc
t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {i-an-®p ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvX t^m-knepI-tfmSp k-m-ay-ap≈ t^m-kn¬.
se-bv-k-kv-‰¿ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bnse ]pcmPo-hn
im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-Wv tak¨ Cu t^m-kn¬ \¬-
In-bXv. {]otIw{_n-b≥ Im-e-tØ-Xm-W-sX-∂v A-
t±-lw H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ Xn-cn-®-dn™p. A-Xp I-
s≠Ønb sIm-®pta-k-Wn-s‚ Nn{Xw ]-{X-ß-fn-e-
Sn-®p-h∂p. hoc\m-b-I-\m-bn A-h≥ hm-gv-Ø-s∏´p.
C∂pw ]-e -]p-kv-X-I-ß-fnepw taksW Im-Wmw.
ta-k-Wp-≈ Aw-Ko-Imc-ambn B t^m-kn-en-\v
Nm¿\nb ta-tkmWn F-∂p t]-cpw h∂p.
kv-{]n-§v I-s≠-SpØ t^m-kn-¬ A-Xn-\pti-jw

^v-fn≥-tUgv-kv a-e\n-c-I-fn¬\n-∂p Inń-b G-
Xm≠v 1,500 t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ-s°m∏w A-U-sse-
Unse ku-Øv Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ ayq-kn-b-Øn¬ I-ń-
bp-≈ Nn√p-Iq-ń¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-´p≠v. ]-t£, A-
Xp Im-Wm≥ A-[n-Iw k-μ¿i-I-scm-∂p-sa-Ømd-
n√. h-en-b in-emi-I-e-ß-fn-se hy-‡-X Ip-d-™
B sN-dp-cq-]-ßƒ A-{X -s]s´∂v km-[m-c-W-°m-
cp-sS {i-≤-bm-I¿-jn-°p-I-bp-an√. sN-dp-XmWh, ]-
e-Xn\pw N-{Im-Ir-Xn-bmWv; Nn-e-Xp-am{Xw \o-≠p
\m-S-t]m-se-bpw. "ar-Zp i-co-c-ap-≈ A-km-[m-c-W-Xz-
w' F-∂m-Wv t^m¿-ń Ah-sb hn-fn-®Xv.
]-t£, F-¥m-Wn-sX∂pw F-ß-s\-bm-W-h Po-

hn-®-sX-∂p-ap-≈ Imcy-Øn¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°p
tbm-Pn-∏n-se-Øm-\m-bn-ń√. `£-Ww I-gn-°m\-h-
bv-°p hm-bn√, hn-k¿-Pn-°m≥ a-e-Zzm-c-hp-an√. I-
gn-® `£-Ww Z-ln∏n°m-\p-≈ B-¥-cm-h-b-h-ß-
fp-an√. a-W¬ I-e¿-∂ F-°¬-a-Æn¬ sh-dp-sX-
bß-s\ In-S-∂m-hp-a-h Im-ew I-gn-®-Xv. A-h-bp-sS
i-co-c-L-S-\bn¬ sP√n-^n-jn-s\-°mƒ k-¶o¿W-
X-sbm-∂p-an√m-bn-cp∂p. C-Un-bm-I-c≥ PohnI-
sf√mw \n¿-an-°-s∏´-Xv c-≠p ]m-fn-I-fp-≈ I-eIƒ-
sIm-≠mWv, C-∂p sP√n-^n-jv H-gn-sI-bp-≈ Po-hn-
I-fp-sS-sb√mw i-co-cw \n¿-an-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂Xv aq-
∂p ]m-fn-I-fp-≈ I-e-IƒsIm-≠mWv.
Cu Po-hn-Iƒ P-¥p-°-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬ s]-Sp-

∂n-s√-∂m-Wv Nn-e¿ Icp-Xp-∂Xv. H-∂p-In¬ A-
h k-ky-ß-fmWv, A-s√-¶n¬ ^w-K-kpIƒ.
kkyßfpw P-¥p-°fpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw C-
t∏mgpw A-{X {]-I-S-sam-∂pa√ F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-
Xp-X. C-∂p-≈ kv-t]m-©n-s‚ Im-cy-sa-Sp-°p-I.
Hscm‰ ÿ-e-Øp Po-hn-X-Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ ]-‰n-°n-
S-°p-I-bm-W-h sN-øp-∂Xv. AXn\v I-Æn√, X-e-
t®m-dn√, an-Sn-°p-∂ lr-Z-b-an√. F-∂n-´pa-Xv P-¥p-
hmWv. "{]otIw-{_n-b≥ Im-e-Øn-te-°p t]m-Ip-
tºmƒ k-kyhpw P-¥phpw X-Ωn-ep≈ hy-Xym-kw
C{X-t]mepw {]-I-S-am-hn-s√'∂v t^m¿-ń ]-d-bp-∂p.
C-∂p-≈ G-sX-¶nepw Po-hn-I-fp-sS ap≥-Km-an-I-

fm-bn C-Un-bm-I-c≥ Po-hnI-sf I-W-°m-°m-\m-
hn√ (H-cp]-t£, sP√n-^n-jv am-{X-am-hp-a-Xn\]-
hmZw). ]-cm-P-b-s∏-s´m-cp ]-co-£-W-am-bn A-Xn-s\
I-W-°m-°p-∂-hcp≠v. k-¶o¿-W-Po-hkr-„n-°m-bp-
≈ {i-a-Øn-t\-‰ B-Lm-X-ambpw AXns\I-W-°m-
°mw. a-μ-K-Xn-°m-cm-b C-Unbm-I-c≥ Po-hnI-sf
Ip-td-°q-Sn sa®s∏-´ tI-w{_n-b≥Im-e Po-hn-Iƒ
Io-gv-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-am-Imw.
"A-Xp-am-bn km-ay-ap-≈ Po-hn-I-sfm∂pw C-∂p

Po-hn-®n-cn-∏n√.'25 t^m¿ń F-gpXn. "AXp-sIm-
≠pX-s∂ h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂ F-¥n-s‚-sb-¶nepw
ap≥Km-an-I-fm-bn Ah-sb hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-\m-
hn√.' 26
`q-an-bnse k-¶o¿-WPo-hn-I-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-
Øn¬ Cu Po-hn-Iƒ-°v A-{X-tb-sd ÿm-\-an√m-
bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv s]m-Xp-sh-bp-≈ Nn-¥m-KXn.
{]o-tI-w{_nb≥˛˛tI-w{_n-b≥ A-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬
h≥ D∑qe-\w \-S-∂n-cp∂p F-∂m-Wv ]-ecpw I-
cp-Xp-∂Xv. C-Unbm-I-c≥ Po-hn-Iƒ-°v (sP√n-^n-jv
H-gn-sI) ssP-h-hn-Im-k-Øn-s‚ A-Sp-Ø L-´-Øn-
te-°p I-S-°m-\m-bn√. th-sdm-cp hn-[-Øn¬ ]-d-
™m¬ k-¶o¿-W Poh-s‚ b-Ym¿-Y hn-Im-kw Xp-S-
ßp∂-Xv tIw-{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^m-S-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.
Kqƒ-Un-s‚ A-`n{]mbw Cß-s\-bmWv.
_¿K-kv sj-bv¬ t^m-kn-ep-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn-

ep-≈ hym-Jym-\-ßƒ s]s´∂pX-s∂ tNmZyw sN-
ø-s∏´p. Kqƒ-Un-s‚ hym-Jym-\-ßfpw tNmZyw
sNøs∏-´p. "k-v‰o-hv Kqƒ-Un-s‚ A-hX-c-WcoXn-
tbm-Sv F√m-h¿°pw tbm-Pn∏p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw
A-t±-lw A-h-X-cn-∏n-® Im-cy-ß-tfm-Sv ]-e¿°pw
hn-tbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p' F-∂m-Wv t^m¿-ń "sse-
^v' am-K-kn-\n¬ F-gp-Xn-b-Xv. hf-sc ar-Zp-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b hn-a¿-i-\-am-WXv.
"F-gp-Xp∂-{X hy‡-X-tbm-sS Nn-¥n-°m≥ Kqƒ-
Un-\p I-gn-™n-cp-s∂¶n¬ F-{X \-∂m-tbs\'27
F-∂m-Wv "h-≠¿-^pƒ sse-^n'-s\ \n-cq]Ww sN-
bvXp-sIm≠v Hm-Iv-kv^-Uv ]-fin-X≥ dn-®m¿-Uv
tUm-°n≥-kv k¨tU sS-en-{Km-^n-se-gpXn-b
teJ-\w Xp-S-ßp∂-XpX-s∂. hm-bn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-
bm¬ \n-dp-Øm≥ ]-‰mØ-{X i-‡-am-Wv ]p-kv-X-
I-Øn-s‚ B-Jym-\-ssi-en F∂v A-`n-{]m-b-s∏´
tUm-°n≥kv Cu ]p-kv-X-Iw h-kv-Xp-XI-sf Zp¿-
hym-Jym\w sN-øp-Ibpw Im-]-Sy-tØm-S-Sp-°p∂ i-
–m-Uw-_-c-w kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvsX-∂p Ip-‰-
s∏-Sp-Øp-IbpwsN-bvXp.
]t£, Cu-sbm-cp hn-th-N-\-t_m[w a-‰p ]-e

\n-cq-]-W-ß-fnepw I≠n√. Kqƒ-Un-s‚ ]p-kvX-Iw
X-e-ap-d-I-fm-bn B-tem-Nn-°m-sXhn-s´m-cp ta-J-
ebn-te-°p {i-≤ Xn-cn-°m≥ im-kv{X-temI-sØ
t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv \yq-tbm¿Iv ssSw-kv _p-
Iv dn-hyq-hn-se H-cp A-h-tem-I-\°m-c≥ B-Àm-
ZtØm-sS X-ń-hn-´-Xv.28 {I-a-Øn-ep-≈ hn-I-k-\-Øn-
s‚-sb-∂-t]m-se B-I-kv-an-I kw-`-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw
D¬-]-∂-am-Wv a-\p-jy≥ F-∂ h-kvXp-X imkv{X-
tem-Iw Aw-Ko-I-cn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂pw
B teJ-\w A`n{]m-b-s∏´p.
Kqƒ-Un-s‚ hm-Z-ßƒ ]-eXpw sX-‰n-≤m-c-Wm-

P\-Itam A-e-k-am-bn s]-cp-∏n-s®-Sp-ØtXm B-
sW-∂ hn-a¿-i-w Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-® hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ßƒ°p
h-gn-h-®p. tIw-{_n-b≥Ime-sØ ]-cn-Wm-aw C∂-
sØ ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn¬-\n∂p hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b-n-cp-∂p
F-∂ Kqƒ-Un-s‚ hmZ-sØ C-h-eq-j≥ F∂
tPWen-se-gp-Xn-b ]p-kv-X-Im-h-tem-I-\-Øn¬
tUm-°n≥-kv \n-in-X-am-bn hna¿in®p.29 "tI-w{_n-
b≥Im-ew ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚ ]-co-£-WIm-e-am-bn-
cp∂p', "]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-se sX‰m-b Xp-S-°-ß-fp-sS
Im-e-a-Xm-bn-cp-∂p', "F√m icocL-S-\-Ifpw A-h-
X-c-n∏n-°-s∏-´ k-ar-≤am-b Im-e-a-Xm-bn-cp-∂p'
XpSßn Kqƒ-Un-s‚ an-° kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw tUm-
°n≥-kn-s‚ tcm-j-Øn-\p ]m-{Xambn. "tIw-{_n-
b≥ Im-e-Øm-Wv ]-cn-Wm-a-{In-b-I-sf√mw \-S∂-
Xv. A∂p kr-„n-®-Xn-s\ A-‰-Ip-‰∏-Wn \S-Øn an-
\p-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I am-{X-am-Wv C∂sØ ]-cn-Wm-a-
Øn-s‚ Zu-Xyw. ]pXn-b ico-cL-S-\bpw ]pXn-b
Pohnh¿-K-ß-fp-sa√m-ap-≠mb-Xv tIw-{_n-b≥ Im-e-
ØmWv. C-t∏m-gp-≠m-Ip∂Xv ]pXn-b Po-h-Pm-Xn-
Iƒ am-{X-amWv', F-s∂m-s°-bm-Wv Kqƒ-Uv hm-Zn-
°p∂-sX-∂v tUm-°n≥-kv F-gpXn.
hen-sbmcp Hm-°p-ac-sØ t\m-°n tXm-´-°mc≥

"Ip-td h¿-j-ß-fmbn Cu a-c-Øn¬ h-enb sIm-ºp-
I-sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-Ip-∂n√, Ip-™p X-fn-cp-Iƒ am-{X-
am-Wp s]m-ń-h-cp∂Xv' F-∂v A-¤p-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xp-
t]m-se-bm-Wv KqƒUn-s‚ hm-Zw tI-´v im-kv-{X-
⁄¿ A-¤p-Xw Iq-dp-∂-sX-∂v tUm-°n≥-kv ]-cn-
l-kn-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp.
"hn-Nn-{Xam-sbm-cp Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. 50 tIm-

Sn h¿-jw ap-ºp \S∂ Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ N¿-
® H-®-∏m-Sn-\pw _-l-f-Øn\pw Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂
Imew. tIw-{_n-b≥ Im-e-sØ∏-‰n F-s¥-¶n-ep-sa-
gpXpw ap-ºv c-£-bv-°mbn sl¬a-‰v hbv-°-W-sa-
∂-Xm-Wv ÿn-Xn-sb-∂v H-cp ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬
Rm≥Xs∂ F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.' t^m¿-ń ]-d™p.
"h-≠¿-^pƒ sse-^n'¬ \m-b-I-ÿm-\-Øp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂-h-cn¬ H-cmfmb ssk-a¨ tIm¨-th tam-
dn-kn-s‚ {]-Xn-I-c-Wam-bn-cp-∂p G-‰hpw hn-Nn{Xw.
"H-cp hn-Z-Kv-[-s\-gpXn-b ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬\n-∂v C-{X-
tb-sd hn-jw h-an-°p∂Xv a-s‰-hn-sSbpw I-≠n-ń-
√'30 F-∂p ]-d-™m-Wv "Zv {Iq-kn-_nƒ Hm^v {In-
tb-j≥' F-∂ kz-¥w ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ tam-dn-kv,
Kqƒ-Un-s\ B-{I-an®-Xv. ]pcm-Po-hnim-kv-{XtemI-
sØ sR-ń-® {]-Xn-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. Hcp-
Ime-Øv Kqƒ-Un-s‚ B-ib-ß-tfm-Sp tN¿-∂p\n¬-
°p-∂ B-i-b-ßƒ°p-S-abm-bn-cp-∂p tam-dn-kv F-
∂ Imcyw N-cn-{X-a-dn-bm-sX "Zv {Iq-kn-_nƒ Hm^v
{In-tb-j≥' hm-bn-°p-∂ km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°p a-\- n-
em-In-s√-∂v t^m¿-ń F-gp-Xn-.
C-tX-∏-‰n Rm≥ tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ t^m¿-ń ]-

d™-Xv A-¤p-X-I-c-amWv tam-dn-kn-s‚ \n-e-]m-Sv
F-∂m-Wv. "Kqƒ-Un-s‚ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ A-{X
\∂m-bm-Wv tam-dn-kn-s\∏-‰n F-gp-Xn-b-Xv. AXp-
sam-cp]-t£ sska-sW Akzÿ-\m-°n-bn-´p-≠m-
Ip-w. im-kv{Xw am-dn-h-cpw. ]-t£, ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ
ÿncamWv. C-t∏m-gp-≈-Xn¬\n∂pw Xn-I-®pw `n-
∂am-b A-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ G-sd°m-ew sIm-≠p\-S-
∂-Xn¬ ]-›m-Ø-]n-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°pw A-t±lw. "]-
≠mcw ho≠p-sam-cp ss^-ew' F-∂ {]-kv-Xm-hw
C-{X {]-i-kv-X-am-b-Xnepw At±l-Øn-\p hn-j-a-ap-
≠m-bn-°m-Wpw. H-cp-Ime-Øv Kqƒ-Un-s‚ B-ib-
ßtfm-Sv A-Sp-Øp\n-∂-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p ssk-a-sW-
∂v A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]p-kvXIw hm-bn-®m¬ tXm-
∂pI-tb C√.
G-Xm-bmepw Cu hn-hm-Zw tIw-{_n-b≥Ime-

sØ t^m-kn-ep-I-fp-sS hn-a¿-i-\mflI ]p-\x]cn-
tim-[-\bv-°p hgn-sbm-cp°n. t^m¿-ń-bpw KqƒUn-
s‚ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-se a-s‰m-cp {][m-\ I-Ym-]m-
{Xam-b sU-sd-Iv {_nKvkpw ]pXn-sbm-cp co-Xn-bn¬
_¿K-kv t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ Xm-c-Xayw sN-øm≥
XpSßn. ¢m-Un-kv-‰n-Iv-kv F-∂ Cu co-Xn- s]m-
Xp-hm-bp-≈ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-sS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Po-hnI-sf Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp∂p. B-\sb {jq
(sNdn-b Xpºn-ss°-bp-≈ F-en-sb-t∏m-sem-cp
arKw) hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øpI-sb∂-Xm-Wv C-
Xn-\p- t^m¿-ń \¬-Ip∂ DZm-l-c-W-w.31 B-\-bp-sS
ò-amIm-c-hpw B-cp-sSbpw {i-≤-]n-Sn-®p ]-‰p-∂ Xp-
ºn-ss°bpw I-≠m¬Øs∂ \n-ßƒ-°p a-\- n-em-
Ipw Xp-ºn-ss°- D-s≠-∂ph-®v C-cpar-K-ßfpw X-
Ωn¬ hen-b kmay-sam-∂p-an-s√∂v. F-∂m¬ A-
h c-≠n-s\-bpw H-cp ]√n-bp-ambn Xm-c-Xayw sN-
bvXmtem? A-t∏mƒ a-\- n-emIpw B-\-bpw {jqhpw
G-Xm-s≠m-tc ]-≤-Xn-{]-Im-cw kr-„n-°-s∏-´-Xm-
sW-∂v. t^m¿-ń ]-d-™-Xn-s‚ A¿-Y-an-Xm-Wv:
Kqƒ-Uv I≠-Xv B-\sbbpw {jq-hn-s\-bpamWv.
t^m¿-ńbpw {_n-Kvkpw I≠-Xv k-kv-X-\n-I-sf-bpw.
H-‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ tXm∂p-∂-{X ssh-Nn-{Xyhpw ssh-
hn-[yhpw _¿K-kv Po-hn-Iƒ-°v C√mbn-cp-∂p.
"ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-Iƒ-°p-≈ A-km-[m-c-WXz-
sam∂pw b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ Cu Po-hn-Iƒ-°n√m-bn-
cp∂p. ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-I-fp-am-bn ]-cnN-bw ÿm-]n-
°m≥ G-Xm-s≠m-cp \q-‰m-≠p Im-ew \-ap-°p In-ń-
bn-cp-∂p F-∂-XmWv Imcyw. C-S-]-g-Ip-t¥m-dpw A-
km-[m-c-WXzw Ip-d-™p-hcpw.' t^m¿ń ]-d-bp∂p.
A-{i-≤-sImt≠m A-ew-`m-hwsIm-t≠m D-≠m-

bX√, Cu B-i-b°pg∏w. in-Yn-e-hpw A-hy-‡-
hpam-b sX-fn-hp-Iƒ-h-®v ]p-cm-Po-hn-I-fp-sS cq]hpw
A-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-hpw \n¿-W-bn-°p-tºmƒ ]-
‰p-∂ Ip-g-∏-am-WnXv. C∂-sØ jUv-]-Z-ß-fn¬ Nn-
e-bn-\-ß-sf-sb-Sp-Øv A-Xn-s\ _¿-Kkv-t]mep≈
t^m-kn-ep-I-fm-sW-∂p ]d-™v A-h-X-cn-∏n-®m¬
c≠pw kam-\ ico-c-L-S-\-bp-≈-Xm-sW-∂v Bcpw
kw-i-bn-°n√, A-{Xbv-°p hy-Xy-kvX-am-Wv A-hcp-
sS L-S-\-sb-∂v F-tUz¿-Uv H. hn¬-k¨ ]-d-
bp∂p. Cu ]p\-c-t\zj-WsØ k-lm-bn-® L-S-I-
ßƒ th-sd-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. {Ko≥e‚nepw ssN-
\-bn-ep-am-bn c-≠p tI-w{_n-b≥ t^m-kn¬ ti-J-c-
ßƒ Is≠Øn. H-‰-s∏-´ I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ th-sd-
bp-ap-≠mbn. Iq-Sp-X¬ sa-®s∏´ t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-
hp-Iƒ In-´m≥ A-h hgn-sbm-cp°n.
Cu ]T-\-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw B-Xy-¥n-I^-e-w
_¿K-kv t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ C-∏-d-™b-{X hn-Nn-{X-
a√m-bn-cp-s∂-∂p hy-‡-am-bn F-∂-XmWv. lm-
eqkn-sP-\nb-sb hn-Nn-{XPo-hn-bm-bn-tØm-∂nb-Xv
A-Xn-s‚ A-h-b-hßƒ X-e-Io-gm-bn ]n-Sn-∏n-
®ph®Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. s]m-bv-°m-ept]m-ep-≈ A-
Xn-s‚ Im-ep-Iƒ hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ Im-ep-I-fm-bn-cp-
∂n√, ap-Xp-In-se ap-≈p-I-fmbn-cp-∂p. ap-dn-s®-SpØ
ssI-X®-°-t]m-se tXm-∂n-® s]-bv-t‰m-b hm-
kvXh-Øn¬ H-cp Po-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. A-t\m-a-tem-
Im-cn-kv F-∂ a-s‰m-cp Pohnbp-sS H-cp `m-Kw am-{X-
am-bn-cp∂p. _¿K-kv Po-hn-I-fp-sS ico-cL-S-\ C-
t∏m-gp-ap-≈ ]-e Po-hn-Iƒ°pw Nm¿-Øn-s°m-Sp-°-
s∏´p. lm-eq-kn-sP\n-bbv°pw AXp-t]m-ep-≈ a-‰p
Nn-e Po-hn-Iƒ-°pw H-\n-tIym-t^m-d-sb∂ Po-hn-(]-
´p-\q¬-∏p-gpt]m-se tXm-∂n-°p-∂ H-cn-\w Pohn)bp-
am-bn km-ayap-s≠-∂p h∂p. a-‰p ]-eXpw C∂-
sØ A-\-enUp-I-sf-∂ hncIfp-sS ap≥-Km-an-I-fm-
sW-∂p h∂p. "b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ A-Xy-]q¿-h-sa-∂p
]-d-bm-hp∂ i-co-c-L-S-\-bp≈ tIw-{_n-b≥ Po-hn-
Iƒ- C√m-bn-cp-s∂-∂pX-s∂ ]-d-bmw. ]-eXpw hy-
h-ÿm]n-Xcq-]-ß-fp-sS hn-]p-eo-Ic-Ww am-{X-am-bn-
cp∂p. C∂sØ _¿-Wm-°n-sf-∂ P-e-{]m-Wn-
bpsS ssh-Nn-{Xy-sam∂pw A-h-bv-°n√m-bncp∂p.32
Nn-X¬cm-⁄n-bp-sSb-{X A-h-e£-W-sam∂pw A-
h-bv-°n√m-bncp∂p.
_¿K-kv t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ A-{X-bv-°-km-[m-c-W-

sam-∂p-a-s√-∂v A-tXmsS hy-‡-am-bn. "AX-{X
Iu-Xp-Iw P-\n-∏n-°p-∂-X-s√-∂p h∂p, A-{X
hnNn{Xa-s√-∂p h∂p, F√mw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-sW-∂p h∂p.33 hn-Nn-{X i-co-c-L-S-\-sb-∂p I-
cp-Xnb-Xv ap≈p-t]m-ep-≈ ap-Snbpw \m-hnse I-Ω-
epam-bn \-S-°p-∂ Nne bp-hm-°-fp-sS Nm-
]eywt]m-se-tb-bp-≈q F∂p- h∂p. k-a-Nn-Ø-
Xbpw ÿn-c-X-bp-ap-≈ a-[y-h-b- n-se-Øp-tºmƒ i-
co-c-L-S-\b-n¬ Cu ssh-Nn-{Xy-sam∂pw Im-Wn√.
]t£, A-t∏mgpw H-cp tNm-Zy-Øn-\v DØ-cw In-

ń-bn√. Cu Po-hn-Isf√mw F-hn-sS\n-∂ph-∂p F-
∂ tNm-Zy-Øn\v, iq-\y-X-bn¬\n-s∂-∂p
tXm∂pwh-Æw A-h F-hn-sS\n-∂ph-∂p-sh∂
tNm-Zy-Øn-\v.
I-„-sa-∂√m-sX F-¥p ]-d-bm≥! C-∏-d-™ tI-

w{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^mS\hpw A-{X hen-sbm-cp hnkv-
t^m-S-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂v ssh-Im-sX sXfn™p.
tI-{_n-b≥ Po-hn-Iƒ H-cp]-t£ t\c-tØX-s∂
A-hn-sS D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. Xo-sc sN-dp-Xm-
bXp-sIm-≠v {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-ń√ F∂p am-{Xw. C-
hn-sS-bpw D-Ø-c-Øn-te-°p-≈ kq-N-\ \¬-Inb-Xv
ss{S-tem-ss_‰p-IƒX-s∂-bmWv. ]-eX-cw ss{S-
tem-ss_-‰p-Iƒ tem-I-Øn-s‚ \m-\m`m-K-ß-fn-em-
bn G-Xm-s≠m-tc k-ab-Øv Nn-X-dn-°nS∂n-cp-∂p
F-∂ Imcyw.
ssh-hn-[y-am¿-∂ ss{S-tem-ss_-‰p-Iƒ G-Xm-

s≠m-tc k-ab-Øv `qtKmf-Øn-s‚ \m-\m-`m-KØpw
{]-Xy-£-s∏-´p F-∂ -Imcyw tIw-{_n-b≥
hnkvt^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ A-Xni-bw h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I-bm-
Wp sNøp-I F-∂m-Wv H-‰t\m-´-Øn¬ tXm-∂p-I.
hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ t\-tc Xn-cn-®m-bn-cp-∂p Im-cyw.
]q¿-Wcq-]-am¿-÷n-® H-cp ss{S-tem-ss_-‰v G-sX-
¶nep-sam-cp ÿ-e-Øv H‰-s∏-´v {]-Xy-£-s∏Sp-I F-
∂p ]-d-™m¬ A-sXm-c-¤p-X-amWv.34 F-∂m¬ H-
cp-]m-sS-Æw, AXpw ]-c-kv-]-c_-‘-ap-≈-h, ssN-
\bpw \yq-tbm¿°pw t]m-ep-≈ hn-Zq-c-ÿ-e-ß-
fn¬ G-Xm-s≠m-tc Ime-sØ t^m-kn¬tc-J I-
fn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏Sp-I F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ A-Xn-
\¿Yw A-X-ß-s\ s]mSp∂t\ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´-Xm-
I-W-sa-∂n√ F-∂mWv. A-Xn-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚
hensbm-cp `m-Kw \-ap-°p \-„-am-b-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
A-h-bp-sS ]-c-º-c-bv°p P-∑w \¬In-b th-sdm-cp
Po-h-Pm-Xn ]-≠p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂-Xn\v, A-hbv-s°m-
cp ]n-Xm-a-l-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xn-\v th-sd sX-
fn-hv A-t\z-jnt°≠ Im-cy-an√.
C-∏-d-™ ]q¿-hn-I-cp-sS t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ \-ap-°p

In-´m-Xn-cp∂-Xv F¥psIm-s≠-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬
Aß-s\ kw-c-£n-®p kq-£n-®p t^m-kn¬
sXfnhp-I-fm-Im≥ am{Xw h-en-∏w A-h-bv-°p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-cn-°n√ F-∂m-Wp-Øcw. "L-S-\ k-¶o¿-W-
am-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw ]n-g-h-‰ {]-h¿Ø-\w Im-gv-N-hbv-°p-
∂Xn\pw Po-hn h-ep-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n√. I-S-en-¬
[m-cm-f-ap≈ B-t{¥mt]m-Up-I-fn¬ ]-e-Xcw t^m-
kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-f-h-ti-jn-∏n-°m-sX-bm-Wv a¨-a-d-
bp-∂Xv. C∂sØ I-S-en¬ tIm-Sm-\ptIm-Sn-°-W-
°n-\p-≈ Iu]nt]mUv F-∂ sN-dp-Po-hn-bp-sS Im-
cyw A-t±-lw D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn Nq-≠n°m-Wn-
°p∂p. I-S-en-s‚ H-cp `m-KwX-s∂ I-dp-∏m-°n
am‰pwhn-[w h-º≥ Iq-´-ß-fm-bm-W-h k-©-cn-°p-
∂Xv, ]-t£ A-Xn-s‚ ap≥-Km-an-bp-sS H-scm‰ t^m-
kn-te \-ap-°p In-ń-bn-´p≈q, AXpw H-cp ]p-cm-X-
\ a-’y-Øn-s‚ t^m-kn-en-s\m-∏w In-S-∂Xp-sIm-
≠pam-{Xw.'
tIw-{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^m-S\w (B t]-cn¬Ø-s∂

hn-fn-°-W-sa-∂p \n¿_-‘-am-sW-¶n¬) b-Ym¿-Y-
Øn¬ ]pXn-b Po-hn-I-fp-sS s]-s´-∂p-≈ D¬]Øn-
bm-bn-cp-∂n√. a-dn-®v, sNdn-b Po-hn-Iƒ h-en-∏-am¿-
÷n-® {]-{In-bbmbn-cp∂p, t^m¿-ń ]-d-bp∂p. "h-f-
sc-s∏-s´-∂mW-Xp kw-`-hn-®-Xv F-∂XpsIm-≠v A-
sXmcp hnkv-t^m-S-\wX-s∂-bm-sW-∂p ]-d-bmw.'
ssU-\-tkmdp-Iƒ t]m-bv-a-d-bp-∂-Xn-\pth-≠n-sb-
∂-t]mse k-kv-X-\n-Iƒ H-cp ]ØptIm-Sn h¿-j-
sa-¶n-epw Im-Øn-cp-s∂∂pw ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS
Im-e-a-hkm-\n-®-t∏mƒ Ah s]m-Sp∂t\ {]-Xy-£-
s∏-´v tem-I-saßpw \nd-™p F-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂Xp-
t]m-seX-s∂-bm-WnXv. B-t{¥m-t]m-Up-Ifpw a‰p
ss{Stπm-ªm-kv-‰p-Ifpw X-ß-fp-sS Zn-h-k-sa-Øp-
∂Xpw Im-Øv A¿-[kq-£vamh-ÿ-bn-enß-s\
Im-ØpIn-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. "ssU-\-tkm-
dp-I-fp-sS \m-i-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ k-kv-X-\n-Iƒ s]m-
Sp∂t\ h-en-∏-am¿÷n°pI-bm-Wp sN-bv-X-sX-∂p
\-ap-°-dn-bmw. `q-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ s]m-Sp∂t\
F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ Z-i-e-£-°-W-°n-\v h¿jw-sIm-
≠v F-∂m-W¿-Yw F∂p a-\- n-em-°Ww.' t^m¿-ń
]-d-bp∂p.
G-sd ssh-In-bm-sW-¶nepw sd-Pn-\mƒ-Uv kv-

{]n§n-\v A¿-l-X-bv-°p≈ Aw-Ko-Im-cw e-`n®p. B-
Zy-Ime-sØ H-cp Po-hn-h¿-K-Øn-\v A-t±-l-tØmSp-
≈ B-Z-c-ambn kv-{]n-£n-\ F-∂p t]-cn´p. C-°q-
´-Øn-ep-≈ ]-e Po-hPm-Xn-I-sf-bpw kv-{]n§v t^m-
kn-e-t\zj-Ww \-SØn-b Ip-∂n-s‚ t]cp tN¿-Øv
C-UnbmI-c≥ P-¥p-°ƒ F-∂p hn-fn-°p∂p. A-
t∏m-tg°pw kv{]n§v t^m-kn¬th-´ A-h-km-\n-∏n-
®n-cp∂p. `q-hn-⁄m-\o-b-tØm-Sp hn-S ]d-™v A-
t±-lw ÿm-]n-® F-Æ-°-º-\n h≥-hn-P-b-ambn. ]n-
s∂ hn-c-an-®v {]n-b s∏-´ ^v-fn≥-tU-gv-kv a-e-\n-
c-I-fn¬ H-cp F-kv-t‰-‰v hm-ßn h-\yar-Kkwc£-
WtI{μw ÿm-]n-®v hn{i-aPo-hn-Xw \-bn-®p.
1994˛¬ a-c-W-a-S-bp-tºmƒ At±-l-sam-cp k-º-∂-
\m-bn-cp∂p.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 {Z-hn-®v H∂pw _m-°n-hbv-°m-sX a-Æ-Sn™p-

t]m-hp-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv G-Xm-s≠√m Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-
sS-bpw—99.9 i-X-am-\-Øn-te-sd Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-
sSbpw—hn[n: tjm]v, {Im-Uv¬ Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv
72.
2 `q-an-bn-se ]m-d-I-fn¬ 15 i-X-am-\-Øn-\p am-{X-

ta t^m-kn-epI-sf kw-c-£n-°m\p-≈ I-gn-hp-≈p:
se-hn-kv, Z tU-‰n-Mv sK-bnw, t]-Pv 24.
3 ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ H-s∂∂ tXm-Xn-

te t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-fn¬ tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-´p-
≈q F-∂m-Wv I-W-°v: s{S-^n¬, 101 Xn-Mvkv bp
tUm-≠v t\m F-_u-´v k-b≥kv, t]-Pv 280.
4 250,000 kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ am-{X-am-Wv t^m-kn¬

tc-J-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv : dn®m¿-Uv eo°nbpw tdm-P¿ se-
hn-\pw, kn-Iv-kv-Øv F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mv-j≥, t]Pv 45.
5 \-Ωp-sS ssI-h-i-ap≈ t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-
fn¬ `q-cn-]-£hpw k-ap-{Z -Po-hn-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv : dn-
®m¿-Uv eo-°nbpw tdm-P¿ se-hn-\pw, kn-Iv-kv-Øv
F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mv-j≥, t]-Pv 45.
6 hf-sc hen-sbm-cp kw-Jy-bm-W-sX-∂p tXm-

∂mw: dn-®m¿-Uv t^m¿-ń-bp-am-bp-≈ A-`n-apJw, e-
≠≥ \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv‰-dn ayq-kn-bw, 2001 s^{_p-
h-cn 19. 7 Cu Im-e-b-f-hn-s‚ H-cp i-X-am-\-Øn-
s‚ ]-Ip-Xn- am-{X-ta-bm-bn-´p≈q a-\p-jy\n-hn-sS-sb-
Øn-bn-´v: t^m¿ń, ss{S-tem-ss_‰v, t]-Pv 24. 8 s]-
s´-∂v R≠n-t\m-fw h-en-∏-ap-≈ s{]m-^-t√m-Sm-kv-
]nkpw F-se-s\-e-kpw a‰pw sI-bn¬ h-∂p-ho-gp-I:
t^m¿ń, ss{S-tem-ss_‰v, t]-Pv 121.
9 lm¿-hm-Un-se ayq-kn-b-Øn-\p th-≠n eq-bn

A-Km-kn-kv hmßn: {^w ^m¿-a¿ te-_d¿ Sp s^-
bva-kv eo-U¿ Nmƒ-kv Un. hm¬-tIm-´v ( 1850˛1927),
Pn.Fkv.F. Sp-tU, 1996 P-\-phcn.
10 ]p-Xp-Xm-bn \n-e-hn¬ h-∂ bp-ss\‰-Uv tÃ-‰v-

kv Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th-bn¬ ô¬-Uv dn-k¿-®-
dm-bn 1879˛¬ tN¿-∂ hm¬-tIm-´v: KqƒUv, h≠¿-
^pƒ sse^v, t]-Pv 242˛3.
11 A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ H-cp sse-{_-dn-

bn¬ H-cp A-eamc \nd-bv-°m≥ am-{X-ap-s≠-∂m-Wv
t^m¿-ń ]-d-™-Xv: t^m¿ń, ss{S-tem-ss_‰v, t]-
Pv 53.
12 B-[p-\n-I Po-h≥ D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xn-s‚ GI k-

ºq¿W Im-gv-N-bm-bn-cp∂p h¿jß-tfm-fw A-Xv:
KqƒUv, h-≠¿-^pƒ sse^v, t]-Pv 56.
13 kq-£v-a-m-t\z-jnbm-b Kqƒ-Uv hm¬-tIm-ń-s‚

U-b-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®v H-cp Im-cyw I-
s≠-Øn: KqƒUv, h-≠¿-^pƒ sse^v, t]-Pv 71.
14 140 Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-
h F-∂m-Wv H-cp I-W°v: dn-®m¿Uv eo-°nbpw tdm-
P¿ se-hn-\pw, kn-Iv-kv-Øv F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mv-j≥, t]Pv
27.
15 _¿K-kv sj-bn-en-se t^m-kn-ep-I-fp-sS im-
cocn-I L-S-\-bn-se ssh-hn[yw ]n-∂o-sS-hn-sSbpw
I-≠n-ń√: KqƒUv, h-≠¿-^pƒ sse^v, t]-Pv 208.
16 A-aq-ey-am-b Cu t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hpI-sf

X-s∂-s°m-≠mhpwhn-[w sX-‰m-bn hym-Jym-\n-°p-
I-bm-Wv hm¬-tIm-´v sN-bv-X-Xv: KqƒUv, F-bv-‰v
en‰n¬ ]n-§o-kv, t]-Pv 225.
17 A-ß-s\-bn-cn-s°-bm-Wv 1973˛¬ tIw-{_n-Uv-

Pv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se _ncp-Z hnZym¿-Ynbmb
ssk-a¨ tIm¨-th tam-dnkv Cu tiJ-cw
ImWm-s\-Øp∂Xv: \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^nIv, F-Iv-
kv]v-tfmj≥ Hm-^v sse-^v, 1993 H-tŒm_¿, t]-Pv
126.
18 ap-ºp I-≠n-ń√m-Ø A-km-[m-c-W-Xz-amWv

Hmtcm t^m-kn-ep-I-fpw k-Ωm-\n®Xv: t^m¿ń,
ss{S-tem-ss_‰v, t]-Pv 123.
19 A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn A-Xv tI-w{_n-b≥ Ime-

Øv cq-]-Iev]-\ sN-ø-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂p Im-Wmw:
bp.Fkv. \yq-kv B≥-Uv thƒ-Uv dn-t∏m¿´v, lu
Up Po≥-kv kzn®v Hm¨, 1997 Hm-K-kv-‰v 18˛25, t]-Pv
74.
20 _¿K-kv Po-hn-I-fn¬ Np-cp-ßnbXv ]-Xn-\-©v

(G-dn-bm¬ C-cp-]Xv) F-Æ-Øns\-¶n-epw A-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂ H-cp Po-hn-bp-sSbpw i-co-c-L-S-\-bp-ambn
km-ay-an√mbn-cp-∂p: KqƒUv, h-≠¿-^pƒ sse^v,
t]-Pv 25.
21 Po-h-s‚ tS-∏v _¿K-kv sj-bv-en-s‚ Im-e-

tØ-°v Xn-cn-®p Np-‰p-I. F∂n-´v kam\ Xp-S-°-
Øn¬ \n∂p ho≠pw ]m-Sn-®m¬: KqƒUv, h-≠¿-
^pƒ sse^v, t]-Pv 14.
22 A-U-sse-Un-\p hS-°v A-™q-dp In-tem-ao-

‰¿ am-dn ^v-fn≥-tU-gv-kv ae-\n-c-Ifn-ep-≈ CUn-bm-
I-c≥ Ip-∂n¬ D-t]-£n-°-s∏-´ J-\n-I-fp-sS k¿-
th \-S-Øm≥ 1946˛¬ A-t±-lw \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p:
tIm¿-s^¬Uv, B¿-°n-sS-Œvkv Hm-^v Ft‰-Wn‰n,
t]-Pv 287.
23 A-tkm-kn-tbj-s‚ ta-[m-hn-°v AXn-t\m-Sp
tbm-Pn-°m-\m-bn√: tIm¿-s^¬Uv, B¿-°n-sS-Œvkv
Hm-^v F-t‰-Wn‰n, t]-Pv 287.
24 Hº-Xp h¿-j-Øn-\p ti-jw, 1957˛¬ tdm-

P¿ ta-k¨ F-∂ kv-Iqƒ hn-Zym¿-Yn: t^m¿ń,
sse^v, t]-Pv 85.
25 A-Xp-am-bn km-ay-ap-≈ Po-hn-I-sfm∂pw C-∂p

Po-hn-®n-cn-∏n√: t^m¿ń, sse^v, t]-Pv 88.
26 AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ h-cm-\n-cn-°p-∂ F-¥n-

s‚-sb-¶nepw ap≥-Km-an-I-fm-bn Ahsb hn-ti-jn-
∏n-°m-\m-hn√: t^m¿ń, ss{S-tem-ss_‰v, t]-Pv 125.
27 F-gp-Xp∂-{X hy‡-X-tbm-sS Nn-¥n-°m≥

Kqƒ-Un-\p I-gn-™n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F{X \-∂m-tbs\:
dn-®m¿-Uv tUm-°n≥-kv, k¨-tU sS-en-{Km-^v, 1990
s^-{_-ph-cn
25.
28 \yq-tbm¿Iv ssSw-kv _p-Iv dn-hyq-hn-se H-

cp A-h-tem-I-\°mc≥ BÀm-Z-tØmsS X-ń-hn-´-
Xv: \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSwkv, _p-°v dn-hyp, k¿-ssh-
h¬ Hm-^v Z e-°nbÃv, 1989 H-tŒm-_¿ 22.
29 ]p-kv-X-Im-h-tem-I-\-Øn¬ tUm-°n≥-kv \n-

in-X-am-bn hn-a¿-in®p: Ch-eq-j-\nse ^pƒ lu-
kns‚ \n-cq-]-Ww, 1997 Pq¨.
30 Zv {Iq-kn-_nƒ Hm^v {In-tb-j≥ F-∂ kz-

¥w ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ tam-dnkv, KqƒUn-s\ B-{I-an-
®-Xv: \yq-tbm¿-Iv ssSw-kv _p-Iv dn-hyq, tdm°v Hm-
^v F-bv-P-kv, 1998 sabv 10, t]-Pv 15. H-cp hn-Z-Kv-[-
s\-gpXn-b ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬\n-∂v C-{X-tb-sd hn-jw
han-°p∂-Xv a-s‰-hn-sSbpw I-≠n-ń-√Xv: t^m¿ń,
ss{S-tem-ss_‰v, t]-Pv 138.
31 B-\sb {jq(sNdn-b Xp-ºn-ss°-bp-≈ F-

en-sb-t∏m-sem-cp arKw)hp-am-bn XmcXayw sN-øp-
Isb∂-Xm-Wv C-Xn-\p- t^m¿-ń \¬-Ip∂ DZm-l-c-
W-w: t^m¿ń, ss{S-tem-ss_‰v, t]-Pv 132.
32 C∂-sØ _¿-Wm-°n-sf-∂ P-e-{]m-Wn-bpsS

ssh-Nn-{Xy-sam∂pw A-h-bv-°n√mbn-cp-∂p:
t^m¿ń, sse^v, t]-Pv 111.
33 AX-{X Iu-Xp-Iw P-\n-∏n-°p-∂-X-s√-∂p
h∂p, A-{X hnNn-{X-a-s√∂p h∂p, F√mw hn-i-
Zo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW-∂p h-∂p: t^m¿ń, tjm-Iv
tem-_v-kv-t‰-gvkv, e-≠≥ dnhyq Hm-^v _p-Iv-kv, 1998
H-tŒm_¿ 1.
34 ]q¿-Wcq-]-am¿-÷n-® H-cp ss{S-tem-ss_-‰v

GsX-¶nep-sam-cp ÿ-eØv H-‰-s∏´v {]-Xy-£-s∏Sp-
I F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ A-sXm-c-¤p-X-amWv: t^m¿ń,
ss{S-temss_‰v, t]-Pv 137.
A[ym-bw 22
bm-{Xm-samgn
a\p-jy-s‚ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬\n-∂p t\m-°n-bm¬

(A-ß-s\-b√m-sX t\m°m≥ \-ap-s°-fp-∏a√)
Cu Po-h≥ F-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv Xn-I®pw hn-Nn-{X am-
sbm-cp kw-K-Xn-bm-sW∂p tXm-∂pw. D-¤-hn-®p ap-
t∂-dm≥ hen-b Xn-Sp°-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn\v. bm-{X
Xp-S-ßn-°-gn-™-t∏mtgm C-∏-d-™ [rXnsbm-∂pw
]n-∂o-Sp I≠-Xp-an√.
D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v sse-°-¨ F-∂ I¬-]m-b-en-
s‚ Im-cy-sa-Sp-°p-I. `q-an-bn¬ \-ap-°p Im-Wm-hp-
∂ Po-hn-I-fn¬ ImTn\yw G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X-ep≈Xv
sse-°-Wp-Iƒ-°mWv. h-f¿-∂p- h-ep-Xm-I-W-sa-∂
Xm¬-]cyw G-‰hpw Ip-dhpw A-h¿-°p-Xs∂. {]-
k-∂am-b ]-≈n-b-¶-W-Øn¬ B-Àm-Z-]q¿hw sse-
°-Wp-Iƒ Po-hn°pw. th-sdm-cp Po-hn°pw I-gn-bm-
\m-Im-Ø {]-XnIqe km-l-N-cy-ß-fnepw A-h Po-
hn°pw. Im-‰v B™p-ho-ip-∂ ]¿-h-Xin-J-cß-
fn¬, D-Ø-c-{[p-h-Øn-se ]m-gv\n-e-ß-fn¬, ]m-dbpw
a-gbpw X-Wp-∏p-a√m-sX th-sdm-∂p-an√m-Ø-bn-S-ß-
fn¬,1 F-Xn-cn-Sm≥ B-cp-an√m-sX A-h I-gn-bpw. Z-
£n-W-{[p-h-Øn¬ Im-‰p \-°n-Øp-S-s®-Sp-Ø, th-
sdm-∂pw h-fcm-Ø, ]m-d-I-fn¬ ]-eX-cw sse-°-
Wp-I-sf Im-Wmw˛˛G-Xm-≠v \m\qtdm-f-an-\-ßsf.
F-ß-s\-b-h-bv°-Xp I-gn-bp-∂p-sh-∂v G-sd-°m-

e-tØ-°v B¿-°pa-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. t]m-jI-ß-
sfm-∂p-an√m-Ø ]m-d-bn¬ ]-‰n-∏n-Sn-®p In-S°p-∂,
hn-Øp-≠m-°p-∂p-s≠-∂-Xn-\v sXfn-shm-∂pw \¬-
ImØ sse-°Wp-Iƒ k-ky-am-Im-\p-≈ {i-a-
Øn¬ ]m-d-bm-bn-t∏m-b-Xm-sW-∂v ]-ecpw I-cpXn.
"Po-hmw-i-an√m-Ø ]m-d B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn Po-h-\p-
≈ k-ky-am-bn am-dn',2 F-∂m-Wv 1819˛¬ tUm.
tlm¨-j®v A-¤p-Xw Iq-dn-bXv.
H-∂p-Iq-Sn- A-Sp-ØpI-≠-t∏mƒ a-\- n-em-

bn—sse-°-Wp-I-ƒ A-¤pXa√, Iu-Xp-I-am-Wv.
]m-bepw Ip-an-fpw AY-hm ^w-Kkpw B¬-Kbpw
tN¿-∂p-≈ k-l-Po-h-\-am-Wv sse°¨. ^wK-kv
{k-hn-°p-∂ A-æ-ßƒ ]m-d-bp-sS D-]-cnX-ew A-en-
bn-°pw, Aß-s\ h-cp-∂ [m-Xp-°ƒ h-en-s®-Sp-Øv
B¬-K A-Xp `-£-W-am-°n am-‰pw, ]-c-kv]-cw k-
lm-bn-®v C-cphcpw Po-hn-°pw. A-Xyp-÷-e-am-Wo
k-lI-c-W kw-hn-[m-\w F-s∂m∂pw ]-dbm-s\m-
°n√, ]-t£, h≥-hn-P-b-am-W-sX-∂p ]-d-bm-sX h-
ø. temIØv C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn-te-sd kv-]o-jo-
kv sse-°-Wp-I-fp-≠v.3
ITn-\-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ I-gn-bp-∂ G-Xp- Po-

hnsbbpwt]m-se sse°Wp-I-fp-sS h-f¿-® hf-sc
]-Xp-s°-bmWv. j¿-ń-s‚ Ip-Sp-°n-s‚b-{X
hep∏Øn-se-Øm≥ sse-°¨ A-c-\q-‰m-≠n-te-sd
Im-e-sa-Sp-°pw. A-t∏mƒ ho-ń-se ]n-™m-W-∏m-
{X-Øn-s‚b-{X h-en-∏-ap≈ sse-°-Wp-Iƒ°v4 "B-
bn-c-°-W-°n-\p h¿-j-ans√-¶n¬Iq-Sn \q-dp-I-W-°n-
\p h¿-j-w {]mbw Xo¿-®-bm-bp-ap-≠m-Ip-'sa-∂mWv-
tU-hn-Uv B-‰≥-_tdm ]-d-bp-∂Xv. C{Xbpw \n- w-
Kam-sbm-cp Po-hn-Xw th-sd k-¶ev-]n-°m-\m-hn√.
"Po-hn-°m≥th≠n A-h Po-hn-°p-∂p. Xm-tg-°n-S-
bn-ep-≈ Po-hn-I-fn¬ Aß-s\ Po-hn-°m≥ th-≠n-
bp-≈ Po-hn-X-ap-s≠-∂-Xn-\v sX-fn-hp \¬-In-s°m-
≠vv.' B-‰≥-_tdm Iq-ń-t®¿-°p∂p.
Po-hn-XØn-s\m-cp e-£y-ap-s≠-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂ \-

Ωƒ a\p-jy¿-°v PohnXwX-s∂-bm-Wp e-£y-sa-
∂ Cu Nn-¥mK-Xn Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥-X-s∂-bm-hn√.
Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \-ap-°p ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-≠,v B-{K-l-ß-
fp≠v, A-`n-\n-th-i-ßfp≠v. H-c-\p-{K-lwt]m-se
In-ń-b D-∑ØPo-hn-Xw ]-c-amh-[n D-]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-
Øp-∂-sXß-s\ F-∂-Xm-Wv \-Ωp-sS Nn-¥.
]t£, H-cp sse-°-Wn-\v F-¥m-Wp Po-hnXw? F-
∂n-´pa-Xp Po-hn-°p∂p, H-cp]-t£ a-\p-jy-sc-°mƒ
i-‡am-b Po-hn-Xm-`n-\n-th-i-tØmsS. Im-ń¬ H-
cp ]m-d-bn¬ a-μ-h-f¿-®bp-am-bn ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ sN-
e-hn-tS-≠n-h-∂m¬ F-\n°v Po-hn-°m-\p-≈ B-{K-
lwX-s∂ \-„-am-tb-°pw. ]t£, sse-°-Wp-Iƒ-
°v B tXm-∂en√. G-sXm-cp Po-hn-sbbpwt]m-se
A-hbpw G-Xv Zp-cn-X-hpw Xm-ßpw, G-Xv A-h-tl-f-
\hpw Xc-Ww sN-øpw; H-cp \n-an-j-sa-¶n¬ H-cp \n-
an-jwIqSn Po-h-t\m-sS I-gn-bm≥. Np-cp-°-Øn¬ Po-
h≥ F-∂p ]-d-bp∂-Xv sh-dp-sX Po-hn-°m-\p-≈-Xm-
Wv. F{Xtbm Im-e-tØ-°v A-Xn-\v A-Xnepw hen-
b B-{Kl-ß-sfm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
Po-hn-Xm-`n-\n-th-iw h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ B-h-

iy-Øn-te-sd ka-bw `q-an-bn¬ Poh-\p In-ń-bn-cp-
∂p F-∂-tXm¿-°p-tºm-gm-Wv C-sXm-c-¤p-Xambn -
tXm-∂p-I. 4500 aney¨ h¿j-sØ `q-an-bp-sS N-cn-
{X-sØ \-Ωp-sS Hcp Zn-h-k-Øn-te-°p sR-cp-°n-b-
a¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°pI,5 A-t∏mƒ `q-an-bn¬ Po-h≥ D-S-
se-SpØ-Xv hf-sc t\-ctØ-bmWv. sh-fp-∏n-\p \m-
ep a-Wn°pXs∂ e-fn-X-L-S-\-bp-≈ B-Zy-sØ
kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-fp-≠mbn. ]t£, ]n∂sØ 16 a-
Wn-°q¿ t\-c-tØ-°v Poh-s‚ L-S-\-bn¬ Im-cyam-
b ]ptcmKXn-sbm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn√. Zn-h-k-Øn-s‚
B-dn¬ A-©p `m-Kw ]n-∂n-Sptºmgpw Cu {]-]-©-
Øn\p Im-Wn®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ `q-an-°v kq-£v-a-Po-hn-
I-fp-sS ]-S-b√m-sX thsd-sbm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
ssh-Io-´v F-´-c-bm-Iptºm-gm-Wv B-Zy-sØ I-S¬-
k-kyw h-cp-∂Xv. C-cp]-Xp an-\n-‰p-I-gn-™t∏mƒ
sP√n-^n-jv FØn. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬ sd-Pn-\mƒ-
Uv kv-{]n-§v Is≠Øn-b C-Un-bm-I-c≥ P-¥p-°-fp-
saØn. cm-{Xn 9.04 B-b-t∏m-gm-Wv ss{S-tem-ss_-
‰p-Iƒ \o-¥n-h-cp-∂Xv. ssh-Im-sX _¿K-kv sj-
bn-en-se hn-Nn-{X-Po-hn-I-sfØn. ]-Øp-a-Wn-bm-Im-
dm-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv I-c-bn¬ k-kyß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.
A¿-[-cm-{Xn-bm-Im≥ c-≠p-a-Wn-°q¿ Xn-I-®n√m-Xn-
cn-°ptºmƒ I-c-bn-se B-Zy-Po-hn-Iƒ h∂p.
]-Øp-an-\nt‰m at‰m \o-≠ im-¥amb A-¥-co-

£-Øn-¬ `q-an sIm-Sp¶mSp-sIm-≠p \n-d™p. A-
Xn-s‚ A-h-in-„-ß-fm-Wv \-ap-°n-t∏mgpw I¬°-
cn X-cp-∂Xv. A-°me-ØpX-s∂-bm-Wv Nn-d-Ip-≈
j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fp-≠m-bXv. 11 a-Wn-bm-Im-dm-b-t∏mƒ
ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ B-bm-k-s∏-´p I-b-dn-h∂p.
]ns∂-sbm-cp ap-°m¬ a-Wn-°q-dp-t\-cw A-h-bn-hn-
sS hn-l-cn®p. A¿-[-cm-{Xn°v 21 an-\n-‰v ti-jn-°p-
tºm-g-h A-{]-Xy-£-ambn, ]n-s∂-bmWv k-kv-X-\n-
I-fp-sS Im-ew. ]-{¥-≠p-a-Wn-bm-Im≥ H-cp an-\n-‰pw
17 sk-°≥-Upw am{Xw _m-°n-bn-cn-t° a-\p-jy≥
h-∂p. Cu tXm-X-\p-k-cn-®v a-\p-jy-s‚ tc-Js∏-Sp-
Ø-s∏-ń-´p-≈ N-cn-{X-Øn-\v G-Xm\pw sk-°≥-Up-
I-fp-sS ssZ¿-Lyta hcq. a-\p-jym-bp mIs´ H-cp
\n-an-jm¿-[wt]mepw h-cn√. Cu {ZpXZn-\Øn-ep-S-
\o-fw h≥-I-c-Iƒ th-dn-´pw Iq-ń-bn-Sn-®p Iq-Sn-t®¿-
∂pw-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. ]¿-h-X-ßƒ D-b¿∂p, ]n-s∂ D-
cp-In-b-a¿∂p, k-ap-{Z-X-S-ßƒ D-b¿-∂p XmWp. a-
™p-^-e-I-ßƒ \o-ßn-b-SpØp, ]ns∂ A-I-∂p.
Znhkw ap-gph≥ an-\n-‰n¬ aq-∂p -X-h-W-sb-∂ tXm-
Xn¬ `q-tKm-f-Øn-se-hn-sS-sb-¶nepam-bn {]-Im-i-
_nw-_-ßƒ an-∂n-a-d™psIm-≠n-cp∂p, am≥-k-
Wn¬ I≠-Xp-t]m-ep-≈tXm A-Xnepw heptXm
B-b D¬-°m-]m-X-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Cß-s\ {]-
lc-ß-tf¬-°p-∂, A-kz-ÿ-X-Iƒ P-\n-∏n-°p-∂
A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Po-h≥ \n-e-\n-∂p F∂-XpX-s∂
A-¤p-X-am-Wv. \n-e-\n-∂p F-∂p ]-d-bp-sa-¶nepw
H-cp Po-h\pw Aß-s\ A-[n-I-Im-ew \n-e-\n-∂n-
cp∂n√ F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X.
4.5 _ney¨ h¿j-sØ N-cn-{X-ap≈ `q-an-bn-se

a-\p-jym-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw F-{X-am{Xw Ip-
d-hm-sW-∂ Imcyw a-\- n-em-°m≥ th-sdm-cp h-gn-
bp≠v. c-≠pw ssIbpw \n-h¿-Øn-∏n-Sn®v A-Xm-Wv
`q-an-bp-sS N-cn-{XØn-s‚ ssZ¿Lyw F-∂p k-¶ev-
]n-°p-I.6 "t_-kn≥ B≥-Uv sd-bv©v' F-∂ ]p-kv-
X-I-Øn¬ tPm¨ a-Iv-ô ]-d-bp-∂ I-W-°-\p-k-
cn-®v "At∏mƒ H-cp ssI-bpsS hn-c¬-Øp-ºn¬\n-
∂v at‰-ssIbpsS a-Wn_‘wh-sc -bp≈ \o-f-am-
Wv {]o-tIw-{_n-b≥ Imew. k-¶o¿-WL-S-\-bp-≈
Po-hn-IfpsS N-cn{Xw D≈w-ssIbn-sem-Xp-ßpw. \-
Jw-sIm-≠v H-scm-‰ h-c -hc-®v Np-c-≠n-bm¬ A-{]-
Xy-£-amIpw a-\p-jy-s‚ ap-gp-h≥ N-cn-{X-hpw.'
`m-Ky-Øn\v A-ßs\-sbm-cp Np-c-≠-en-s‚ Im-

ew C-Xph-sc h-∂p-tN¿∂n-ń√. ]-t£, A-Xn-\p-
≈ km-[y-X-tb-sd-bmWv, F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ t]mc,
A-ßs\-sbm-cp Znh-kw hcn-IX-s∂sN-øpw. ]-d-
™p- t]-Sn-∏n-®v \nßsf \n-cm-i-cm-°m≥ F-\n-°p
Xm¬-]-cy-an√. ]-t£, H-cp Imcyw a-\- n-em°ntb
]-‰q. `q-an-bn-se Poh-s‚ {][m-\ k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifn-
sem-∂v A-Xn\p \m-i-ap-≠v F-∂-XmWv, AXpw
Ir-Xy-am-bnØs∂. \n-e-\n¬-°m≥ X-{X∏m-Sp-s]-Sp-
∂p-s≠-¶nepw Po-h-Pm-Xn-Iƒ ÿn-cam-b C-S-th-f-
I-fn¬ hw-i\m-i-Øn-\p hn-t[-b-am-Ipw. Po-hL-S-\
k-¶o¿-W-am-Ipw-tXm-dpw hw-i-\miØn-\p-≈ Im-e-
bf-hv Ip-d-™p-h-cn-IbpwsN-øpw. AXp-sIm-≠mh-
Ww ]-e Po-h-Pm-e-ßfpw h-f¿-∂p h-ep-Xm-Im≥
hen-b Xm¬-]cyw {]-I-Sn-∏n°m-ØXv.
Hmtcm X-h-Wbpw Po-h≥ [o-cam-sbm-cp Np-h-Sp-
hbv-°p-tºmƒ A-sXm-cp kw-`-hwX-s∂-bm-bn am-
dpw. AØ-cw kw-`-h-ß-fn¬ G-‰hpw h-ep-XmWv,
A-Xp-eyw F-∂pXs∂ ]-d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv, Pohs‚
Cu I-Y-bn-se ASpØ A-[ym-bw. Po-h≥ I-S-
en¬\n-∂v ]p-d-ØpI-S-∂ L-´w.
I-c-bn-te-°p I-S-°p-I-sb∂-Xv sNdn-b Im-cy-am-

bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-tLmcam-bn-cp-∂p A-∂v I-c. Nq-tS-
dn-b h-c-≠ I-c Aƒ-{Sm-h-be-‰v c-iv-an-I-fn¬ Ip-fn-
®p \n¬-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p A∂v. sh-≈-Øn¬ s]m-
ßn-°nS∂p k-©cn-°p-∂-t]m-se A-\m-bmkw I-
c-bn¬ \o-ßm≥ ]-‰n√. I-c-bn¬ Po-hn-°-W-sa-
¶n¬ i-co-cL-S-\-bn¬ k-aq-e-am-‰w h-cWw. hen-
sbm-cp ao\ns\ X-ebpw hmepw ]n-Sn-®p s]m-°n
t\m-°p-I, A-Xn-s‚ \-Sp h-f-™p-Ip-Øp∂-Xp Im-
Wmw. icoc`m-cw Xm-ßm-\p-≈ ti-jn ao-\ns‚ \-
s´√n-\n√mØXp-sIm-≠m-WXv. I-S-en¬ I-gn-bm-\-
Xp-aXn, ]-t£ I-c-bn¬ Po-hn-°-Wsa¶n¬ Po-hn-I-
fp-sS B-¥-c-L-S-\ `m-cw Xm-ßm-\p-XIpwhn[w am-
dWw. H-cp cm{Xn-sIm-≠p kw-`-hn-°m-hp-∂ am-‰-a√
A-Xv.
F√m-‰n-\p-]cn, `q-an-bn¬ Po-hn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A-
¥-co-£-Øn¬\n-∂v t\-cn´v Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ kzo-I-cn-
°m≥ ]Tn-°Ww; sh-≈-Øn¬\n-∂v A-cn-s®-Sp-
Øm¬ t]m-c. F-fp-∏w a-dn-I-S-°m-hp-∂ sh√phn-fn-
I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√, AsXm∂pw. F-¶nepw I-S-en¬\n-
∂p I-c-I-b-dm-\p-≈ {]-tNmZ-\w i-‡ambn-cp∂p.
Imc-Ww, I-S-en-se Po-hn-Xw Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ A-
]-I-S-I-cambn am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. `q-
J-fi-ßƒ A-Sp-Øp-Iq-Sn ]m≥Pn-b-sb-∂ h≥-I-
c cq-]-s∏-Sp∂p. sN-dp`q-J-fi-ßƒ tN¿-∂v H-scm-‰
Ic-bm-b-t∏mƒ Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xr-Xn Ip-
d™p. Xo-c-tZ-i Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS hn-kv-Xr-
Xn Ip-d-™-tXm-sS a’-cw aq¿-—n®p. F¥pw Xn-
s∂m-Sp-°p-∂ òI-c\m-sbmcp lnw-{k-P-¥p (bp-K-
ßƒ ]n-∂n-s´-¶nepw hen-b am-‰-sam∂pw Iq-Sm-sX
k-ap-{Z-Po-hn-I-fp-sS ò-j-Wn-bm-bn C∂pw Xp-S-cp-∂
{km-hv F∂ th-´-°m-c≥) {]-Xy-£-s∏-´-tXm-sS ò-
j-Wn-bp-sS B-gw h¿-[n-®p. I-S¬Po-hn-Iƒ°p _-
Z¬ k-t¶-Xw I-s≠-Ø-m≥ k-a-bam-bn-cp∂p.
I-c-bn¬ k-ky-ß-fpsS A-[n-\n-th-iw Xp-S-

ßnb-Xv G-Xm-≠v 450 aney¨ h¿-jw ap-ºmWv.
k-ky-ßƒ-°p ]n-∂m-se sN-dpIo-S-ßfpw NmgnI-
fpw {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. I-c-bn¬ ho-gp-∂ C-e-Ifpw N-
∏pN-h-dp-Ifpw hn-LSn-∏n-®v a-Æn-e-en-b-n∏n-°p-∂-Xn-
\v A-h-bp-sS k-lm-bw B-h-iy-am-bn-cp∂p. h-en-
b P-¥p-°ƒ h-cm≥ ]n-s∂bpw k-a-b-sa-Sp-Øp. G-
Xm-≠v 400 aney¨ h¿-jw ap-ºv A-h¿ I-S-en¬\n-
∂p I-c-bn-te-°p I-b-dn-Øp-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p. BZyw
I-c-bn¬ I-b-dn-b P-e-Po-hnI-sf sN-fn-bn¬ C-g-
™p-\-S-°p-∂ Hcn\w a-’y-Øn-s‚ cq-]-Øn-em-Wv
km-[m-c-W Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ Im-Wmdv, Nn-e¿ ]q¿-W-
hn-Im-kw {]m-]n-® D-`-b-Po-hn-bmbpw Ah-sb Nn-
{Xo-I-cn®p. b-Ym¿Y-Øn¬ I-c-bn-se k-©-cn-°p-
∂ B-Zy Po-hn-Iƒ H-cpX-cw ]m-gv-a-c-∏p-gp-hmbn-
cp∂p. ]m-gva-ctam ]m-d-°t√m a-dn-®n-Sp-tºmƒ A-Sn-
bn¬\n-∂p ]pdØp-Nm-Sn ]-c-°w ]m-™p-\-S-°p-∂
sN-dp-Po-hn-I-fnt√, A-XpXs∂. I-h-N P¥p-hn-`m-K-
Øn-em-Wv A-h-bv-°p ÿm-\w.
A-¥-co-£-Ønse Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ iz-kn-°m≥ ]Tn-

®-h¿-°p \√ Im-eam-bn-cp-∂p AXv. I-c-bn¬ Po-hn-
Xw ]p-jv-]n-®p Xp-Sßnb Im¿-t_m-Wn^-d-k,v Un-
thm-Wn-b≥ a-lm-bp-K-ß-fn¬ A-¥-co-£-Ønse
Hm-Iv-knPs‚ A-f-hv 35 i-X-am-\w h-sc-sb-Øn-bn-
cp-∂p7 (C-∂-sØ 20 i-X-am\-sØ At]-£n-®v
F{Xtbm Iq-Sp-X-emW-Xv). ar-K-ßƒ-°v A-Xn-th-
Kw h-f-cm≥ A-Xp km-l-Ncy-sam-cp°n.
tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p h¿-jw apº-sØ A-¥-co-£-

Ønse Hm-Iv-knPs‚ Af-hv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ Fß-
s\ I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-°p-∂p-sh-∂ kwibw \ym-
b-am-bp-w a-\- n-ep-b-cp-∂p-≠m-Ipw. A-Xn-s‚-bpØ-cw
A-{X {]-kn-≤ a√m-Ø F-∂m¬ A-tßb-‰w {]-
tbm-P-\-{]-Zam-b sF-tkm-tSm-]v ù-ac-k-X-{¥-Øn-
em-Wp In-S-°p-∂-Xv. ]-≠p]≠v Im¿-t_m-Wn-^-d-
k,v UnthmWn-b≥ Im-e-ß-fn¬ k-ap-{ZP-ew π-h-I-
ß-sf-∂ sN-dpPo-hnIƒ-sIm-≠p \n-d-™n-cn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ip™p tXm-Sn-s‚ kwc-£-WI-h-N-ap-
≈ Cu Po-hn-Iƒ C-∂-sØ-t∏m-se A-∂pw tXm-Sp-
≠m-°n-bn-cp∂-Xv A-¥-co-£Øn¬\n∂v Hm-Iv-kn-
P≥ h-en-s®-Sp-Øv a-‰p aq-e-I-ß-fp-am-bn ({]-[m-\-am-
bpw Im¿-_¨) tN¿-Øv Im¬kyw Im¿-_-tW‰v-
t]m-ep-≈ D-d-t∏dpw kw-bp‡-ß-fp-≠m-°n-bm-Wv.
Cu {]-{In-b A-ß-s\ Xp-S-cp-tºmƒ t\c-tØ ]d-
™n-´p-≈Xp-t]m-ep-≈ Im¿-_¨N-{I-am-bn am-dp-a-
Xv. ]d-™p tIƒ°m≥ hen-b c-k-ap-≠m-In-s√-¶n-
epw Xma-k-tbm-Kyam-sbm-cp {K-l-ap-≠m°p-∂-Xn¬
Im¿-_¨N-{I-Øn-\v hen-b ]-¶p-≠v.
Im-e-{I-ta-W Cu sN-dp-Po-hn-Iƒ N-Øv I-S-en-
s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń¬ sN∂S-n-bpw. A-hn-sS-°nS-∂v ]-
Xp-s°b-Xv Np-Æm-ºp-]m-d-bm-Ipw. Cu -Po-hn-Iƒ
i-h∏-d-ºn-te-°p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂ kw-bp-‡-ß-
fn¬ ÿn-c-X-bp-≈ c≠v sF-tkm-tSm-∏p-I-fp-ap-≠m-
Ipw—Hm-Iv-kn-P≥˛16, Hm-Iv-kn-P≥˛18 (sF-tkmtSm-
s∏-∂m¬ F-¥m-sW-∂ Imcyw a-d-∂p-t]m-sb-¶n¬
H∂p-Iq-Sn ]d-™p-Xcmw, \yq-t{Sm-Wn-s‚ F-Æ-
Øn¬ am-‰-ap-≈ ]-c-am-Wp-°-fm-Wh). C-hnsS-bm-
Wv ù-a-c-k-X-{¥-⁄¿ C-S-s]-Sp-∂Xv. Cu sF-
tkm-tSm-∏p-Iƒ h∂pIq-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚ Af-hv A∂-
sØ A-¥-co-£-Øn-se Hm-Iv-kn-P-s‚bpw
Im¿_¨-U-tbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚bpw A-f-hn-\v B-
\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.8 Cu c≠v sF-tkm-tSm-∏p-
I-fp-sS Af-hp Xm-c-Xayw sN-bv-Xm¬ im-kv-{X-
⁄¿°v A-h cq-]-s∏-´ {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øn-s‚ A-
h-ÿ I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-°m-\mIpw. A∂sØ Hm-
Iv-knP-s‚ A-f-hv, I-c-bn-sebpw I-S-en-sebpw Xm-
]-\n-e, lna-bp-K-ß-fp-sS Im-ehpw ssZ¿-Lyhpw
Aß-s\ ]-eXpw I-s≠-Ømw. Cu hn-h-cß-sf
t^m-kn-ep-I-fn¬\n-∂p-≈ a-‰p hn-h-c-ß-fp-am-bn Iq-
ń-t®¿Øv im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°v a-\pjy-s\m-cn-°epw
I-≠n-ń√m-Ø Ime-sØ A-¥-co£w G-d-°p-sd
B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bnØs∂ ]p-\xkr-„n-°mw.
A-∂-sØ A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Hm-Iv-kn-P-≥ C-

{Xbpw k-ar-≤-am-Im-\p≈ Im-cWw, A∂-sØ `q-
an h-∑-c-ßfpw Ip-dp-¶mSpw N-Xp-∏pw-sIm-≠p \n-
d™n-cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu-sbm-cp `q-{]-Ir-Xn km-
[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ \-St°≠ Im¿-_¨ ]p\xNw-{I-
aWsØ X-S- -s∏-Sp-Øn. a-Æn¬ ho-gp-∂ X-Sn-Ifpw
ssP-hm-h-in-„-ßfpw ]q¿-W-a-m-bn {Z-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p
]Icw Cu¿∏ap-≈ A-h-km-Z-ß-fn¬ Ip-∂p-IqSn,
]n-s∂b-Xv Dƒ-h-en-™v I¬°-cn \n-t£-]-ß-fm-
bn amdn. C∂pw tem-I-Øn-s‚ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬
kp{][m\ ]-¶p-≠-v A-∂p cq-]-s∏-´ I¬°-cn\n-
t£-]-Øn\vv.
Hm-Iv-knPs‚ Cu k-ar-≤n A∂-sØ Po-hn-I-fp-

sS h-en-∏w A-km[m-c-Wamwhn[w h¿-[n-°m≥ Im-
c-W-am-bn. I-c-bn-se G-‰hpw {]m-No-\Po-hnsb-°p-
dn-®p \-ap-°-p≈ sX-fn-hv 350 aney¨ h¿-jw apº-
sØ H-cp ]m-SmWv. kvtIm-Sv-e‚n¬ I≠ B A-S-
bmfw tXc-´-t]m-sem-cp Po-hn-bptS-Xm-bn-cp∂p. B
tX-c-´-bv-°v H-cp ao-‰-dn-te-sd \o-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
B bp-Kw Ah-km-\n-°pwap-ºv tX-c-´-I-fp-sS \o-fw
A-Xn-s‚ C-c-ń-bm-bn.
CØ-cw Po-hn-Iƒ [m-cm-f-ap-≈-t∏mƒ A-h-bp-

sS hm-bn¬\n-∂p c-£s∏-Sm≥ j-Uv-]-Z-ßƒ ]pXn-
sbm-cp hn-Zy I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xn¬ A-¤p-X-an√. A-ß-
s\bh ]-d-°m≥ ]Tn-®p. A-¤p-X-I-cam-b Cu I-
gn-hv h≥hn-P-bam-bn-cp∂p, AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ Im-
e-an-{X ]n-∂n-ń´pw Ah-¿ B hn-Zybn¬ am-‰-
sam∂pw h-cp-Øn-bn√. C-∂-sØ-t∏m-se A∂pw
Xp-ºn-Iƒ-°v a-Wn°q-dn¬ Aº-Xp In-tem-ao-‰-dn-
te-sd th-K-Øn¬ ]-d-°m-\m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p, Np-‰n-°-
d-ßm\pw s]m-Sp∂-t\ \n¬-°m\pw Nn-d-I-Sn-®v B-
Im-i-Øn-eßs\ \o-ßm-sX \n¬-°m-\pw B-Ip-am-
bn-cp∂p. kz-¥w i-co-c-`m-c-hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-
øp-tºmƒ hf-sc h-en-b `mcw, a-\p-jy≥ \n¿-an-®
H-cp ]-d°pw b-{¥-Øn-\pw h-ln-°m-\m-Im-Ø-{X h-
en-b `m-cw, h-en-®p-b¿-Øm-\-hbv°v I-gn-bpw. Xp-
ºn-Iƒ-s°-ß-s\-bn-Xp km-[n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bm≥
A-ta-cn-°≥ thym-a-tk-\ Ah-sb hn-≥-Uv S-W-ep-
I-fn-en-´v \n-co-£n-®n-´p≠v.9 ]-t£ B c-lkyw ]n-
Sn-In-ń-bn√. Im¿-t_m-Wn-^d-kv Im-e-sØ Hm-Iv-kn-
P≥ k-ar-≤am-b A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Xp-ºn-I-fpw i-
cn-°p ]p-„n-s∏-´p. A∂-sØ Im-Sp-I-fn¬ Im-°-
I-fp-sSb-{X h-en∏-ap-≈ Xp-ºn-Iƒ ]d-∂p\-S-∂n-
cp-∂p.10 a-c-ßƒ°pw a-‰p k-ky-Pm-e-ßƒ°pw C-
tXt]m-se A-an-X-h-en-∏-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂p. ]-∂¬-a-c-
ßfpw tlm-gv-kv-sS-bn-ep-Ifpw A-∂v 15 ao-‰¿h-sc
Dbcwh®p. ¢∫v tam-kv F-∂ ]m-b¬-s®-Sn 40 ao-
‰¿h-sc D-b-c-Øn-seØn.
I-c-bn-se B-Zy I-ti-cp-InIƒ, F-∂p-h-®m¬ \-

Ωp-sS-sb√mw ap≥Km-an-Iƒ B-cm-sW-∂ Imcyw
G-d-°p-sd \n-Kq-V-amWv. C-Xn-\v Im-c-Wßƒ c-
≠p≠v. H-∂ma-Xv B-h-iy-ap≈ t^m-kn-ep-I-fp-sS
A-]-cym-]vX-X. c-≠ma-Xv hne-£-Wkz`m-hhn-ti-
j-ß-fp-≈ F-dn-Iv bm¿-hn-Iv F-∂ kzoU≥-Im-c≥.
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ hn-Nn-{X hym-Jym-\-ßfpw c-l-kym-
fl-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-amWv Cu Zn-i-bn-ep-≈ A-
t\z-j-W- ]p-tcm-K-Xnsb GXms≠m-cp A-c\q-‰m-
≠pIm-ew ]n-t∂m-´-Sn-®-Xv. t^m-kn¬ ao-\n-s\-b-
t\z-jn®v 1930I-fn-epw 1940I-fn-epw {Ko≥-e‚ v k-
μ¿-in-® kv-Im≥-Un-t\-hn-b≥ hnZKv[ kw-L-Øn-
sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p bm¿-hnIv. \-Ωp-sSbpw \-S-°p-
∂ F√m Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-d-™m¬
F√m \m¬-°m-en I-ti-cp-InI-fp-sSbpw ap≥-Km-an-
bm-bn-cp-∂ tem-_v—^n-≥-Uv ao-\n-s\ A-t\z-jn-
®mbncp∂p B bm{X.
P-¥p-°-fn¬ an-°Xpw \m¬-°m-en I-ti-cp-In F-

∂p hn-fn-°m-hp-∂ sS-{Sm-t]m-Up-I-fm-Wv. C-∂p-≈
F√m sS-{Sm-t]m-Up-Iƒ°pw s]m-Xphmsbm-cp k-
hn-ti-j-X-bp-ap≠v, A-hbv°v ssI-Im-ep-Iƒ \m-
ep-≠m-Ipw; AXns‚-b‰-Øv hn-c-ep-I-fpw. ]-c-amh-
[n A-©p hn-c-ep-Iƒ. ssU-\-tkm-dp-Ifpw Xn-anw-
Kn-e-ßfpw ]-£n-Ifpw a-\p-jycpw F-¥n-\v a-
’yßƒt]mepw sS{Smt]m-Up-I-fmWv. A-Xn-s‚-
b¿-Yw A-h-bv-s°√mw s]m-Xphm-sbm-cp ]q¿-hnI-
\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂mWv. Cu ]q¿-hn-I-\m-sc-∂v-
At\z-jn-®p-sN-∂mseØpI Unthm-Wn-b≥ bp-K-
Øn-emWv, G-Xm-≠v 400 aney¨ h¿-jwapºv. A-
Xn-\p ap-ºv I-c-bn-eq-sS H-cp Po-hnbpw \-S-∂n-ń√,
A-Xn-\pti-jw ]-eXpw \-S-°p-IbpwsN-bv-Xp.
`m-Ky-Øn-\v A-∂-sØ- B A-t\z-j-Wkw-Lw

AØ-c-sam-cp Po-hnsb I-s≠Øn. C-NvXn-tbm-
kvt‰-K F-∂p t]-cp-≈ Pohn. B t^m-kn¬ hn-
iIe-\w sN-øp-∂ Npa-X-e bm¿-hn-°n¬ h-∂p
tN¿-∂p. 1948˛¬ A-t±lw B ]T-\w Xp-Sßn, F-
∂n-´v \o-≠ 48 h-¿-jw A-Xp-wh-®n-cp∂p. X-s‚-bo
sS-{Sm-t]m-Un-s\∏-‰n ]Tn-°m≥ A-t±-lw B-sc-bp-
a-\p-h-Zn-®n√. hn-i-Zmwi-ß-sfm-∂p-an√m-Ø c-≠v C-
S°m-e {]-_-‘-ß-fn-se hn-hcw-sIm-≠p Xr]vXn-
s∏-tS-≠nh-∂p ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv{X-temIw. Cu Po-
hn-bp-sS \m-ep Im-ep-I-fnepw A-©p hn-c¬- ho-X-ap-
s≠-∂ hnh-cw A-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, A-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-
hn-I-{]m-[m-\y-Øn-s‚ kq-N\ B hn-h-c-Øn¬X-
s∂-bp≠mbn-cp-∂p.
bm¿-hn-Iv 1998˛¬ a-cn®p. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-c-W-

sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v a-‰p im-kv-{X-⁄¿ B-Imw-£m-]q¿-
hw t^m-kn¬ ]cn-tim-[n®p. A-t∏m-gmWv a-\- n-
emIp∂-Xv B Po-hn-bp-sS hn-c-ep-I-sf-Æn-b-Xn¬
bm¿-hn-Iv Kp-cpXcam-b ]ni-Ip h-cp-Øn-bn-cp-s∂-
∂v. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-e-Xn-s‚ ssI-Im-epIfn¬ F-´p hn-
c-ep- ho-X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu a’yw \-S-∂n-cn-
°m≥ km[yXbn-s√-∂ hn-h-chpw A-t±-lw a-\- n-
em-°n-bn√. A-Xn-s‚ Nn-d-In-\v i-co-c`mcw Xm-ßm-
\p-≈ ti-jn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. G-Xm-bmepw B-Zy-
sØ I-c-Pohnsb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]p-tcm-
K-Xn-sb-s¥-¶n-ep-ap-≠m-°m≥ Cu t^mkn¬ k-
lm-bn-®n√. C-∂v aq-∂v BZn-a sS-{Sm-t]m-UpI-sf
\-ap-°dnbmw. ]-t£, H-∂n-epw A-©-°kw-Jy-I-
fn√. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ \Ωƒ Fhn-sS\n-∂p h-
∂p-sh∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v A-h-sbm∂pw DØ-cw \¬-
Ip-∂n√.
F-¶nepw \mw h∂p, F-∂n-´v C-hn-sS-sbØn.

]-t£, B bm-{X A{X t\¿-h-gn-°p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-
∂n√. I-c-bn-se Pohs\ \m-ev a-lm-hw-i-ß-fm-bn
Xn-cn-°m-dp-≠v. \√- h-en-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw
B-bm-k-s∏-´p \S-∂p \otß-≠n-h-∂ BZn-a D-c-K-
ßfpw D-`-b-Po-hn-I-fp-am-Wv B-Zyhw-i-Øn¬ s]-Sp-
∂-Xv. A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰hpw {]-i-kv-Xw ap-Xp-In¬ hn-
idn-t]m-se Nn-dIp≈ ssU-sa{S-tUm¨ F-∂ Po-
hn-bm-Wv. ]-e-t∏m-gp-an-Xn-s\ ssU-\tkm-dm-bn sX-
‰n-≤-cn-°m-dp-≠v (Imƒ km-Ks‚ {]-ikv-X {K-
Ÿamb tImsa‰n-se Nn-{X-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬-t∏mepw
Cu sX-‰p Im-Wmw). hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ ssU-sa{S-
tUm¨ H-cp kn-\m-kn-Uv BWv. B-ZyIm-e D-c-K-
ß-fp-sS \m-ev {][m-\ hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬ H-∂m-Wv kn-
\mknUv. A-\mknUv, bq-dymknUv, U-bm-kn-Uv F-
∂n-h-bm-Wv a-‰p aq-s∂Æw. X-e-tbm-ń-bp-sS h-i-
ß-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂ sN-dp-Xp-f-I-fp-sS F-Æhpw ÿm-
\hpw t\m-°n-bmWv Cu t]cp-Iƒ \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv.12 kn-\m-kn-Un-\v sN-∂n-bp-sS Xm-sg-bm-bn H-
cp Zzm-c-am-Wp-≈Xv. U-bm-kn-Un-\v c-≠v. bq-dym-kn-
Un-\v H-cp Zzm-c-am-Wp-≈-Xv, A-Xn-s‚ ÿm\w Ipd-
®p ap-I-fn-te-°m-bn-´m-sW-∂p am-{Xw.
Im-e-{I-ta-W, Cu {][m-\ hn-`m-Kw D-]-hn-`m-K-

ß-fm-bn ]n-cn™p. A-Xn¬ Nne-Xv A-`n-hr-≤n {]m-
]n®p, Nne-Xv ]-cm-P-b-s∏´p. A-\m-kn-Up-Iƒ ]n-
s∂ B-a-Iƒ-°p hgn-sbm-cp°n. hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]-
bm-kw tXm∂psa-¶nepw `q-an-bn-se G-‰-hp-ap-b¿-
∂, G-‰hpw A-]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifm-b PohnI-fm-bn A-
h B-[n-]Xyw ÿm-]n-°p-sa-∂ ÿn-Xn h∂p. ]-
t£, ]-cnWmaL-´-Øn-se H-cp Nm-©m-´-Øn¬ B-
a-Iƒ ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-\p ]I-cw Zo¿Lm-bp- v kzo-
I-cn®p. kn-\m-kn-Uv \m-ep h-gn-I-fm-bn th-¿-]n-
cn™p, AXn-sem-∂n-\p am-{X-am-Wv s]¿-an-b≥ Im-
e-Øn-\n-∏p-d-tØ-°p I-S-°m≥ ]-‰n-b-Xv. B—H-cp
Xm-h-gn-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv \-Ωp-sS Xp-S-°w. A-Xv B-Zn-
a kkv-X-\n-I-fp-sS a-s‰m-cp Ip-Spw-_-Øn-te-°p \-
bn-®p. sX-dm-kn-Uv F-∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ A-Xm-Wv a-
lm-hw-i-Øn-se c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv.
sX-dm-kn-Up-I-fp-sS I-„-Im-e-Øn-\v A¿[-k-
tlm-Z-c≥-amcm-b U-bmkn-Up-Ifpw ]-cn-W-an-®p h-
f¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. a-‰p -]-e-
Xn\psam∏w ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ°pw P-∑w \¬-In-
b-X-h-cmWv. sX-dm-kn-Up-I-ƒ°p Xm-ßm-hp-∂-Xn-
ep-a-∏p-d-am-bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS h-f¿-®. Cu ò-I-c-
∑msc t\¿-°p-t\¿\n-∂v F-Xn-cn-Sm≥ ]-‰m-sX h-
∂Xp-sIm-≠v sX-dm-kn-Up-Iƒ G-d-°p-sd tc-J-I-
fn¬\n-∂v A-{]-Xy-£-cmbn. F-¶nepw A-Xn¬
sNdnsbm-cp hn-`m-Kw am-f-ßfn-sem-Xp-ßn-°-gn-bp-
∂ sN-dpPo-hn-I-fm-bn ]-cn-Wan®p. F-∂n-´p sN-
dpk-kv-X-\n-I-fm-bn X-ß-fp-sS Im-e-sa-Øp-∂Xpw
t\m°n G-sd-°m-ew Im-Øp-\n∂p. A-°q-´-Øn¬
an-°-Xn\pw Np-s≠-en-bp-sS hen∏-ta D-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p≈q. G-‰hpw h-ep-Xn-\v G-dn-bm-sem-cp h-f¿-
Øp]q-®bp-sS h-en-∏w h-cpw. A-Xm-bn-cp-∂p A-h-
cp-sS tam-N-\-Øn-te-°p-≈ hgn. ]-t£, B tamN-
\w e-`n-°m≥ A-h¿-°v 150 aney¨ h¿-jw Im-
t°-≠nh∂p˛˛˛a-lm-hw-i-Øn-s‚ aq∂mw`m-Kw, A-
Xmb-Xv ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS Imew s]m-Sp∂t\
A-h-km-\n-°p∂-Xphsc, Im-t°-≠n h∂p. A-hn-
sS \n-∂m-Wv \m-ema-sØ a-lm-hw-iw, A-Xmb-Xv
k-kv-X-\n-I-fp-sS Im-ew, Xp-S-ßp-∂Xv.
C-∏-d-™ {][m-\ cq-]m-¥-c-ßƒ°pw ]n-s∂ A-
h-bv-°n-S-bn-se sNdpsN-dp am-‰-ßƒ°pw A-\n-hm-
cy-am-sbm-cp Im-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tIƒ-°ptºmƒ
ssh-cp-[y-sa-∂p tXm∂pw˛˛Po-hn-h¿-K-Øn-s‚ ]p-
tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS Nme-Ii-‡n-bmb-Xv Iq-´-\m-i-ß-
fmWv, AY-hm D-∑q-e-\-ß-fm-Wv. `q-an-bn¬ Hcp Po-
hn-h¿-K-Øn-s‚ acWw F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ A-sXm-
cp Pohn-X co-XnX-s∂-bmWv. `q-an-bp-≠m-bti-jw
F-{X Po-h-Pm-Xn-Iƒ C-hn-sS-bp≠mbn-´p-s≠∂v
B¿-°p-a-dn-bn√. 30 _ney¨ tIm-Sn kv-]o-jo-kp-
Iƒ F∂mWv H-cp I-W°v. 40,000 _ney¨ F-∂
a-s‰m-cp I-W-°p-ap≠v.13 A-sX-{X-bmbmepw C-∏-d-
™ Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ 99.99 i-X-am-\hpw C-t∏mƒ
\-tΩmsSm-∏-an√ F∂-Xv h-kv-Xp-X-bmWv. G-I-tZ-
i-°-W-°p t\m-°n-bm¬ temIsØ G-Xm-s≠√m
Po-h-Pm-Xn-Ifpw Ip-‰nb-‰pt]m-bn F-∂p ]-d-tb-
≠nh-cp-sa-∂m-Wv jn°mtKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-
se tU-hn-Uv du-]v ]-d-bp∂Xv.14 k-¶o¿-WL-S-\-
bp-≈ Po-h-Pm-Xn-bp-sS i-cmi-cn B-bp¿-ssZ¿Lyw
4 aney¨ h¿-jw am-{X-am-Wv.15 \-Ω-fn-t∏mƒ B
B-bp- n-s‚ h-°n-seØn \n¬-°p-I-bmWv.
hw-i-\m-iw A-Xn-\n-c-bm-Ip-∂h-sc kw-_-‘n-®n-
S-tØm-fw tam-iw ImcywX-s∂-bmWv. ]-t£, `q-
tKm-f-w Du¿-÷-kz-e-am-bn \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥ A-Xp
\√-XmWv. "D-∑q-e-\-Øn-\p _-Z¬ kv-Xw-`-\-amWv',
F-∂m-Wv16 Atacn-°≥ \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv-‰-dn ayq-kn-
b-Øn-se C-bm≥ Sm-‰¿tkm-fn-s‚ A-`n{]m-bw. G-
sXm-cp kw-hn-[m-\-am-bmepw kv-Xw`-\w \√-X-s√-
∂v A-t±-lw Iq-ń-t®¿-°p-∂p (kp-Zo¿-L {]-{In-b-
I-fp-sS ^-e-am-bn kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bp≠m-Ip-∂ hw-i-
\m-i-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv C-∏-d-bp-∂Xv. a-\p-jy-s‚ A-
ew`m-h-]q¿-Wamb C-S-s]-S¬aq-e-ap-≈ hw-i-\m-i-
Øn-s‚ I-Y th-sd-bm-Wv).
ù-a-N-cn-{X-Øn-se Hmtcm {]-Xnk-‘n h-cp-

tºmgpw \m-S-Io-bam-sbm-cp IpXn∏v ]n-∂m-se-bp-
≠m-Ipw.17 C-Un-bm-I-c≥ Po-hn-Iƒ \n-ew-]-Xn-®-
Xn\p ]n-∂m-se-bm-Wv tIw-{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^m-S-\-ap-
≠m-b-Xv. 44 tIm-Sn h¿-jw apºsØ Hm¿-sUmho-
jy≥ D∑q-e-\-tØm-sS-bmWv I-S-en¬\n-∂v N-e-
\ti-jn-bn√m-Ø Po-hn-I-tf-sdbpw ]p-d-¥-≈-s∏-
´Xpw Ip-Xn-®p-]m-bp-∂ a’yßfpw h-º≥ PeD-
c-K-ßfpw {]-Xy-£-s∏-´-Xpw. ]n-∂o-Sv Un-thm-Wn-
b≥ Im-e-sØ a-s‰m-cp kw-t£m-`-Øn¬ I-c-bn-te-
°v tN-t°-dm≥ A-h¿-°p I-gn™-Xv AXp-sIm-
≠mWv. `q-an-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn¬ A-hn-S-hn-sS-bm-bn
C-S-bv°n-sS CØ-cw D-∑q-e-\-ßƒ \-S∂p-sIm-t≠-
bn-cp∂p. A-Xn-ß-s\Xs∂, A-tX k-ab-ØpX-
s∂, kw-`-hn-®n√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \-Ωƒ C-hnsS C-
t∏mƒ D-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
`q-an-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn¬ {]-[m-\-s∏-´ A-©v D∑q-

e-\-ßƒ kw-`-hn-®n´p-≠v˛˛Hm¿-sUm-ho-jy≥, U-
nthm-Wnb≥, s]¿-anb≥, {S-bm-kn-Iv, {Int‰jykv
F∂nßs\ A-tX {I-a-Øn¬. C-Xp Iq-SmsX sN-
dphw-i-\m-i-ßƒ thsdbpw ]eXp≠v. 440 aney¨
h¿-jw ap-ºp -\S-∂ Hm¿-sUm-ho-jy≥ D∑q-e-\-
Ønepw 365 aney¨ h¿-jw ap-ºp≠m-b Un-thm-
Wn-b≥ D-∑q-e-\Øn-epw A-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ 80˛85
i-X-am-\w Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fpw Xp-S-®p-\o-°s∏-´p. 210
aney¨ h¿jw apº-sØ {S-bm-kn-Iv D∑q-e-\-
Ønepw 65 aney¨ h¿-jw apºp-≠mb {In-t‰-jy-
kv D∑q-e-\-Øn-epw 70˛75 i-X-am-\w Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-ƒ-
°mWv hwi-\m-iw h-∂-Xv. ]-t£, G-‰hpw òI-cw
C-sXm-∂pam-bn-cp-∂n√; 245 aney¨ h¿-jw apº-
sØ s]¿-an-b≥ D-∑q-e-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ssU-\-
tkm-dp-I-fp-sS hn-lm-c-Øn-\v Xn-c-»o-e-bn´ B D∑q-
e-\-Øn¬ A-∂-sØ 95 i-X-am-\w Po-h-PmXn-Ifpw
Ip-‰n-b-‰p.18 Io-S-ß-fp-sS aq∂nsem∂pw A∂p
NsØm-Spßn.19 Cu sN-dp-Po-hn-Iƒ A-Xn-\pap-tºm
]ntºm Cß-s\ Iq´-tØm-sS \-in-®n-ń√. `q-an-bn-
se Po-h-Pm-e-ßƒ ]q¿-W-ambpw Xp-S-®p-\o-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xn-\v G-Xm-≠-Sp-sØ-Øn A∂-sØ D∑q-e\w.
"i-cn°pw Iq-´ D-∑q-e-\-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-

{Xbpw hen-b Iq-´-s°me A-Xn-\p aptºm ]ntºm
D-≠m-bn-ń√',20 dn-®m¿-Uv t^m¿-ń ]-d-bp∂p.
IS¬Po-hnI-sf kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw sIm-Spw-\m-
i-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ss{S-temss_-‰p-Iƒ ]q¿-W-am-
bpw \-in®p. I-S¬-∏-∂n-I-fp-sSbpw \-Ø-bv-°bp-
sSbpw an-° Pm-Xn-Ifpw \-in®p. _m-°n-sb√m I-
S¬-Po-hn-Ifpw AXn‚m-Lm-X-Øn¬ hn-d-sIm≠p.
I-S-enepw I-c-bn-ep-am-bp-≈ Po-h-Ip-Spw-_ -ß-fn¬
(Po-\-kn-\p ap-I-fn-epw Po-hn-I-sf-∂ a-lm-hn-`m-K-
Øn-\p Xm-sgbp-am-bn h-cp-∂ hn-`-P-\-am-Wv Ip-Spw-
_w AY-hm ^m-anen. A-tX∏-‰n hn-i-Z-am-bn A-
Sp-Ø A-[ym-b-Øn¬ ]-d-bmw) 52 i-X-am-\-Øn-
s\bpw `qan°p \-„-s∏-´p F-∂m-Wv I-W°v; kv-
]o-jo-kp-I-fn¬ 96 i-X-am-\-Øn-s\-bpw. C-{Xbpw
kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ ho-≠p-sa-Øm≥ h-f-sc-tb-sd-°m-
ew (F-´p tImSn h¿-jw F-∂m-Wv H-cp I-W-°v)
th-≠n-h∂p.
Cu I-W-s°√mw tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ c-≠p Im-

cyßƒ Hm¿-°Ww. H∂ma-Xm-bn e-`yam-b hn-h-
c-ßƒh-®p-≈ Du-l-ß-fm-Wn-sX√mw. s]¿-an-b≥
Im-e-Øn-s‚ A-hkm-\L-´-Øn¬ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂ kv-
]o-jo-kp-I-fp-sS FÆw F-{X-sb-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬
45,000 F-∂m-Wv H-cp I-W°v.21 hf-sc D-b-sc
240,000 F-∂m-Wv a-s‰m-cp I-W-°v. F-{X kv-]o-jo-
kp-Iƒ `q-an-bn-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂p F-∂-dn-bm-sX A-Xn-
se-{X i-X-am-\w \-in®p-t]m-bn F-∂p-d-∏n°m-\m-
hn√. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn Po-hn-I-fp-sS F-Æa√, kv-]o-jo-
kp-I-fp-sS FÆ-am-Wv C-∏-d-bp-∂Xv. Po-hn-I-fp-sS
F-Æ-sa-Sp-Øm¬ \m-i-Øn-s‚ A-\p -]m-Xw ]n-s∂-
bp-sa{Xtbm Iq-Spw.22 G-Xm-≠v ]q¿-W-am-bn \-in-
s®-∂pXs∂ ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. H-cp kv-]o-jo-kv _m-
°n-bm-bn F-∂p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ B kv]o-jo-kn¬-
s∏-´ G-Xm\pw Po-hn-Iƒ F-hnsS-sbms°tbm B-
bn Po-h-t\m-sS ti-jn-®p F-t∂ A¿-Y-ap≈q.
C-∏-d-™ h-º≥ Iq-´-s°m-e-Iƒ-°n-sS A-{X
{]-i-kv-X-a√m-Ø sNdpsN-dp Iq-´-s°m-e-Iƒ th-
sd-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. slw-^n-enb≥, {^m-kv-\nb≥,
^-ta-∂nb≥, dm≥-tIm-em-{_nb≥, ]n-s∂sbm-cp
U-kt\m at‰m Zp-c-¥ßƒ th-sd-bpw. kv-]o-jo-
kp-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ D-∑q-e \m-
i-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n√ C-h. F-∂m¬ Nn-e {]-tXy-I
Po-h-k-aq-l-ß-sf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw D∑q-e-\-
ßƒX-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. D-Zm-l-cWØn\v Ip-
Xn-c-I-fpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ ta-™p-\-S-°p-∂ ar-K-ßƒ
G-Xm-≠p ]q¿W-ambn slw-^n-en-b≥ Iq-´-s°m-e-
bn¬ N-sØm-Spßn.23 Ip-Xn-c-Iƒ H-scm‰ kv-]o-jo-
km-bn Np-cpßn. t^m-kn¬ tc-J-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂
kq-N-\Iƒ{]Imcw Ip-Xn-c-Iƒ A-∂v hw-i-\m-i-
Øn-s‚ h-°n-em-bn-cp∂p. IpXnc-Itfm ta™p \-S-
°p-∂ a-‰p Po-hn-Itfm C√m-Ø a-\p-jy-N-cn{Xw H-
∂p k-¶ev-]n®p-t\m°q.
h-ep-Xm-bmepw sN-dp-Xm-bmepw Cu D∑q-e-\-

ßƒ-°p Im-c-W-am-b-sXs¥-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n \-ap-°p
hen-b hnh-c-sam-∂p-an√. F-∂m¬ A-h-sb∏‰n kn-
≤m-¥-ßƒ ]-e-Xp≠v. s]m-´-kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ am-‰n-
h-®m¬Ø-s∂ CØcw kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-sS F-Æw
sam-Øw D∑q-e-\-ß-sf-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ hcpw.
D∑qe-\-Øn-te-°p h-gn-hbv-°p-∂ km-[-\-ß-fp-sS
]-ń-I-bn¬ c-≠p U-k≥ ap-Jy -{]-Xn-I-sf-¶n-ep-
ap≠v.24 B-tKm-fXm-]\w, B-tKm-fio-Xw, k-ap-
{Z\n-c-∏n-se am-‰ßƒ, I-S¬-sh-≈-Ønse Hm-Iv-kn-
P≥ tim-j-Ww (A-t\m-Ivknb F-∂m-Wn-X-dn-b-
s∏-Sp∂-Xv), ]-I¿-®-hym-[nIƒ, I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-
ńse aotY≥ hm-X-I-t®m¿-®, £p-{Z-{K-l-ßfpw
D¬-°-Ifpw h-∂n-Sn-°p-∂XpsIm-≠p≈ B-
LmXw, ssl-∏¿-sI-bv≥ F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂ ò-a≥
Np-g-en-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰pIƒ, h-º≥ A-·n-]¿-h-Xkv-
t^m-S-\-ßƒ, ò-I-cam-b kucPzm-e-Iƒ F-∂n-h-
bm-W-Xn¬ {]-[m\w.
C-Xn¬ A-h-km-\w ]-d™-Xv H-cp k-¶o¿-W

km-[y-X-bmWv. ku-cPzm-e-Iƒ F-{X-am-{Xw i-‡-
am-Im-sa-∂pw A-]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fm-Im-sa∂pw \ap°-
dn-bn√. Imc-Ww, _-ln-cm-Im-ibp-Kw Xp-S-ßn-b-Xn-
\pti-jw am-{X-amWv \m-a-h \n-co-£n-°m≥ Xp-S-
ßn-bXv. ]t£, H-cp -Im-cyw D-d-∏m-Wv. kqcy≥ F-
∂p- ]-d-bp∂-Xv H-cp `b-¶-c km-[-\-amWv, A-Xn-se
kw-t£m-`-ßƒ AXn-_r-l-ØmWv. H-cp km-[m-c-
W ku-c-Pzm-e-bn¬\n∂v˛˛`q-an-bn-en-cn°p∂ \-Ωp-
sS {i-≤-bn¬-t∏mepws]-Sm-Ø ku-c-Pzm-e-
bn¬\n∂v˛˛]pdØph-cp-∂Xv \q-dp-tIm-Sn ssl-{U-
P≥ t_mw-_v s]m-´p-tºm-gp-≈-Xn-\p Xpeyamb
Du¿-÷amWv. am-c-Iamwhn[w D-∂-tXm¿-÷w h-ln-
°p∂ 100 _ney¨ S¨ I-W-ß-sf-bm-Wv A-
Xv _-ln-cm-Im-i-tØ-°p h-an-°p-∂-Xv. \-Ωp-sS
A¥co-£hpw am-Kv\t‰m-kv-^n-bdpw A-Xn-s\ Xn-
cn-®p _-ln-cm-Im-i-tØ-°pXs∂ X-ń-hn-Spw. A-s√-
¶n¬ kp-c-£n-X-am-bn \-Ωp-sS {[p-h-ta-J-e-bn-
te°p Xn-cn-®p-hn-Spw. A-hn-sSb-Xv a-t\m-l-cam-b
{[p-h-Zo-]v-Xn (aurora)bm-bn amdpw. ]-t£, hen-
sbm-cp ku-c-Pzm-e h-∂m¬, km-[m-c-W-bp-≠m-Ip-
∂-Xns‚ \q-dn-c-ń i-‡n-bp-≈ ku-c-Pzm-e h-
∂m¬, \-Ωp-sS- Cu thym-a-{]Xn-tcm-[sa√mw ]-cm-
P-b-s∏-Spw. D-÷z-e-am-bn-cn°pw B Pzm-e. ]-t£,
A-Xn-s‚ H-fn sN-s∂-Øp-∂n-S-Øp-≈-h-sc-sb√mw
A-Xv sIm-s∂m-Sp-°pw. A-Xpam-{Xa√, \m-k-bp-sS
sP-‰v s{]m-∏¬-j≥ em-_n-se {_q-kv kp-dp-‰m-
\nbpsS hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ "N-cn-{X-sØØ-
s∂ A-Xp XpS-®p \o-°pw.'
]t£, H-cp K-th-j-I≥ ]-d-™Xp-t]m-se "h-

f-sc-b-[n-Iw A-\p-am\-ßfpw h-f-sc-°pd-®v sX-fn-
hp-I-fpw'25 A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv C∏d-™-
kn-≤m¥-ßsfms°. aq-∂v {][m-\ D-∑q-e-\-ß-fp-
sS-sb-¶n-epw˛˛Hm¿tUm-hn-jy≥, Un-thm-Wnb≥,
s]¿-anb≥˛˛Imc-Ww, X-Wp-∏p Iq-Sn-h-∂Xm-sW-∂
Im-cy-Øn¬ tbm-Pn-∏n-se-Øn-bn-´p≠v. F-∂m¬ a-
‰p-Im-cy-ß-fnsem-∂pw A-`n-{]m-ssb-Iy-an√. D-Zm-l-
c-W-Øn-\v Un-thm-Wn-b≥ D-∑qe\w˛˛I-ti-cp-In-
Iƒ I-S-en¬\n-∂p I-c-bn¬ I-b-dm≥ h-gn-h-® kw-
`hw˛˛kw-`-hn®-Xv e-£-°-W-°n-\p h¿-jßƒ-
sIm-≠mtWm AtXm B-bn-c°-W°n-\p h¿-j-
ßƒsIm≠mtWm F-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ im-kv-{X-
⁄¿ `n-∂m`n-{]m-b-°m-cmWv.
C-∏-d-™ hn-\m-i-ßƒ-°p bp-‡n-k-l-am-b

Imc-Ww \n-c-Øm≥ IgnbmØ-Xv C-{Xbpw hen-b
\m-iw h-cp-Øm≥ H´pw F-fp-∏-a√ F-∂Xp sIm-
≠pX-s∂-bmWv. am≥-k¨ B-Lm-X-Øn-s‚ Im-
cy-Øn¬ \-Ωƒ I≠-t]mse, hf-sc hen-sbm-cm-
Lm-Xw G¬-°p-tºmgpw A-Xn¬\n-s∂mcp Xn-cn-
®p-hc-hv km-[y-am-Wv. AØ-cw B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v
B-Lm-X-ßfn¬ ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS hw-i-\m-i-
Øn-\p Im-c-W-amb, B-d-c-t°m-Sn h¿jw ap-ºp
\-S-∂ sI.Sn. Iq-ń-bnSn- am-{Xw C-{X am-c-I-am-b-
sXt¥? A-{X-bv-°p i-‡n- A-Xn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p
F-∂-Xm-Wv H-∂ma-sØ Im-cyw. 100 aney¨ saKm-
S¨ i-‡n-bn-emW-Xv `q-an-bn¬ h-∂n-Sn-®Xv. C-∏-
d-™-Xn-s‚ i-‡nF-{X-sb-∂v Cu I-W-°n¬\n-
∂v Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\m-hn√.26 A-Xp- a-\- n-em°m≥ sP-
bnwkv tem-d≥-kv ]-h¬ H-cp-Zm-lc-Ww \¬-In-bn-
´p≠v: "`q-an-bnen∂p Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p-≈ Hm-tcm -
Bƒ°pw H-s∂∂ tXm-Xn¬ ln-tcm-jn-a-bnen-´Xp-
t]m-ep≈ t_mw-_v s]m-ń-°p-I, sI.Sn. Iq-ń-bn-
Sn-bp-sS H-∏-sa-ØW-sa-¶n¬ ]n-s∂bp-sam-cp \qdp-
tIm-Sn t_mw-_vIq-Sn s]m-ń-t°-≠nh-cpw.'
F∂mepw `q-an-bn-se Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fn¬ 70 i-X-am\-
sØ sIm-s∂m-Sp-°mt\ A-Xn\p I-gn-™p≈q;
ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ Dƒ-s∏sS.
sI.Sn. £p-{Z-{K-l-Øn-\v th-sdbpw Nn-e A-\p-

Iq-e -L-S-I-ß-fp-≠mbn-cp-∂p27 (k-kv-X-\nI-sf
kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-\p-Iqew, ssU-\-tkmdp-
Iƒ-°p {]-Xn-Iq-ew). shdpw ]-Øp-ao-‰¿ B-gap-
≈ I-S-en-emW-Xp hoWXv, AXpw i-cnbmb tIm-
Wn¬. A-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Hm-Iv-knP-s‚ Af-hv hf-
sc Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈ k-a-b-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. Hm-Iv-kn-
P≥ Iq-Sp-X-ep-s≠-∂p ]-d™m¬ I-Øm-\p-≈
km[y-X h¿-[n-°psa-∂m-W¿Yw. A-Xp-am-{Xa√,
CXp- sN-∂p-ho-W I-S-en-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-ń¬ K-‘-I-
k-ar-≤amb ]m-d-bm-Wp≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F√mwIq-Sn
H-Øp-h-∂-t∏mƒ B Iq-ń-bnSn-tbm-sS B IS¬
_¬-Pn-b-Øn-s‚-b-{X- h-en-∏-ap-≈ H-cp kƒ-^yq-cn-
Iv B-kn-Uv Ip-∏n-bmbn amdn. sXm-en I-cn-°m≥
t]m-∂ A-æ-a-g-bm-bn-cp-∂p `q-an-bn-ep-S-\ofw ]n-
∂oSp amk-ß-tfm-fw.
A-∂-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ Po-hn-I-fp-sS 70 i-X-

am\-sØ \-in-∏n-®-sX¥msW-∂p tNm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-
s\-°mƒ {]k-‡w _m-°n-bp-≈ 30 i-X-am\w F-
ß-s\-b-Xn-s\ A-Xn-Po-hn-®p F-∂p tNm-Zn-°p-∂-
XmWv. A-∂p-≠m-bncp-∂ ssU-\-tkm-dpI-sf H-
s∂m-gn-bm-sX sIm-s∂m-Sp°n-b B-Lm-Xw ]mºpw
ap-X-e-bpw-t]m-ep-≈ a-‰v D-c-Kß-sf sh-dp-sX hn´-
Xv F¥p-sIm≠mWv? t]m-°m-Øh-f, \yq-´v, km-
e-am≥-U¿ Xp-Sßn-b D-`-b-Po-hn h¿KØn-s\m∂pw
A-∂v hS-t° A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ hw-i-\m-iw kw-`-hn-
®n√ F∂mWv \-Ωƒ a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. "k-am-\-X-
I-fn√m-Ø Cu-sbm-cp Zp-c-¥-Øn¬ \n∂v Cu sN-
dpPo-hn-Iƒ Fß-s\ c-£-s∏-´p?'28 A-ta-cn-°-bp-
sS ]q¿-hN-cn{Xw hn-h-cn-°p-∂ "F-t‰-W¬ {^‚n-
b¿' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ Snw ^vfm\-dn tNm-Zn°p-
∂p.
I-S-en-se I-Ybpw C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p.29 A-

ta-Wn-‰p-Iƒ Iq-´tØmsS N-sØm-Spßn. ]t£,
G-Xm≠-tX Po-hn-X-ssi-en ]n-¥p-S-cp∂ t\mń-
tem-bv-Up-I-sf-∂ _-‘p-°ƒ c-£-s∏´p. π-h-I-ß-
fn¬ Nn-e kv-]ojo-kp-Iƒ G-Xm-≠p ]q¿-W-am-bn
\-in-∏n-°-s∏-´p˛˛D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v t^mdm-an-\n-s^-
d-\p-I-fp-sS 92 i-X-am-\w \-in-®p˛˛F-∂m¬ U-bm-
‰-ap-Isft∏m-se-bp-≈ k-l-Po-hn-Iƒ Ipg-∏-sam-∂p-
an√m-sX c-£-s∏´p.
F¥p-sIm-≠n-Xp kw-`-hn-®p F-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-

cn°p-I F-fp-∏a√. "]t£ `m-Ky-ap-≈-h¿ c-£-s∏-
´p F-∂p ]d-™v kwK-Xn A-hn-sS A-h-km-\n-
∏n°p∂-Xv i-cn-bp-a√,'30 t^m¿-ń ]-d-bp-∂p. Cu
Iq-ń-bn-Sn I-gn-™p amkß-tfm-fw, izm-kwap-ń-°p-
∂ C-cp-≠ ]p-I-bp-sS B-h-c-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p
`qan. sN-dp-{]m-Wn-Iƒ F-ß-s\-b-Xn-s\ a-dn-
ISs∂-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ {]-bm-k-amWv. "No-ho-
Sp-I-sf-t∏m-se Nn-e j-Uv-]-Z-ßƒ-°v a-c-Ø-Sn-
bnepw a-‰pw ]n-Sn-®p c-£-s∏-Sm≥ ]-‰n-tb-°pw. F-
∂m¬ kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ C-ctX-Sp∂ ]q-sºm-Sn
`-£n-°p-∂ tX-\o-®-I-fp-sS Imcy-tam?' t^m¿-ń
tNmZn°p∂p. A-h-sbß-s\ c-£-s∏-s´-∂v hn-i-Zo-
I-cn-°m≥ F-fp-∏a√.
]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fp-sS Im-cy-hp-a-Xp-Xs∂. ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-

Iƒ \n-e-\n¬-°-Wsa-¶n¬ ]m-b-ep-Iƒ thWw,
]m-b-en-\v kq-cy-{]-Im-i-hpw. Np-cpßn-b Xm]\n-e
\n-e-\n-∂m-te c-≠n\pw ]n-Sn-®p-\n¬-°m-\m-Iq. k-
ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-s‚ NqSn¬ H-cp Un-{Kn-bpsStbm at‰m
hy-Xym-kw h-∂-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v ]-hn-g∏p-‰p-Iƒ N-
sØm-Sp-ßp-∂-Xn-s‚ hm¿-Ø-Iƒ G-Xm\pw h¿-j-
ß-fm-bn h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p≠v. Xm-]-\n-e-bn-
se Xo-sc-s®dn-b G-‰-°p-d-®nept]mepw Xm-ßm-\m-
Im-Ø ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-Iƒ-°v C-{Xbpw \o≠ ssi-Xy-
Imew Xm≠m≥ Fß-s\ I-gn™p?
{]m-tZin-I hy-Xn-bm-\-hp-ap-≠v D∑q-e-\-Øn\v. D-

Ø-cm¿[tKm-f-Ønseb-{X ITn-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Z-
£n-Wm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se \m-i-\-„ßƒ.
\yqkne‚n-s\ A-Xn-s‚ B-Lm-Xw Im-cy-am-bn kv-
]¿-in-®n√. a-‰n-S-ßfn¬ \n-∂p In-´p-∂ hn-h-c-ß-
f-\p-k-cn-®v C-sXm-cp B-tKm-fB-Lm-X-am-bncp-
s∂¶nepw \yq-kn-e‚n-se k-ky-Pm-e-ßƒ G-d-°p-
sd c-£-s∏´p. F¥psIm≠v F-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬
Aßs\ \-ap-°-dn-bm-Ø ]-e-Xp-ap-≠v F-t∂ ]-d-
bm-\mhq.
Nn-e Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS ]p-jv-I-eIm-e-am-bn-cp-∂p

A-Xv. A-¤p-Xw tXm∂mw, ISem-a-Iƒ A-°q-´-
Øn-ep-ap-≠v. ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-ƒ-°pti-jap-≈
ImesØ I-S-em-a-I-fp-sS Im-ew F∂pw hn-fn-°m-
sa-∂m-Wv31 ^vfms\dn ]-d-bp-∂Xv. hS-t° A-ta-cn-
°-bn¬ am-{Xw 16 kv-]o-jo-kv I-S-em-a-I-fmWv Cu
D-∑q-e\-sØ A-Xn-Po-hn-®Xv, aq-∂p ]pXn-b kv-]o-
jo-kp-Iƒ sshImsX h-cn-IbpwsN-bvXp.
A-t∏mg-pw sh≈wX-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p Po-hn-°m≥

]‰n-b ÿew. sI.Sn. B-Lm-Xw I-c-bn-se kv-
]o-jo-kp-I-fn¬ 90 i-X-am-\-sØbpw Xp-S-®p\o-°n-
b-t∏mƒ ip≤-P-e kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fn¬ 10 i-X-am-
\w am-{X-am-Wv \in®Xv. Nq-Sn¬\n-∂pw Xo-Pzm-e-I-
fn¬\n∂pw P-ew kw-c-£-W-ta-In. Zp-c-¥ -ti-j-ap-
≈ £m-a-Ime-Øv A-Xv Po-h-t\m-]m-[n-bp-ambn. A-
]I-Sw h-cptºmƒ sh-≈Øntem I-c-bn-se am-f-
ßfn-tem sN-s∂m-fn-°p-∂ kz-`m-hap-≈ I-c-Po-hn-
I-fm-Wv A∂-sØ B-Lm-X-Øn¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏-
´-Xv. iht`m-Pn-Ifm-b P-¥p-°ƒ°pw Zp-c-¥-ßƒ
A-\p-{K-l-am-Wv. Ku-fn-h¿-K-Ønep-≈ Po-hn-Iƒ-°v
A-gp-Ip∂ ar-X-tZ-l-ß-fnse _m-Œo-cn-bI-sf sN-
dp°m-\p-≈ ti-jn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, C-t∏m-gp-ap-≠v.
ar-X-tZ-l-ßƒ hen-b C„am-bn-cp-∂p A-h-bv-s°-
∂-Xm-Wv bm-Ym¿-Yyw. A-gp-Ip-∂ ar-X-tZ-l-
ßƒ°m-sW-¶n¬ G-sd-°m-ew H´pw £m-a-hp-an√m-
bn-cp∂p.
sN-dp-Po-hn-Iƒ am-{X-am-Wv sI.Sn. B-Lm-X-sØ

A-Xn-Po-hn-®-sX-∂p ]-d-bm-dp-≠v. ]t£, A-∂p c-
£-s∏-´-h-cn¬ ap-X-e-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. apXe-Iƒ
h-ep-XmWv, F-∂p ]-d-™m¬-t∏m-c, C∂-sØ ap-
X-e-I-fp-sS aq∂ncń h-en-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A∂-
sØ ap-X-e-Iƒ-°v. F-¶nepw A-∂p _m°nbm-b-h-
cn-te-sdbpw sN-dp-Po-hn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v s]m-Xp-
sh ]-dbmw. H´pw A-\p-Iq-e-a√mØ C-cp-≠ {]-Ir-
Xn-bn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xn-\v A\p-tbmPyw sNdn-
b i-co-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. sN-dpXpw D-jv-W-c-‡-ap-
≈Xpw cm{Xn C-ctX-Sp-∂-Xpw `-£-W-°m-cy-Øn¬
I-Spw-]n-Sn-Øan√m-ØXpw I-cp-X-tem-sS Po-hn-°p-
∂-Xp-am-b i-co-c-{]-IrXn. C-XpX-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p \-
Ωp-sS ]q¿-h]n-Xm-a-l-∑mcm-b k-kv-X-\n-I-fp-sS k-
hn-tij-X. \-Ω-fn-te-°p-≈ ]-cnWm-aw A-∂p Ip-
td-°q-Sn ]p-tcm-K-an-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬, B B-Lm-Xw \-
Ωsfbpw XpS-®p\o-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ A∂-
sØ k-kv-X-\n-Iƒ-°v A∂-sØ {]-Ir-Xn Xn-
I®pw ku-I-cy-{]-Z-am-bn-tØm∂n.
hm-k-tbm-Kyam-b ÿ-e-ß-fn-se√mw k-kv-X-\n-

Iƒ Cc-®pIb-dn \nd™p F-∂√ C-∏-d-™-Xn-
\¿Yw. "]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v iq\y-X C-„-a√mbncn-
°mw. ]-t£, iq\y-X ]-cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ ka-bw
G-sd-sb-Sp-°pw.'32 ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ Ão-hv
Fw. Ãm≥-en F-gp-Xn. km-l-Ncyw A\pIqe-am-
bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw G-Xm-≠v H-cp tIm-Sn h¿-j-tØ-
s°-¶nepw k-kv-X\nIƒ sN-dp-Xm-bnØ-s∂ I-gn-
™p.33 Im-´p-]q-®-bpsS h-en-∏-ap-s≠-¶n¬ cm-Pm-hm-
Im-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p sS¿-jydnIm-ewh-sc-bp-≈
ÿn-Xn.
]-t£, B ÿn-Xn am-dm≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ am-

‰w A-Xn-th-K-Øn-embn-cp∂p. A-km-[y-\n-c-°n¬
k-kv-X-\n-Iƒ s]-‰p-s]-cp-In h-f-cm≥ XpSßn. H-
cp Ime-Øv Kn-\n-∏-∂n-Iƒ-°p Im-≠m-ar-K-Øn-s‚
h-en-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p, Im-≠m-ar-K-ßƒ-°v c-≠p\n-
e ho-Sn-s‚ h-en-∏-hpw.34 C-c-]n-Sn-b∑m-cp-sS irwJ-
e-bn¬ H-gn-hph-∂-t∏m-sgm-s° k-kv-X-\n-Iƒ B
ÿm-\w G-s‰-SpØp. Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-te-°p Ip-
Sn-tbdn-b B-ZyIm-e d-°q¨ Ip-Spw_w A-hn-sS
CØ-c-sam-cp H-gn-hp I-s≠Øn. I-c-Sn-I-fp-sS h-en-
∏hpw cu-{Z-hpap-≈ Po-hn-I-fm-bn A-h ]-cn-W-an-
®p. ]-£n-Ifpw Cß-s\ A-km-[y- hen∏am¿-÷n-
®p h-f¿-∂p. ssS-‰m-\n-kv F-∂p t]-cn-´ \-c-t`m-Pn-
Ifm-b òa≥ ]-d-°m∏-£n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p, e-£-°-
W-°n-\p h¿-j-°m-e-tØ-°v hS-t° A-ta-cn-°b-
n¬ G-‰hpw A-]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifm-b P-¥p°ƒ.35 tem-
Iw I-≠Xn¬-h-®v G-‰hpw ò-I-c-∑mcm-b ]-£n-I-
fm-bn-cp-∂p A-h. aq-∂p- ao-‰¿ Db-c-hpw 350 In-
tem Xq-°-hp-ap-≈ A-Xn-s‚ sIm°p-sIm-≠v G-Xp
PohnbpsSbpw X-e ]n-f¿-°mw. G-Xm-s≠mcp 50 an-
ey¨ h¿-j-tØmfw a-Zn-®p Po-hn®p, Cu ]-£n-
bp-sS Ip-Spw-_w. F-∂n-´pw 1963˛¬ ^v-tfm-dn-U-bn¬
\n-s∂m-c-ÿn-Iq-Sw In-´p-∂-Xph-sc C-ßs\-sbm-cp
]-£n C-hn-sS Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xp kw-_-‘n-®v
\-ap-s°m-cq-l-hp-an√m-bn-cp∂p.
D-∑q-e-\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ [m-c-W-°p-d-hn-s‚ a-
s‰m-cp Im-c-W-Øn-te°mW-Xv h-gn-Xp-d-°p-
∂Xv˛˛˛t^m-kn¬tc-J-I-fp-sS A-]-cym-]vX-X. G-
sX¶nep-sam-cp Po-hn N-Øm¬ t^m-kn-em-bnØo-
cm-\p-≈ km[y-X F-{X-am{Xw Ip-d-hm-sW-∂p \-
ap-°-dn-bmw. F-¶nepw \n-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°p-∂-
Xn¬\n∂p-sa{X-tbm tam-i-am-Wv t^m-kn¬sX-fn-
hp-I-fp-sS Im-cyw. ssU-\-tkmdp-I-fp-sS Im-cy-sa-Sp-
°p-I. Im-gv-N-_w-•m-hp-I-fn¬-t∏m-bm¬ tXm-∂pI
ssU-\-tkm¿ -t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ tem-I-sa-ßp-anß-
s\ k-ar-≤-am-bn-°n-S-°pI-bm-sW-∂mWv. hm-kv-X-
h-Øn¬ ayq-kn-b-ß-fn¬ \n-ßƒ Im-Wp∂
ssU\tkm¿ t^m-kn-ep-I-f-[n-Ihpw Ir-{Xn-a-am-
Wv. e-≠-\n-se \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv‰dn ayq-kn-b-Øn¬
e-£-°-W-°n-\p k-μ¿-i-I¿-°v B-Àm-Zhpw A-
dn-hpw ]I¿∂v X-e-bp-b¿-Øn \n¬-°p-∂ òa≥
Un-tπm-tUm°-kv t^m-kn¬ ]q¿-Wambpw πm-Ã¿
Hm^v ]m-co-kn-ep-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. 1903˛¬ ]n-‰v-kv-
_¿-Kn-ep≠m°nb B t^m-kn¬ B-≥-{Uyq Im¿-
s\-Kn-bm-Wv ayq-kn-b-Øn-\p kΩm-\n-®Xv.36 \yq-
tbm¿-°n-se A-ta-cn-°≥ ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nz-
d¬ lnÃ-dn-bn¬ A-Xnepw D-÷z-eam-sbm-cp {]-
Z¿-i-\h-kv-Xp Im-Wmw. ]√nfn-®v B-{I-an-°m≥ h-
cp-∂ A-tem-tkm-d-kn¬\n-∂v Ip-™n-s\ c-£n-
°m≥ {ian-°p-∂ ò-a≥ _-tdm-tkm-d-kn-s‚ A-
ÿn-IqSw. H-º-Xp -ao-‰¿ D-b¿∂v ta¬-°q-c-bn¬
ap-´pwh-Æw \n¬-°p-∂ _-tdm-tkmd-kv A-Xn-Kw-
ò-c-am-Wv ImWm≥. ]-t£, A-°m-Wp-∂ \q-dp-I-
W-°n-\v A-ÿn-I-ƒ ]q¿-W-ambpw Ir-{Xn-a-am-bp-
≠m-°n-b-XmWv. ]m-cokntem hn-b-∂bntem {^m-
¶v-^¿ńtem _yqWkv A tb gv kntem sa-Iv-
knt°mkn-‰n-bn-tem tem-I-sØ-hn-sS-bp- ap-≈ {]-
ikvX ayq-kn-b-ß-fn¬ t]m-bnt\m°q, A-hn-sS
\nß-sf kzmKXw sN-øp∂-Xv {]mNo-\ A-ÿn-
I-fm-hn√, Ah-bpsS am-Xr-I-I-fm-bn-cn-°pw. ssU-
\-tkm-dp-I-sf∏-‰n \-ap-°p Im-cyam-sbm-∂p-a-dn-bn√
F-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X. G-sd-°m-ew `q-an-bn¬ hn-
l-cn® ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fpsS 1,000 kv]o-jo-kp-I-
sf am-{X-ta \-ap-°p Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ I-gn-™n-´p≈q.
A-Xn¬ ]-Ip-Xn-sb-Æ-Øn-s‚bpw H-scm-‰ A-ÿn-
Iq-S-ta In-ń-bn-´p≈q. B-bn-cw kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ F-
∂p ]-d-™m¬ C-∂p Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p-≈ k-kvX-\n
kv]ojo-kn-s‚ Im¬`mK-ta hcq. k-kv-X-\n-Iƒ I-
gn-™-Xn-s‚ G-Xm≠p aq∂n-c-ń-°m-ew `q-an-bn¬
I-gn-™-h-cm-Wv ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ. F-∂n-´pw C-{X
Ipd-®p kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ am-{X-ta Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ ]-
‰n-bn-´p-≈q F-∂p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ, H-∂p-In¬ ssU-\-
tkm-¿ kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fp-sS F-Æw hf-sc Ip-d-hm-
bn-cn-°Ww, A-s√-¶n¬ ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS N-cn-
{X-Øn-s‚ ]-Sn-hm-Xn¬ I-S-°m-t\ \-ap-°m-bn-´p-≈q
F-∂p th-Ww I-cp-Xm≥.
ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS Ime-sØ Z-i-e-£-°-W-

°n-\p h¿-j-ßfn¬\n∂v H-scm‰ t^m-kn-ep-
Iƒt]mepw In-´m-Xn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v. ssU-\-tkm-dp-
Itfm-Sp-≈ Xm¬-]cyw Imc-Ww G-‰-hp-ta-sd ]T-\-
ßƒ-°p hn-t[-b-am-bn´p≈ {I-t‰-jy-kv Im-e-Øn-
s‚ A-hkm-\`mKsØ kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fp-sS \m-
en¬ aq∂pw C-\nbpw Xn-cn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sm-sX In-S-°p-
I-bmWv. Un-sπmtUm-°-kp-I-sf-°mƒ h-ep-Xpw
ssS-d-sWm-tkm-d-kp-I-sf-°mƒ ò-I-c-∑mcp-am-b
B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p Po-hn-Iƒ `q-an-bn¬ a-Zn-®p \-
S-∂n-´p-≠m-IWw. ]t£, A-tX-°p-dn-s®m∂pw \-
ap-°-dn-bn√. Cu Ime-sØ ssU-\-tkmdpI-sf-°p-
dn-®-dn-bm≥ A-Sp-Ø Im-ewh-sc \-ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂ G-I B-{ibw sh-dpw ]-Xn-\m-dp kv-]o-jo-kp-
I-fn¬-s∏-´ 300 t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ am-{X-am-bncp∂p.37
t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-fpsS Cu A-]-cym-]v-X-X
Imc-Ww im-kv-{X⁄-¿ [-cn®Xv sI.Sn. Iq-ń-bn-Sn-
°p ap-ºpX-s∂ ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ A-hbpsS A-
h-km-\-tØm-S-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p F-∂-mWv.
an¬-hu-Io ]-ªn-Iv ayq-kn-b-Øn-se ]o-‰¿ jo-

lm≥ F-∂ ]p-cmPo-hn-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ 1980I-fp-sS
A-h-km-\w H-cp ]-co-£-Ww \-S-Øm≥ Xo-cp-am-
\n®p. C-cp-\q-dp k-∂-≤{]-h¿-ØI-sc D-]-tbm-Kn-
®v A-t±-lw sam≠m-\-bn-se sl¬ {Io-°n¬ H-
c-t\zj-Ww \-SØn. [m-cm-fw t^m-knep-I-fp-≈,
F-∂m¬ [m-cm-fw ]-cy-th-£-W-ßƒ \-S-∂p-I-gn-
™, A-hnsS Im-Wm-sX hn´p-t]m-b F√n≥I-j-
W-ßƒ-°m-bp-≈ Xn-c-®n-em-bn-cp-∂p AXv. aq-∂p -
h¿-jw \o-≠ {i-a-I-camb B Zu-Xy-Øn¬ Cu
k-∂-≤{]h¿-Ø-I¿ apº-t\z-jn-®-h¿ Im-Wm-sX
hn´p-t]mb Hmtcm I-ti-cphpw Hmtcm ]√n≥I-j-
Whpw s]-dp-°n-sb-SpØp. B ]T-\w A-hkm-\n-
® -t∏mƒ, {I-t‰-jy-kv Im-e-Øn-s‚ A-hkm-\`mK-
Øp Po-hn-®n-cp∂ ssU\tkm-dp-I-fp-sS t^m-kn-
ep-I-fp-sS F-Æw aq-∂n-c-ń-bn-tesdbm-bn D-b¿∂p.
sI.Sn. B-Lm-X-Øn-s‚ Im-eØpw ssU-\-tkm-dp-
Iƒ [m-cm-f-ap-≠m-bncp∂p-sh-∂v B ]T-\w ÿn-co-
I-cn-®p. "{I-t‰-jy-kv Im-e-Øn-s‚ A-h-km-\ 3 an-
ey¨ h¿-j-ß-fn¬ ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ N-sØm-Sp-
ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pI-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂p I-cp-Xm≥ Imc-
W-sam-∂p-an√,'38 F-∂v jo-lm≥ {]-Jym]n-°p-
IbpwsN-bvXp.
`q-an-bn-se Po-hn-I-fp-sS X-e-∏-Ønß-s\ I-gn-tb-

≠-h-cm-Wv a-\pjys\∂p I-cp-Xp∂-XpsIm-≠v H-
cp bm-Ym¿Yyw Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ hn-j-aap-≠mIpw \-
ap°v. Im-em-Im-eß-fn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ Aù-a Iq-ń-bn-
Sn-Ifpw a‰v B-I-kvan-I kw-`-h-ßfpw Im-c-W-am-
Wv \-Ωƒ C-hn-sS-sb-Ønb-Xv F-∂ bm-Ym¿-Yyw.
C-∂p Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p-≈ a-‰p Po-hn-I-ƒ°pw \-ap°pw
s]mXphm-bp-≈ H-cp Imcyw I-gn-™ 4 _ney¨
-sIm√-sØ N-cn-{X-Øn-\nsS Hmtcm hm-Xn-e-S-bp-
tºmgpw F-ßs\-sbms°tbm h-gp-Xn-am-dn C-∏p-
dw IS°m≥ \-Ωp-sS ]q¿-hn-I¿-°m-bn F-∂-XmWv.
Ão-^≥ tP Kqƒ-Un-s‚ {]-ikv-X hm-N-I-ß-fn¬
Np-cp-°n-∏-d-™n-´p-≈ B-i-b-hp-a-Xp-Xs∂. "\Ωƒ
N-cn-{X-Øn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ Xp-S-®p-am-‰-s∏-Sm-am-bn-cp-
∂ \qdp-tIm-Sn A-h-k-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn´pw H-cn-°¬-
t∏m-epw \-Ωp-sS Po-hn-X-tc-J-bn¬ C-S¿® h-∂n-
ń√ F-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv C∂p \-Ωƒ C-hn-sS-
sbØn \n¬-°p∂-Xv.'39
aq-∂p Im-cy-ßƒ ]-d™p-sIm-≠m-Wv \Ω-fo A-
[ym-bw Xp-S-ßn-bXv: Po-h≥ H-cp A-\n-hm-cy-X-bm-
bn-cp∂p; F-∂m¬ A-Xn-\-{X -hen-b A-`n-\nth-i-
sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√; Im-em-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Po-hn-
Iƒ hw-i-\m-i-Øn\p hn-t[-b-am-Ip∂p. C-hn-sS
\m-em-a-sXm-∂p-Iq-Sn tN¿°mw \-ap-°v: Po-hnXw ap-
t∂m-´p -t]m-bn-s°m-t≠-bn-cn-°p∂p. ]-e-t∏mgpw
A-¤p-X-I-c-am-b ]mXI-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-Xv ap-
t∂m´p -t]m-Ip-∂Xv. A-tX-∏-‰n-bm-Wv C\n.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 D-Ø-c-{[p-h-Øn-se ]m-gv\n-e-ß-fn¬: B-‰≥-_-

tdm, Z en-hn-Mv πm-s\‰v, t]-Pv
48. 2 Po-hmw-i-an√m-Ø ]m-d B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn

Po-h-\p-≈ k-ky-am-bn amdn: am¿j¬, tamk-kv
B≥-Uv sse-°¨kv, t]-Pv 22.
3 temI-Øv C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn-te-sd kv-]o-jo-

kv sse-°-Wp-I-fp-≠v: B-‰≥_-tdm, Z ss{]h-‰v
sse^v Hm-^v πm‚ v
kv, t]-Pv 214. 4 A-t∏mƒ ho-ń-se ]n-™m-W-∏m-
{X-Øn-s‚b-{X h-en∏-ap≈ sse-°-Wp-Iƒ°v: B-
‰≥-_-tdm, Z en-hn-Mv πm-s\‰v, t]-Pv 42. 5 4500 an-
ey¨ h¿j-sØ `q-an-bp-sS N-cn-{X-sØ \-Ωp-sS H-
cp Zn-h-k-Øn-te-°p sR-cp-°n-b-a¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I:
tjm-]v, {Im-Uv¬ Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 13. 6 c-≠pw
ssIbpw \n-h¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®v A-Xm-Wv `q-an-bp-sS N-cn-
{X-Øn-s‚ ssZ¿Lyw F-∂p k-¶ev-]n-°p-I: a-Iv-
ô, t_-kn≥ B≥-Uv sd-bv©v, t]-Pv 126.
7 A-¥-co-£-Ønse Hm-Iv-knP-s‚ A-f-hv 35 i-

X-am-\wh-sc-sb-Øn-bn-cp-∂p: Hmôk¿ B≥-Uv
t]Pv, sS-bv¬kv Hm-^v Z F¿Øv, t]-Pv 123.
8 Cu sF-tkm-tSm-∏p-Iƒ h-∂p Iq-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚

Af-hv A∂-sØ A¥-co-£-Ønse Hm-Iv-kn-P-
s‚bpw Im¿-_¨-U-tbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚bpw A-f-hn-
\v B-\p-]m-Xn-Iam-bn-cn-°pw: Hm-ô-k¿ B≥-Uv
t]Pv, sS-bv¬kv Hm-^v Z F¿Øv, t]-Pv 118.
9 Xp-ºn-Iƒ-s°-ß-s\-bn-Xp km-[n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-
dn-bm≥ A-ta-cn-°≥ thym-a-tk\ Ah-sb hn-≥-
Uv S-W-ep-I-fn-en-´v \n-co-£n-®n-´p-≠v: tIm-Wn^v, kv-
ss]≥-se-kv h-t≠-gvkv, t]-Pv 84.
10 A∂-sØ Im-Sp-I-fn¬ Im-°-I-fp-sSb-{X h-

en∏-ap-≈ Xp-ºn-Iƒ ]d∂p \-S-∂ncp-∂p: t^m¿ń,
sse^v, t]-Pv 201. 11 `m-Ky-Øn-\v A-∂-sØ-bm
A-t\z-j-Wkw-Lw AØ-c-sam-cp Po-hn-sb I-s≠-
Øn: _n._n.kn. slm-ssdk¨, Z an- n-Mv en-¶v,
2001 s^-{_p-hcn 1. 12 X-e-tbm-ń-bp-sS h-i-ß-fn¬
Im-Wp-∂ sN-dp-Xp-f-I-fp-sS F-Æhpw ÿm\hpw
t\m-°n-bmWv Cu t]-cp-Iƒ \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-

Xv: S-Uv-Pv, Z shssd‰n Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 411.
13 40,000 _ney¨ F-∂ a-s‰m-cp I-W-°p-ap-≠v:

S-Uv-Pv, Z sh-ssd‰n Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 9.
14 G-I-tZ-i-°-W-°p t\m-°n-bm¬ tem-I-sØ

G-Xm-s≠√m Po-h-Pm-Xn-Ifpw Ip‰n-b‰p t]m-bn F-
∂p ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂m-Wv jn°mtKm k¿-h-I-
em-im-ebn-se tU-hn-Uv du-]v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv: KqƒUv,
F-bv-‰v en-‰v¬ ]n§okv, t]-Pv 46.
15 k-¶o¿-W L-S-\-bp-≈ Po-h-Pm-Xn-bp-sS i-
cmi-cn B-bp¿-ssZ¿Lyw 4 aney¨ h¿-jw am-{X-
am-Wv: dn-®m¿-Uv eo-°nbpw tdm-P¿ sehn\pw, kn-
Iv-kv-Øv F-Iv-kv‰n-Mv-j≥, t]-Pv 38.
16 D-∑q-e-\-Øn-\p _-Z¬ kv-Xw-`-\-am-Wv F-∂m-

Wv : C-bm≥ Sm-‰¿-tkm-fp-am-bp-≈ A-`n-apJw, A-ta-
cn-°≥ \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv-‰-dn ayq-kn-b-w, \yqtbm¿-°v,
2002 sa-bv 6.
17 ù-a-N-cn-{X-Øn-se Hmtcm {]-Xnk-‘n h-cp-

tºmgpw \m-S-Io-bam-sbmcp Ip-Xn-∏v ]n-∂m-se-bp-
≠m-Ipw: Ãm≥en, F-Iv-Ãn-Mv-j≥, t]-Pv 95; Ão-
h≥kv, Z sN-bv-©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 12.
18 ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-fp-sS hn-lm-c-Øn-\v Xn-c-»o-e-

bn´ B D≥-aq-e-\-Øn¬ A-∂sØ 95 i-X-am-\w
Po-h-PmXn-Ifpw Ip-‰n-b-‰p: lm¿-t]-gvkv, πm-s\‰v Hm-
^v ho-Uv-kv, 1998 H-tŒm_¿, t]-Pv 58.
19 Io-S-ß-fp-sS aq∂n-sem∂pw A-∂p N-sØm-Sp-

ßn: Ão-h≥kv, Z sN-bv©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv
12.
20 i-cn°pw Iq-´ D-∑q-e-\-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-
{Xbpw hen-b Iq-´-s°m-e A-Xn-\p aptºm ]ntºm
D-≠m-bn-ń√: t^m¿ń, sse^v, t]-Pv 235.
21 s]¿-an-b≥ Im-e-Øn-s‚ A-hkm-\ L-´-

Øn¬ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂ kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fpsS F-Æw F-
{X-sb-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ 45,000 F-∂m-Wv H-cp I-
W°v: KqƒUv, sl≥kv So-Øv B≥-Uv tlm-gv-kv
tSmkv, t]-Pv 340.
22 Po-hn-I-fp-sS F-Æ-sa-Sp-Øm¬ \m-i-Øn-s‚

A-\p-]m-Xw ]n-s∂-bp-sa{Xtbm IqSpw. G-Xm-≠v
]q¿-W-am-bn \-in-s®-∂pX-s∂ ]-d-tb-≠n-hcpw:
]h¬, ss\-‰v Iw-kv Sp Z {I-t‰-jykv, t]-Pv 143.
23 Ip-Xn-c-I-fpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ ta-™p-\-S-°p-∂
ar-K-ßƒ G-Xm-≠p ]q¿W-ambn slw-^nen-b≥
Iq-´-s°m-e-bn¬ N-sØm-Sp-ßn: ^v-fm-s\-dn, Z F-t‰-
W¬ {^‚nb¿, t]-Pv 100.
24 D-∑q-e-\-Øn-te-°p h-gn-sh-°p-∂ km-[-\-ß-

fp-sS ]-ń-I-bn¬ c-≠p U-k≥ apJy-{]-Xn-I-sf-¶n-
ep-ap-≠v: F¿Øv, Z an-Ãdn Hm-^v sk-e-Œo-hv F-Iv-
Ãn-Mv-j≥kv, 1996 H-tŒm_¿, t]-Pv 12.
25 h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw A-\p-am-\-ßfpw h-f-sc-°pd-®v

sX-fn-hp-I-fpw: \yq kb-‚n-kv‰v, sa¬-‰v-Uu¨, 1999
Hm-K-kv-‰v 7.
26 C-∏-d-™-Xn-s‚ i-‡n-sb-{X-sb-∂v Cu I-W-

°n¬\n-∂v Dƒ-s°m-≈m-\m-hn√: ]h¬, ss\-‰v Iw-
kv Sp Z {I-t‰-jykv, t]-Pv 19.
27 sI.Sn. £p-{Z-{K-l-Øn-\v th-sdbpw Nn-e A-

\p-Iq-e-L-S-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p: ^vfm-s\-dn, Z F-
t‰-W¬ {^‚nb¿, t]-Pv 17.
28 k-am-\-X-I-fn√m-Ø Cu-sbm-cp Zp-c-¥-

Øn¬\n∂v Cu sN-dpPo-hn-Iƒ Fßs\ c-£-s∏-
´p: ^v-fm-s\-dn, Z F-t‰-W¬ {^‚nb¿, t]-Pv 43.
29 I-S-en-se I-Ybpw C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p:

KqƒUv, F-bv-‰v en-‰v¬ ]n§okv, t]Pv 304.
30 ]-t£, `m-Ky-ap-≈-h¿ c-£-s∏-´p F-∂p ]d-
™v kwK-Xn A-hn-sS Ah-km-\n∏n-°p∂-Xv i-cn-
bp-a√: t^m¿ń, sse^v, t]-Pv 292.
31 ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-ƒ-°p ti-j-ap-≈ Ime-sØ

I-S-em-a-I-fp-sS Im-ew F∂pw hnfn°m-sa-∂m-Wv:
^v-fm-s\-dn, Z F-t‰-W¬ {^‚nb¿, t]-Pv 39.
32 ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v iq\y-X C-„-a√-mbn-cn-°mw.

]-t£, iq\y-X ]-cn-l-cn-°-s∏Sm≥ ka-bw G-sd-
sb-Sp-°pw: Ãm≥-en, F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mvj≥, t]-Pv 92.
33 G-Xm-≠v H-cp tIm-Sn h¿-j-tØ-s°-¶nepw k-

kv-X-\n-Iƒ sN-dp-Xm-bnØ-s∂ Ign-™p: t\m-hm-
sk-Iv, ssSw {Sm-he¿, t]-Pv 112.
34 H-cp Ime-Øv Kn-\n-∏-∂n-Iƒ-°p Im-≠m-ar-K-

Øn-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p, Im≠mar-K-ßƒ-°v
c-≠p\n-e ho-Sn-s‚ h-en-∏-hpw: tUm-°n≥-kv, Z
ssª≥-Uv hm-®v ta°¿, t]-Pv 102.
35 ssS-‰m-\n-kv F-∂p t]-cn-´ \-c-t`m-Pn-Ifm-b

òa≥ ]-d-°m-∏-£n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p, e£-°-W-°n-\p
h¿-j-°m-e-tØ-°v hS-t° A-ta-cn-°-b¬ G‰hpw
A-]-I-SIm-cn-Ifm-b P-¥p-°ƒ: ^v-fm-s\-dn, Z F-t‰-
W¬ {^‚nb¿, t]-Pv 138.
36 1903˛¬ ]n-‰v-kv-_¿-Kn-ep-≠m°nb B t^m-

kn¬ B-≥-{Uyq Im¿-s\-Kn-bm-Wv ayq-kn-b-Øn-\p
k-Ωm-\n-®-Xv: tImƒ-_¿´v, Z t{K-‰v ssU-\-tkm¿
l-t≠-gv-kv B≥-Uv sZ-b¿ Un-kv-I-h-dokv, t]-Pv
164.
37 Cu Ime-sØ ssU-\-tkm-dp-I-sf-°p-dn-®-dn-
bm≥ A-Sp-Ø Im-ewhsc \-ap°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ G-I
B-{i-bw sh-dpw ]-Xn-\m-dp kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fn¬-s∏-´
300 t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p: ]h¬, ss\-‰v
Iw-kv Sp Z {It‰-jykv, t]-Pv 168˛9.
38 ssU-\-tkm-dp-Iƒ N-sØm-Sp-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂p Icp-Xm≥ ImcWsam-∂p-an√:
_n. _n. kn. slm-ssd-k¨, s{I-bv‰¿ Hm-^v sU-
Øv, 2001 sabv 6.
39 H-cn-°¬-t∏m-epw \-Ωp-sS Po-hn-X-tc-J-bn¬

C-S¿-® h-∂n-ń√ F-∂Xp-sIm-≠mWv C∂p \-Ωƒ
C-hn-sS-sbØn \n¬-°p-∂-Xv: KqƒUv, F-bv-‰v en-
‰v¬ ]n-§okv, t]Pv 229.
A[ym-bw 23
Poh-k-ar≤n
-≠-≥ \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv‰-dn ayq-kn-b-Øn¬ [m-Xp-

°fpw H-´-I-∏-£neap´-Ifpw kq-£n-® Nn√p-Iq-Sp-
Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬, A-c-≠ sh-fn®w am-{X -ap-≈ C-
S-\m-gn-I-fn-e-hn-S-hn-sS-bmbn Nn-e c-l-kyI-hm-S-ß-
fp≠v. c-lkyw F-∂p ]-d-™Xv, km-[m-c-W- k-
μ¿-i-I-cp-sS {i-≤-bn¬ A-sX-fp-∏w s]Sn√ F-∂
A¿-Y-Øn-em-Wv. A-e-k-th-jhpw ]-finX-cq-]-`m-
h-ßfp-ap-≈ Nne¿ C-S-bv-°v B I-hm-S-ß-fn-eq-sS
]p-d-Øn-d-ßp∂-Xp Im-Wmw. C-S-\m-gn-bneqsS Xn-c-
°n-´p \S-∂v a-t‰-sX-¶nepw I-hm-S-Øn-eq-sS A-h¿
t]m-bv-a-dbpw. ]-t£, A-sXmc-]q¿-h Im-gv-N-bmWv.
an-° k-a-b-hpw B I-hm-S-ßƒ A-S-™p-In-S-°p-
∂-Xm-Wv Im-Wp-I. A-Xn-\-∏p-dw a-s‰m-cp tem-I-ap-
s≠∂v, H-cp k-am-¥-c \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv‰-dn ayq-kn-
bw-X-s∂-bp-s≠∂v, k-μ¿-i-Icp-sS B-cm-[-\ ]n-
Sn-®phm-ßn X-e-bp-b¿-Øn \n¬-°p-∂ Cu ayq-kn-
bØn-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-≈ F-∂m¬ ]-eXp-sIm≠pw C-
tX-°mƒ A-Xn-i-b-Ic am-b a-s‰m-cp Im-gv-N-_w-
•mhv A-∏p-d-ap-s≠-∂-Xn\v H-cp kq-N-\-bpw B I-
hm-S-ß-fn¬\n∂p e-`n-°n√.
tem-I-Øn-s‚ \m-\m-tIm-Wp-I-fn¬\n-∂p-ambn,
Poh-s‚ k-akv-X a-fi-e-ß-fn¬\n-∂pap-≈ G-Xm-
≠v Ggp-tIm-Sn km-[-\-ß-fm-Wv \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv‰-
dn ayq-kn-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. Hmtcm h¿-jhpw G-Xm-
s≠m-cp e-£w hkvXp°ƒ A-Xn-te-°p Iq-ń-t®¿-
°-s∏-Sp∂p. ]t£, \-Ω-fn-°m-Wp-∂ {]-Z¿-i-\h-
kv-Xp-°sf-°mƒ A-aq-ey-am-Wv A-Wn-b-d-bn-se A-
]q¿-h ti-Jcw. A-hnsS, \o-≠ap-dn-I-fn-se A-e-am-
c-I-fn-em-bn ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-°W°n\v P-¥p-°-sf-bm-
Wv D-∏n-en-´v Ip-∏n-bn-e-S-®p- kq-£n®ph-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. e-£°-W-°n-\p j-Uv-]-Z-ß-sf-bm-Wv sN-
dpIm¿-Up-I-fn¬ B-Wn-b-Sn-®ph-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Nn-e
ta-i-h-en-∏p-I-fn¬ sh-ń-Øn-f-ßp-∂ \-Ø-bv-°-
IfmWv, a-‰p Nn-e-Xn¬ ssU-\-tkm-dn-s‚ A-
ÿnIƒ, {]mNo-\ a-\p-jy-s‚ X-e-tbm-SpIƒ, ]n-
s∂ hr-Øn-bm-bn sR-cn-®-a¿-Øn kq-£n-® A-
kwJyw kky-ßƒ. A-Xn-eqsS-sbm-∂p Np-‰n-°-d-
ßn-bm¬ Um¿-hn-s‚ Nn-¥-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wp k-©-
cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p tXm-∂pw. kv-]n-cn-‰v \n-d-®- Pm-dp-I-
fn¬ P¥p-°sf kq-£n-®p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂ kv]ncn-‰v
dq-an-se sj¬-^p-Iƒ-°p am{Xw 15 ssa¬ ssZ¿-
Ly-ap-≠v.1 Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬\n-∂v tPmk-^v
_m¶vkpw Ba-tkm-Wn-b-bn¬\n-∂v A-e-Iv-km-
≠¿ thm¨ lw-t_m-UvSpw _o-Knƒbm-{X-bn¬
Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn\pw ti-J-cn-® A-aq-eyh-kv-Xp-°ƒ
A-hn-sSbp≠v. A-Xy-]q¿-htam N-cn-{X-{]m-
[m\ytam D-≈, Nn-e-t∏mƒ c-≠p hntijW-ß-
fpan-W-ßp-∂ h-kv-Xp-°-fm-W-hn-sS-bp-≈Xv. H-∂p
sN∂pI-≠m¬ Nne¿-s°-¶nepw Ah ssI-°-em-
°-W-sa-∂p tXm-∂p-w. Aß-s\ ssI°- em-°n-
b-h-cp-≠p-Xm-\pw. 1954˛¬ H-cp ]-£n\n-co-£-I-s‚
ssI-h-i-ap-≠mbncp-∂ A-Xp-eytiJ-cw ayq-kn-bw
G-s‰-Sp-Øp. "t_¿-Uv Hm-^v A-td_y' t]m-ep≈
ssh-⁄m\n-I {K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sS I¿-Ømhmb dn-®m¿-
Uv ao-s\¿-Svjm-K≥ an-I-® ]-£n\n-co-£-I≥ F-∂-
t]m-se ]-£n-I-fp-am-bn _-‘s∏-´ A-]q¿-h ti-J-
c-ß-fp-sS D-S-a-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. h¿-j-ß-fm-bn ayq-kn-
bØn-se ]-Xnhp -k-μ¿-i-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw.
G-Xm-s≠√m Zn-h-khpw ayq-kn-b-Øn-se-Øn ]p-kv-
X-I-ßƒ°pw K-th-j-W-ßƒ°pw th-≠ Ipdn∏p-
I-sf-Sp-Øp a-S-ßpw. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ ti-J-c-w ayqknb-Øn-te-s°-Øp-∂-Xn-s\
D¬-km-l-]q¿-hw Im-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p Poh-
\-°m¿. A-]q¿-h Po-h-im-kv-{XtiJ-cw \n-d-® Iq-S-
Iƒ B-Imw-£m]q¿hw Xp-d-∂ ayq-kn-bw \-S-Øn-
∏p-Im¿ sR-ń-t∏mbn. an-° h-kv-Xp-°fnepw ayqkn-
b-Øn-s‚ A-tX te_¬. h¿-j-ß-fm-bn C-tX ayq-
kn-b-Øn¬\n-∂p-X-s∂-bmWv ao-s\¿-Sv-jm-K≥ P-
¥p-im-kv-{X ti-Jc-Ww \-SØnbn-cp-∂-sX-∂v A-
t∏m-gmWp a-\- n-em-bXv. ayq-kn-b-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ
NqSpIme-Øp-t]m-epw A-t±lw hen-sbm-cp Hm-h¿
tIm´v [-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-s‚ cl-kyhpw A-t∏m-gm-Wv
a-\- n-em-b-Xv.
]n∂o-sSm-cn°¬, sam-f-kv-Iv Un-∏m¿-´v-sa‚n¬ ]-

Xn-hm-sb-Øp-∂ NpdpNp-dp-°p-s≈m-cp am\yhr≤-
s\ ayq-kn-bw Po-h-\-°m¿ ssI-tbm-sS ]n-Sn-IqSn.
Du-∂p-h-Sn-bp-sS s]m-≈-bm-b Im-en¬ \nd®v hn-e-
]n-Sn-∏p-≈ I-S¬I-°Iƒ I-SØm-s\m-cp-ßp-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p A-t±-lw.
"F-hn-sS-sb-¶nep-sam-s°-bm-bn B-sc-¶nep-sam-
s° kz-¥-am-°-W-sa∂v \n-Kq-V-am-bm-{K-ln-°m-
Ø H-cp km-[-\hpw C-hn-sS-bp-s≠-∂p tXm-∂p-
∂n√' F-∂m-Wv ayq-kn-b-Øn-s‚ A-Wn-b-dbn-se
\n-Kq-V-tem-I-Øp-Iq-sS-bp-≈ bm{X-bn¬ F-\n-
s°m-∏w h∂ dn-®m¿-Uv t^m¿-ń ]-d-™-Xv. h-
en-b ta-iIƒ-°n-cn-In-en-cp∂v saS-™ Hm-e-bnepw
s]-ń-I-fnepw Iq-ń-bn´ j-Uv-]-Zß-sfbpw a-™-®
]p-cm-X-\ F√n≥I-j-W-ß-sfbpw k-kq£v-a
\nco£W-Øn-\p hn-t[-b-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-h¿-
°n-S-bn-eq-sS B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m°p-s∂m-cp bm-{X-
bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. [r-Xn-bn√mØ kq-£v-am-t\z-j-
W-Øns‚ A-¥-co-£-am-bn-cp-∂p A-hnsS. H-cn-
°epw ]q¿-Øn-bm-hm-\n-S-bn√mØ, AXp-sIm-
≠pX-s∂ Xn-c-°p-Iq-´m-\m-hm-Ø `-Ko-c-Yb-Xv-\-ß-
fn-embncp-∂p Ah¿. C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se
tPm¨-ap-td ]-cy-th-£-W-Øns‚ dn-t∏m¿-´v
1967˛¬ ayq-kn-bw ]p-d-Øn-d-°nb-Xv ]-cy-th£-Ww
I-gn-™v \m¬-∏-Øn-\m-ev h¿-j-Øn-\pti-j-am-sW-
∂v hm-bn-®n-´p-≠v.2 A-ßs\-sbmcp a-μ-K-Xn-bn-em-
Wv C-hn-sS Im-cy-ß-sf√mw ap-t∂m-´p \o-ßp-∂Xv.
R-ßƒ I-bdn-b sN-dp en-^v-‰n-s‚ N-e-\-Øn-
\pt]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p Bsbmcp aμ-Xmfw. B
sN-dp en-^v-‰n¬ R-ßƒ-s°m-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂, H-‰-
t\m-´-Øn¬Ø-s∂ ]-fin-X-s\-∂p tXm-∂n-°p-∂,
{]m-b-ap-≈ a-\pjy-t\mSv ]-Xp-s° ap-I-fn-te-°p
\o-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-t° t^m¿-ń ]-cn-N-b-`m-h-Øn¬
Fs¥ms°tbm tNm-Zn®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.
A-t±-lw t]m-b-t∏mƒ t^m¿-ń ]-d™p: "\-

s√m-cp a-\p-jy-\m-WXv, t\m¿-a≥. sk-bn‚ v
tPm¨ thm¿-´v F∂ H-scm-‰ kky kv-]o-jo-kn-
s\∏-‰n-bp-≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ ap-gp-In 42 h¿-jw sN-e-
hn-´-bmƒ. 1989˛¬ hn-c-an-®Xm-W-t±lw, ]-t£, C-
t∏mgpw F√m- B-gv-Nbpw C-hn-sS-sb-Øpw.'
"H-scm-‰ kv-]o-jo-kn-se k-ky-sØ∏-‰n ]Tn-®v 42

h¿-jw sN-e-hn-Sp∂-sX-ß-s\-?' Rm≥ tNm-Zn-®p.
"A-km-[mcW-IrXywX-s∂-bmWXv.' t^m¿-ń
k-Ω-Xn-®p: "A-{X-bv°p kq-£v-a-am-bn-cn°-Ww A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚ K-thjWw.' en-^v-‰n-s‚ hm-Xn¬ Xp-
d-∂-t∏mƒ t^m¿-ń Ft¥m Ipg-∏w ]-‰n-b `m-h-
Øn¬ t\m-°n. "ChnsSbm-bn-cp-∂t√m t_m´-Wn
hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ ]n≥-hiw.' en-^v-‰n-s‚ _´-Wa-¿-
Øn a-s‰m-cp \n-e-bn-te-°p R-ßƒ \oßn. F-∂n-´v
\o-≠ C-S-\m-gnIƒ Xm≠n, H-cp Ime-Øp Po-h-t\m-
sS-bn-cp-∂ h-kv-Xp°-sf kv-t\-l-tØmsS, A-Xn-{i-
≤-tbm-sS ]-cn-em-fn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂h-sc ]n-∂n-
´v kky-im-kv{X-hn-`m-K-Øn-seØn. A-hn-sSh-®m-
Wv Rm≥ se≥ F√n-kn-s\ ]-cn-N-bs∏-Sp-∂Xpw
{_-tbm-ss^-‰n-s\-°p-dn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xpw. {_-tbm-
ss^‰v F-∂m¬ \-Ωp-sS ]m-b¬ (moss)X-s∂.
]m-b-en-\n-„w a-c-ß-fpsS h-S-°p-`m-K-am-sW∂v

F-ta-gv-k¨ Im-hy-`m-jbn¬ ]-d-™-t∏mƒ ("The
moss upon the forest bark, was pole-star when the
night was dark') A-t±-lw b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-ep-t±-in®-
Xv sse-°-Wn-s\-bmWv. ImcWw, ]m-bepw sse-
°-Wpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw ]-sØm-ºXmw
\q‰m-≠n¬ a-\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂n√. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬
F-hn-sS-bmWv h-f-cp∂-sX-∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Hcp {i-
≤-bp-an√m-Ø-hcmWv ]m-b-epIƒ. AXpsIm-≠pX-
s∂ ]mb-en-s\-s°m≠v h-S°p-t\m-°n-I-fp-sS {]-
tbmP\sam∂pw In-ń√. C-sX∂√, {]-tXy-In-s®m-
cp {]-tbm-P-\hpw \¬-Im-Ø-h-bm-Wv hm-kv-X-h-
Øn¬ ]mb-epIƒ. "hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\Øntem
km-ºØn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\Øntem C{Xbpw {]-tbmP-
\w Ip-d-™ k-ky-hn-`m-Kw thsd C-s√-∂p-X-s∂
]-dbmw' F∂mWv "lu Sp t\m Z tamk-kv B≥-
Uv enh¿ thm¿-Sv-kv' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ sl≥-
dn F-k.v tIm¨-dm-Uv Aev-]w ZpxJ-tØm-sS F-
gp-Xn-bXv. Cu hnj-bsØ P-\-{]n-b-am-°m-\p-t±-in-
®p-≈ G-I- {i-a-sa-∂p ]-d-bm-hp-∂ Cu ]pkvX-Iw
C-t∏mgpw ]-e {KŸ-im-e-Ifp-sSbpw A-e-am-c-I-f-
e-¶-cn-°p∂p.3
b-tY-„-ap-≠v ]m-b-epIƒ. sse-°-WpI-sf am-

‰n-\n¿-Øn-bm¬Ø-s∂ F-gp-\q-dv C-\-ß-fn-em-bn ]-
Xn-\m-bnc-Øn-te-sd kv-]o-jo-kv {_-tbm-ss^‰pI-
fp-s≠-∂m-Wv I-W°v. {_n-´-\n-se-bpw A-b¿-e‚n-
sebpw ]m-b¬-h¿-Kß-sf∏-‰n hn-i-Zo-I-cn®p-sIm-
≠v F. sP. C. kv-an-Xv F-gpXnb "tam-kv ^vtfmd
Hm-^v {_n-´≥ B≥-Uv A-b¿-e‚ v' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-
I-Øn-\v 700 t]Pp≠v. ]m-b-ep-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬
A-{X tI-a-sam-∂pa√, {_n-´\pw A-b¿-e‚pw F-
t∂m¿-°Ww. "D-jv-W-taJ-em{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv
]m-b-ep-I-fp-sS ssh-hn[yw i-cn-°p-≈Xv'4 se≥
F√n-kv ]-d™p. im-¥\pw \n»–-\pamb B a-
\p-jy≥ C-cp-]-tØ-gp h¿-j-am-bn \m-Nz-d¬ ln-
Ã-dn ayqknb-Øn-ep-≠v, 1990 apX¬ Cu hn-`m-K-
Øn-s‚ Iyq-td-‰-dp-amWv. "a-te-jybnse a-g-°m-Sp-I-
fn¬ t]m-bm¬ A-\m-bm-kw ]pXn-b ]m-b¬ kv-
]o-jokpI-sf I-s≠-Ømw. Ipd-®pap-ºv Rm-\-hn-
sS t]m-bn-cp-∂p. t\tc Xmtg°pt\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ
I≠-Xv ]pXn-sbm-cp ]m-b-emWv. A-Xn-\p apºv tc-
J-s∏Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-ń√m-Ø H-cp kv-]o-jo-kv.'
"C-\nbpw F-{Xbn-\w ]m-b-ep-Iƒ I-s≠-Øm-\p-

s≠∂p ]-d-bm\mIptam?'
"C√, H-cq-l-hp-an√.'
]mb-ept]m-se H-cp hn-e-bp-an√m-Ø km-[-\-ß-

sf∏-‰n ]Tn-°m≥ PohnX-ap-gn-™p-hbv-°p-∂-h¿
A-[n-I-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v tXm-∂p∂n√. F-∂m¬ Cu
hnj-bw A-Xn-Ku-c-h-Øn-se-Sp-°p-∂ \q-dp-I-W-°n-
\m-fp-I-fp-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X.
"CØ-cw k-tΩ-f-\-ßƒ ]-e-t∏mgpw Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-®

hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-fpsS th-Zn-bm-Im-dp-ap≠v.'
]m-b¬ hn-hm-Z-ß-sf∏-‰n ]-d-bm≥ Rm-\-t±l-

sØ t{]-cn-∏n®p.
"CXm, \n-ß-fp-sS cm-Py-Øp\n-s∂m-cmƒ A-Sn-

t®ev]n-® hn-hm-Z-am -WXv.' ]p-©n-cn Xq-In-s°m-
≠-t±-lw H-cp X-Sn-b≥ d-^-d≥-kv ]p-kv-X-I-sa-Sp-
Øp. ]m-b-ep-I-fp-sS k-Nn-{X hn-h-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p
A-Xn¬ \n-dsb. AhnZKv-[t\-{X-ßƒsIm-≠p
t\m-°n-bm¬ F√m Nn-{X-ßfpw Hcp-t]m-se
tXm∂pw. "s{U-]-tWm-t¢mUkv Po-\- n¬s]-´-Xm-
Wn-sX-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xv.' AXn-sem-cp ]m-
b¬Nn-{X-Øn¬ X-ń-s°m-≠-t±-lw ]-d™p. "F-
∂m¬ ]n-∂o-S-Xn-s\ aq-∂p Po-\ p-I-fm-bn Xn-cn®p:
s{U-]-tWmt¢mUkv, hm¨-kv-t‰m¿-^n-b, l-a-‰m-
tIm-fn-kv.'
"A-Xp X¿-°-ßƒ-°v h-gn-ht®m?' {]-Xo-£-tbm-

sS Rm≥ tNm-Zn®p.
"Xn-I®pw \ym-b-am-bn-cp-∂p ]pXn-b h¿-Ko-I-

cWw. ]t£, ]p-\¿ -hn-`P-\w h-cp-tºmƒ A-Xp-
h-sc-bp-≈ ti-J-c-ß-sf-sb√mw ho≠pw X-cwXncn-
°Ww, A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ `m-Kn-I-am-
sb-¶nepw A-{]-k‡-am-Ipw. Aß-s\ Nn-e {]-
iv-\-ß-fp≠v. A-Xn-s‚ A-kzm-ÿy-ß-fp-≠m-hp-
IbpwsN-bv-Xp.'
]m-b-ep-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ ]-e \n-Kq-V-X-I-fp-

ap-s≠-∂v A-t±-lw ]d™p. {]-i-kv-Xam-sbm-cp-Zm-
lWw˛˛{]-i-kv-Xw F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ Cu cwK-
Øv K-thj-Ww \-S-Øp-∂-h¿-°n-S-bn¬ {]-i-kv-Xw
F-t∂ A¿-Y-ap≈p˛˛-l-tbm^n-e Ãm≥-t^m-sU≥-
kn-kn-t‚-XmWv. Imen-t^m¿-Wn-b-bnse kv-‰m≥^-
Uv k¿-h-I-em-im-em h-f-∏n-em-Wv B-Zy-a-Xn-s\ I-
≠Xv. ]n-∂oSv tIm¨-hm-fn-se H-cp hgn-tbm-cØpw
I-≠p. F-∂m¬ c-≠n-s‚-bp-an-S-bnsehn-sSbpw A-
Xp I-≠n-ń√. H-cp _-‘-hp-an√m-Ø c-≠p {]-tZ-
i-ß-fn¬ B ]m-b¬ Fßs\-sb-Øn F-∂-Xn-
s\∏-‰n B¿°pw H-cq-l-hp-an√. "sls∂Un-e kv-
‰m≥-t^m-sU≥-kn-kv F-∂mWv C-t∏mg-Xv A-dn-b-
s∏-Sp∂Xv. a-s‰m-cp t]-cp-am-‰w.' F-en-kv ]-d™p.
]pXn-sbm-cp ]m-b¬ I-s≠-Øn-bm¬ A-Xv ap-

ºp I-s≠-Øn tc-Js∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-X√ F-∂p-d-∏p-
h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ F√m ]m-bep-I-
fp-ambpw Xm-c-Xayw sN-øWw. F-∂n-´-Xn-s‚ hn-h-
c-Whpw Nn-{X-hpw X-øm-dm-°n Aw-Ko-Im-c-ap-s≈m-
cp tP-W-en¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-Ww. km-[mc-W-K-Xn-
bn¬ C-Xn-\v B-dp -am-k-Øn-te-sd th-≠n-hcpw. ]m-
b¬ h¿-KoIcW-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ C-cp-]Xmw
\q-‰m-≠n-\p hen-b t\-´-sam-∂p-ap-≠m°m\m-bn-
ń√. ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-se h¿-Ko-I-c-W-Øn-
se Ip-g-∏-ßƒ Xo¿-°m\pw B-h¿Ø-\-sam-gn-hm-
°m-\p-ap-≈ {i-a-ß-fmWv A-SpØ \q‰m≠n-se k-
a-b-ta-sd-bpw A-]-l-cn®Xv.
]m-b¬ K-th-j-W-Øn-s‚ kp-h¿-W-Im-e-am-bn-cp-

∂p ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠v (Nmƒ-kv en-b-en-s‚
A-—≥ hen-sbm-cp ]m-b¬ K-th-j-I-\m-bncp-∂p-
sh-∂ Im-cyw Hm¿-°p-∂p-≠m-Ip-a-t√m). tPm¿-Pv l-
≠v F-∂ Cw-•njp-Im-c≥ t]-cp kq-Nn-∏n-°pw-t]m-
se {_n-´-\n-se ]m-b-epI-sf th-´-bmSn, ]-e kv-
]o-jo-kp-I-fp-sSbpw hw-i-\m-i-Øn-\pt]mepw A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚ th´ Im-c-W-am-bn-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-cp-
X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]-t£, AØ-cw {]-h¿-Ø-\ß-fp-sS
^-e-am-bm-Wv se≥ F√n-kn-\v tem-I-sØX-s∂
G-‰hpw k-a{Kam-b ]m-b¬ti-J-c-ßfn-sem-∂n-\v
D-S-a-bm-Im≥ ]-‰n-b-Xv. 7,80,000 FÆap≈ A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ ti-J-c-Øn-se ]m-b-epI-sf A-a¿-Øn-sb-
SpØv t^mƒ-U-dp-I-fm-bn kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.
Nn-e-sX√mw hf-sc ]-g-b-XmWv, hn-tŒm-dn-b≥ Ime-
sØ A-e-¶m-c-en-]n-I-fn-em-W-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ hn-h-
c-Ww. Nne-Xv tdm-_¿-´v {_u-Wn-s‚ ssI-I-fn-eq-
sS I-S-∂p-h-∂-h-bmI-Ww. {_u-Wn-b≥ N-e-\hpw
]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ \yq-¢n-b- pw \-ap-°p ImWn®p-X-∂
A-tX hn-tŒm-dn-b≥ k-ky-im-kv-{X⁄≥. ayq-kn-
b-Øn-s‚ kky-im-kv-{X-hn-`m-Kw ÿm-]n-®-Xpw
1858˛¬ a-c-W-a-Sbpwh-sc A-Xp \-S-ØnbXpw A-
t±-l-amWv. Cu Po-h-im-kv-{X-ti-J-c-ß-sf√mw
kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂Xv Xn-f-ßp-∂ A-Xn-a-t\m-l-c a-
lm-K-Wn-b-d-I-fn-emWv. A-Xn-s‚ `w-KnI-≠v A-¤p-
Xw Iq-dm-Xn-cn-°m≥ F-\n-°m-bn√.
"Hm, A-sX√mw k¿ tPmk-^v _m-¶v-kn-s‚-bm-

Wv, tkmtlm kv-Izb-dn-se A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ho-
ń¬\n-∂v- sIm-≠p-h∂Xv.' F√n-kv C-Xp ]d™Xv
A-e-k-ambn, Hm C-Xv C-In-b-bn¬\n-∂p hm-ßn-
b-Xm-sW-∂p ]d-bp-∂ `mhØn-emWv. "F≥-U-h¿
]-cy-th-£-W-Øn-se ti-J-c-ßƒ kq-£n-°p-∂-Xn-
\m-W-t±-l-an-h \n¿-an-®-Xv.' B-Zy-am-bn Im-Wp-∂ a-
ń¬ B a-c-A-e-am-c-Iƒ hn-i-Zam-sbm-∂p t\m°n-
bti-jw A±-lw Iq-ń-t®¿Øp: "C-sXß-s\ C-hn-
sS-sb-Øn-t®¿-∂p F-∂-dn-bn√.'
hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ sR-ń-°ps∂m-cp sh-fn-s∏-Sp-

Ø-em-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. Cw•≠n-se G-‰hpw hen-b
k-ky-im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂p tPmk-^v _m¶vkv.
Iym-]v-‰≥ Ip-°v 1769˛se ip-{I-kw-Xc-Ww tc-J-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Hm-kv-t{Senb- {_n-ó-jv cm-P-hw-i-
Øn-\v A-h-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw
sNbv-X F≥-U-h¿bm-{X- N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-‰hpw
hen-b k-ky-im-kv-{X ]-cy-th-£-W-hp-am-bn-cp∂p.
tem-Iw Np‰n aq-∂p- h¿-jw \o≠ B bm-{Xbn-
¬ H-º-Xw-K kw-LØn-s\m∏w ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v
A-t±-lw 10,000 ]u≠v \¬In. C∂-sØ \n-e-bv-
°v 6,00,000 ]u-≠v h-cp-aXv. H-cp {]-Ir-Xnim-kv{X-
⁄\pw sk-{I-´-dnbpw aq-∂p Nn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw \m-
ep th-e-°m-cpamWv _m-¶v-kn-s‚ kw-L-Øn-ep-
≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. CØ-c-sam-cp B-Uw-_-c]q¿-Wkw-
L-hp-am-bp-≈ k-l-hm-k-Øn-eq-sS Iym-]v-‰≥ Ip-
°v F-¥p t\ám-Wp-≠m-°n-b-sX∂p hy-‡a√.
G-Xm-bmepw k-ky-im-kv-{X-Øn¬ _m¶v-kn-\p-≈
{]-Xn-`m-hn-em-kw I-≠-dn-™m-Z-cn-°m≥ B bm-{X-
bn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\v A-hk-cw e-`n-®n-´p-≠m-
Ipsa∂p-d∏v.
C-{Xbpw hn-Pbw-sImbv-sXmcp k-ky-im-kv-{X-]-

cy-th-£-W-w A-Xn\p aptºm ti-jtam D-≠m-bn-
ń√. AXn-s\m-cp- Imc-Ww A-Xn-\p-ap-ºmcpw sN-
∂n-ń√mØtXm A-[n-I-amcpw I-≠n-ń√m-Ø-tXm
B-b H-t´-sd ÿ-eß-fn-eq-sS-bmWm bm-{X \o-≠-
Xv F-∂-XmWv. Snb-dm sU¬-^yq-tKm, XmlnXn,
\yq-kn-e‚ v, Hm-kv-t{S-en-b, \yq-Kn-\n XpS-ßn H-
t´-sd ÿ-e-ßfne-Xp sN∂p. B hn-P-b-Øn-s‚
a-s‰m-cp {][m-\ Imcyw _m-¶v-kns‚ kq-£v-a-_p-
≤nbpw A-t\z-j-W-Xz-c-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]-I-¿-®-hym-
[n-hne-°p Imc-Ww d-tbm -Un P\o-tdm-bn¬ C-d-
ßm-\m-Im-sX h-∂-t∏mƒ I-∏-ente°p sIm-Sp-Ø-
b-® Im-en-Øo-‰ B-‰n-s∏-dp°n-t\m-°n ]pXn-b I-
≠p]nSnØ-ßƒ \S-Øn A-t±-lw.5 H∂pw A-t±-
l-Øns‚ {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-SmsX t]mbn√. A∂sØ
B bm-{X-bn-e-t±-lw I-c-bn-se-Øn-®-Xv 30,000
kky-ti-J-c-ß-fmWv, A-Xn¬ 1,400 F-Æw A-Xn-
\p- ap-ºv I-≠n-t´-bn√m-Øhbpw. A-∂p temI-Øv
A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂ k-ky-ß-fp-sS F-Æw 25 i-X-
am-\w I-≠p h¿-[n-∏n-°m≥ B ti-J-c-Øn-\p I-
gn™p.
k-ky-ti-Jc-Ww {`m-¥am-b B-th-i-tØm-sS

B-th-in-®n-cp-∂ HcpIme-Øv tem-I-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-
[ -`m-K-ß-fn-em-bn D-’m-l-]q¿-hw \-S∂psIm-≠n-
cn-°p-∂ F-Æ-a-‰ ]-cy-th-£-W-ß-fn¬ H-∂p-am-{X-
am-bn-cp-∂p _m¶vkn-s‚ A-t\z-j-Ww. k-ky-ßƒ
ti-J-cn-°p-I-sb∂Xv Hcm-tKm-fi-º-ambn-cp∂p, ]-
Xn-s\-´m-w \q-‰m-≠n¬. ]pXn-b k-ky-kv-]o-jo-kp-
Iƒ I-s≠Øp-∂h-sc {]-i-kv-Xnbpw k-º-Øp-w
Im-Øn-cp∂p. tem-I-Øn-s‚ k-kymt\z-j-W-Xzc-
sb Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ G-Xp ]-cn-[n-h-scbpw t]m-
Im≥ Xømdm-bn-cp∂p, A-t\z-jI¿. H-cp ]-S¿-h-
≈n-s®-Sn-°v Im-kv-]¿ hn-Ã-dp-sS t]cp\¬Inb
tXma-kv \-´¬ A-£-cm-`ym-k-an√m-Ø A-®-Snim-
e \-S-Øn-∏p-Im-c-\m-bm-Wv A-ta-cn-°-bn-se-Øn-b-
Xv. ssh-Im-sX- k-ky-ti-J-c-W-Ønem-Ir-„-\m-bn
cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xn-`m-Khpw Im¬-\-S-bm-bn Xm-
≠n At±lw A-Xn-\p -ap-ºp I-≠n-ń√m-Ø \q-dp-
I-W-°n-\p sN-SnIƒ ti-J-cn®p. d-jybnse Im-X-
dn≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn-\n°p-th-≠n k-ky-ßƒ ti-J-cn-
°m≥ h¿jßtfm-fw sIm-Sp-¶m-ń-e-e™ tPm¨
s{^-bv-k¿ Xn-cn-®p d-jy-bn-se-Ønb-t∏m-gm-W-dn-
bp∂-Xv A-hn-sS ]pXn-b km-dm-Wn-t∏mƒ A-[n-
Im-c-Øn-se∂v. s{^-bv-k¿-°p {`m-¥m-sW-∂p ]d-
™p ]-cn-l-kn-® km¿ N{I-h¿-Øn ]g-b I-cm¿
am-\n-°m≥ X-øm-dm-bn√. sN¬-kn-b-bn-se-Øn H-
cp \-gvk-dn XpS-ßn tdm-tUm-sU≥-t{Um¨, A-km-
en-b, am-t·m-en-b, sh¿-Po\n-b {Io-∏¿, B-Ã¿
Xp-Sßnb A-Xy-]q¿-hk-ky-ßƒ Cw-•n-jv h-tc-
Wy¿°p hn-‰p \√ ]-W-ap-≠m-°n s{^-bvk¿. A-
t±-l-tØm-Sp-≈ B-Z-c-am-bmWv H-cp ^n¿a-c-Øn\v
s{^-bv-k¿ ^n-¿ F∂ t]-cp In-ń-b-Xv.
]-Ww ap-S-°n A-Xn-te-sd ]-Ww t\-Sm≥ ]‰n-

b ta-J-em-bn-cp-∂p kky-ti-JcWw. c-≠p-h¿-jw
\o≠ A-]-I-S-I-cam-sbm-cp Zu-Xy-Øn-eq-sS
A]q¿h-k-ky-ßƒ ti-J-cn-s®-SpØ tPm¨- e-tb-
m¨ t\Sn-b Xp-I C∂-sØ \n-e-bv-°v 1,25,000 ]u-
≠v h-cpw. ]-W-ap-≠m-°m-s\-fp-∏-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw
]-ecpw Cu Zu-Xy-Øn-\n-d-ßnb-Xv k-ky-im-kv-{X-
tØm-Sp-≈ C„w-sIm≠p-am-{X-am-Wv. I-„-s∏-´p
ti-J-cn-® km-[-\-ßƒ ap-gp-h≥ en-h¿-]qƒ
s_m´m-Wn-°¬ Km¿U-\p \¬-Ip-I-bm-Wv \-´¬
sN-bv-XXv. ]n-∂o-S-t±lw lm¿-hm¿-Uv s_m-´m-Wn-
°¬ Km¿U-s‚ ta-[m-hn-bm-bn. "sP\-d Hm-^v
t\m¿Øv A-ta-cn-°≥ πm‚ v' F-∂ hn-⁄m-\-tIm-
i-Øn-s‚ I¿-Øm-hp-ambn (Cu ]p-kvX-Iw F-gpXp-
I am-{Xa√, A-Xn-\p-th-≠n hen-sbmc-f-thm-fw A-
®p\n-c-Øn-bXpw \-´-em-bn-cp∂p).
- k-ky-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-am-Wn-∏-d-™Xv. P-¥p-Pm-

e-ß-fp-sS I-Y th-sdbp≠v. I-¶mcp, Iznhn, d-
°q¨, t_m-_v-Iym‰v, sIm-Xp-Iv Xp-S-ßn B-[p\n-
I-tem-IsØ Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS I-W-s°-Sp-Øm¬
A-Xn-\-h-km-\-ans√∂pX-s∂ tXm∂n-t∏m-Ipw.
sPm-\mX≥ kzn-^v-‰n-s‚ {]-ikv-X h-cn-Iƒ DZm-l-
cWw:
Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ H-cp sN-≈n-s\\n-co-£n-°p-

tºmƒ sNdn-b sN-≈pIƒ A-bm-sf I-Sn-°m-s\m-
cp-ßp-∂p-≠mIpw; B sN-≈pI-sf I-Sn-°m≥ -
Xnepw sNdn-b sN-≈p-I-fp-≠mIpw; A-Xß-s\ \o-
fpw, A-\-¥-am-bn. Cßs\ Hmtcm ]pXn-b Po-hn-
sb I-s≠-Øp-tºmgpw B hn-h-c-ßƒ tiJcn®v,
{I-a-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-Øv ]-g-b-Xp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw
sN-øWw. Cß-s\ h¿-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v H-cp kw-
hn-[m-\w A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂p ssh-Im-sX hy-
‡ambn. `m-Ky-Øn-\v A-Xn-\p-≈ h-gn \n¿-t±-in-
°m≥ H-cm-fp-≠m-bncp∂p, H-cp kzo-U≥-Im-c≥.
Imƒ en-s∂ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-

cv (]n-∂oS-Xv Ip-d-®p-Iq-Sn B-Vy-sa-∂p tXm-∂p∂
thm¨ en-s∂ F-∂m-°n am-‰n). ]t£, At±-l-a-
dn-b-s∏´-Xv A-Xn-s‚ em-‰n≥cq-]-Øn-emWv˛˛Imce-
kv en-\-tbkv. sX-°≥ kzo-U-\n-se dm-j¬-‰n¬
eq-Y-d≥ k-`-bn-se ]m-h-s∏-´, F-∂m¬ A-Xym-
hiyw A-Xym-{Kl-ß-sf√m-ap-≈ k-l-hn-Im-cn-bp-
sS a-I-\m-bm-Wv en-s∂-bp-sS P-\\w. ]T-\-Øn¬
D-g-∏-\m-bn-cp∂ aI-s\ A-—≥ H-cp sNcn∏p-Ip-Øn-
bp-sS-b-Sp-Øv ]-Wn ]Tn-°m≥ hn-´p (sN-cn-∏p-Ip-
Øn-bp-sS-b-SpØv hn-Sm≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®-tX-bp-≈q, hn-
ń-ń√ F-s∂m-cp ]mT-t`-Z-hp-ap-≠n-Xn\v). sN-cn∏pw
Xp-∂n H-cm-bp- p -ap-gp-h≥ I-gn-®p-Iq-t´-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂p
a-\- n-emb-t∏mƒ sIm-®p -en-s∂ A—-s‚ Im-ep-
]n-Sn-®p, H-c-hk-cwIq-Sn \¬-I-Wsa∂p bm-Nn®p.
A-Xv A-\p-h-Zn-°-s∏´p. ]n∂o-sSm-cn-°epw A-h≥
]Tn°m≥ tam-i-am-bn-ń√. kzo-U-\nepw tlm-f-
≠nepw t]m-bn ssh-Zy-im-kv{Xw ]Tn-s®-¶nepw Po-
h-im-kv-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p en-s∂-bpsS {]n-b- hn-j-bw.
{]mbw C-cp-]-Xp-I-fn-se-Øn- \n¬-°p-tºm-gmWv
1930I-fn¬ en-t∂ P-¥p-°-sfbpw k-ky-ß-sfbpw
kz-¥-am-bm-hn-jv-I-cn-® am¿-K-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v h¿-Ko-I-
cn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-bXv. A-tXmsS B bp-hm-hn-s‚
{]-i-kv-Xn ]-c-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn.
{]-i-kv-Xn-bnepw kz-¥w a-l-Øz-Ønepw C-{X-

am{Xw B-\-μn-®m-dm-Snb-h¿ A-[n-I-ap-≠m-hn√. X-
s∂Ø-s∂ ]p-I-gv-Øn-s°m-≠v I-hn-X-I-sfgp-Xp-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p en-s∂-bp-sS H-gn-hp-Im-ehn-t\mZw. X-
s∂-°mfpw hensbmcp -k-ky-im-kv-{X-⁄t\m Po-
h-im-kv-{X-⁄t\m D-≠m-bn-ń-s√-∂pX-s∂ A-
t±lw hn-iz-kn-®p, Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS h¿-Ko-I-c-W-
Øn-\m-bn Xm\mhn-jv-I-cn-® am¿-K-w im-kv{X-temI-
sØ G-‰hpw hen-b t\-´-am-sW-∂p IcpXn. hn-
\-b-tØm-sS H-cm-{K-lhpw A-t±-lw ap-t∂m-´p- h-
®p: X-s‚ i-h°√-d-bn¬ "{]n≥-sk-]v-kv s_m-´m-
\n-t°m-dw' (k-ky-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚ cmPIp-am-c≥)
F-∂p sIm-Øn-hbv-°-Ww. se-s∂-bv-°p X-s∂-∏-
‰n-bp-≈ D-Zmcamb a-Xn-∏v tNmZyw sN-øp∂-Xp _p-
≤n-bm-b-ncp-∂n√. tNmZyw-sN-bv-X-h¿ A-Xn-s‚ ^-e-
w A-\p-`-hn-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. I-fiƒ°pw £p{Z-
k-kyßƒ°pw A-h-cp-sS t]-cn-´m-Wv en-s∂ ]I-
cwho-ń-bXv. a-s‰m-cp kz`m-hhn-ti-jwIq-Sn-bp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-\v, ssew-Kn-I-X-tbm-Sp-≈
{àw. I-°-IfpsS C-c-´-Zfß-ƒ-°v kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS
ssew-Kn-Im-h-b-hhp-ambp-≈ kmayw A-t±l-sØ
B-th-iwsIm-≈n®p. Nn-e-bn-\w I-°-I-fp-sS
6
`mKßƒ-°v A-t±-lw hƒ-h, te-_n-b, ]yq-_vkv,
G-\kv, ssl-sa≥ Fs∂ms° t]-cn-Sp-IbpwsN-
bvXp. k-ky-ß-sf A-t±-lw D¬-]m-Z-\m-h-b-h-ß-
fpsS -A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ X-cw-Xn-cn®p, A-h-bn¬ Po-
him-kv-{X-]-camb ssewKnIm`n-\n-th-iw B-tcm-
]n®p. ]q-°-sf-∏-‰n ]-d-bp-tºmƒ-t]mepw k-Ωn-
{issewKnI-_‘w, h-‘y-bm-b sh-∏mń, h-[p-hn-
s‚ i-ø Xp-Sßn-b ]Z ßƒ btY-„ap-]-tbm-Kn-®p.
k-ky-ßƒ-°p-ap-≠v {]-Wbw, B-Wp-ßfpw s]-

Æp-ß-fpw... I-eym-Ww I-gn-°p-∂p-ap≠v.7 ssew-Kn-
Im-h-b-h-ßƒ I-≠m-e-dnbmw G-Xm-Wv B-Wv, G-
Xm-Wv s]-Æv F∂v. ]q-°-fp-sS Z-f-ßƒ h-[p-hn-
s‚ i-ø-bmWv. a-t\ml-c-am-bn A-e-¶-cn®v, hm-k-
\-{Z-hy-ßƒ ]p-c-ń-bm-Wv {k-„m-hv i-ø-sbm-cp-°p-
∂Xv. hn-[nbmwh-ÆwX-s∂-bm-W-h-cp-sS k-am-Kaw.
i-ø- X-øm-dm-bn°-gn-™m¬ h-[p-hn-s\ ]p-W-cm≥
t\-c-am-sb-∂m-W¿Yw. ]p-W¿∂v, H∂mbn h-c≥ X-
s∂Ø-s∂ h-[p-hn-\p k-a¿-∏n-°pw.
H-cp k-ky-h¿-K-Øn-\v A-t±-lw ¢n-t‰mdn-b F-

∂m-Wv t]-cn-´Xv. A-t±l-Øns‚ Cu co-Xn A-{X
i-cn-b-s√-∂ A-`n-{]m-bw ]-e¿-°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
F∂p-h®v A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- Cu h¿-Ko-I-c-Wco-Xn
A-ß-s\ X-≈n-°fbm\pw ]-‰n√m-bn-cp∂p. A-{X-
bv-°v D-÷z-eam-bn-cp-∂p AXv. en-\-tb-kn\p ap-
ºv kky-ß-fp-sS t]-cv kp-Zo¿-Lhpw hn-h-cm-W-
fl-I-hp-am-bn-cp∂p. DZmlc-W-Øn-\v sN-dn-s®Sn-bp-
sS t]-cp t\m°q: "ss^-km-en-kv Bavt\m
dmtamknknw dm-an-kv BwKp-tem-kn-kv •m-{_n-kv
t^m-fo-kv sU-t‚m-sk-dm-‰nkv.' en-\-tb-kv A-
Xns\ ss^-km-en-kv Bw-Kp-em-‰ F-∂p Np-cp-°n-
sb-Sp-Øp.8 C∂pw B t]-cm-W-Xn\v. t]-cn-s‚ h-
en-∏w am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ {]-iv\w. t]-cp-Iƒ°v sF-
I-cq-]y-hp-an√m-bn-cp-∂p. tdm-k kn¬-sh-kv-{Sn-kv
B¬_m Iw dq-t_m¿, t^mfntbm •m-t{_m F-
∂ sN-Sn-sb-Ø-s∂-bmtWm Nne¿ tdmk kn¬-
sh-kv-{Sn-kv C≥-tUm-d kyq Im\n-\ F-∂p hn-fn-
°p∂Xv F∂dn-bm≥ hgn-sbm-∂p-an√m-bn-cp-∂p. en-
\-tb-kv Cu {]-iv-\w ]-cn-lcn®Xv AXns\ tdm-
k Im\n-\ F-∂p hn-fn-®mWv. t]-cp sh-dp-sX-bnß-
s\ sh-ńs®-dp-Xm-°n-bXp-sIm-≠m-bn√, A-Xp {]-
tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ F√mh¿-°pw kzo-Im-
cy-amI-Ww; B-[n-Im-cn-I-hp-am-IWw. A-Xn\v, H-cp
kv-]ojokn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-™v t]-
cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\v, H-cp {]-Xn-`-bpsS Dƒ-°mgvN A-\n-hm-
cy-am-bn-cp∂p.
_-Z¬ kw-hn-[m-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v Nn-¥n-°m≥t]m-

ep-am-Im-Ø-hn-[w en\-tb-kn-s‚ co-Xn {]-Np-c-{]-Nm-
cw t\-Sn. hen-b B-temN-\-sbm∂pw Iq-SmsX-bm-
Wv en-\-tb-kn-\p ap-ºv Po-hn-Iƒ-°p t]-cn-ń-cp-
∂Xv. Im-´p-ar-KamtWm h-f¿-Øp-ar-KamtWm? I-
c-bnem-tWm, I-S-enemtWm Po-hn°p∂Xv? hep-
XmtWm sN-dpXm-tWm? Im-Wm≥ `w-Kn-bpt≠m?
sIm-≈m hp∂ hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-´XmtWm? F-s∂m-
s° t\m-°n-bm-bn-cp-∂p h¿-KoI-cWw. a-\p-jy-\v
F-¥p {]-tbm-P-\-ap-s≠-∂p t\m-°n-bm-Wv _p-^≥
arK-ßsf Xcw-Xn-cn-®-Xv. Cu h¿-Ko-I-c-W-ßfn-em-
sW-¶n¬ im-cocn-I khnti-j-X-Iƒ°p hen-b
{]m-[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂pan√. en-\-tb-km-I-s´
A∂p Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p≈ P-¥p°-sf im-co-cn-I-k-hn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n h¿-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-
sb∂-Xv Po-hn-XZu-Xy-am-tb-s‰-SpØp. SmIv-tkm-
Wan (taxonomy) F∂ Po-h-h¿-KoI-c-Wim-kv-{X-
Øn-\v ]n∂o-sSm-cn-°epw Xncn™p- t\mt°-≠n h-
∂n-ń√.
kp-Zo¿-L-am-bn-cp-∂p B {]-{In-b. 1735˛¬ A-

t±lw "kn-sÃ-sa \m®psd' F-∂ hn-Jym-XIr-Xn-
bp-sS B-Zy-]-Xn-∏n-d-°p-tºmƒ9 A-Xn-\v shdpw ]-
Xn\m-ep t]-Pv h-en∏-ta D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. {I-ta-
W-b-Xß-s\ h-f¿-∂p hf¿∂p h∂p. ]-{¥≠mw
]-Xn-∏n¬—en-\-tb-kn-s‚ Po-hn-X-Im-e-Øn-dßn-b
Ahkm-\ ]-Xn-∏v A-XmWv—F-Øn-b-t∏mƒ A-Xn-
\v aq-∂p hm-ey-ßfpw 2,300 t]-Pp-ap≠m-bn-cp∂p.
A-t∏m-tg-°v G-Xm-≠v 13,00 k-ky-ß-sfbpw P-
¥p°sfbpw A-t±-lw t]-cn-´p tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn. en-
\-tb-kn-\p ap-ºp-Xs∂, AXnepw hen-b Zu-Xy-
ßƒ \S∂n-cp-∂p. Cw-•-≠n¬ H-cp X-e-ap-d ap-ºn-
dßn-b "lntÃmdn-b sP-\-dm-en-kv πm-t‚-dw' F-
∂ aq-∂p hm-ey-ß-fp≈ ]p-kv-XI-Øn¬10 tPm¨
td 18,625 k-ky kv-]o-jo-kp-I-sf-bm-Wv Dƒ-s°m-
≈n®Xv. ]-t£, en-\-tb-kn-s‚ h¿-KoI-c-Wco-Xn-
bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmb em-fnXytam {I-atam Im-
en-IXztam ]q¿-hm-]-c_-‘tam A-h-Im-i-s∏Sm≥
a-‰p ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ-s°m-∂p-am-bn√. 1730I-fn¬Ø-
s∂ en-\-tb-kns‚ Cu ZuXyw ]p-d-Øp-h-cm≥
Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw Cw-•-≠n¬ A-Xp {]ikv-X-
am-Im≥ 1760Iƒh-sc Im-t°-≠n-h∂p. A-dn-™p-
h-∂-t∏m-tgm, Cw•njv Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS-bn-S-
bn¬ en-\-tb-kn-\v ]n-Xr-ÿm-\w e-`n-°p-Ibpw sN-
bvXp.11 Cw-•-≠n-s\-t∏m-se a-s‰m-cn-SØpw A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚- Cu kw-hn[m-\w C-{X-th-Kw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-
s∏-ń√ (AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂, en-\o-b≥ skm-ssk-
‰n-bp-sS B-ÿm-\w e-≠-\m-Wv, tÃm°v-tlmw
A√).
en-\-tb-kv ]n-g-hpIƒ-°-Xo-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p F-
∂√ C-∏-d-™-Xn-\¿Yw. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ P-¥p-h¿-
K ]-ń-I-bn¬ cm-£-kcq-]-ßfpw ò-I-c-a-\p-jycp-
am-bn ]e am-bm-Po-hn-Iƒ°pw C-Sw-Inń. \m-hn-
Icpw Nn-e -k-©m-cn-Ifpw s]m-Sn∏pw sXm-ß-epw-h-
®p ]-d-™ I-Y-I-fn¬\n-∂p kzo-I-cn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p
Cu hn-h-cßƒ.12 tlmtam s^d-kv F-∂ Im-´p-a-
\p-jy≥ A-°q-´-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂p. \m-ep -Im-en¬ \-
S-°p-∂, kw-km-c-hn-Zy h-i-an√m-Ø a-\p-jy-cmW-
sX∂v en-\-tb-kv F-gpXn. tlmtam tIm-Um‰-kv
F-∂ t]-cp≈ hmep≈ a-\p-jycpw A-t±-l-Øn-
s‚ ]-ń-I-bn¬ C-Sw-]n-Sn®p. tIƒ-°p-∂-sX¥pw I-
Æp-a-S-®p hn-iz-kn-°p-s∂m-cp Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p A-
sX-t∂m¿-°Ww. ]Xns\´mw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ H-Sp-
hn¬ tPmk-^v _m-¶v-kn-s\-t∏m-ep-≈
alm∑m¿t]mepw hn-iz-kn®Xv a-’y-I-\y-II-ƒ b-
Ym¿-YØnep-s≠-∂mWv. kvtIm-Sv-e‚ v Xoc-Øv ]-
e-bn-S-ß-fn-epw a-’y-I-\y-II-sf I-s≠-∂ IY ap-
J-hn-e-bvs°-Sp-Ø _m-¶v-kv A-h-bp-sS Im-cy-
Øn¬ k-Po-h-Xm¬-]-cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpwsN-
bvXp. Cß-s\ Nn-e ho-gv-N-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw
AXn-s\-sb√mw a-dn-I-S-°m≥ t]m-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p,
en-\-tb-kns‚ h¿-KoIcW-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ B-[n-
Im-cnI-X. I-S-en-se Xn-anw-K-e-ßƒ Icbnep≈
]ip-°-sf-bpw F-en-I-sfbpwt]m-se Izm-{Up-]o-Un-
b (]n-∂o-Sn-Xp am-a-enb F∂p Xn-cpØn) F-∂
hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v I-s≠-ØnbXv13
At±-l-Øn-s‚ t\-´-ßfn-sem-∂mWv. A-Xn-\p ap-
ºv B¿-°pw tXm-∂msXt]m-b Im-cy-am-WXv.
Xp-S-°-Øn¬ en-\-tb-kv k-ky-ßƒ-°p t]-cn´-

Xv Po-\-kn-s‚ t]cns\m-∏w H-c-°hpw Iq-ń-t®¿-
ØmWv—tIm¨-thmƒ-hp-ekv 1, tIm¨-thmƒhp-
e-kv 2 F-∂n-ßs\. C-Xp t]m-sc-∂v tXm-∂n-b-
t∏mƒ A-t±-lw Zzn\ma (binomial) co-Xn-bn-te-
°p am-dn. C-t∏mgpw SmIv-tkm-W-an-bp-sS lrZbw
Cu Zzn-\m-a-co-XnX-s∂-bmWv. k-ky-ßƒ°pw P-
¥p-°ƒ°pw am-{Xa√, {]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ F√m-‰n-
\pw˛˛]m-d-Iƒ-°pw [m-Xp-°ƒ°pw tcm-K-ßƒ°pw
Im-‰p-Iƒ°pw F√mw˛˛Cu co-Xn-bn¬ t]-cn-Sm-\pw
]-≤-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p, A-Xp ]-t£ \-S-∂n√. en-\-
tb-kns‚ Cu \m-aI-c-W]-≤-Xn- Xp-S-°w apXte
lm¿-Z-am-bn kzmK-Xw sN-ø-s∏-s´-∂p I-cp-X-cpXv.
A-t±-l-Øns‚ t]-cp-Iƒ-°v ku-Ip-amcyw t]m-sc-
∂ ]-cm-Xn ]-e¿-°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A«oe®ph en-
\-tb-kn-\p ap-ºp-≈ ]-e t]-cp-Iƒ-°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p F-∂-XmWv henb ssh-cp-[yw. aq-{X-i-¶ h¿-[n-
∏n-°p-∂ kz-`m-h-ap-s≠∂p I-cp-Xn-bncp∂Xp-sIm-
≠v P-a-¥n- G-sd-°m-e-Øn-\v ]n- m-s_-Uv F-∂mW-
dn-b-s∏ń-cp-∂Xv. sa-tb-gv-kv ^m¿Sv, s\-bv°-Uv te-
Uokv, Szn-®v _√-°v, lu-≠vkv ]n v, Hm-∏¨
B¿sk, _w S-h¬ XpS-ßn Zp-c¿-Y-ß-fp-≈ t]-
cp-Iƒ F{Xtbm th-sd-bp-ap≠v.14 Cu sX-dn-t∏-cp-
I-fn¬ Nne-Xv Fßs\tbm Ct∏mgpw {]-Nm-c-Øn-
ep≠v. sa-bv-U≥ sl-b¿ tam-kv D-Zm-l-cWw.
AXnse sa-bv-U≥ sl-b¿ sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p∂-Xv
I-\y-I-bp-sS X-e-bn-se ap-Sn-b√. C-ß-s\ X-d-\n-e-
hm-c-Øn-ep-s≈mcp h-Ip-∏n-s\ ]-cnjv-I-cn-s®-Sp-°p-
tºmƒ ]I-cwh-cp∂-Xv D-Xv-Ir-„\m-a-ßm-f-mI-W-
sa-∂p am\y-∑m¿ kzm-`m-hn-Iambpw B-in-®p. F-
∂m¬ k-ky-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ cm-P-Ip-am-c-\m-bn kz-
bw A-h-tcm-[n-®-bmƒX-s∂ B-[n-Imcn-I{K-Ÿ-
Øn¬ ¢nt‰m-dn-b, t^m¿-Wn°m-‰, hƒ-h F-
s∂√mw F-gp-Xn-h-®-t∏mƒ kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw A-h-
cp-sS apJ-an-cp-≠p.
ssew-Kn-I-®p-h-bp-≈ t]-cp-I-fn¬ ]-eXpw Im-
e{I-ta-W H-gn-hm-°s∏-´p (]-t£ A-h ]q¿-W-am-
bn D-t]-£n-°m-\m-bn-ń√. ]m-d-bnepw a‰pw ]-‰n-∏n-
Sn-®p h-f-cp-∂ H-cn-\w \-Ø-bv-°-bp-sS im-kv-{Xo-
b\maw C-t∏mgpw s{I-∏nUpe t^m¿-Wn-°m-‰ F-
∂mWv). Po-h-im-kv-{Xim-J h-f¿-∂-t∏mƒ A-Xn¬
]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßfpw Iq-ń-t®¿-°-ep-Ifpw th-≠n-
h∂p. ]pXn-b h¿Kt{i-Wn-Iƒ h-∂p. Po-\kv (A-
Xn-s‚ _-lp-h-N-\-am-Wv P\d), kv-]o-jo-kv F-∂o
hn-`P-\w en-\-tb-kn\pw \q-dp -h¿-jw ap-sº-¶nepw
{]-Nm-c-Øn-ep≠m-bn-cp∂p. Po-h-im-kv-{X A¿-Y-
Øn¬ Hm¿-U¿, ¢mkv, ^m-an-en F-∂o ]-Z-ßƒ
1750-I-fn-epw 60I-fnepw Iq-ń-t®¿-°-s∏´p. ssêw
F∂ hm°p hcp∂Xv 1876˛emWv (G¨Ãv
lo°¬ F∂ P¿a≥Imc\mWv AXns‚
D]⁄mXmhv). ^manenbpw Hm¿Udpw
kam\]ZßfmbmWv Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠phsc
IcpXnbncp∂Xv. Iptd°metØ°v kky-
imkv{X-⁄∑m¿ Hm¿Usd∂p hnfn°p∂Xns\
P¥pimkv{X⁄¿ ^manen F∂p hn-
fn®pt]m∂p. Ccp`mKØpw Bib°pg∏w
aq¿—n®p F∂-Xmbncp∂p êw.*
P-¥p°-sf B-dm-bm-Wv en-\-tb-kv hn-`-Pn®Xv.
k-kv-X-\nIƒ, D-cKßƒ, ]-£nIƒ, a-’y-ßƒ,
j-Uv-]-Z-ßƒ ]n-s∂ C-Xn-sem∂pw s]-SmØ-Xn-s\-
sb√mw s]-Sp-Øn hn-c-Iƒ F-s∂m-cp hn-`m-K-hpw.
sN-Ωo-\n-s\bpw R-≠n-s\bpw hn-c-sb-∂ H-‰ hn-
`m-K-Øn¬s]-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp i-cn-bm-hn-s√∂pd-∏m-W-
t√m. Aß-s\ samf-kv-I, {I-tÃ-jy Xp-Sßn-b hn-
`m-K-ßƒ thsd h∂p. ]t£, Cu ]pXn-b h¿-
Ko-IcWw Hmtcm cm-PyØv Hmtcm co-Xn-bn-em-Wp
\-S-∂-Xv. {I-aw ]p-\xÿm-]n-°m≥ {_n-´≥ 1842˛¬
H-cp hy-h-ÿ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p; kv-{Sn-Ivem≥-Un-b≥
tIm-Uv F-∂m-W-X-dn-b-s∏-´Xv. {_n´s‚ Cu \-S]-
Sn A-[n-I-{]-kw-K-am-sW-∂p tXm-∂n {^m≥-kn\v.
A-hnSsØ kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n C-Xn-\p
hn-]-co-Xam-b a-s‰m-cp-Iq-´w hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ A-h-X-cn-
∏n®p. A-tXka-bw A-ta-cn°≥ Hm¿-Wn-tØm-f-Pn-
°¬ skm-ssk-‰n hn-Nn-{Xam-b a-s‰m-cp Xo-cp-am-
\-sa-SpØp. ]-£nI-sf h¿-KoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-
Sn-ÿm-\-am-tI-≠-Xv "kn-Ã-sa \m-Nz-sd-'bp-sS
1758˛se ]-Xn-∏m-sW-∂h¿ Xo-cp-am-\n®p. _m-°n
F√m cm-Py-ß-fpw 1766˛se ]-cnjv-I-cn-® ]-Xn-∏v
B-[m-c-am-°p-tºm-gm-bn-cp∂p Cu X-e-Xn-cn™ \-
S-]Sn. C-Xp- Imc-Ww A-ta-cn-°-bn-se ]-£n-Iƒ°v
]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ a-‰p cm-Py-ß-fn-se ]-
£n-I-fn¬\n-∂p `n-∂am-b Po\-kv \m-a-ß-fp-am-bn
I-gn-™p-Iq-tS-≠nh∂p. ]n-Sn-hm-in D-t]-£n-®v tem-
I-sa-ßp-ap-≈ Po-h -im-kv-{X-⁄¿ k¿-h-kzo-Im-
cyamb A-¥m-cm-{„co-Xn kzo-I-cn-°m≥ 1902˛se
A-¥m-cm-{„ kp-thmf-Pn tIm¨-{K-kvh-sc Im-t°-
≠n-h∂p.
SmIv-tkmW-an F-∂ k-ky-h¿-KoI-c-W]T-\w H-

cp im-kv-{X-im-JbmtWm AtXm I-ebmtWm F-
∂p ]-ecpw kwi-bw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. b-Ym¿-Y-
Øn¬ A-sXm-cp ]-S-\n-e-am-sW-∂ kXyw A-[n-I-
amcpw a-\- n-em-°mdn√. B ta-J-e-bn¬ \-Ωƒ I-
cp-Xp-∂-Xn-ep-ta-sd {I-a-cm-ln-Xy-hpw `n∂X-Ifpw C-
t∏m-gp-ap-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X. Po-hn-I-fp-sS A-
Sn-ÿm-\ ico-cL-S\-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈
ss^-ew F-∂ X-cw-Xn-cn-sh-Sp-°pI. F√m-h¿-°p-
a-dn-bm-hp∂ ss^-e-ßƒ Ip-d-t®-bp≈p. \-Ø-bv-
°bpw H®pw a-‰p-a-S-ßp∂ tam-f-kv-Iv, j-Uv-]-Z-
ßfpw I-h-N-P-¥p-°-fp-a-S-ßp-∂
* Cu h¿KoIcWcoXnsb HcpZml-
cWØneqsS hniZoIcn°mw. a\pjy≥
bpt°cnb F∂ sUmsabv\n¬, A\namenb
F∂ InMvUØn¬, tIm¿U‰ F∂
ssêØn¬, sh¿ń{_‰ F∂ D]ssêØn¬,
ss{]ta‰vkv F∂ Hm¿Udn¬, slman\oUn F∂
^manenbn¬, tlmtam F∂ Po\kn¬, km∏n-
b≥kv F∂ kv]ojnkn¬ s]Sp∂p. Cw•njv
A£cßfnsegpXptºmƒ Po\kns‚bpw
kv]ojokns‚bpw t]cv sNcns®gpXpIs-
b∂XmWv Iogvhg°w. F∂nßs\ (F∂m¬
a‰p hn`P\ßsfgpXp∂Xv km[mcW ańemWv).
C∏d™Xp IqSmsX thsdbpw
hn`P\ßfp]tbmKn°p∂hcp≠v: ss{S_v,
k_vHm¿U¿, C≥{^mHmU¿, ]m¿thm¿U¿
F∂n-ßs\.
{I-tÃjy≥, I-ti-cp-In-I-fpw BZn-a I-ti-cp-In-

I-fp-a-S-ßp-∂ (\-Ω-sf√ma-S-ßp∂) tIm¿-tU-‰v
F∂n-h D-Zm-l-cWw. F-∂m¬ A-Xn-\-∏p-d-sØ-
Øptºmƒ ]eXpw \n-Kq-V-am-Wv. \m-tØm-kv-t‰m-
ayp-en-U (I-S-en-se hn-c-Iƒ), \n-Um-cn-b (sP√n-^n-
jv, sa-Uqkn, A-\na¨, ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-
bh), {]-bm-∏p-en-U (Nn-e-bn-\w sN-dp-hn-c-Iƒ) F-
∂n-h- AXn¬-s∏-Sp∂p. \n-ßƒ°p ]-cn-N-b-ap-s≠-
¶nepw C-s√-¶nepw C-h-sb√mw A-Snÿm-\ hn-`-P-
\-ßƒ X-s∂-bmWv. ]-t£, Cß-s\ sam-Øw F-
{X ss^-e-ßƒ D-s≠∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ Ip-g-ßpw.
F-{X-h-sc-bmImw A-h-bp-sS F-Æw F-∂ Im-cy-
Øn¬ Po-h-im-kv-{X-temI-Øv A-`n-{]m-ssb-Iy-
hpan√. sam-Øw ap∏-Xp ss^-e-ß-fp-s≠-∂m-Wv `q-
cn]-£w im-kv-{X-⁄cpw I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. C-cp]tXm
at‰m am-{X-ta D-≈q F-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.
"ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm-^v sse-^v' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-
Øn¬ F-tUz¿-Uv H. hn¬-k¨ ]-d-bp∂Xv 89
F-Æ-ap-s≠-∂m-Wv.15 \n-ß-fp-sS hn`-P-\tc-J G-
Xm-Wv F-∂-Xn-s\ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°pw, Cu F-Æ-
sa-{X-bp-≠v F-∂ Im-cyw. hn-`-Pn-°m\mtWm Iq-
ń-t®¿-°m\mtWm Xm¬-]cyw F-∂-Xn-s\ B-{i-
bn-®n-cn°pw \n-ß-fpsS IW-°n¬ ss^-e-ß-fp-sS
FÆw.
km-[m-c-W k-ky-ß-fp-sS Imcyw h-cp-tºmƒ

CØ-cw A-`n-{]m-b -`n-∂-X-I-fp-sS B-gw h¿-[n-
°pw. ]p√n-s‚ H-cp kv-]o-jo-kn-s\ F-bvPntem]v-
kv C≥I¿-h F-∂p hn-fn-®mepw F-bvPn-tem-]v-kv
C≥-I¿-hm-‰ F-∂p hnfn®mepw F-bvPn-tem-]v-kv H-
hm-‰ F-∂p hn-fn-®m-epw km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°p hn-j-
b-am-In√. F-∂m¬ k-ky-im-kv-{Xhn-Z-Kv-[-cp-sS C-
S-bn¬ Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-® X¿-°-hn-j-b-am-Ip-aXv. {]-iv-\-
sa-¥m-sW∂p-h-®m¬ G-Xm-≠v A-øm-bncw kv-]o-
jo-kn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ ]p√n-\-ß-fp≠v. Im-gv-N-bn¬ A-
h-bn¬ ]-eXpw Htct]m-se tXm-∂n°p-IbpwsN-
øpw. km-[m-c-W-°m¿-°p am-{Xa√, ]p√ns\-∏-‰n-b-
dn-bm-hp-∂-h¿°pw A-h G-Xm-s≠mcp-t]m-se
tXm∂pw. C-Xp-Im-c-W-am-Wv Nn-e kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ
C-cp]-Xp X-h-W-sb-¶nepw I-s≠Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
A-{Xbpw XhW t]-cn-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-XXv. Np-cp-
ßnb-Xp c-≠p X-h-W-sb-¶nepw kz-X-{¥-am-bn I-
s≠-Ø-s∏-ń√m-Ø kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ C-s√∂pX-
s∂ ]-d-bmw. c-≠p hm-eyß-fn-em-bn-d-ßnb "Z am-
\z¬ Hm^v {Km-kkv Hm-^v bp-ss\‰-Uv tÃ-‰v-kn'-
s‚ sN-dn-b A-£-c-ß-fn-e-®-Sn-® Ccp-\q-dp t]-Pp-
I-ƒ \o-°n-h-®n-cn-°p∂Xv H-tc-bn-\w ]p√p-I-fp-sS
hnhn-[ t]-cp-Ifpw kam-\t]-cp-Ifpw hn-h-cn-°m-
\mWv. A-{X-bv-°p-≠v B-h¿-Ø\w. H-cp cm-Py-sØ
]p¬-h¿-K-ß-fp-sS am{Xw Im-cy-am-Wn-Xv.
A-¥m-cm-{„-X-e-Øn-ep-≈ X¿-°-ßƒ ]-cn-l-cn-

°m≥ C‚¿-\m-j-W¬ A-tkmkn-tb-j≥ t^m¿
πm‚ v SmIv-tkmW-an F-s∂m-cp kw-L-S-\-bp≠v.
ap≥-K-W-\m-{I-ahpw B-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s‚ {]-iv-\-ß-
fpw h-cp-tºmƒ Xo¿∏pIev]n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn A-h¿
C-Sbv-°n-sS D-Ø-c-hp-I-fn-d-°pw: "ku-jvs\cn-b
Imen-t^m¿-\n-° (]q-t¥m-´-ß-fn¬ ]m-d-Iƒ-°n-S-
bn¬ h-f-cp-∂ H-cn-\w sNSn) C-\n F∏n-tem-_n-
bw Im-\w F-∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-I' F-t∂m "B-Kvem-
Xm\n-tbm¨ sS-\yq-kn-aw C-\n ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-
tS≠Xv B-KvemXm\n-tbm¨ _n-tkm-bv-Uvkn-s\m-
∏-am-Wv, B-Kvem-Xm\n-tbm¨ kyqtUm_n tkm-bv-
Uvkn-s\m-∏a√' Ft∂m as‰m B-bn-cn-°pw D-Ø-
c-hv. sN-dp-]-cn-jvIm c-sat∂m ip-No-I-c-W-sat∂m
hn-fn-°m-hp-∂ CØ-cw \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]et∏m-gpw
km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-sS {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-Sm-dn√, h-en-b
H®∏m-sSm-∂p-ap≠m-°m-dp-an√. F-∂m¬ tXm-´-ß-
fn¬ Hm-a-\n-®p-h-f¿-Øp-∂ ]q-s®-Sn-I-fpsS Imcyw
h-cp-tºmƒ ÿn-Xn am-dpw. 1980 I-fn-sem-cn-°¬
Hcn\w {In-km¥na-sØ A-tX t]-cn-ep-≈ Po-\-
kn¬\n-s∂m-gn-hm-°n Ip-td-°qSn XcwXmWhn-`m-
Kw F-∂p I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂ sU≥-{UmXn-a Po-\-kn-
te-°p am-‰nbt∏mƒ (Xn-I®pw im-kv-{Xo-bhpw \ym-
b-hp-amb Im-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p Cu X-cw-Xm-gv-
Ø-en\v) A-Xm-Wp kw-`-hn-®Xv.
{In-km-¥n-aw h-f¿-Øp-Im¿-°v Aw-K-_-eØn-
tem kzm[o-\i-‡nbntem H-cp Ip-d-hp-an√. A-h¿
kv-t]¿-a-t‰m-ss^-‰ k-an-Xn-°p ap-∂n¬ ]cm-Xn-bp-
am-sb-Øn (hn-Øp-≠m-Ip-∂X-cw k-ky-ß-fp-sS
h¿-K-\m-a-am-Wv kv-s]¿-a-t‰m-ss^-‰. tI-´m¬ A-
kzm-`m-hn-IX tXm-∂p-sa-¶nepw A-t∏-cn¬ Hcp k-
an-Xn-bp≠v. C-Xp-am-{X-a√, s‰-dn-tUm-ss^-‰, {_-
tbm-ss^-‰, ^wKn XpS-ßn a-‰p h¿-K-ßƒ°pw I-
Ωn-‰n-I-fp≠v. dm-t∏m¿-ń-b¿ P-\-d¬ F-∂ \n¿-hm-
lWm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv C-h-cp-sS-sb√mw ta¬-°-Ωn-
‰n.) Po-h-im-kv-{X \m-a-I-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ hn-´p-ho-gv-
N-Iƒ A-\p-h-Zn-°m-dn-s√-¶n-epw a-‰p-≈-h-cpsS hn-
Im-cw I-≠n-s√-∂p \-Sn-°p-∂-hc√ k-ky-im-kv-
{X⁄¿. {In-km-¥n-aØn-s‚ im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw am-
‰m-\p-≈ Xo-cp-am-\w 1975-˛¬ ]n≥-h-en-°-s∏´p. s]-
‰q-Wn-b, tbm-Wn-a-kv, A-am-dn-e-kv, sP-td-\nbw
XpS-ßn ]-e ]q-s®-Sn kv-]o-jo-kp-Ifpw X-cw-Xm-gv-
Ø-en¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏´-Xv kam-\ km-l-N-cyßfn-
em-Wv. h≥-{]-Xn-tj-[-ßƒ-°n-sS-bm-Wv G-Xm\pw
h¿-jw ap-ºv Ahsb s]-em¿-tKm-Wn-bw F-∂ Po-
\-kn-te-°v am-‰n-bXv.16 Nmƒ-kv Genb-‰n-s‚ "Z
t]m-ń-Mv sj-Uv t]-t∏-gv-kn'¬ Cu X¿-°w c-k-I-
c-am-bn hn-hcn-®n-´p≠v.
k-ky-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ am-{Xa√, a-‰p Po-hn-
I-fp-sS Im-cy-Ønepw CØ-cw X¿-°-ß-fpw ]p-\¿-
\m-a-I-c-W-ß-fpw ]-Xn-hmWv. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂
Po-h-Pm-XnI-sf X-cw-Xn-cn-®v t]-cn-´v tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-
hbv-°p-I-sb∂Xv A-{X F-fp-∏-ap-≈ Im-cya√. A-
Xp-am-{X-a√ Im-cyw, F-tUz¿-Uv H. hn¬ks‚ hm-
°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ "`q-an-bn-en-t∏m-gp-≈ Po-hn-
Itf-sXm-s°-bm-sW∂Xp kw-_-‘n-®v G-ItZ-i
[mc-W-t]mepw \-ap-°n√.' C-∂p-≈ kv-]o-jo-kp-I-
fp-sS F-Æ-sa-{X-sb-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ aq∂p aney¨
XpSßn 200 aney¨h-sc \o-fp-∂ ]e]e I-W-°p-
I-fm-Wp In-´p-I.17 sR-ń-°p∂ a-s‰m-cp hn-h-c-hp-an-
Xm: C-°-tWm-an-kv-‰n¬ h-∂ H-cp I-W-°-\p-k-cn-
®v `qanbn-se Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fn¬ 97 i-X-am-\hpw C-
t∏mgpw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm≥ In-S-°p-I-bmWv.18
C-\n I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈ Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fp-sS

Imcy-tam? A-Xn¬Ø-s∂ 99 i-X-am-\-Øn-s‚ Im-
cy-Ønepw \-ap-°p-≈ hnh-cw Xp-temw Zp¿_-e-
amWv. "im-kv-{Xo-b\maw, ayq-kn-b-ß-fn-ep-≈
Ht∂m c-t≠m km-ºnƒ, ]n-s∂ G-sX-¶nepw im-
kv-{X-tP-W-ep-I-fn¬ h-∂ sN-dp-hn-hc-Ww; A-
{Xtb-bp-≈q Im-cy'-sa-∂m-Wv hn¬-k¨ ]-d-bp-∂-
Xv. "ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm-^v sse-^v' F-∂ ]p-kv-
X-I-Øn¬ A-t±-l-a-h-X-cn-∏n-® I-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v
kkyß-fpw Io-S-ß-fpw B¬-K-Ifpw kq-£v-a-Po-
hn-I-fp-sa√m-aS-°w \-ap-°-dnbmhp∂ sam-Øw kv-
]o-jo-kp-I-fp-sS F-Æw 1.4 aney-WmWv.19 F-∂m¬
CXp shdp-sam-cq-lw am-{X-am-sW-∂v A-tXm-sSm-
∏wX-s∂ A-t±-lw F-gp-Xnbn´p≠v. a-‰p Nn-e hn-
Z-Kv-[-cp-sS I-W-°v Aev-]wIq-Sn D-b¿-∂-Xm-Wv˛˛1.5
aney¨ ap-X¬ 1.8 aney¨ hsc.20 F-∂m¬ I-
≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-´ Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpsS t]-cp-hnh-cw tc-
J-s∏-SpØn-b tI-{μo-Ir-X U-b-d-Œdn-sbm-∂p-an√,
AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ Cu I-W-°p ]cn-tim-[n-®p-d-
∏n-°m≥ h-gn-bp-an√. Npcp°-Øn¬ \-ap-s°-s¥m-
s°-b-dnbmw F∂p-t]mepw \-ap-°-dn-bn√.
tem-I-Øp≈ sam-Øw Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS F-Æ-

sa-Sp-°m-\p-≈ H-cp hgn Hmtcm Po-h-ta-J-e-I-fp-
sSbpw hn-Z-Kv-[-sc k-ao-]n-®v A-hn-sS-sb-{X kv-]o-
jo-kp-I-fp-s≠-∂v A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bmWv. A-
sX√mw-Iq-Sn Iq-ń-bm¬ sam-Øw kv-]o-jo-kn-s‚
F-Æw In-´pw. ]-d-bp-tºm-sf-fp-∏-amWv, ]-e-cpw Cu
h-gn ]-co-£n®p-t\m-°n-bn-´p-ap-≠v. ]-t£, Inń-b D-
Ø-c-ß-sf√mw ]c-kv-]-chn-cp-≤-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. A-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Ip-anƒ kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fpsS F-Æ-sa-
{X-sb-∂p tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ Nn-e¿ \¬In-b D-Ø-cw
70,000 F-∂mWv. a-‰p Nn-e¿ ]-d™-Xv H-cp e-£-
sa-∂pw. \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ a-Æn-c- kv-]ojo-kp-I-fp-
sS F-Æw \m-em-bn-c-am-sW-∂v D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bp-∂-
h-cp≠v, A-Xv 12,000 B-sW-∂v A-tX B-[n-Im-
cnI-X-tbm-sS ]-d-bp-∂-h¿ th-sd-bp-ap≠v. jUv]-Z-
ß-fp-sS Im-cy-sa-Sp-Øm¬ I-W-°v 7,50,000 ap-X¬
9,50,000 h-scsb-Øpw. "A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂' Po-hn-I-fp-
sS I-W-°m-Wv C-∏-d-bp-∂-sX-t∂m¿°Ww. k-ky-
ß-fp-sS Im-cy-sa-Sp-Øm¬ s]m-Xp-th kzo-Im-cy-X-
bp-≈ IW°p-Iƒ 2,48,000 ap-X¬ 2,65,000 h-sc-sb-
Øpw. c-≠p I-W-°p-Ifpw X-Ωnep-≈ hy-Xym-kw
A-{X I-\-Ø-X-s√-∂p tXm-∂n-tb-°mw, ]-t£,
hSt° A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ B-sI-bp-≈ ]p-jv-]n-°p-∂
k-ky-ß-fp-sS F-Æ-Øn-s‚ C-cp-]-Xn-c-ń-bn-te-sd
hcpw Cu hy-Xym-kw.
C-\n \-ΩpsS ssI-bn-ep-≈ hn-h-c-ß-sf-Sp-

Øm¬, AXv X-cw-Xn-cn-®p {I-a-s∏-Sp-Øn-hbv°p-I
F∂-Xpt]mepw H´pw F-fp-∏-ap-≈ Im-cy-a-s√-∂d-
nbWw. C-cp-∂q-‰-º-Xn-te-sd h-cp-∂ ss{]-sa-bv-‰p-
I-fp-sS I-W-s°m-∂p im-kv-{Xo-b-ambn i-cn-s∏Sp-
Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ 1960I-fn¬ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b≥ \mj-
W¬ bqWn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bn-se tIm-fn≥ t{Km-hv-kv {i-
aw \-SØn. H-tc kv-]ojo-kv X-s∂ H-∂n-te-sdØ-
h-W I-s≠-Øn tc-J-s∏-SpØn-b ]-e kw`hßƒ
A-t±-lw I-s≠-Øn. Nn-e kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ ]-e-
cm-bn ]-eh-´w Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-s≠∂pw I-s≠Øn.
t\ctØ I-s≠-Øn im-kv{X-temIw tc-J-s∏-Sp-
Øn-h-®n-´p-≈ Im-cy-am-Wn-sX-∂-dn-bm-sX-bm-Wv
]pXn-b K-th-j-I¿ kz-X-{¥-am-b-h I-≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv.
B-h¿Ø-\w H-gn-hm-°n ]n-g-hp-Iƒ Xo¿-Øv F√m-
sam-∂p i-cn-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ t{Km-hv-kv 40 h¿-
j-saSpØp.21 F-fp-∏w Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-hp-∂Xpw hen-b
{]-iv\-ß-sfm-∂p-an√m-Ø-ØXpw Xmc-X-tay-\ Aw-
K_-ew Ip-d-hp-≈-Xpam-b Hcp -hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚ Im-
cy-Øn¬ C{X-bpw _p-≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ h-∂ptN-cp-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ C-cp-]-Xn\m-bn-cw hcp∂ sse-°-Wp-I-
sftbm A-º-Xn-\m-bn-cw kv-]o-jo-kv I-°I-sft-
bm \m-ep e-£w kv-]o-jo-kv h-cp-∂ No-ho-Sp-Isft-
bm X-cw-Xn-cn°m≥ B-sc-¶nepw C-d-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-´m-
ep-≈ A-h-ÿ-sb-¥m-bn-cn-°pw.
AXp-sIm-≠v \-ap-°v D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm-hp-∂-Xn-{X-

tb-bp-≈q: ]-e-X-cw Po-hn-I-fp-≠n-hnsS. F-{X-bp-≠v
F-∂p I-W-°p-Iq-´p∂-Xv A-dn-bm-hp-∂ km-[-\-
ßƒh-®v A-dn-bm-Ø-Xn-s\∏-‰n \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-Øp-
∂ co-Xnh-®mWv. ]-e-t∏m-gpw hf-sc hn-im-eam-b
A-\p-am-\-ßƒ th-≠n-h-cp-an-Xn-\v. Cu ta-J-e-bn¬
1980I-fn¬ \S-∂ H-cp ZuXyw {]-i-kv-X-amWv. kv-
an-XvtkmWnb≥ C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-j-\n-se sS-dn F¿-hn-
\m-bn-cp-∂p AXn\p ]n-∂n¬. ]m\aa-g-°m-ń-se
19 a-c-ß-f-S-ßp-∂ Iq´sØ A-t±-lw Io-S-\m-in-
\n-I-fp-sS ]pIsIm-≠v B-hc-Ww sN-bv-Xp. Io-S-
\m-in-\n-tb-‰p a-c-ß-fn¬\n-∂v Xm-sgho-gp-∂ k-I-
e Po-hn-I-sfbpw h-e-hn-cn-®p ti-J-cn®p. tZ-im-S-I-
sc In´m\mbn ]-e Im-e-ß-fn-en-Xv B-h¿-Øn®p.
Aß-s\ A-t±-l-Øn-\p In-ń-b Po-hnI-fn¬ 1,200
C-\w No-ho-Sp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C-tX No-ho-Sp-Iƒ
a-‰p a-c-ßfn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ km[y-X ]-cn-K-
Wn-®-ti-jw A-t±-l-a-Xn-s\ AtX a-g-°m-ń-se a-
‰n-\w a-c-ß-fp-sS FÆw-sIm≠pw temI-sØ Im-
Sp-I-fp-sS FÆw-sIm≠pw a-‰p j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fp-sS
FÆw-sIm≠pw s]-cp-°n-sb-Sp-°ptºmƒ B N-ß-
e-bp-sS A-h-km-\w Inń-b DØ-cw `q-an-bn¬ aq-∂p
tImSn kv-]o-jo-kv j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fp-s≠-∂mWv. Cu
kw-Jy Ip-d™p-t]m-sb-∂v ]n∂oSv A-t±-lwX-
s∂ ]-d-bp-IbpwsN-bvXp. kam-\ ]-co-£-W-ßfpw
k-am-\-co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ I-W-°pIq-´-ep-Ifpw \-S-Øn-
b a-‰p Nn-e¿-°v 13 aney¨, 80 aney¨, 100 an-
ey¨ F-s∂m-s° ]e]e D-Ø-cßƒ Inń. A-
Xn¬-\n-∂p a-\- n-em-t°-≠ Imcyw F-{X-am{Xw Ir-
Xy-X-tbm-sS sN-bv-Xmepw CØ-cw I-W-°p-Iq-´-ep-
I-fp-sS D-Øcw im-kv-{X-sØ am-{X-a√ A-\p-am-\-
ß-sfbpw B-{i-bn-®n-cn°pw F-∂-XmWv.
hmƒ-kv-{So-‰v tP-W-en-s‚ I-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v

temI-Øv k-Po-h-am-bn cw-KØp≈ 10,000 SmIv-
tkm-W-an-kv-‰p-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. C-h¿-°p tc-J-s∏-Sp-
Øm\p-≈ hn-h-c-ß-fp-sS ssh-]peyw t\m-°p-
tºmƒ CX-{X hen-b kw-Jyb√. sN-ehpw I-S-em-
kp]-Wn-I-fp-sS k-¶o¿-W-Xbpw Imc-Ww H-cp h¿-
jw hnhn-[ hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp∂ G-Xm-≠v 15,000
]pXn-b kv-]o-jo-kp-Iƒ am-{X-am-Wv tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-
s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂v22 ]{Xw Iq-ń-t®¿-°p-∂p.
"C-hn-sS {]-iv\w ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-an√m-ØX√,

A-Xp tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ B-h-iy-Øn-\v SmIv-tkm-W-
an-kv-‰p-Iƒ C√m-Ø-XmWv',23 tIm-b≥ a-tbkv ]-
d-bp∂p. s\bv-tdm-_n-bn-se sI-\n-b≥ \m-j-W¬
ayq-kn-b-Øn¬ A-Iticp-In-I-fp-sS hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚
ta[m-hn-bmWv Cu s_¬-Pn-bw-Im-c≥. 2002˛se
in-in-c-Ime-Øv sI-\n-b-bn¬ {l-kz-k-μ¿-i-\-Øn-
\p t]m-b-t∏m-gmWv Rm≥ A-t±l-sØ I-≠-Xv.
B-{^n° sam-Ø-Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ A-hn-sS
{]tXyI ssh-Z-Kv[yw t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈ H-scm-‰ SmIv-
tkm-W-an-kv-‰n-s√-∂v At±lw F-t∂m-Sp ]-d™p.
"sFh-dn tIm-kv-‰n¬ H-cm-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, A-t±-lw
hn-c-an-s®-∂m-Wp tXm-∂p-∂-Xv.' H-cp SmIv-tkm-W-
an-kv-‰n-s\ ]-cn-io-en-∏ns®Sp-°m≥ F-´p-ap-X¬ ]-
Øph-sc h¿-j-sa-Sp-°pw. B-{^n-°-bn¬ A-Xn-
\mcpw ap-t∂m-´p-h-cp-∂n√. "b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ t^m-kn-
ep-I-fm-Wh¿' a-tb-kv ]-d™p. h¿-jm-h-km-\w
cm-Pyw hnSm-s\m-cp-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p a-tb-kv. sI-
\n-b-bnseØn-bn-´v G-gp h¿-j-ambn, CØ-h-W I-
cm¿ ]p-Xp-°n-bn-ń√. "^-≠n-s√∂-Xm-Wp ImcWw',
A-t±-lw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p.
tem-I-sa-ßp-ap-≈ SmIv-tkm-W-an-kv-‰p-Iƒ km-

aqln-I]-Z-hn-bp-sS Imcy-Ønepw A-¥- n-s‚ Im-cy-
Ønepw Zm-cn-{Zyw A-\p-`-hn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-
sW-∂v {_n-ó-jv Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ Pn.F®v. tKm-
Uvt{^ Ipd-®p amkßƒ-°p apºv t\-®-dn-se-gpXn-
b te-J-\-Øn¬ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn®p. "C-XpImc-Ww
]-e Po-hn-Ifpw Zp¿-_-e-am-bm-Wv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv, AXpw G-sX-¶nepw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-
fn¬.24 ]pXn-sbm-cp Sm-Iv-k¨* h-cp-tºmƒ A-Xn-
s\ \n-e-hn-ep-≈ kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fpamtbm h¿-Ko-I-c-
W-ß-fpamtbm Xm-c-Xayw sN-øm-\p-≈ {i-a-ap-≠m-
Ip-∂n√.' SmIv-tkm-W-an-kv-‰p-Iƒ A[nIk-a-b-hpw
am-‰n-hbv-°p∂-Xv ]pXn-b kv-]o-jo-kpI-sf hn-h-cn-
°m\√, ]-g-b h¿-Ko-I-c-W-Øn-se ]n-g-hp-Iƒ Xo¿-
°m-\mWv. "an-° SmIv-tkm-Wan-kv-‰p-I-fp-sSbpw {]-
[m\ tPm-en ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ h¿-Ko-I-
cWßƒ hym-Jym-\n-°p-I-bmWvv. A-h-cp-sS {]-kn-
≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-se ]n-ghp-Iƒ Xo¿-°p-I, A-s√-
¶n¬ ]-cn-Xm-]-I-cam-b A-h-ÿ-bn¬ ayq-kn-b-
ßfn¬ kq-£n-®n-´p-≈ ti-J-c-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-
°pI,' tKm-Uvt{^ ]-d-bp∂p. h¿-Ko-I-c-W-Øn-se
]n-g-hp-Iƒ Xo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\v C‚¿-s\-‰n-s‚ km-[y-
XIƒ D-]-tbm-K-∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ km-[y-X-t]mepw
B-cm-bp-∂n-s√-∂v A-t±-lw Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p.
SmIv-tkmW-an C-t∏mgpw I-S-em-kp]-Wn-I-sf-
B{i-bn-®m-Wp \o-ßp-∂Xv.
]-g-b I-W-s°-Sp-∏pI-sf B-[p-\n-I-temI-Øv

B-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xn\mbn "h-tb-Uv' am-K-kn-s‚ k-
l-ÿm-]-I≥ sI-hn≥ sI√n "Hmƒ kv-]ojo-kv
û-t≠-j≥'25 F-s∂m-cp kwcw-`w Xp-Sßn. F√m
Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-J-cn-®p tc-J-s∏-Sp-
Øn Um‰m-t_-kv X-øm-dm-°p-I-sb-∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p
e-£yw. CØ-c-sam-cp ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS sN-e-hv 1.3
_ney¨ ]u≠n\pw 30 _ney¨ ]u-≠n-\p-an-S-
bn¬ h-cp-sa-∂m-Wv I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. ]t£,
2002˛se h-k-¥-Im-e-am-b-t∏mƒ û-t≠j-s‚
ssI-h-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv 750,00 ]u≠v am-{X-amWv.
A-Xn¬\n-∂v \m-ep ap-gp-h≥ k-a-b-tPm-en-°m¿°v
iº-fw sIm-Sp-°-pI-bpw th-Ww.
t\c-tØ ]-d-™ I-W-°p-I-f-\p-k-cn-®v 10 tIm-

Sn kv-]o-jo-kn¬-s∏´ j-Uv-]-Zß-sf I-s≠-Øm-\p-
s≠∂pw I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-s‚ th-Kw C∂sØ \n-
e-bn¬ Xp-S-cp-I-bm-sW-∂pw hbv°p-I. A-t∏mƒ
j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fpsS samØw I-W-°v Ir-Xy-am-bn In-´-
W-sa-¶n¬ 15,000 h¿-jØnepw C-Øncn A-[n-I-sa-
Sp-°pw. a-‰p Po-h-Pm-eß-fpsSIq-Sn IW-°p In-´-W-
sa¶n-tem ]n-s∂bpw ka-bw thWw.
A-t∏mƒ, \-Ωp-sS A-dn-hv C-{Xbpw Ip-d-hm-Im≥

F-¥mWp Im-cWw? Imc-Ww F-Æn-∏-d-bp-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ A-Xv I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ _m-°n-bp-≈ Po-
hn-I-fp-sS FÆtØmfw h-cpw. {]-[m-\-s∏-´ Nn-e-
Xp am{Xw Chn-sS ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
an-° Po-hn-Ifpw Xo-sc sN-dp-XmWv, Ah-sb

Im-Wm-sX t]m-Ip-∂-XmsW-fp∏w: b-Ym¿-Y-
Øn¬ CX-{X tam-iw Im-cya√. C-∏-d-™ Po-hn-
I-sfsb√mw Im-Wm-\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \-Ωp-
sS kz-ÿ-X \-in-°p-am-bn-cp∂p.
* ss^-ew, Po\-kv Xp-Sßn-b Po-h-im-kv-{X hn-

`m-K-ßƒ-°p ]-d-bp-∂ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-\m-a-am-Wv
SmIvk¨ (taxon). SmIv-k (taxa) F-∂m-Wp _-lp-
h-N\w.
\n-ß-fp-sS In-S-° c≠p aney¨ kq£v-aIo-S-

ß-fp-sS A-`-btI-{μ-amsW∂-dn-™m¬ ]n-s∂26
kp-J-am-bn In-S-∂p-d-ßm≥ ]‰p-tam? k-Xy-a-Xm-Wv.
]p-e¿-s® \n-ßƒ kp-J-am-bp-d-ßp-tºmƒ A-h D-
W¿-∂ph-∂v \nß-fp-sS i-co-cc-{‘-ßƒ s]m-gn-°p-
∂ kzm-tZ-dpw {k-hßƒ `-£n-°p∂p. Xncn™pw
a-dn™pw In-S-°p-tºmƒ i-co-c-Øn¬\n-∂p s]m-
gn-bp-∂ N¿-ai¬-°-ßƒ I-Sn-®p-ap-dn-®p Xn-∂p∂p.
\n-ß-fp-sS X-e-b-W-bn¬ am{Xw GXm-s≠m-cp
\m¬-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw Po-hn-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. A-h-bv-°v \n-
ß-fp-sS X-e hen-sbmcp F-Æ-°n-Æw am-{X-amWv.
X-e-bWbp-d I-gp-In am-‰n-bn´Xp-sIm-s≠m∂pw
Ch-sc H-gn-hm-°m-\m-In√. In-S-°-t∏-\n-s‚ h-en-∏-
hp-am-bn t\m-°p-tºmƒ a-\p-jy-s‚ h-kv-{X-Øn-s‚
Hcn-g I-∏¬-∏m-b-bv°p k-am-\-am-Wv. \n-ßfpsS X-
e-b-W-bv-°v B-dp h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap-s≠-∂n-cn-°-s´
(i-cmi-cn H-cp In-S-°-bp-sS {]m-b-a-XmWv) A-Xn-
s‚ `m-c-Øn-s‚ ]Øn-sem∂pw kw-`mh-\ sN-
øp∂-Xv "Xe-bn¬\n-∂p s]m-gn-™ N¿-ai-I-e-
ßfpw Po-h-\p-≈ kq£v-aIo-S-ßfpw N-Ø Io-S-
ß-fpw A-h-bp-sS hnk-¿-Py-ß-fp-w' B-bncn°pw27
F-∂m-Wv C-°mcyw I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-Ø {_n-ó-
jv F‚-tamfPn sk‚-dn-se tUm. tPm¨ tam≥-
U¿ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. C-sX√mw \n-ß-fp-sS kz-¥w In-S-
°-t∏-\p-I-fm-sW-s∂-¶n-epw k-am-[m-\n°mw. tlm-
´¬ap-dn-bnse In-S-°-bn¬ sN-∂p ho-gp-tºm-g-sØ
ÿnXntbm?* Cu Io-S-ßƒ Im-eßfm-bn \-ap-
s°m-∏-ap≠v,28 ]-t£, 1965 h-sc Ah-sb Is≠-
Øm≥ \-ap°m-bn√.
\-Ωp-sS In-S-° ]-¶n-Sp-∂ Po-hnI-sf I-s≠-
Øm≥ I-f¿ sS-en-hn-j≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-® Im-ew h-
tc-≠nh-∂p F-∂p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ a-‰p kq-£v-a-Po-hn-
Iƒ I-Æn¬-s∏-Sm-sXt]m-b-sX¥p-sIm-s≠-∂p a-
\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-tXbp≈q. Im-ń-te-s°m-∂p t]m-
hp-I (G-sX-¶nepw Im-SpaXn) F-∂n-´v Ip\n™v
H-cp]n-Sn a-Æp hm-cn-sb-Sp-°p-I, A-t∏mƒ \n-ß-
fp-sS ssI-bn¬ 10 _ney¨ _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fp-≠m-
Ipw, A-Xn¬ `q-cn-]-£hpw im-kv-{Xtem-I-Øn\v
A⁄m-X-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. _m-Œocn-b am-{X-a√ G-
Xm-≠v Hcp aney¨ XSn-b≥ bo-Ãp-I-f-Xn-ep-≠m-
Ipw;29 c-≠p-e-£-tØm-fw sNdnb tcm-am-hrX ^w-
KkpI-fp-≠m-hpw (]q-∏-ep-I-sf-∂p-hn-fn-°m-ahsb);
]-Xn-\m-bn-c-tØmfw t{]m-´-tkm-h-I-fp-≠m-hpw (A-
ao-_-bmWv Cu hn-`m-K-Øn¬ {]i-kv-X≥); tdm-ń-
s^-dpIƒ, hn-cIƒ, {In-]v-t‰m-k F∂ s]m-Xp-\m-
a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ a-‰p kq£v-aPo-hn-Iƒ F∂n-h
th-sd-bpw. C-∏-d-™-Xn-s‚bpw hen-sbmcp ]-¶v \-
ap-°v A-⁄m-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.
kq-£v-a-Po-hn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ G-‰hpw k-a-{Kamb

ssI-∏p-kvX-Iw F∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂ s_¿-
Po-kv am-\z¬ Hm-^v kn-Ã-am-‰n-Iv _m-Œocn-tbmf-Pn-
bn¬ G-Xm-≠v \m-em-bn-cw C-\w _m-Œo-cn-b-I-sf∏-
‰n ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v.
*]-cn-jv-Im-c-ßƒ h-∂-tXm-sS hr-Øn-bp-sS Im-

cy-Øn¬ \mw ]n-∂m-°w t]m-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-
∂mWv tUm. tam≥-U-dp-sS A-`n-{]mbw. In-S-°-
hn-cn-Ifpw X-e-b-W-bp-d-Ifpw ]p-gp-ßn-b-e-°p-∂-Xn-
\p]Icw Un-‰¿-P‚ v-D]-tbm-Kn-®v hm-jn-Mv sa-jo-\n-
en-´v Nq-Sn√m-Ø sh-≈-Øn-e-e-°n-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ
kq£v-aIo-S-ßƒ-°v h-f-cm≥ A-hk-c-sam-cp-°p-I-
bm-WpsN-øp-∂-Xv. "hm-jn-Mv sa-jo-\n¬ Nq-
Sn√mØ sh-≈-Øn¬ I-gp-In-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ C-∏-
d-™ Io-S-ßƒ Ip-fn-®p hr-Øn-bm-bn hcpw F-t∂-
bp≈q' A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂p.
1980˛¬ t\m¿-ho-Pn-b≥ im-kv-{X-⁄cmb tPm-

kv-‰o≥ tKmIv-tkm-bdpw hn-Kv-Un-kv tSm¿-kzn°pw
H-cp ]-co£-Ww \-SØn. _¿-P-\n¬ A-h-cp-sS e-
t_m-d-´-dn-°-Sp-Øp-≈ _o-®v a-c-°m-ń¬\n-∂v H-cp
{Kmw a-sÆ-Sp-Øp, F∂n´-Xn-se kq-£v-a-Po-hnI-sf
]cn-tim-[n®p. H-scm-‰ ÿe-Øp\n-s∂-Sp-Ø C-{X-
bpw Ipd-®p a-Æn¬ \m-em-bn-c-Øn\pw A-øm-bn-
c-Øn-\p-an-S-bv-°p kv]ojo-kv _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fp-s≠-
∂m-Wv A-h¿ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv. s_¿-Po-kv
am\zen¬ ]-d™ sam-Øw _m-Œo-cn-b-I-sf-°mƒ
Iq-Sp-X¬ H-scm-‰ {Kmw aÆn-ep-s≠-∂¿-Yw. ]n-s∂-
b-h¿ G-Xm\pw ssa-eI-se Xo-c-{]-tZi-Øp\n-∂v
H-cp {Kmw a-sÆ-Sp-Øp ]cn-tim-[n®p. A-Xn¬ sh-
sdm-cp \m-em-bncw˛˛Aømbn-cw _m-Œocn-b kv-]o-
jo-kp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. "t\m¿-th-bn-se c-≠p
{]tZiß-fn¬ \n-s∂-Sp-Ø c-≠p \p-≈p a-Æn¬
9,000 C-\w _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fp-s≠¶n¬30 Xn-I®pw hn-
`n-∂-am-b a-‰p `q-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ F-{X-sb-{X _mŒo-
cn-b-Iƒ I-s≠-Ø-s∏-Sm-sX In-S-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw?
F-tUz¿-Uv H. hn¬-k¨ tNm-Zn-°p∂p. G-Xm-≠v
400 aney¨ hcpw F-∂m-Wv H-cp I-W-°v.31
th-≠n-S-Øv \-ΩpsS t\m-´-sa-Øp-∂n√:

t_m¿Wn-tbm-bn-se Im-ń¬ GXm\pw Znh-kw I-
d-ßn\S-∂ H-cp k-ky-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ ]p-jv-]n-°p-
∂ B-bn-cw kv-]o-jo-kv k-kyß-sf I-s≠Øn-
b IY32 "ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm^v sse-^n'¬ hn¬-
k¨ ]-d-bp-∂p≠v. hS-t° A-ta-cn-°≥ h≥-I-cb-
n¬ B-sI I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈ ]p-jv-]n-°p-∂ k-ky-
ß-fp-sS F-Æ-Ønepw IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p AXv. I-
s≠-Øm≥ H-cp {]-bm-k-hp-an√m-Ø k-ky-ßfm-bn-
cp-∂p A-h. ]n-s∂-sb-t¥ Bcpw A-Xph-sc A-h
I-≠n√ F-∂p tNmZn-®m¬ Bcpw A-hn-sS t\m-°n-
bn√ F-∂m-Wp-Ø-cw. sI-\n-b≥ \mj-W¬ ayq-kn-
b-Øn-se tIm-b≥ a-tb-kn\pw k-am-\am-sbm-cp I-
Y-bm-Wv F-t∂mSp ]-d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. sI-\n-
b-°m¿ ta-L-°m-Sp-I-sf-∂p hnfn°p-∂ ]¿-h-X-ap-
I-fn-se Im-ń¬ t]m-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw. A-c-
a-Wn°q¿t\-cw sh-dpsX-sbm-∂p \n-co-£n-®-t∏mƒ-
Ø-s∂ \m-ep ]p-Xn-b kv]ojo-kv tXc-Í-sf A-
t±-lw I-s≠Øn. A-Xn¬ aq∂pw ]pXn-b Po-\-
kpI-fn¬-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p. H-∏w ]pXn-sbm-cp kv-]o-
jo-kv a-chpw I-s≠Øn. "hen-sbmcp a-cw', ssI
hn-S¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®v A-t±-lw ]-d-™p. ]oT-`q-an-
Iƒ°p ap-I-fn-emWv ta-L-°m-Sp-Iƒ Im-Wp-∂Xv,
e-£-°-W-°n-\p h¿-j-ß-fmbn H-‰-s∏-´p I-gn-bp-I-
bmW-h. "Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-\p ]-‰n-b A-¥-co-£-am-
WhnsS, A-h-sb∏-‰n Im-cyam-b ]T-\-sam∂pw \-S-
∂n-´p-an√.' a-tb-kv ]d™p.
D-jv-W-taJ-em a-g-°m-Sp-I-fp-sS hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww `q-

an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øns‚ B-dp i-X-am-\-tØmf-ta
hcq.33 ]-t£, `q-an-bn-se P-¥p-°-fn¬ 50 i-Xam-\-
hpw A-hn-sS-bm-Wp-≈Xv. ]p-jv-]n-°p-∂ k-ky-ß-
fp-sS aq-∂n¬ c≠pw A-hn-sS-bmWv. C-Xn¬ `q-cn-
]-£hpw \-ap-°v A-⁄m-X-hp-am-Wv Imc-Ww, A-
h I-s≠-Øm≥ {i-an-®n-´p-≈ K-th-j-I¿ A-[n-I-
an√. {]-Xo-£ \¬Ip∂ H-cph-iwIq-Sn-bp-≠v C-Xn-
\v. ]p-jv-]n-°p-∂ k-ky-ß-fn¬ 99 i-Xam\Øn-
s‚bpw Hu-j-[-Kp-Ww ]-co-£n-°-s∏-Sm≥In-S-°p-
I-bmWv. C-c -]n-Sn-b∑m-cn¬\n∂vv HmSn-sbm-fn-°m≥
]-‰m-ØXp-sIm-≠v cm-k-{]Xntcm-[-am-Wv k-ky-
ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]-e- k-ky-ß-fnepw k-¶o¿-
W - kwbp-‡-ß-ƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp∂-Xv Cß-s\ i-
{Xp°-sf Xp-c-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv. C-∂p tUm-Œ¿-am¿
Ip-dn-®p \¬In \-Ω-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ a-cp-∂p-I-fp-
sS \men-sem∂pw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xv shdpw \m-
ev]-Xv k-ky-ßfn¬\n-∂mWv. thsdmcp ]-Xn-\m-
dp i-X-am-\w ar-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw kq£v-aPo-hn-I-
fn¬\n∂pw h-cp∂p. A-t∏mƒ Hmtcm sl-Œ¿ Im-Sv
\-in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw A-aq-ey-am-b Hu-j-[\n¿am-
Wkm-[y-X-I-fm-Wv \n-ßƒ \-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv F-∂p
a-\- n-em°Ww. tIm-ºn-t\-s‰m-dn-b¬ sI-an-kv{Sn
F-∂ am¿-Kap-]tbm-Kn-®v ]-co-£-Wim-e-bn¬ H-‰-
b-Sn-°v 40,000 kw-bp-‡-ß-ƒhscD≠m-°m≥ im-
kv-{X-⁄¿-°p I-gn-bpw. A-Sp°pw {I-ahp-sam-∂p-
an√m-sX cq-]-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂ Cu kw-bp-‡-ß-fn¬ ]-
eXpw H-cp-]-tbm-K-hp-an√m-ØXm-bn-cn-°pw. F-∂m-
¬ {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se kw-bp-‡-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-a-X√.
C°tWman-kv-‰n-se te-J-\-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-tºm-se
3.5 _ney¨ h¿jØn-tesd-°m-ew \o-≠ ]-cnWm-
a{]-{In-b-sb∂ tbm-Ky-Xm]-co-£-bn¬ hnP-bw h-
cn-®-hbm-Wh.'34
A-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø Po-hnI-sf A-t\z-jn-®p I-≠p-

]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\v hn-Zq-c{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ t]m-I-W-sa-
∂n√. \m-ń≥-]pd-sØ H-cp a-Zy-im-e-bn¬\n∂v ]p-
cm-X-\ _m-Œo-cnb-sb I-s≠Øn-b Imcyw35 "sse-
^v—B≥ A-tWm-Zssd-kv-Uv _-tbm-{K-^n'-bn¬ dn-
®m¿-Uv t^m¿-ń hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. F{Xtbm X-e-ap-
dI-fm-bn a-Zy-]¿ aq{X-sam-gn®p-t]m-∂ a-Xn-en¬\n-
∂m-Wm _m-Œocnb-sb I-s≠-Sp-ØXv. CØ-c-sam-
cp I-s≠-Ø-en-\v `m-Kyhpw {]-Xn-⁄m_-≤-Xbpw
]n-s∂ a-‰p Nn-e Kp-W-hn-ti-j-ßfpwIq-Sn -thWw.
C-sXm-s° I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ B-h-iy-Øn-\v hn-

Z-Kv-[-cn√: I-≠p-]n-Sn°m\p-w ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw tc-
J-s∏-Sp-Øn-hbv-°m-\p-ap-≈ Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpsS F-
Æw I-W-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Cu ]-Wn-sb√mw
sN-tø-≠ im-kv-{X⁄-cp-sS F-Æw Xp-temw Ip-d-
hmWv. A-[n-I-a-dn-bm-Ø sU-t√m-bv-Uv tdmńs^¿
F-∂ sN-dp-Po-hn-bp-sS Im-cy-sa-Sp-°p-I. G-d-°p-sd
F-¥n-s\-bpw A-Xn-Po-hn-°m≥ I-gn-hp-≈-h-cmW-h.
ÿn-Xn A-\p-Iq-ea-s√-∂p I-≠m¬ A-h Np-cp-ßn-
°q-Sn H-Xp-ßpw. F-∂n´v N-bm]-N-b{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-
sf√mw A-W-®ph-®v \√-Im-ew h-cp-∂-Xph-sc Im-
Øp-In-S-°pw. Cß-s\ In-S-°ptºmƒ th-W-sa-¶n-
e-Xn-s\ Xn-f-bv-°p-∂ sh-≈-Øn-en-Smw, tI-h-
e]qPywhsc X-Wp-∏n-°mw. ]-c-am-Wp°ƒ-t]mepw
X-I-cp-∂ A-h-ÿ-bnepw A-hbv-°p Ip-g-∏-ap-≠m-
In√. Cu ]o-U-\-sa√mw I-gn-™v sIm-≈m-hp-∂
A-¥-co-£-Øn-te-s°-Øp-tºmƒ H∂pw kw-`-hn-
®n-s√-∂ a-ń¬ A-h DW¿s∂-Wo-°pw. C-Xph-
sc G-Xm-≠v 500 kv-]o-jo-kv tdm-ń-s^-dpI-sf
Is≠Øn-bn-´p-≠v36 (C-Xp 360 B-sW-∂p ]-d-bp-
∂-h-cp-ap≠v). F-∂m¬ I-s≠Øm≥ _m-°n-bp≈-
Xv F-{X-sb-Æ-am-sW-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ B¿°pw H-
cql-hp-an√. e-≠-\n-se H-cp ¢-dn-°¬ Po-h-\-°m-
c≥ H-gn-hp-k-ab-Øp \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-
≈ hnh-cw am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p h¿j-ß-tfm-fw
Ahsb∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≈ G-I A-dnhv. tem-Iw ap-
gp-h≥ tdm-ń-s^-dp-I-fp≠v. ]t£, tem-Iw ap-gp-
h-\p≈ tdm-ń-s^¿ hn-Z-Kv[-sc ho-ń¬ hn-cp-∂n-
\p hnfn-®m¬ A-bev]-°-Øp\n-∂p ]m{Xw I-Sw-
hm-tß-≠ B-h-iyw-t]mepw hcn√.
k¿-h-hym-]n-I-fpw {]-[m-\n-I-fpam-b ^w-K-kp-I-

sf-t∏mepw \ma-{X {i≤n°m-dn√ F-∂-Xm-Wp h-kv-
Xp-X. ^w-K-kp-Iƒ F√m-bn-S-Øp-ap≠v, ]-e cq]-
Øn-e-h hcpw. Iq-Wp-I-fmbpw ]q-∏p-I-fm-bpw bo-
Ãm-bp-sa√m-ah hcpw. Bcpw k-¶ev-]n-
°pIt]mepw sN-øm-Ø-{X-bp-≠v A-h-bp-sS hym-
]vXw.37 H-cp sl-Œ¿ ]p¬-ta-ń-se sam-Øw ^w-K-
kp-I-ƒ ti-J-cn-®v Iq-ń-sb-SpØm¬ A-Xn\v 2,800
In-tem-{Kmw Xq-°-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv I-W°v. A-
h-K-Wn-®p X-≈m-hp-∂ Po-hn-If√, A-h. ^w-K-kp-
I-fn-s√-¶n¬ D-cp-f-°n-g-ßn-\v hm-´tcm-K-ap-≠m-hn√,
U-®v Fw tcm-K-ap-≠m-hn√, Im¬ hn-≠p-Io-dn√,
h´s®mdnbp-≠m-hn√. tcm-K-ßƒ am-{Xa√,
ssXcpw _n-bdpw No-kp-ap-≠m-In√. B-sI G-Xm-
≠v 70,000 kv-]o-jo-kv ^w-K-kp-Iƒ I-s≠-Øn Xn-
cn-®-dn-bs∏-ń-´p-≠v. samØw F-Æw 1.8 aney¨ h-
sc-bm-sW-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cpap≠v.38 Nokpw _n-
bdpw a-‰p-ap-≠m-°p-∂ hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ kq-
£v-aPo-hnim-kv-{X⁄¿ [m-cm-f-ap≠v. AXp-sIm-
≠pXs∂ Cu ta-J-e-bn-se IcpKth-jsS sam-
Øw F-Æw F-{X-sb-∂p ]-d-bm-\m-hn√, F-∂m¬
At\zjWw \-S-Øp-∂ im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS F-
ÆsØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ hcpw I≠p]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-
\p-≈ ^w-K-kp-I-fp-sS F-Æ-sa-∂p-d-∏mWv.
hf-sc h-ep-Xm-Wo temIw: hn-am-\-bm-{X-bp-sS

ku-I-cy-ßfpw hm¿-Ømhn-\n-a-bku-I-cy-ß-fpw
sa-®-s∏-´-tXm-sS Cu tem-Iw A-{X hep-sXm-∂pa-
s√-∂p tXm-∂p-∂p-≠m-hpw. ]-t£, K-th-j-I¿-°p
tPm-en -sN-øm-\p≈Xv Xm-sg \n-e-ØmWv. A-Xn-
s‚ hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bmI-s´ h-f-sc-°q-Sp-X-ep-amWv.
F{Xtbm A-¤p-X-ßƒ I-cp-Xn-hbv-°m≥-am{Xw hn-
kv-XrXw. Pn-dm-^n-s‚ A-Sp-Ø _-‘phm-b H-Im-
]n F-∂ ar-Kw k-b-dn-se a-g-°m-Sp-I-fn-ep-s≠∂v
C-t∏mƒ \-ap-°-dn-bmw. sam-Øw G-Xm-≠v 30,000
H-Im-]n-I-fp-s≠-∂m-Wv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬,
C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠ph-sc A-ßs\-sbm-∂p-≠mIm-
\p-≈ km-[y-X-sb-°p-dn®p-t]mepw Bcpw Nn-¥n-®n-
ń√m-bn-cp∂p. \yqkne‚n-se X-°m-sl F-∂ ]d-
°m]-£n-°v39 C-cp-\q-dp h¿-jw ap-ºv hwi\m-iw
h∂p-t]m-sb-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xv. cm-Py-sØ
Zp¿-L-Samb kuØv sF-e‚n¬ Ah-sb I-s≠-
Øn-b-t∏m-gmWv Cu [m-c-W sX‰mbn-cp-s∂-∂p a-
\- n-em-bXv. {^m≥-kn¬\n∂pw {_n-´-\n¬\n-∂p-ap-
≈ H-cp kw-Lw im-kv-{X-⁄¿ 1995˛¬ H-cp Znh-
kw a-™p-Im-‰n¬-s∏-´v Sn-_-‰nse hn-Zq-c-Xm-gvh-c-
bn¬ Ip-Sp-ßn-t∏mbn. A-hn-sS-h-®m-W-h¿ dn-thm-
s® F-∂bn-\w Ip-Xnc-sb Im-Wp-∂Xv. N-cn-{Xm-Xo-
X-Ime-sØ Kp-lm-Nn-{X-ß-fn¬ am{Xw I-≠n-cp-∂
Cu IpXn-c Ft∂m a¨-a-d™p-t]m-bn-´p-≠m-Ip-
sa∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS [mc-W. X-ß-fp-sS \n-Xm-
¥-k-l-Nm-cnbmb Ip-Xnc-sb ]pdw-tem-Iw A-]q¿-
h-X-bm-bn Im-Wp-∂p-sh-∂-dn-™ \m-´p-Im-cm-Wv K-
th-j-I-sc-°mƒ A-Xn-i-b-s∏-´Xv.40
C-Xnepw hen-b A-¤p-X-ßƒ im-kv{X-temI-

sØ Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂ps≠-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h¿ Ip-d-
h√. "Pn-dm-^n-s‚b-{X h-en-∏-ap-≈ ò-a≥ tXhm¶p-
Iƒ B-a-tkm¨ X-S-Øn¬ hn-l-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-
'∂m-Wv41 H-cp {]ap-J FXvt\m _-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰v I-
cp-Xp-∂-sX-∂v 1995˛¬ C-°-tWm-an-kv-‰v F-gpXn. im-
kv-{X⁄-s‚ t]-cv hm¿-Ø-bn¬ ]-d-bp-∂n√ F-
∂-Xm-Wv {it≤bw, C-∏-d-™ Po-hn-sb-°p-dn-®p
]n∂o-Sv Bcpw H∂pw tI-ń-ń√ F∂-Xm-Wv H-cp]-
t£ A-Xn-s\-°mƒ {i-t≤bw. ]-t£, AØ-c-sam-
cp tX-hm-¶v B-a-tkm¨ X-S-Øn-en-s√-∂v \-ap-°p-d-
∏n-®p ]-d-bm-\m-hn√. Aßs\-bp-d-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬
F√m Im-Sp-Ifpw A-cn-®p-s]-dp-°Ww, A-tX-Xmb-
mepw A-Sp-sØm∂pw \-S-°n-s√-∂p-d-∏m-Wv.
C-\n B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v k-∂-≤-`-S-∑m-sc- tem-

I-Øn-s‚ \m-\m-`m-KtØ°pab-®v ap-°nepw aq-e-
bnepw Xn-c-bm≥ B-h-iy-s∏-´mepw F√m Pohn-
Ifpw \-Ωp-sS {i-≤-bn-¬s∏-Sp-sa-∂p I-cp-tX-≠.
Im-cWw, F-hnsS-sbms° Po-hn-Xw km-[yamtWm
A-hnsS-sbm-s° Po-hn-I-fp≠v. Poh-s‚ D¬-]m-
Z\ti-jn A-km-[y-amWv, B-th-i-I-c-am-Wv, A-
tXm-sSm-∏w {]-iv-\-Im-c-W-hp-am-Wv. H-cp {]-tZi-
sØ ap-gp-h≥ Po-hn-I-sfbpw Im-W-W-sa-¶n¬
Ahn-SsØ Hmtcm I√pw a-d-®n-´p t\m-°Ww, N-
∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ ]c-XWw, aÆpw sN-fnbpw
A-cn-®p s]-dp-°Ww, ]¿-h-X-in-J-c-ß-fn¬ I-b-dn-
bn-d-ßWw, I-S-en-se Po-hnI-sf I-s≠-Øm≥ Ip-
td-°q-Sn an-I-® kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy I-≠p-]n-Sn-°Ww.
C-ßs\-sbm-s° sN-bv-Xmepw ]-e B-hm-khy-h-
ÿ-Ifpw G-d-°p-sd ]q¿-W-am-bn \n-ß-fp-sS I-
Æn¬-s]-Sm-sXt]mIpw. 1980-I-fn¬ G-Xm\pw -]-cy-
th-£-I¿ sdm-am-\n-b-bn-se Hcp Kpl-bn-se-Øn.
F{Xtbm Im-e-ambn I-hm-Sw A-S-bv-°-s∏-´v ]pdw-
tem-I-hp-ambn H-cp _-‘-hp-an√m-sX I-gn-bp-I-bm-
bn-cp∂ B Kp-l-bn¬ A-h¿ 33 kv]ojo-kp-I-fn¬-
s∏-´ j-Uv-]-Z-ß-sf-bpw Nn-e¥n, ]-gp-Xm-c Xp-Sßn-
b sN-dpPo-hn-I-sfbpw I-s≠Øn. A-h-sb√mw A-
‘-cm-bn-cp∂p, \n-dan√m-Ø-hbm-bn-cp∂p, im-kv-{X-
tem-I-Øn-\v A-]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-cp∂p. sN-dp-Ip-f-ß-
fn¬ A-gp°p-t]m-se s]m-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂ kq-£v-
a-Po-hn-I-sf- B-{i-bn-®m-bn-cp∂p A-h-bp-sS Po-
hnXw, B kq-£v-a-Po-hn-Iƒ-°m-{i-bw Np-Sp-\o-cp-d-
h-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-h-cp∂ ssl-{U-P≥ kƒ-ss^-Uv
hm-X-I-hpw.
temI-sØ ap-gp-h≥ Po-hn-I-sfbpw I-s≠-Øn

tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb∂Xv A-km-[y-am-sW-∂Xp-
sIm-≠v A-Xn-\p-≈ b-Xv-\w \n-cm-im-P-\-I-hpw D-
’m-lwsI-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw A-kzm-ÿy-P-\-I-hpam-
sW-∂p I-cp-Xm-\mIpw tXm-∂p-I. F-∂m¬ th-
sdm-cphn-[-Øn-epw A-Xn-s\ ho-£n°mw. Xn-I®pw
B-th-i-I-c-am-Wm b-Xv-\w. A-¤p-X-ßƒ Im-gv-N-
sh-°m≥ A-\-¥-km-[yXI-fp-≈ ZuXyw Fß-s\
B-th-i-I-c-a√m-Xm-Ipw.
Xn-I-®pw [m-cm-fn-Ø-sa-∂p ]-d-bm≥-am{Xw \n-Kq-
Vam-sbm-cp Zu-XyØn-\pth-≠n Po-hn-X-ap-gn-™p-
hbv-°m≥ X-øm-dm-sb-Øp-∂ K-th-j-I-cpsS F-
Æw F-{X-bp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂-Xm-Wv ]-e- im-kv-{X-im-
J-I-sf-bpw Ip-dn-®-t\zjn-°p-tºmƒ {i-t≤-b-am-bn-
tØm-∂p-I. t]m-fn-t\-jy-bn-ep-≈ ]¿´p-e F∂ H-
®p kv-]o-jo-kn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ K-th-j-W-Øn-\m-bn
1906 ap-X¬ 1956-˛¬ ac-W-a-Sbpwh-sc-bp-≈ Aº-
Xp h¿-jw \o-°n-h-® sl≥dn F-tUz¿-Uv t{Imw-]v-
‰-sW-°p-dn-®v Ão-^≥ tP KpƒUv B-cm[-\-tbmsS
F-gp-Xn-bn´p≠v. A-kw-Jyw ]¿-´p-e-I-fp-sS tZl-
sØ Np-gn-I-fp-sSbpw I-am-\-ß-fpsSbpw A-f-hp-
Iƒ F-´p Z-imw-i-kv-Ym-\wh-sc Ir-Xy-am-bn h¿j-
ß-tfmfw ho≠pw ho≠pw A-f-s∂-gp-Xn {i-a-I-cam-
b ]ń-I X-øm-dm-°n A-t±-lw. B-gv-N-Iƒ \o-≠
A-f-hp-I-fp-sSbpw I-W-°p-Iq-´-ep-I-fp-sSbpw B-I-
ØpIbm-bn-cp∂p t{Imw-]v‰-s‚ ]-ń-I-bnse Hmtcm
h-cn-bpw.42
A-{X-bv-°p -hen-sbm-cp X-]-ky-bm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶n-

epw \m-S-Io-b-am-bncp-∂p B¬-{^-Uv kn. In≥-kn-
bp-sS Zu-Xyw. 1940I-fn-epw 50I-fnepw a-\p-jy-ssew-
Kn-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®p \-SØn-b K-th-j-W-ß-fm-Wv
In≥knsb {]-i-kv-X-\m-°n-bXv. ssew-Kn-I-X a-
\- n¬ h-∂p \n-d-bpw-ap-ºv A-t±-lsam-cp j-Uv-]-Z-
hn⁄m-\ im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p. a\- p \nd-sb
j-Uv]-Z-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂ Ime-Øv A-t±lw \m-em-bn-
cw In-tem-ao-‰¿ ]n-∂n-´v c≠ph¿-jw \o-≠ H-cp ]-
cy-th-£-W-Øn¬ aq-∂pe-£w I-S-∂-epI-sf ti-
Jcn®p,43 A-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ F-{X I-S-∂¬-°p-Øp-Iƒ
A-t±-lw ti-J-cn-®p F-∂ Imcyw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-
ń-ń√.
CØ-cw A-t\z-j-W-ßƒ-°p ]n-∂m-se k-©-

cn-°p-tºm-sg√mw \nKqVsa-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-
∂ CØ-cw K-th-j-W-ßƒ A-\yw-\n∂p-t]m-Im-
sX ]n-¥p-S¿-® D-d-∏m-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂ kwi-
bw F-s∂ ]nSnIq-Sm-dp-≠v. im-¥-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se H-
®p-I-sf-∏‰n-tbm I-∏-enepw tXm-Wn-bnepw a‰pw ]-
‰n-∏n-Sn-®p h-f-cp-∂ _¿-\m-°vƒ F-∂ I-h-N-Po-hn-
sb-∏‰ntbm ]T\w \-S-Øp-∂h-sc B-h-iy-ap-≈
ÿm-]-\-ß-tf-sX-¶n-ep-ap-≠mIptam F-∂p kw-i-
b-amWv, AØ-cw K-th-jI-sc k-lm-bn-°p-∂
ÿm-]-\-ßfpw A[nI-ap-≠m-hn√. A-t∏mƒ-∏n-s∂
im-kv{X-temIw CØ-cw K-th-j-W-ß-fpsS ]n-¥p-
S¿-®-bp-d-∏m-°p∂-Xv F-ß-s\-bm-sW-∂v e-≠-\n-
se \m-Nz-d¬ lnkv‰dn ayq-kn-b-Øn¬\n-∂p t]m-
cpw-ap-ºv dn-®m¿-Uv t^m¿ń-tbm-Sv Rm≥ tNm-Zn®p.
H-∂p Nn-cn-®n-´v A-t±-lw F-s∂ t\m°n. "H-cmƒ

\n¿-Øp-tºmƒ I-fn Xp-S-cm≥ s_-©n¬ Im-Øn-
cn-°p-∂ dn-k¿hpI-sfm∂pw C-hn-sS-bn√.
GsX¶nepw K-th-j-W-Øn-te¿-s∏-´ im-kv-{X-
⁄≥ hn-c-an-®m¬ A-s√-¶n¬ ac-W-a-S-™m¬
B K-thj-Ww X¬-°m-ew A-hn-sS \n-e-bv-°pw. ]-
et∏mgpw hf-sc Zo¿-Lam-sbm-cp Im-e-tØ-°v B
ta-J-e-bn-se K-th-j-WØn-\v C-Sth-f h-cpw.'
"H-scm-‰ k-ky kv-]o-jo-kn-s‚ ]T-\-Øn¬ ap-gp-

In \o-≠ 42 h¿-jw sN-e-h-gn-®-bm-sf \n¿-Wm-b-I
I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-sam∂pw \-S-Øn-bn-ń-s√-¶n¬t]mepw
\n-ßƒ _-lp-am-\n-°p∂-Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-
cn°pw, At√?
"i-cn-bm-Wv', t^m¿-ń H-∂p-Iq-Sn D-d-∏n-®p ]-

d™p, "Xn-I®pw i-cn-bmWv.'
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 kv]ncn-‰v dq-an-se sj¬-^p-Iƒ-°p am-{Xw 15
ssa¬ ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≠v: Xm°vtd
B≥-Uv s{]kv, Z \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn ayq-knbw,

t]-Pv 90. 2 C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se tPm¨-ap-
td ]-cy-th-£-W-Øn-s‚ dnt∏m¿´v 1967˛¬
ayq-kn-bw ]p-d-Øn-d-°nb-Xv ]-cy-th£-Ww I-gn-

™v \mev-]-Øn-\m-ev h¿-jØn-\pti-j-am-sW-∂v
hm-bn-®n-´p-≠v: Xm-°v-td B≥-Uv s{]kv, Z \m-Nz-
d¬
ln-Ã-dn ayq-knbw, t]-Pv 74. 3 Cu hn-jb-sØ

P-\-{]n-b-am-°m-\p-t±-in-®p-≈ G-I -{i-a-sa-∂p ]-d-
bm-hp-∂ Cu ]p-kvX-Iw C-t∏mgpw ]-e {K-Ÿ-im-e-
I-fp-sSbpw A-e-am-c-I-f-e-¶-cn-°p-∂p:
sImWm¿-Uv, lu Sp t\m Z tamk-kv B≥-Uv

en-h¿-thm¿-Svkv, t]Pv 5
4 D-jv-W-taJ-em{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv ]m-b-ep-I-fp-
sS ssh-hn[yw i-cn-°p-≈Xv: se≥ F√n-kp-am-bp-
≈ A-`n-ap-Jw, e≠≥ \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn ayq-kn-bw,
2002 G{]n¬ 18.
5 I-∏-en-te-°p sIm-Sp-Ø-b-® Im-en-Øo-‰ B-

‰n-s∏-dp°n-t\m-°n ]pXnb I-≠p]n-Sn-Ø-ßƒ \S-
Øn A-t±-lw: _m¿_¿, Z tltU Hm-^v \m-Nz-
d¬ ln-Ã-dn: 1820˛1870, t]-Pv 17.
6 Nn-e-bn-\w I-°-I-fp-sS `m-K-ßƒ-°v A-t±-lw:

KqƒUv, en-bm-\m¿-tUmkv au≠≥ Hm-^v ¢mw-kv
B≥-Uv Z Ub‰v Hm-^v thwkv, t]-Pv 79.
7 k-ky-ßƒ-°p-ap-≠p {]-Wbw, B-Wp-ßfpw

s]-Æp-ß-fpw...I-eymWw I-gn-°p∂p-ap-≠v : tP¿-
Ã¨, Z ¢m-kn-Ivkv Hm-^v k-b≥-kv, t]-Pv 237,
bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v Imen-t^m¿Wnb/UCMP
_¿Iven sh_vssk‰v.
8 en-\-tb-kv A-Xns\ ss^-km-en-kv Bw-Kp-em-‰

F-∂p Np-cp-°n-sb-Sp-Øp: ImÃv\¿, F kv-]o-jokv
Hm-^v F-t‰-Wn‰n, t]-Pv 31.
9 1935-˛¬ A-t±lw "kn-sÃ-sa \m-®p-sd‹F-
∂ hn-Jym-XIr-Xn-bp-sS B-Zy-]-Xn-∏nd-°p-tºmƒ :
tP¿-Ã¨, Z ¢m-kn-Ivkv Hm-^v k-b≥-kv, t]Pv 223.
Cw-•-≠n¬ H-cp X-e-ap-d ap-ºn-dßn-b ln-tÃmdn-

b sP-\-dm-en-kv πmt‚dw Faq-∂p hm-ey-ß-fp≈
]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬: Up-d‚ v, Z F-bvPv Hm-^v eqbnkv-
XIV, t]-Pv 519.
11 Cw-•n-jv Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ en-

\-tb-kn-\v ]n-Xr-ÿm-\w e-`n-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp:
tXm-akv, am≥ B≥-Uv Z \m-Nz-d¬ thƒUv, t]Pv
65.
12 \m-hn-Icpw Nn-e -k-©m-cn-Ifpw s]m-Sn∏pw

sXm-ß-epw-sh-®p ]-d-™ I-Y-Ifn¬\n-∂p kzo-I-
cn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu hn-h-c-ßƒ: jzm¿-Sv-kv, kU≥
H-dn-Pn≥kv, t]-Pv 59.
13 I-S-en-se Xn-anw-K-e-ßƒ I-c-bn-ep-≈ ]-ip-°-

sf-bpw F-en-I-sfbpwt]m-se Izm-{Up-]o-Un-b (]n-
∂o-Sn-Xp am-a-en-b F-∂p Xn-cpØn) F-∂ hn`m-K-
Øn¬-s∏Sp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v I-s≠-Ønb-Xv: jzm¿-Sv-kv,
k-U≥ H-dn-Pn≥kv, t]-Pv 59.
14 sa-tb-gv-kv ^m¿Sv, s\-bv°-Uv te-Uokv, Szn-®v

_√-°v, lu-≠v-kv ]n v, Hm∏¨ B¿sk, _w S-
h¬ XpS-ßn Zp-c¿-Y-ß-fp-≈ t]-cp-Iƒ F{Xtbm
th-sd-bpap≠v: tXm-a-kv, am≥ B≥-Uv Z \m-Nz-d¬
thƒ-Uv, t]-Pv 82˛5.
15 ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm-^v sse-^v F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-

Øn¬ F-tUz¿-Uv H. hn¬-k¨ ]-d-bp∂-Xv 89 F-
Æ-ap-s≠-∂m-Wv: hn¬k¨, ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm-^v
sse-^v, t]-Pv 157.
16 h≥-{]-Xn-tj-[-ßƒ-°n-sS-bm-Wv G-Xm\pw
h¿-jw ap-ºv Ah-sb s]-em¿-tKmWn-bw F-∂ Po-
\-kn-te-°v am-‰n-b-Xv: F-en-b‰v, t]m-ń-Mv˛sj-Uv
t]-t∏-gvkv, t]Pv 18.
17 ap∏-Xp e-£-Øn¬ XpS-ßn ap∏Xp tIm-Sn

h-sc \o-fp-∂ ]e]e IW-°pI-fm-Wp In-´p-I:
HmUp-t_m¨, F¿-Øv-kv Im-‰-tem-Kv, 2002 P-
\phcn˛s^{_phcn, hn¬k¨, Z ssU-th-gv-kn‰n
Hm-^v sse-^v, t]-Pv 132.
18 `q-an-bn-se Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fn¬ 97 i-X-am-\hpw

C-t∏mgpw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm≥ In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv: C-
°-tWm-an-kv‰v, F tKmƒ-U≥ F-bvPv Hm-^v Un-kv-
I-h-dn, 1996 Un-kw-_¿ 23, t]-Pv 56.
19 sam-Øw kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fp-sS F-Æw 1.4 aney-

WmWv: hn¬k¨, Z ssU-th-gvkn‰n Hm-^v sse-
^v, t]-Pv 133.
20 a-‰p Nn-e hn-Z-Kv-[-cp-sS I-W-°v Aev]wIq-Sn

D-b¿-∂-Xm-Wv˛1.5 aney¨ ap-X¬
1.8 aney¨ h-sc: bpF-kv \yq-kv B≥-Uv thƒ-

Uv dnt∏m¿´v, 1997 Hm-K-kv‰v 18, t]Pv 78.
21 ]n-g-hp-Iƒ Xo¿-Øv F√msam-∂p i-cn-s∏-Sp-

Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ t{Km-hv-kv 40 h¿-j-sa-Sp-Øp: \yq -
k-b‚n-Ãv, "a-¶n ]- v¬', 2001 H-tŒm_¿ 6, t]-Pv 54.
22 H-cp h¿-jw hnhn-[ hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp∂

G-Xm-≠v 15,000 ]pXn-b kv-]o-jokp-Iƒ am-{X-am-
Wv tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂v: thmƒ -kv-{So-‰v
tPW¬, SmIvtkm-W-an-kv-‰v-kv bp-ss\-‰v Sp Im-‰-
tem-Kv Fh-cn kv-]o-jokv, _n-Kv B≥-Uv kv-tamƒ,
2001 P-\-ph-cn 22.
23 C-hn-sS {]-iv\w ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-an√m-

ØX√, A-Xp tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ B-hiyØn-\v
SmIv-tkm-W-an-kv-‰p-Iƒ C√m-Ø-Xm-Wv: tIm-b≥ a-
tb-kp-am-bp-≈ A-`napJw, s\bv-tdm-_n \m-j-W¬
ayq-kn-bw, 2002 H-tŒm-_¿ 2.
24 C-Xp -Imc-Ww ]-e Po-hn-Ifpw Zp¿-_-e-am-bm-

Wv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv, AXpw G-sX-¶nepw
{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬: t\®¿, "N-e©kv t^m¿
SmIv-tkm-W-an', 2002 sa-bv 2, t]-Pv 17.
25 h-tb-Uv am-K-kn-s‚ k-l-ÿm-]-I≥ sI-hn≥

sI√n Hmƒ kv-]o-jo-kv ût≠j≥: Z ssSwkv,
"Z en-Ãv Hm-^v sse^v Hm¨ F¿-Øv', 2001 Pq-sse
30.
26 \n-ß-fp-sS In-S-° c≠p aney¨ kq£v-a Io-
S-ß-fp-sS A-`-btI{μ-am-sW-∂-dn™m¬ ]n-s∂:
s_m-Um-\nkv, Z ko-{I-´v lukv, t]Pv 16.
27 A-Xn-s‚ `m-c-Øn-s‚ ]Øn-sem∂pw kw-`m-

h-\ sN-øp∂-Xv Xe-bn¬\n-∂p s]m-gn-™ N¿-ai-
I-e-ßfpw Po-h-\p-≈ kq£v-aIo-S-ßfpw N-Ø Io-
S-ß-fpw A-h-bp-sS hn-k¿-Py-ß-fp-w‹B-bn-cn-°pw:
\yq -k-b‚nÃv, "_-Kv-kv ss_-‰v _m°v', 2001 s^-
{_-ph-cn 17, t]-Pv 48.
28 Cu Io-S-ßƒ Im-e-ß-fm-bn \-ap-s°m-∏-ap≠v:

s_m-Um-\nkv, Z ko{I´v lukv, t]Pv 15.
29 _m-Œocn-b am-{X-a√ G-Xm-≠v Hcp aney¨ X-

Sn-b≥ bo-Ãp-I-f-Xnep-≠m-Ipw: \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-
^nIv, "_m-Œo-cnb', 1993 Hm-K-kv‰v, t]-Pv 39.
30 t\m¿-th-bn-se c-≠p {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n-s∂-Sp-

Ø c-≠p \p-≈p a-Æn¬ 9,000 C\w _m-Œo-cn-b-
I-fp-s≠-¶n¬: hn¬k¨, Z ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm-^v
sse^v, t]-Pv 144.
31 G-Xm-≠v 400 aney¨ hcpw F-∂m-Wv H-cp I-
W-°v: S-UvPv, Z hssd‰n Hm-^v sse^v, t]Pv 8.
32 H-cp k-ky-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ ]p-jv-]n-°p-∂ B-

bn-cw kv-]o-jo-kv kky-ß-sf I-s≠Øn-b I-Y :
hn¬k¨, Z ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv
197.
33 D-jv-W-taJ-em a-g-°m-Sp-I-fp-sS hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww

`q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øns‚ B-dp i-X-am-\-tØmf-
ta h-cq: hn¬k¨, Z ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm^v
sse^v, t]-Pv 197.
34 3.5 _ney¨ h¿jØn-te-sd-°m-ew \o-≠ ]-

cnWma{]-{In-b-sb∂ tbm-Ky-Xm ]-co-£-bn¬ hnP-
bw h-cn-®-hbm-W-h: C-°-tWm-an-kv‰v, "_tbm-sS-Iv-
kv ko-{I-´v Km¿-U≥',1998 sa-bv 30, t]-Pv 75.
35 \m-ń≥-]pd-sØ H-cp a-Zy-im-ebn¬\n-∂v ]p-cm-

X-\ _m-Œo-cnb-sb Is≠Øn-b Imcyw : t^m¿-ń,
sse^v, t]-Pv 75. 36 C-Xph-sc G-Xm-≠v 500 kv-]o-
jo-kv tdm-ń-s^-dpI-sf I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v: dnUven,
Z sd-Uv Iyq≥, t]-Pv 54. 37 H-cp sl-Œ¿ ]p¬-ta-
ń-se sam-Øw ^w-K-kp-I-ƒ ti-J-cn-®v Iq-ń-sbSp-
Øm¬ : B-‰≥-_-tdm, Z ss{]h-‰v sse^v Hm-^v
πm‚ v
kv, t]-Pv 177.
38 samØw F-Æw 1.8 aney¨ h-sc-bm-sW-∂p

I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v: \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^n-Iv, "^w-
Kn', 2000 Hm-K-kv‰v, t]-Pv 60, eo-°n B-≥-Uv
sehn≥, Z kn-Iv-kv-Xv F-Iv-Ãn-Mvj≥, t]-Pv 117.
39 \yq-kn-e‚n-se X-°m-sl F-∂ ]d-°m ]-

£n-°v: ^v-fm-s\-dn B≥-Uv ju-´≥, F Km-]v C≥
t\®¿, t]Pv 2.
40 X-ß-fp-sS \n-Xm-¥-k-l-Nm-cnbmb Ip-Xn-c-sb

]pdw-tem-Iw A-]q¿-h-X-bm-bn Im-Wp-∂p-sh-∂-dn-
™ \m-´p-Im-cm-Wv K-th-j-I-sc-°mƒ A-Xn-i-b-
s∏-´-Xv: \yqtbm¿-Iv ssSwkv, "F kv-t‰m¨—F-bv-
Pv tlm-gv-kv kv-‰n¬ tdmw-kv F Sn-_‰≥ πm-t‰m',
1995 \-hw-_¿ 12.
41 Pn-dm-^n-s‚b-{X h-en-∏-ap-≈ ò-a≥ tX-hm-¶p-
Iƒ B-a-tkm¨ X-S-Øn¬ hn-l-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂m-
Wv: F°-tWm-anÃv, F thƒ-Uv Sp F-Iv-kv-]v-tfm¿,
1995 Unkw_¿ 23, t]-Pv 95.
42 B-gv-N-Iƒ \o-≠ A-f-hp-I-fp-sSbpw I-W-°p-

Iq-´-ep-I-fp-sSbpw B-I-Øp-I-bmbn-cp∂p t{Imw-]v‰-
s‚ ]-ń-I-bnse Hmtcm h-cn-bpw: KqƒUv, F-bv-‰v en-
‰v¬ ]n§okv, t]-Pv 32˛4.
43 \m-em-bn-cw In-tem-ao-‰¿ ]n-∂n-´v c-≠p -h¿-jw

\o-≠ H-cp ]-cy-th-£-W-Øn¬ aq-∂pe-£w I-S-∂-
epI-sf ti-J-cn-®p: Kqƒ-Uv, Z ^v-sf-anw-tKmkv kv-
ssa¬, t]Pv 159˛60.
A[ym-bw 24
tIm-ißƒ
scm‰ tIm-iwsIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p Xp-S°w. B-

tIm-iw hn-`-Pn-®p c≠mbn, A-Xp ]n-s∂ \m-em-
bn, A-ß-s\-bß-s\ A-Xp s]-cpIn. shdpw \mev-
]-tØ-gp Xh-W Cß-s\ C-c-ń-®-t∏mƒ tIm-i-ß-
fp-sS F-Æw 10,000 {Sney≥ (10,000,000,000,000,000 )
B-bn-°-gn-™p, a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬ h-f¿∂nd-ßm≥
th≠-{X tIm-i-ßƒ.* _o-Pm-hm-]wap-X¬ ac-
Wwh-sc \nßsf Im-Øp-kq-£n-°m≥ F-s¥m-
s°-bm-Wp sN-tø-≠-sX∂v Cu tIm-i-ßƒ°-dn-
bmw.
Cu tIm-i-ß-fn¬\n-∂v H∂p-sam-fn-°m≥ ]-‰n√

\n-ßƒ°v. hm-kvXh-Øn¬ \n-ß-sf∏-‰n \n-ß-sf-
°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ A-h¿-°-dn-bmw. \n-ß-fpsS i-co-c-
Øn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\]≤-Xn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂ P-\n-
X-I am¿-K-\n¿-t±i-ß-fp-sS ]-I¿∏v Hmtcm tIm-
i-Øn-s‚bpw ssI-h-iap-≠v. X-ß-fp-sS ]Wn-sb-
¥m-sW-∂p am-{X-a√, i-co-c-Øn-se a-t‰mtcm `m-K-
ß-fp-sSbpw ]-Wn-sb-¥m-sW∂pw A-h-bv-°-dn-bmw.
AUn-t\m-kn≥ ss{S-t^m-kv-t^‰n-s‚ Af-hp {i-
≤n-°-W-sa-∂v tIm-i-sØ H-cn-°epw Hm¿-an-∏n-t°-
≠nh-cn√, A-{]-Xo-£n-X-amsb-Øn-s∏´ t^m-fn-Iv
B-kn-Uv Xp-≈n F-¥psNø-W-sa-∂pw {]-tXyIw
]d™psIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xn√. B ]-Wn-sb√mw
\nßƒ-°p-th-≠n A-h¿ I-≠-dn-™p sN-bvXp-
sIm≈pw; e-£-°-W-°n\p tPmen-Iƒ th-sd-bpw
sN-øpw.
{]-Ir-Xn-bnse Hmtcm tIm-i-hpw Hmtcm A-¤p-
XamWv. G-‰hpw Xmtg°n-S-bn-ep-≈ e-fn-Xamb
tIm-i-ßƒt]mepw \-Ωp-sS I-gn-hpIsf I-h-®ph-
bv°pw. G-‰hpw e-fn-Xam-b bo-kv-‰p tIm-i-ap-≠m-
°-W-sa-∂p hbv°pI, A-Xn-\v H-cp t_m-bn-Mv 777
hn-am-\-Øn-ep-≈-{Xbpw L-S-I-`m-K-ßƒ H-∂n®p
tN¿-Øv sN-dp-Xm°n-sbm-Xp-°n A©p- ssa-
t{Im¨ am{Xw hym-k-ap≈ tKm-f-am-°n-sb-Sp-°-
Ww.1 A-Xp-am{Xw t]mc; B tKmf-sØ s]-‰p-s]-
cpIm≥ t{]-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
Cu bo-Ãp tIm-i-amI-s´ a-\p-jy-s‚ tIm-i-

ßƒ-°p ap-∂n¬ H-∂pa√. a-\pjy-tIm-ißƒ
F{Xtbm k-¶o-¿-Whpw hn-`n-∂-hp-am-Wv. A-Xnep]-
cn A-h-bpsS {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-se ]m-c-kv-]-cy-w {i-
t≤-b-amWvv.
* Cß-s\ s]-cp-Ip-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ Ip-td tIm-

i-ßƒ \-in-°p-∂p-ap≠v. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂
F{XtIm-i-ß-fp-am-bm-Wv \n-ßƒ ]p-d-Øp-h-cp∂-
Xv F∂-Xv shdp-sam-cq-l-amWv. ]-e {K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬
]-e I-W-°p-I-fm-Wv Im-Wp-I. 10,000 {Sn-ey≥ F-
∂Xvv am¿-Kyp-enkpw km-K\pw ssa-t{Im-tImk-
vtamkv F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ \¬In-b I-W-
°mWv.
]-Xn-\m-bn-cw {Sn-ey≥ ]u-c-∑m-cp-≈ H-cp cm-Py-am-

bn k-¶ev-]n°mw \n-ß-fp-sS tIm-i-ß-sf. \n-ß-fp-
sS t£-a-ap-d-∏m-°m-\p-≈ k-hn-ti-j -[¿-a-ß-fn¬
ap-gp-In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv A-h-tcm-cp-Ø-cpw. \n-ßƒ-
°p-th-≠n Ah¿ sN-øm-Ø ]-Wn-I-sfm-∂p-an√. \n-
ß-sf B-\-μ-a-dn-bn-°p-∂-X-h-cmWv, Nn-¥-Iƒ P-
\n-∏n-°p-∂-X-h-cmWv. \n-h-cm\pw \n¬-°m-\pw Ip-
Xn-°m\pw {]m-]v-X-cm-°p-∂-Xpw A-h¿Xs∂.
\nßƒ `£-Ww I-gn-°p-tºmƒ AXnse t]m-j-
Imw-i-ßƒ h-en-s®-SpØv Du¿-÷w hn-Xc-Ww sN-
øp-∂Xpw ]mgv h-kv-Xp-°ƒ am-‰p-∂Xpw˛˛kv-Iqƒ
]mT-]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ ]Tn-® Im-cy-ß-fmWn-h˛˛sN-
øp-∂p F∂-Xp Iq-Sm-sX `£-Ww I-gn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn-\mbn hni∏p-s≠∂p tXm-∂n-∏n-°-m\pw A-h¿-
°-dn-bmw. `£-Ww I-gn-®m¬ kw-Xr]v-Xn P-\n-∏n-
°m-\p-a-h¿-°-dn-bmw. \n-ß-fp-sS ap-Sn h-f¿-Øp-∂-
X-h-cmWv, Im-Xn¬ sa-gp-°p ]q-ip-∂-X-h-cmWv, X-
e-t®m-dn-s\ \n-»–-am-bß-s\ {]h¿-Øn-∏n-°p-∂-
X-h-cmWv. i-co-c-Øns‚ Hmtcm tIm-Wn-se {]-h¿-
Ø-\-ßfpw A-h¿ ssI-Imcyw sN-øp∂p. \n-ßƒ-
°p-t\-tc ò-j-Wn-bp-b¿-∂m¬ X¬£Ww {]Xn-
tcm-[n-°m-s\-Øp∂p. \n-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n a-cn-°m≥
Ah¿°v H-cp a-Sn-bp-an√˛˛tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-s\-Æ-am-
Wv Hmtcm Zn-h-khpw Cß-s\ acWa-S-bp-∂-Xv. C-
∏-Wn-sb√mw sN-øp∂ tImi-ß-tfm-Sv Po-hn-X-Øn-
ses∂-¶nepw \n-ßƒ \-μn ]-d-™n-´pt≠m? D-≠m-
hn√. AXp-sIm-≠v H-cp \nanjw \n¿Øn, A-h¿
sN-øp-∂ A-¤p-X-{]-hr-Øn-I-sf∏-‰n H∂m-temNn-
°p-I, F-∂n-´v B {]-hr-Øn-°v A¿-ln-°p-∂ BZ-
cw \¬-Ip-I.
Cu tIm-i-ß-sf∏-‰n Ipd-®p Im-cy-ßƒ \-ap-

°-dn-bmw. A-h-sb-s¥ms° sN-øp-s∂∂pw F-ß-
s\b-Xp sN-øp-∂p-sh∂pw Ip-d-s®m-s°-b-
dnbmw˛˛A-h¿ sIm-gp-∏v A-Sn-b-dhbv-°p∂sX-ß-
s\-sb∂pw C≥-kp-en-\p-≠m°p∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-
∂pw \n-ßfpw Rm-\p-a-S-ßp-∂ Cu k-¶o¿-W kw-
hn[m\sØ \-S-Øn-s°m≠p-t]m-Im≥ th-≠ ]-
Wn-Iƒ sN-øp-∂-sX-ß-s\sb∂pw Ipd-s®ms°b-
dn-bmw˛˛Ipd-®p am-{Xw. 2,00,000 t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-≠v
\n-ß-fpsS i-co-c-Øn¬. ]-e ]e ]-Wn-I-fp-am-bn
\-S-°p-∂ A-h-bn¬ 98 i-X-am-\Øn-s‚bpw ]-Wn-
sb-¥m-sW∂p-t]mepw \-ap-°-p a-\- n-em-bn-ń√ (c-
≠p i-X-am-\w t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-sS ]-Wn-tb a-\- n-em-
°m-\m-bn-´p-≈p F∂p ]-d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v,2 50 i-X-
am-\-Øn-s‚ ]-Wn a-\- n-em-bn-´p-s≠-∂p ]-d-bp∂-h-
cp-ap≠v. a-\- n-em°p-I F-∂Xp-sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-
∂-sX-¥m-sW-∂-Xns\ B-{i-bn-®m-Wv I-W-°nse
Cu am-‰w).
tIm-i-ß-fp-sS temI-Øv A-Xn-i-b-ßƒ ]-e-

Xp≠v. hn-j-h-kv-Xp Bbm-Wv {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ss\-
{SnIv HmIv-ssk-Uv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. A¥co£w
a-en-\-am-°p∂ h-kv-Xp-°-fn¬ {]-ap-J-ÿm-\-ap-≠-
Xn\v. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ a-\pjy-tIm-i-ßƒ ss\-
{SnIv HmIv-ssk-Uv \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ apgpIn-bn-cn-°p-
I-bm-sW-∂ -hnh-cw 1980-I-fp-sS a-[y-Øn¬ a-\- n-
em-°n-b-t∏mƒ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ i-cn-°p-w A-º-c∂p.
F-¥n-\m-Wh ss\-{SnIv HmIv-sskUvD≠m-°p-∂-
sX-∂Xv BZy-sam-cp {]-tl-fn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.3 ]n-∂o-
Sm-W-Xn-s‚ clky-ßƒ sh-fn-s∏-´Xv˛˛tIm-i-ß-
fn-se c-‡-{]-hm-l-hpw Du¿÷ hn-X-c-Whpw \n-
b-{¥n-°p-I, A¿-_p-Z-sØbpw a‰p- tcm-K-Im-cn-I-sf-
bpw B-{I-an-°p-I, K-‘w A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ I-gn-
hn-s\ \n-b-{¥n°p-I XpSßn enwtKm-≤m-cW-sØ
k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ Zu-Xy-ß-fm-W-Xn-\p
\n¿h-ln-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂Xv. B≥-Pn-\ F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂ lr-Z-b-th-Z-\- i-an∏n-°m≥ ss\-t{Sm-•n-k-
dn≥ F-∂ kv-t^m-S-I-h-kv-Xp-hn-\v I-gn-bp-∂-
sX¥psIms≠∂pw A-tXm-sS hy-‡-ambn. (ss\-
t{Sm-•n-k-dn≥ c-‡-°p-g-ep-Ifn¬ ss\-{SnIv HmIv-
ssk-Uv B-bn am-dpw.4 A-Xv c-‡-°p-g-en-s‚ t]-
in-Ifn¬ A-b-hp-≠m-°pw. c-‡-tbm-´w B-bm-kc-
ln-X-am-°pw. Aß-s\ thZ\ Ipdbpw.) hn-j-hm-
X-I-am-bn-cp∂ ss\-{SnIv HmIv-ssk-Un-\v H-scm‰ Z-
iIwsIm-≠v k¿-h-hym-]nbm-b Aar-Xn-s‚ ÿm-\-
w e-`n®p.
\q-dp-I-W-°n-\nØ-cw hy-XykvXtIm-i-ß-fp-≠v
\-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Ønse∂v5 s_¬-Pn-b≥ _-tbm-sI-
an-kv-‰v {In-kv-‰y≥ Zv Zp-th ]-d-bp-∂p. h-en∏-Ønepw
cq-]-Ønepw hn-`n-∂-ß-fmW-h. h-en-®p-\o-ń-bm¬ H-
cp- ao-‰-dn-tesd\o-fp∂ X-¥p-°-fp-≈ \mUo-tIm-i-
ßƒap-X¬ Ip™p-s]m´p-t]m-ep-≈ Np-h-∂ c-‡-
tIm-i-ßfpw Im-gv-N-bv-°p k-lm-bn-°p∂ t^m-t´m-
sk√pIfpwh-sc A-°q-´-Øn-ep≠v. h-en-∏-Øn-s‚
Im-cy-Øn¬ tIm-i-ßƒ XΩnep-≈ A¥cw a-\- n-
em-°m≥ _o-P-Øn-s‚bpw A-fi-Øn-s‚bpw
Imcy-sa-Sp-Øm¬ a-Xn. 85,000 aS-ßv h-en-∏-ap-≈
A-fi-tIm-i-sØ-bm-Wv _oPtIm-iw t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xv
(]p-cpj-s‚ B-{I-a-tWm-’p-I-X-bv-°v Zr-„m-¥-
ambn Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v C-°mcyw). 20
ssa-t{Im¨ B-Wv (A-XmbXv H-cp an√o-ao-‰dn-s‚
C-cp-\qdn-sem-cp `m-Kw) H-cp tIm-i-Øn-s‚ i-cmi-
cn hen∏w. Im-Wm≥-t]m-ep-am-ImØ-{X sN-dp-Xm-
WXv. F-∂m-tem ssa-t‰mtIm¨-{Sn-b-sb-t∏m-se
B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v k-¶o¿-WL-S-I-ß-sfbpw
tImSn°-W-°n-\v X-∑m-{X-I-sfbpw A-Xn-\pƒ-s°m-
≈m-\m-Ipw. k-Po-h-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn-epw Xn-I®pw
ssh-hn-[y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv tIm-ißƒ. D-Zm-l-c-W-
Øn\v \nß-fp-sS sXm-en-bn-¬ Cu Im-Wp-∂-
sX√mw Po-h-\n√mØ tIm-i-ßfmWv. \n-ß-fp-sS-
Cu ]p-dw-]q-s®√mw N-Øp-I-gn-™-Xm-sW-∂ h-
kvXpX Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ Aev-]w hn-j-a-ap-≠m-Ipw.
i-cmi-cn h-en-∏-ap-s≈m-cp a\pjy≥ G-Xm-≠v c-
≠p In-tem-{Kmw ar-X-tIm-i-ß-fm-Wv Np-a∂p-
sIm≠p \S-°p-∂Xv.6 A-Xn¬ tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p
sN-dp-i¬-°-ßƒ Zn-h-khpw s]mgn®p-I-f-bp∂p.
s]m-Sn-]n-Sn-® A-e-am-c-bn¬ hn-c-tem-Sn-°p-tºmƒ
\n-ßƒ Nn{Xw h-c-bv-°p∂-Xv hen-sbmc-f-thm-fw
]-gb tIm-i-ß-fn-em-Wv.
an° tIm-i-ß-fp-sSbpw B-bp v H-cp -am-k°m-
etam at‰m am{XamWv. B-bp- v th≠p-thm-f-ap-≈
tIm-i-ß-fp-ap≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\v Ic-fn-se tIm-
i-ßƒ h¿j-ß-tfm-fw \n-e-\n¬-°pw,7 F-¶nepw
tIm-i-ß-fnse LSI-ßƒ Zn-h-k-ßƒ- Iq-Sp-
tºmƒ ]p-Xp-°-s∏´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw.
Xet®m-dn-se tIm-i-ß-fm-Is´, \n-ß-fp-≈n-S-tØm-
fw Im-ew Poh-t\m-sS-bncn°pw. P-\n-°p-tºmƒ G-
Xm-s≠m-cp ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw tIm-Sn tImi-ß-fp-≠m-
Ipw. A-Xph®p-th-Ww Po-hn-X-Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ I-
gn-®p-Iq-´m≥.AXn¬Øs∂ H-c-™q-sd-Æwh®v
Hmtcm a-Wn-°q-dnepw \-„-s∏´p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°pIbpwsN-øpw. AXp-sIm-≠v Ku-c-h-s∏-´ h√
Im-cy-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Nn¥n°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂p-s≠-
¶n¬ A-Xp \m-tf-°p am-‰n-hbv-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-
Wp \√-Xv. I-c-fn-s‚ Imcyw ]d-™-t]m-seX-s∂
X-e-t®m-dn-se tIm-i-ß fp-sSbpw L-S-I-ßƒ ]p-
Xp-°-s∏´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. X-e-t®m-dn-se
tImiß-fnse H-cp L-S-I-Øn\pw G-Xm-s≠m-cp
am-k-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-b-ap≠m-In-√. B I-W-
°p-h-®p t\m-°n-bm¬ \-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Øn-se H-cp-
LSIØn-\pw, H-cp X-∑m-{X-bv°p-t]m-epw, H-º-Xp-
h¿-j-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-bap-≠m-In-s√-∂p ]-d-
bmw.8 I-≠m¬ tXm-∂n-s√-¶nepw tIm-i-ß-sf-Sp-
Øp t\m-°n-bm¬ \-Ω-sf√mw hfsc sN-dp-∏-am-Wv
F-∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw.
tImi-sØ B-Zy-am-bn \n¿-h-Nn®-Xv tdm-_¿-´v

lp-°v BWv. C≥-th-gv-kv kv-Izb¿- tem I-≠p-]n-
Sn-®-Xn-s‚ A-h-Im-i-Øn-\m-bn sFk-Iv \yq-´-\pam-
bn h-g-°p-≠m°n-b A-tX lp-°vXs∂. A-dp-]-
sØ-´p h¿-jw \o-≠ Po-hn-X-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]-e ]-e
ta-J-e-I-fn¬ t\-´w sIm-bv-Xp A-t±lw. anI-s®m-
cp ssk-≤m-¥n-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw; A-tXka-
bw {]-tbm-P-\{]-Zam-b D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿-an-°p-
∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ Ir-X-l-kv-X-\pw. ]-t£, A-t±-l-
sØ G-‰hpw {]-i-kv-X-am-°nb-Xv 1665-¬ ]p-d-Øn-
dßnb ssat{Im{Km-^n-b ("Micrographia: or
Some Physiological Descriptions of Miniature
Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses' ap-gp-h≥ t]-
cv). F-∂ ]p-kv-X-IamWv. ssh-hn[yw \n-d-™, Xn-
c-t°dn-b, kp-L-S\-bp-≈, H-cp Ip™ptemI-tØ-
°p-≈ I-hm-S-am-Wv hn-⁄m-\-Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ-°p ap-
∂n¬ B ]pkvX-Iw Xp-d∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. A-Xph-
sc k-¶ev]n-®n´p-t]m-ep-an√msØmcp tem-Iw.
Cu kq-£v-a-temI-Øv lp-°v BZyw I-s≠Øn-
b km-[-\-ßfn-sem∂m-bn-cp-∂p k-ky-ß-fn-se Ip-
™p-Ip-™v A-d-Iƒ. k-∂ym-k-naT-ß-fnse
sk√p-I-fp-ambn km-ay-ap-≈Xp-sIm-≠v A-t±-l-a-Xn-
s\ sk¬ ( cell-tImiw) F-∂p hn-fn-®p. k-a-N-
Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ H-cn-©p tIm¿-°v I-j-W-Øn¬
1,259,712,000 CØ-cw A-d-I-fp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v A-t±-
lw I-W-°p-Iqń.9 B-Zy-am-bmWv im-kv-{X-tem-Iw
A-{Xbpw hen-sbm-cp kw-Jy Im-Wp-∂-XpXs∂.
kq-£v-a-Z¿-in-\n-Iƒ H-cp- X-eap-d ap-ºpX-s∂ cw-
K-{]-th-iw sN-bv-Xn-cp∂p, F-∂n´pw Cu cw-K-Øv
ta¬ss° t\-Sm≥ lp-°n-\p I-gn™Xv A-t±-
lØn-s‚ km-t¶-Xn-I-ØnI-hv H∂p-sIm-≠p-am-{X-
amWv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ssa-t{Imkv-tIm-∏p-Iƒ h-kv-
Xp°-sf ap-∏-Xnc-ń h-ep-Xm°n, Aß-s\ kq£va-
tem-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ Im-cy-ß-fn¬ ]-Xn-t\-gmw
\q-‰m-≠n-se Ah-km-\-hm-°v lq-°n-s‚-Xm-sW-∂p-
h∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-≠p I-gn-™-

t∏mƒ sU¬-^v-‰v F∂ U-®v \-K-c-Øn-se \n-c-
£c-\mb Xp-Wn-hn¬-]-\-°m-c-s\-°p-dn-®p h-∂
hm¿Ø-Ifpw A-t±-lw X-øm-dm°nb Nn-{X-ßfpw
lp-°n-s\bpw k-l-{]-h¿Ø-I-scbpw sR-ń®p. h-
kv-Xp-°-sf 275 Cc-ń h-en-∏-Øn¬ \n-co-£n-® ti-
jw X-øm-dm°n-b Nn-{X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-h. A-Xp
X-øm-dm-°n-b XpWn°-®-h-S-°mc-s‚ t]-cv A-t‚m-
Wn hm≥ eyq-h≥-lq°v. Hu-]-Nmcn-I hnZym`ym-k-
tam im-kv-{X]-›m-Ø-e-tam C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw
km-t¶-Xn-Iss\-]p-Wy-Øn-s‚bpw \n-co-£-W-]m-S-
h-Øn-s‚bpw Im-cy-Øn¬ H-cp am-{¥nI\m-bn-cp-∂p
eyq-h≥-lq-°v. ssI-bn¬ -]n-Sn-®pt\m-°p-∂ e-fn-
Xamb Hcp D-]-Ic-WwsIm-≠v A°me-Øv sN-
dp-h-kv-Xp°-sf A-º-c-∏n-°p-∂ h-en-∏-Øn¬ Im-
Wm≥ A-t±-lØn-\m-b-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v C-t∏mfm-
tem-Nn-°p-tºmgpw A-¤p-Xw tXm∂pw. a-c-bm-Wn-
bn¬ C-W-°n-t®¿-Ø Nn√p-Ip-an-f-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚ kq-£v-a-Z¿-in\n. C∂-sØ ssa-
t{Imkv-tIm-∏p-am-bn cq-]Øn-sem-cp kmayhp-an√m-
Ø A-Xv I-≠m¬ sNdn-sbm-cp `q-X-°-Æm-Sn-bm-
sW-t∂ tXm-∂pI-bp-≈q. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ `q-X-°-
Æm-Sn-bn¬\n∂pw kq-£v-a-Z¿-in-\n-bn¬\n∂pw hy-
Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. Hmtcm ]-co-£-W-Øn-\p
ap-Xn-cp-tºmgpw A-Xn-\m-bn ]pXn-b D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-
≠m-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p eyq-h≥ -lq-°n-s‚ ]-
Xnhv. D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂ hn-Zy A-t±-lw A-
Xn-c-l-kyambn hbv-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. F-¶n-epw
Zr-iy-hy-‡-X h¿[n∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v {_n-ójpIm¿-°v
am¿-K-\n¿-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬-Im≥ A-t±-lw k∑-\- p-
Im-Wn®p-.*
\mev]Xmw h-b- n¬ XpSßn G-Xm-≠v A-c\q-

‰m-≠p-Imew-sIm-≠v, eyq-h≥-lq-°v tdm-b¬ skm-
ssk-‰n-°v G-Xm-≠v C-cp-\q-dp dn-t∏m¿-´p-I-fb-®p.
F√mw \n-e-hm-cw Ip-d-™ U-®v kw-km-c-`m-j-
bn¬ X-øm-dm-°-s∏´h. hym-Jym-\-ßƒ-s°m∂pw
Xp-\n-bmsX, Xm≥ \n-co-£n-®-dn-™ Im-cy-ßƒ A-
\p-]-aam-b Nn-{X-ßƒ k-ln-Xw hn-h-cn-°p-I am-{X-
am-Wv A-t±-lw sNbv-XXv. {]-tbm-P-\-{]-Z-am-bn \n-
co-£n-°m-sa-∂p tXm-∂n-b G-d-°p-sd F√m hn-
j-b-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw A-t±-lw dn-t∏m¿-´p-Iƒ X-øm-
dm-°n˛˛sdm-ń-bn-se ]q∏ep-I-ƒ, tX-\o-®-bp-sS ap-
≈v, c‡tIm-ißƒ, ]√v, ]n-s∂ kz-¥w D-an\ocv,
hn-k¿-Pyßƒ, ip-¢w (H´pw B-kzm-Zy-a√m-Ø A-
h-km-\w ]-d-™ km[\sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈ dn-t∏m¿-
´v £-am-]-W-tØm-sS-bm-Wv A-t±-lw X-øm-dm°nb-
Xv) A-ß-s\-bßs\. C-∏-d-™-Xn¬ an-°Xpw A-
Xn-\p-ap-ºv kq-£vaam-bn \n-co-£n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√.
Ip-cp-apf-Ipc-k-Øn¬ A-Wp-{]m-WnI-sf I-≠-
Xm-bn 1676˛¬ A-t±lw A-dn-bn-®-t∏mƒ10 B Po-hn-
Isf-sbm-∂p t\-cn¬-°m-Wm≥ Cw-•-≠n¬ A∂p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂ G-‰hpw an-I-® kq-£v-a-Z¿-in-\n-I-fp-]-
tbm-Kn-®v H-cp h¿jw s]-Sm-∏m-Sp- s]-tS-≠n-h∂p,
tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰n°v. eyq-h≥-lq°v I≠Xv
t{]m-´-tkm-h-sb-bm-bn-cp∂p. H-scm-‰-Øp-≈n sh-≈-
Øn¬ 8,280,000 t{]m´tkm-h-I-fp-s≠∂v11 eyq-h≥-
lq-°v I-s≠Øn. tlm-f-≠ns‚ B-sI P-\kw-Jy-
sb-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬. A-Xphsc k-¶ev-]n-®n´p-t]m-
ep-an√m-Ø {]IrX-Ønepw F-Æ-Øn-ep-ap-≈ Po-hn-
I-sf-s°m-≠p \n-d-™n-cn-°p-I-bmWp tem-I-sa-∂v
sX-fn-™p-h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
* sU¬-^v-‰n¬\n-∂p-X-s∂-bp-≈ a-s‰m-cp {]-

apJ-s‚, Nn-{X-Im-c≥ bm≥- sh¿-ao-dp-sS, A-Sp-Ø
kplr-Øm-bn-cp∂p eyq-h≥-lq-°v. \-s√m-cp Nn-{X-
Im-c-\m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw A-km-[m-c-W {]-Xn-`m -hn-
em-k-sam∂pw {]-I-Sn-∏n-®n-ń√m-Xn-cp-∂ sh¿-ao¿
1600 I-fp-sS ]-IpXn-tbm-sS {]-Im-i-hn-\ym-
kØns‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ A-km[y-ss\-]pWyw {]-
I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. A-Xn-s‚ t]-cn¬ A-t±-lw
tem-Isaßpw sIm-≠m-S-s∏-Sp-I-bpwsN-bvXp. sXfn-
shm-∂pw In-ń-bn-ń-s√-¶nepw se≥-kv- D]-tbm-Kn-®v
{]Xn_nw-_w ]-I¿-Øp-∂ "Iym-a-d H-_v-kv-Iyq-d'F-
∂ D-]-Ic-Ww A-t±-lw D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂
kwi-bw G-sd-\mƒ \n-e-\n∂p. F-∂m¬ sh¿-ao¿
a-cn-®-t∏mƒ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ kz-Im-cy-kz-ØphI-I-
fp-sSIq-sS C-ßs\—Hcp D-]-I-c-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xm-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√. ]-t£, H-∂p≠v, At±-
l-Øn-s‚ kz-Øp-h-I-I-fp-sS \n¿-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cw
A-Xn-c-l-ky-am-bn D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿-an°p-∂ Im-
cy-Øn¬ {]-i-kv-X-\m-bn-cp∂ eyq-h≥-lq-°n-\pX-
s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p.
eyq-h≥-lq-°n-s‚ A-Xn-ib-I-cam-b sh-fn-s∏-Sp-

Ø-en-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v a‰p ]-ecpw ssat-{Imkv-tIm-∏p-
Iƒ-°p ap-∂n¬ X]- p Xp-S-ßn. Iq-Sp-X-ep÷z-eam-
b sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \-S-Øm-\p-≈ B-th-i-
Øn¬ A-h¿ bYm¿Y-Øn-en√m-Ø ]-eXpw A-Xn-
eq-sS "Im-Wp-I'bpwsN-bvXp. tlm-f≠n¬\n-∂p-X-
s∂-bp-≈ _-lp-am-\y\m-b K-th-jI≥ \n-t°mf-
kv lm¿-Svkq°¿ ip-¢-Øn-\p-≈n¬ Ip-™v Bƒ-
cq-]w "I-s≠Øn'. ip-¢-Øn-eps≠-∂p-d-∏n® "Ip-
™pa-\p-jy'-s\ A-t±-lw tlm-ap≥-Iyq-en F-∂p
hn-fn®p.12 CØcw Ip-™p-a-\p-jy-sc s]-cp-∏n-s®-
Sp-°p-tºm-gm-Wv hen-b a-\pjy-cp-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-∂p-
Xs∂ (a-\p-jy¿ am-{Xa√, F√m Po-hn-I-fpw)
Iptd°m-e-tØ-°v ]-e-cpw I-cpXn. A-an-Xm-Imw-£-
bp-sS A-]-I-S-ßƒ eyq-h≥lq-°n\pw A\p-`-hn-
t°-≠n-h∂p. sh-Sn-a-cp-∂n-s‚ kv-t^m-S-I-ti-jn
ASpØ-dn-bm≥ At±-lw Ip-d-®p- sh-Sn-a-cp-∂v I-
Øn-®v sXm-´-Sp-Øn-cp-∂v \n-co£n®p.13 IÆp- s]m-ń-
t∏m-Ip-sa-∂ ÿn-Xn-bn-se-Øn-s∏-´p A-t±-lw.
1683˛¬ eyq-h≥-lq-°v _m-Œo-cnb-sb I-s≠Øn.

]-t£, A-Sp-Ø H∂-c \q-‰m-≠p Im-e-tØ°v Cu
cwK-Øv A-Xn-\-∏p-d-tØ-°p-≈ ]p-tcmKXn-sbm-∂p-
ap-≠m-bn√. \n-co-£-tWm-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-an-Xn-
I-fm-bncp∂p Im-cWw. tIm-i-a¿-Ωw I-s≠-Øp-∂-
Xn-\v 1831 h-sc Im-t°-≠nh∂p. A-Xp I-s≠-
Ønb-Xv kv-tIm-Sv-e‚n-se k-ky-im-kv-{X-⁄≥
tdm_¿-´v {_u¨ BWv. im-kv-{XN-cn-{X-Øn¬
hen-b H-®-∏m-sSm-∂pwIq-SmsX C-S-bv°n-sS I-S∂p-
h-cp-∂ A-tX {_u¨. 1773˛¬ P-\n-®v 1858˛¬ a-
c-W-a-S-™ {_u¨ sNdn-b A-≠n F-∂¿-Yw h-
cp∂ \yq-Iyp-e F-∂ em-‰n≥ hm-°n¬\n-∂m-W-v
\yq-¢nb-kv F-∂p t]-cn-´-Xv. F-∂n´pw F√m Po-hn-
Ifpw tIm-i-ß-fm-em-Wv \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p a-
\- n-em-°m≥ 1839 h-sc Im-t°-≠nh∂p.14 Xn-tbm-
U¿ jzm≥ F-∂ P¿-a≥-Im-c-\mWv Cusbm-cmi-
bw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®Xv. G-sd ssh-Inh-∂ Cu B-
i-b-Øn-\v ]t£, Xp-S-°-Øn¬ henb kzo-Im-cy-
X- In-ń-bp-an√. Po-h≥ Aß-s\ s]m-ńap-f-®p-≠m-
Ip-∂-X-s√∂pw B-Zy-ap≠mb tIm-i-ß-fm-Wv Poh-
s‚ A-Snÿm\-sa∂pw ÿm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv 1860
I-fn-emWv. eq-bn ]m-kv-N¿ \S-Ønb Nn-e \n¿-
Wm-b-I I-s≠-Ø-ep-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚ A-Sn-
ÿm\w. Cu B-i-b-am-Wv tIm-i-kn-≤m-¥w (cell
theory ) F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXp-Xs∂bm-Wv
B-[p\n-I Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm\w.
tIm-iß-sf ]-e-Xn-t\mSp-ap-]-an-°m-dp≠v.15 k-
¶o¿-Wam-sbm-cp cm-khy-h-km-b-im-e-tbm-Spw
(ùXn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ sP-bnw-kv s{S-^n-en-t‚-
XmWo D]-a) P-\-Øn-c-t°dn-b a-lm-\-K-c-tØm-
Sp(_tbm sI-an-kv-‰v K-bv {_uWn-t‚-Xm-Wo {]-
tbm-Kw)sa√mw. C-∏-d™-Xp c-≠p-am-Wv tImiw,
F-∂m¬ A-sXm-∂p-a√-Xm-\pw. h≥-tXm-Xn¬ cm-
k-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \-S°p-∂Xp-sIm≠v A-sXm-cp
cm-khy-h-km-b-im-e-t]m-se-bm-sW-∂p ]dbmw.
Xn°pw Xn-c°pw \nd-™v ]e-]e -{]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ
Iq-Sn-°p-g-™v, F∂m¬ hyh-ÿ-tbm-sS, \-S-°p-
∂Xp-sIm-≠v A-sXm-cp a-lm-\-K-c-am-sW∂pw
]dbmw. F-∂m¬ \n-ßƒ I-≠n-´p-≈ G-Xp a-lm-
\-K-c-sØ-°mfpw ^mŒdnsb-°mfpw ò-I-c-amWv
tIm-i-ß-fn-se Im-cyßƒ. A-hn-sS ta-set∂m
Iosgt∂m hy-Xym-k-an√ (tIm-i-Øn-s‚ X-e-
Øn¬ Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W-Øn\v hen-b kzm-[o-\-sam-
∂p-an√). H-cp ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ ÿ-ewt]m-epw A-
hnsS H-gn-™p-In-S-°p-∂n√, H-cp \n-anjw-t]m-epw
]m-gm-°m-sX \n-c-¥-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \-S∂p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-hn-sS, AXn-s\m-s°-∏pdta
sshZyptXm¿-÷-Øn-s‚ \n-c-¥-c-{]-hm-l-hpw. \-Ω-
sf√mw ssh-Zy-p-Xnbpw t]-dn\-S-°p-I-bm-sW-∂p
tXm-∂p-∂p-≠m-hn√, ]-t£, k-Xy-a-XmWv. \n-ßƒ
I-gn-°p-∂ `-£-Whpw iz-kn-°p-∂ Hm-Iv-kn-P\pw
ssh-Zyp-Xn-bm-bmWv tImi-ß-fn¬ kw-`-cn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv. F-∂n-´pw \-sΩ-sØm-Sp-tºmƒ tjm°Sn-°m-
ØXpw \-Ω-fn-cn-°p-tºmƒ tkm-^- I-cn-™p-t]m-
Im-ØXpw, Cu ssh-Zyp-Xn-{]-hm-lw \t∂ sNdn-
b A-f-hn¬ am-{X-ta-bp-≈q F-∂-Xp-sIm≠mWv.
\mt\mao-‰-dp-Iƒ am{Xw Xm-≠p-∂ 0.1 thmƒ-´v
am{Xw i-‡nbp≈ ssh-Zyp-tXm¿-÷-am-WXv. CXn-
s\-sbm-∂p s]-cp-°n-sb-Sp-Øm¬ H-cp- ao‰¿ Zq-c-
Øn¬ 20 aney¨ thmƒ-´v F-∂m-WpØ-cw In-´p-
I.16 C-Sn-an-∂-en-se ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-sS i-‡n-bm-W-
Xv.
h-en∏hpw B-Ir-Xnbpw F-¥m-bm-epw G-Xm-

s≠m-tc L-S-\-bn-emWv F√m tIm-i-ß-fp-sSbpw
\n¿-an-Xn. tIm-i-kv-X-c-sa-s∂mcp ]p-dw-]m-fn. ]ns∂
\-sΩ ap-t∂m-´p \-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠ P-\n-X-Ihn-
h-c-ß-sf√mw ti-J-cn®ph-®n-cn-°p∂ tIm-i-a¿-Ωw
(nucleus). c-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ C-∏-d-™ {]-
h¿Ø\ß-sf√mw \-S∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ Xn-c-°p-
]n-Sn® tIm-i-{Zhyw (cytoplasm). tIm-i-kvX-cw \-
Ωƒ I-cp-Xpw-t]m-se D-d-∏p-≈ Ih-N-sam-∂p-a√.
Ip-ØnØp-f-bv°m≥ aq¿-®-bp≈ kq-Nn th-≠p-∂
d-∫¿-I-h-N-hpa√ A-Xv. sj¿hn≥ _n. \p-e≥-Un-
s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬-∏-d-™m¬ km-[m-c-W F-©n≥
Hmbnen-s‚ I-ń-am-{X-ap-≈ en-∏n-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp∂ sIm-gp-∏-æ ]-Zm¿Yw-sIm≠mW-Xp \n¿-an-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv.17 Xn-I®pw A-K-Wy-am-W-sX-∂p tXm-∂p-
∂p-s≠¶n¬ H-cp Imcyw a-\- n-em-°Ww, kq-£v-
a-X-e-Øn¬ ]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS kz-`m-hw hy-Xy-kv-X-
amWv. A-hnsS P-e-I-W-ßƒ ]-i-t]m-se-bn-cn-
°pw, C-∏-d-™ en-∏n-Uv C-cpºp-t]m-se-bpw.
H-cn-°¬ H-cp tIm-i-Øn-\p-≈n¬ sN√m-\-hk-

cw In-ń-bm¬ \n-ßƒ°Xv A-k-lyam-sbm-c-\p-`-
h-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]-c-am-Wp°-sf ]-b-dp-a-Wn-bpsS h-
en-∏-Øn-te-°p s]-cp-∏n-s®-Sp-Øm¬ tIm-iw G-Xm-
≠v A-c ssa-¬ hymkap≈ tKm-f-am-bn-cn-°pw.
tIm-im-ÿn-IqSw (cytoskelton) F-∂p hn-fn-°p∂
k-¶o¿-W N-´-°q-Sm-W-Xn-s\ Xm-ßn-\n¿-Øp-∂Xv.
B N-´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬ tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p h-kv-Xp-
°ƒ No-dn-∏m-™p-\-S-°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. A-Xn¬ Nn-e-
Xn-\v _m-kv°-‰v t_m-fn-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-≠m-Ipw, Nn-
e-Xn-\v Im-dn-s‚-bpw. sh-Sn-bp-≠-I-fp-sS th-K-Øn-
emhpw A-h-bp-sS k-©mcw. \m\m-tIm-Wp-
Ifn¬\n-∂pw \n-ch-[n {]-l-c-ß-tf¬-°m-sX H-cp
\n-anjw-t]mepw \n-ßƒ°-hn-sS \n¬-°m-\m-In√.
k-μ¿-i-I¿-°p am-{Xa√, tIm-i-ß-fn-se ÿnchm-
kn-Iƒ-°pw Cu {]-lcw Gev°pw. A-hnS-sØ
Hmtcm Un.F≥.F. X¥phpw 8.4 sk-°≥Un-sem-
cn-°-se∂ tXm-Xn¬ (Zn-h-kw 10,000 X-hW-sb∂
tXm-Xn¬) cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fm¬ B-{I-an-°-s∏-
Sp∂p. Nne-Xv Ahsb C-Sn-®n-Spw, a-‰p Nn-e-Xv A-{i-
≤-am-bn Io-dn-ap-dn-®p I-S∂p-t]m-Ipw. Cu ap-dn-∏m-Sp-
Iƒ s]-s´-∂pX-s∂ Xp-∂n-°q-t´-≠-Xp≠v, A-s√-
¶n¬ AXp h-ep-Xmbn tIm-iwX-s∂ \-in®p-t]m-
Ipw.
A-Xy-[nIw Du¿-÷-kz-e-cm-Wv t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ.

sk-°-‚n¬ Hcp _neyt\m-fw X-h-W-bm-W-h¿ I-
d-ßp-∂Xpw kv-]-μn-°p-∂-Xpw Hm-Sn-\-S-°p-∂Xpw.18
H-cpX-cw t{]m-ó-\p-IƒX-s∂bm-b F≥-ssk-ap-I-
fmI-s´ ]-c°w-]m™v Hmtcm sk-°‚nepw B-bn-
c-tØm-fw tPm-en-Iƒ sN-øp∂p. sXmgn-em-fn D-dp-
ºp-I-fp-sS N-e-\-ß-sf A-Xn-th-K-Øn-em-°n-bm-se-
ß-s\bp-≠m-Ipw, G-Xm-≠Xp-t]m-se. Xn-c-°p-]n-Sn-
®v A-h X-∑m-{X-I-fp-≠m-°p∂p, H-cp-IjWw C-hn-
sS-\n-∂pw H-∂v a-s‰-hn-sS\n-s∂-¶n-epw F-Sp-Øv Iq-
ń-t®¿Øv X-∑m-{X-I-sf A-gn-®p ]-Wn-bp∂p. Nne-
Xv I-S∂p-t]m-Ip-∂ t{]mó-\pIsf \n-co-£n-
°p∂p. F-s¥-¶nepw Ip-g-∏-ap-≈, i-cn-bm-°n-sb-
Sp-°m-\m-hm-Øhn-[w {]-iv-\-ß-fp-≈ t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ
{i-≤-bn¬-s∏-´m¬ A-Xns‚-ta¬ Ahsbm-cp A-
S-bm-fw hbv°pw. Aß-s\ A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-°-
gn-™m¬ ]ns∂ c-£-bn√. AØ-cw t{]m-ó-\p-
Iƒ t{]-m-ó-kw F-s∂m-c-h-ÿ-bn-te-°p am-‰-s∏-
Spw. A-hn-sS-b-h-cp-sS L-S-I-`m-K-ß-sf√mw Du-cn-
sb-Sp-°pw. A-Xv th-sd ]pXnb t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-sS
\n¿-an-Xn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°pw. Nne- t{]mó\p-I-fp-sS
B-bp- v A-c- a-Wn-°qdp-t]mepw h-cn√, Nne-Xv B-
gvN-I-tfm-fw \n-e-\n¬-°pw. B-bp-s -{X-bm-bmepw D-
≈ Im-ew A-Xn-th-K-Øn-em-W-hbp-sS {]-h¿-
Ø\w. "\-ap-°p k-¶ev-]n-°m≥-t]mepw høm-
sØm-cp tem-I-am-Wv X-∑m-{X-I-fp-tSXv, A-{X-bv-°p
th-K-Øn-em-W-hn-sS Im-cy-ßƒ \-S°p∂-Xv.'19 Uyq-
th ]-d-bp∂p.
F-∂m¬ th-K-w Ip-d®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂v \-ap-°p

t\m-°n a-\- n-em-°mhp-∂ X-c-Øn-em-°n-bm¬ A-
hn-sS \-S-°p-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ A-{X {]-iv-
\ambntØm-∂n√. tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p km-[-\-ßƒ
tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p a-‰p km[\ß-fp-sS ta¬ sN-
∂n-Sn-®v tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v tPm-en-Iƒ sN-øp-s∂m-
cp ÿ-e-am-Wv tIm-i-sa-∂v A-t∏mƒ a-\- n-em-Ipw.
sse-tkm-tkm-apIƒ, F≥-tUm-tkm-apIƒ, ssd-
t_m-tkm-apIƒ, sse-K‚pIƒ, s]-tdm-Ivkntkm-
apIƒ, ]-e-X-c-Ønepw h-en-∏-Øn-ep-ap-≈ t{]m-ó-
\p-Iƒ F-∂nßs\ ]eXcamfpIfp≠hnsS. A-h-
bv-°p sN-øm-\p≈ tPm-en-I-tfm˛˛t]m-jImwi-ß-
fn¬\n∂v Du¿-÷w ti-J-cn-°p-I, km-[-\-ßƒ
sI-ń-∏-Sp-Øp-≠m°pI, ]m-gvh-kv-Xp-°ƒ I-f-bp-I,
A-Xn-{I-an-®p I-S-°p-∂h-sc t\-cn-Sp-I, k-tμ-i-
ßƒ A-b-bv°p-Ibpw kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-I,
A-‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-Iƒ \-SØp-I Aß-s\ ]e ]-e ]-
WnIƒ. km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ H-cp tIm-i-Øn¬ G-
Xm-≠v C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw hy-Xy-kv-X- C\w t{]m-ó-
\p-I-fp≠m-Ipw. C-Xn¬ G-Xm-≠v c-≠m-bn-c-sa-Æ-
Ønepw A-º-Xn-\m-bn-cw X∑m{XIƒh-®p-≠m-Ipw.
A-º-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X-¬ X-∑m-{X-I-fp-≈
t{]mó\pI-sf am-{X-sa-Sp-Øm¬X-s∂ H-cp tIm-i-
Øn¬ Np-cp-ßnbXv 100 aney¨t{]m-ó≥ X-∑m-{X-
I-fp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂m-W-Xn-\¿-Y-sa-∂v20 \yq-e‚ v ]-d-
bp∂p. "\-Ωp-sSbp-≈n¬ \-S-°p∂ ssP-h-c-kX-
{¥ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS h-en-∏sa-{X-bm-sW∂v Cu
h-º≥ kw-Jy-bn¬\n-∂pX-s∂ G-Xm-≠q-ln-°mw.'
i-cn°pw ITn-\m-[zm-\-am-h-iy-ap-≈ {]-{In-b-bm-

WXv. \n-ß-fp-sS lrZbw a-Wn-°q-dn¬ 343 en-‰¿
c-‡-am-Wv ]-ºp-sN-øp-∂Xv, Zn-hkw 8,000 en-‰¿, -
H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-se \o-¥¬-°p-fw \n-d-bv°mw C-{Xbpw
(jw3aneyën‰¿ h¿c‡w-sIm≠v). Hmtcm tIm-
i-Ønepw Hm-Iv-kn-P-s\-Øn-®v Ahsb Du¿÷kz-
e-cm-°n \n¿-Øm-\m-Wv lr-Z-b-Øns‚ Cu ITn-
\m-[zm-\w (\-Ωƒ shdpsX-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gp-≈ I-W-
°m-WnXvv, A-[zm-\n-°p-tºmƒ ]-ºn-ßns‚ thKw
B-dp a-S-ßph-sc D-b-cpw). c-‡-Øn-eq-sS-sb-Øp-
∂ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥ kzo-I-cn-°p∂-Xv ssa-t‰m-tIm-{≠n-
b-bmWv. A-h-bm-Wv tIm-i-ß-fnse Du¿÷-tI-{μ-
ßƒ. H-cp km-[m-cW tIm-i-Øn¬ G-Xm-≠v B-
bn-cw ssa-t‰m-tIm-{≠n-b-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. tIm-i-ß-fp-
sS ]-Wn-sb-¥m-sW-∂-Xpw F-{X-am{Xw Du¿-÷-
am-h-iy-ap-s≠-∂-Xn-s\bpw B-{i-bn-®v ssa-t‰m-tIm-
{≠n-b-I-fp-sS F-Æhpw am-dpw.
Io-g-S-°-s∏-´ _m-Œo-cn-b-I-fn¬\n-∂m-bn-cn°-
Ww ssa-t‰mtIm¨-{Snb-I-fp-sS D-¤-h-sa∂v I-gn-
™ A-[ym-b-Øn¬ ]d-™-tXm¿-°p-∂p-≠m-hpw.
\-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-sW-¶nepw hm-S-I-°m-
sc-t∏m-se-bm-W-h¿ Ignbp-∂-Xv˛˛kz-¥w P-\n-X-
Ihn-h-c-am-W-h¿ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv, kz-¥w
`m-j-bm-W-h¿ kw-km-cn-°p-∂Xv, kz-¥w k-a-b-{I-
a-a-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. A-h-cp-sS Z-
bhp-sIm-≠m-Wv \-Ω-fnß-s\ I-gn™p-t]mIp-∂-
sX-∂p ]-d-™Xpw Hm¿-°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. A-sX¥p-
sIm-s≠-∂p ]dbmw. \-Ωƒ A-I-Øm-°p-∂ `-
£Whpw Hm-Iv-kn-P-\pw ]m-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-ti-jw
F-Øp∂-Xv ssa-t‰m-tIm-{≠n-b-bn-emWv, A-hn-sSh-
®-h AUnt\m-kn≥ ss{S-t^m-kv-t^-‰v AY-hm
F.Sn.]n. F-∂ X-∑m-{X-bm-bn am-‰-s∏Spw.
F.Sn.]n. F-∂ hm°p-t]mepw H-cp]-t£ \n-

ßƒ tI-ń-´p-≠m-In√. ]-t£, A-h-cm-Wv \-Ω-sf-
bnß-s\ ap-t∂m´p -sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂-Xv F-∂dnb-
Ww. Du¿-÷w kw-`-cn-®ph-®n-´p-≈ sNdn-b _m-‰dn-
I-fm-Wv F.Sn.]n. X∑m{X-Iƒ. tIm-i-Øn-enß-s\
I-d-ßn-\S-∂v F√m ]-Wn-Iƒ°pw th-≠ Du¿÷w
\¬-Ip-∂-Xv Cu _m-‰dn-I-fm-Wv. Cu \n-anjw \n-
ß-fp-sS Hmtcm tIm-i-Ønepw G-Xm-≠v Hcp
_ney¨ F.Sn.]n. X-∑m-{X-I-fp-≠m-Ipw.21 c≠p an-
\n‰v- I-gn-bp-tºm-t-g°v Hmtcm X-∑m-{X-bn-sebpw
Du¿÷w Du-‰nsb-Sp-Øn-´p-≠mIpw, a-s‰m-cp \qdp-
tIm-Sn-sb-Æw B ÿm-\w G-s‰-Sp-°pw. H-cp- Zn-
hkw \n-ß-fp-≠m-°p-I-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw
sN-øp-∂ F.Sn.]n. X-∑m-{X-I-fpsS sam-Øw `m-c-
sa-Sp-Øm¬ \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-`m-c-Øn-s‚ ]IpXn
hcpw.22 i-co-c-Øn¬ sXm-Sp-tºm-sfm-cp C-fwNq-
Snt√, A-Xv F.Sn.]n.bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-w Im-c-W-ap-
≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv.
C-\n Hcp -tIm-i-Øn-s‚ ZuXyw A-h-km-\n-s®-
∂n-cn-°s´. X-ß-sfC\n B-h-iy-an-s√-∂p h-∂m¬
tIm-i-ßƒ a-c-W-a-S-bpw. A-eIpw ]n-Snbp-sa√mw
A-gn-®p-am-‰n A-h kz-ba-ßv C√m-Xm-Ipw. H-cpX-cw
kz-—-μ-arXyp. A-t]m]v-t‰m-kn-kv F-∂m-W-Xn-s\
hn-fn-°p-∂Xv. Hm-tcm- Znhkhpw tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p
tIm-i-ßƒ \n-ßƒ-°p-th-≠n a-cn-°p∂p, th-sd
tImSn°-W-°n-\p tIm-i-ßƒ A-h-bp-sS A-h-in-
„-ßƒ \o-°w-sN-øp-∂p. im¥am-b Cu hn-S-hm-
ß¬ Iq-Sm-sX A-{I-amk‡ a-c-W-hp-ap-≠m-Imd-
p≠v tIm-i-ßƒ°v. A-Wp-_m-[-tb¬-°p-tºmgpw
a-‰p-am-Wv A-Xp kw-`hn-°p-I. F-∂m¬ an-°-t∏m-
gpa-Xv kz—-μ-ar-Xyp-hm-bn-cn°pw. Po-hn-°m≥ \n¿-
t±-iw In-ń-bn-ń-s√-¶n¬—a-s‰m-cp tIm-i-Øn¬\n-
∂v kPoh \n¿-t±-ißƒ In-ń-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂n-
s√-¶n¬—-tIm-i-ßƒ a-cn-®p-I-f-bm-sa-∂phbv°pw.
C-S-bv°n-sS ss[-cyw-sIm-SpØp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂m-te
tIm-i-ßƒ°p \n-e-\n¬-°m-\mIq.
F-∂m¬ Nn-e-t∏mƒ tIm-i-ßƒ-°v Cß-s\

ap≥-\n-›-b-{]-Im-cw acn°m≥ ]-‰m-sX h-cpw. a-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p ]I-cw A-h tXm-∂n-b-t]mse
s]‰ps]-cp-Im≥ Xp-S-ßpw. A-Xn-s\-bm-Wv \mw
A¿-_p-Zw AY-hm Iym≥-k¿ F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.
B-i-b-°pg-∏w ]n-Sn-s]´ tIm-i-ß-fm-Wv b-Ym¿-Y-
Øn¬ A¿_pZtIm-ißƒ. tIm-i-ßƒ-°v Cu
B-i-b-°pg-∏w C-Sbv°nsS kw-`-hn-°m-dp≠v, ]-
t£, A-Xp I-s≠-Øn i-cn-bm-°n-sb-Sp-°m\p-≈
k-¶o¿-Wkw-hn-[m-\w \-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Øn-ep≠v. F-
∂m¬, Nn-et∏mƒ Cu {]-{In-b A-\n-b-{¥n-X-
amwhn-[w ap-t∂m´p- t]m-Ipw. Hm-tcm B-bn-cw tIm-
Sn-t°m-Sn tIm-i-hn-`P-\w \-S-°p-tºmgpw H-cn-°-
se∂ tXmXn¬ a-\p-jy\v am-c-Iam-b Cu Ip-g-∏-w
A-\p-`-hn-°p∂p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-W-°v.23 A-t∏mƒ A-
ßs\-sbm-cp \n¿-`m-Ky-am-Wv Iym≥k¿. F√m A¿-
Y-Ønepw.
Cß-s\ h√-t∏mgpw ]m-fn-® ]-‰m-dp-≠v F-

∂X√, H-cp Ip-g-∏hpw IqSmsX ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-tfm-
fw ap-t∂m´p -t]m-Im-dp-≠v F-∂-Xm-Wv tIm-i-ß-
fp-sS khntijX. Ipg-∏-sam∂pwIq-Sm-sX Im-cy-
ßƒ ap-t∂m´p- sIm≠p-t]m-Im-\hbv-°p I-gn-bp∂-
Xv A-km-[y B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bti-jn Im-c-W-amWv.
i-co-c-Øn-s‚ \m-\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw tIm-Sn-°-
W-°n-\v k-tμ-ißƒ˛˛\n¿t±-ißƒ, kw-i-b-
ßƒ, k-lm-bm-`y¿-Y-\Iƒ, Xn-cp-Ø-epIƒ, hn-`-
Pn°m\pw kz-bw \-in-°m-\p-ap-≈ D-Ø-c-hp-Iƒ
Aß-s\ F{Xtbm ktμißƒ˛˛A-h ]p-d-s∏-
Sp-hn-°p∂p, kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. tlm¿-
tamWp-I-sf-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ X-]m¬-°m-c≥ h-gn-bm-
Wv C-Xn¬ an-° k-tμ-iß-fp-sa-Øp-∂-Xv. C≥-
kp-en≥, B-{Un-\m-en≥, Hm-kv-t{Sm-sP≥, sS-kv-
t‰mkvs‰-tdm¨ Xp-Sßn-b cm-k-h-kv-Xp-°-fm-Wv
tlm¿-tam-WpIƒ. ssX-tdmbvUv, F≥-tUm-ss{I≥
Xp-Sßn-b {K-Ÿn-I-fn-se hnZq-c Im-h¬\n-e-b-ß-
fn-encp-∂m-W-h¿ k-tμ-i-ßƒ hn-\na-bw sN-øp-∂-
Xv. X-e-t®m-dn¬\nt∂m {]mtZin-ItI-{μ-ß-
fn¬\nt∂m I-ºn-k-tμ-i-am-sb-Øp-∂ hn-h-c-ßƒ
th-sdbp-ap≠v. ]m-cm-ss{I≥ k-tμ-i-ß-sf-∂m-W-
h A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. C-Xns\√mw ]pd-ta {]-h¿Ø-
\w G-tIm-]n-X-am-bm-Wp \-S-°p-∂-sX-∂p-d-∏phcp-
Øm≥ tIm-i-ßƒ A-Sp-Øp≈ tIm-i-ß-fp-am-bn
t\-cn-´p \-S-Øp-∂ B-i-bhn-\na-bw th-sd-bp-ap≠v.
Nn-¥n-®p-d-∏n-®v k-a-b-sa-Sp-Øp \-S-Øp-∂ {]-h¿-

Ø-\-ß-f√ C-sXm∂pw F-∂-Xm-Wv G-‰hpw {i-
t≤bw. B-I¿j-W˛˛hn-I¿-j-W \n-b-a-ß-fm¬
_-‘n-X-am-bn ss\-anjnItNm-Z-\-bm¬ \-S-°p-∂
Xn-c-°n-´ {]-hr-Øn-Ifm-sW√mw. F-¶nepw A-Xß-
s\ \-S∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p, B-h¿-Øn-®m-h¿-Øn®v, B-
[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn, A-ßs\-sbm-∂p \-S-°p-∂p-≠v
F∂p-t]mepw tXm∂mØ-hn-[-Øn¬ im-¥-ambn.
B-temN-\mte-i-an√m-sX-bm-Wp \-S-°p-∂sX-
¶nepw tIm-i-Øn-\-IØpw _-‘-s∏-´ A-h-b-h-
Øn-e-tßm-f-an-tßmfhpw B {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ H-cpX-
cw {I-aw D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. B-temN-\sbm∂pw
Iq-SmsX ]-c-kv-]-c]q-c-I-am-bn \-S-°p∂ tIm-Sm\p-
tIm-Sn cm-k{]-h¿-Ø\-ßfpw {]-Xn-{]-h¿-Ø-\-
ßfpw Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂m-Wv Nn-¥m-ti-jnbp-≈ N-en-
°p∂ \n-ß-sf D-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈-Xv A-s√-¶n¬
A{X-sbm∂pw Nn-¥n-°m-Ø F∂m¬ A-km-
[yamwhn-[w kw-L-Sn-Xcm-b Nm-W-I h-≠ns\ D-
≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. A-sXß-s\ km-[n-°p-∂p-
sh-∂ Imcyw
\-Ω-fn-Xph-sc a-\- n-em-°n-Øp-S-ßn-bn´p-t]m-ep-

an√. F-¶n-epw H∂p a-\ n-em-°n-s°m≈pI, Hmtcm
Po-hn-X-hpw k-¶o¿-Wamb B-W-h F-≥Pn\o-b-dn-
Mv A-¤p-XamWv.
{]m-Ir-X-sc-∂p \mw I-cp-Xp-∂ ]-e Po-hn-I-fp-

sSbpw tIm-i-L-S-\bpw {]-h¿-Ø-\hpw \-Ωp-tS-Xn-
s\-°mƒ tI-a-am-sW-∂-Xm-Wv a-s‰m-c-Xn-i-bw. D-
Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v kv-t]m-©v. kv-t]m-©n-s‚ tIm-i-
ßƒ sh-ń-ap-dn-®v shtΔsd-bm-°n-bn´v (H-cp A-cn-∏-
bn-eq-sS I-S-Øn-hn-´m¬ a-Xn A-Xn\v) F√mwIqSn
G-sX-¶nepw em-b-\n-bn-en-´m¬ A-Xp ho≠pw Iq-
Sn-t®¿-∂v kv-t]m-©m-bn am-dpw. F-{X X-h-W-bn-Xp
sN-bv-Xm-epw F-ß-s\-sb-¶n-ep-a-h IqSn-t®¿-∂v H-
∂m-Ipw. Im-c-Ww, Fs∂bpw \n-ß-sfbpwt]m-se
F√m Po-hn-I-fn-epw A-¥¿-eo-\am-sbm-cp tNm-Z-\-
bp≠v˛˛F-ß-s\bpw ap-t∂m´p-t]m-hp-I.
A-ßs\-sbm-cp tNm-Z-\ \-ap°p \¬-Ip∂-Xv hn-

Nn-{Xam-b, F-∂m¬ Zr-V-\n-›-b-ap-≈, ]-t£ \-
ap-°n-\n-bpw i-cn°p a-\- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-™nń√m-
Ø H-cp X-∑m-{X-bmWv. kz-¥w \n-e-bv-°v Po-h-
\n√m-Ø, an-°-t∏mgpw sh-dp-sX-bn-cn-°p∂ B X-
∑m-{X-sb \-Ωƒ Un.F≥.F. F-∂p hn-fn-°pw. im-
kv{X-tem-IØpw \-Ωp-sS Po-hn-X-Ønepw A-Xn-\p-
≈ ]-c-a-{]m-[m-\ysØ-°p-dn-®p a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v
160 h¿-jw ]n-t∂m´p-t]m-bn hn-tŒm-dnb≥ Cw-•-
≠n-se-Ø-Ww. A-t∏mgmWv Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ F-
∂ Po-h-im-kv{X⁄-\v B A-]q¿-hmi-bw P-\n-
®Xv. tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-sX-¶nepsam-cp hy-‡n-
°p≠m-b G-‰hpw an-I-®sX-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-
hp∂ Bibw.24 A-ß\-sØ B Bi-bw A-t±-
lw B-tcmSpw ]-d-bmsX ]Xn\©p h¿-j-tØ-°v
H-cp ta-i-h-en-∏n¬ ]q-ń-hbv°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. A-
sX-¥n-\m-bn-cp∂p-sh∂Xv Ipd-®p hn-i-Z-am-bn ]-d-
tb-≠ I-Y-bmWv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 A-Xn-\v H-cp t_m-bn-Mv 777 hn-am-\-Øn-ep-≈-

{Xbpw L-S-I`m-K-ßƒ H-∂n®p tN¿-Øv sN-dp-
Xm°n-sbm-Xp-°n A©p- ssa-t{Im¨ am{Xw hym-k-
ap≈ tKm-f-am-°n-sb-Sp-°-Ww: \yq- k-b‚n-kv-‰v, 2000
Un-kw_¿ 2, t]-Pv 37.
2 c-≠p i-X-am-\w t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-sS ]-Wn-tb a-

\- n-em-°m-\m-bn-´p-≈p F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-h-cp-≠v:
{_u¨, Z F-\¿Pn Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 83. 3 F-
¥n-\m-Wh ss\-{SnIv HmIv-ssk-Uv- D≠m-°p-∂-sX-
∂Xv BZy-samcp {]-tlfn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p: {_u¨, Z
F-\¿Pn Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 229. 4 ss\-t{Sm-•n-k-
dn≥ c-‡-°p-g-ep-I-fn¬ ss\-{SnIv HmIv-ssk-Uv B-
bn am-dpw: B¬_¿-Svkpw a‰pw, F-k≥-jy¬ sk¬
_-tbm-fPn, t]-Pv 489. 5 \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p X-cw hy-
XykvX tIm-i-ß-fp-≠v \-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Øn-se-∂v: Zv
Zpth, F ssKU-Uv Sq¿ Hm-^v Z en-hn-Mv sk¬,
hm-eyw 1 t]-Pv 21. 6 i-cmi-cn h-en-∏-ap-s≈m-cp a-\p-
jy≥ G-Xm-≠v c-≠p In-tem-{Kmw arX-tIm-i-ß-fm-
Wv Np-a∂p-sIm-≠p \-S-°p-∂-Xv: s_m-Um-\n-kv, Z
ko-{I-´v ^m-an-en, t]-Pv
106.
7 I-c-fn-se tIm-i-ßƒ h¿j-ß-tfm-fw \n-e-

\n¬-°pw: Zv Zp-th, F ssKU-Uv Sq¿ Hm-^v Z en-hn-
Mv sk¬, hm-eyw 1 t]-Pv 68.
8 H-cp X-∑m-{X-bv°p-t]m-epw H-º-Xp -h¿-j-Øn¬

Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-b-ap-≠m-In-s√-∂p ]-d-bmw: s_m-Um-
\n-kv, Z ko-{I-´v ^m-an-en, t]-Pv 81.
9 k-a-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ H-cn-©p tIm¿-°v I-

j-W-Øn¬ 1,259,712,000 CØ-cw A-d-I-fp-≠m-Ip-
sa-∂v A-t±-lw I-W-°p-Iqń: \p-e≥Uv, lu hn
enhv, t]-Pv
100. 10 Ip-cpapf-Ipc-k-Øn¬ A-Wp-{]m-WnI-sf

I-≠-Xm-bn 1676˛¬ At±lw A-dn-bn®-t∏mƒ: Pm¿-
ssU≥, C≥-Po-\nb-kv ]¿-kyq-´vkv, t]-Pv 93. 11 H-
scm-‰-Øp-≈n sh-≈-Øn¬ 8,280,000 s{]m-´-tkm-h-
I-fp-s≠∂v : tXmakv, am≥ B≥-Uv Z \m-Nz-d¬
thƒUv, t]-Pv 167. 12 Ip-™pa-\p-jys\ A-t±-lw
tlm-ap≥-Iyq-en F-∂p hn-fn-®p: jzm¿-Sv-kv, k-U≥
H-dn-Pn≥kv, t]-Pv 167.
13 sh-Sn-a-cp-∂n-s‚ kv-t^m-S-I-ti-jn A-Sp-Ø-dn-

bm≥ A-t±-lw Ip-d-®p- sh-Sn-a-cp-∂v I-Øn-®v sXm-
´-Sp-Øn-cp-∂v \n-co-£n®p: Imcn(FUn.), Z t^_¿
_p°v Hm-^v k-b≥-kv, t]-Pv 28.
14 F√m Po-hn-Ifpw tIm-i-ß-fm-em-Wv \n¿-an-®n-

cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥ 1839 h-sc Im-t°-
≠nh∂p: \p-e≥Uv, lu hn enhv, t]-Pv 101.
15 tIm-iß-sf ]-e-Xn-t\mSp-ap-]-an-°m-dp≠v: s{S-

^n¬, 101 Xn-Mv-kv bp tUm-≠v t\m F-_u-´v k-
b≥-kv B≥-Uv t\m h¨ F¬-kv U-kv FbvZ¿,
t]-Pv 33, {_u¨, Z F-\¿Pn Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv
78.
16 CXn-s\-sbm-∂p s]-cp-°n-sb-Sp-Øm¬ H-cp -ao-

‰¿ Zq-c-Øn¬ 20 aney¨ thmƒ-´v F-∂m-WpØ-cw
In´p-I: {_u¨, Z F-\¿Pn Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv
87. 17 km-[m-c-W F-©n≥ Hm-bn-en-s‚ I-ń-am-{X-ap-
≈ en-∏n-Uv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ sImgp∏-æ ]-Zm¿Yw-
sIm-≠m-W-Xp \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv: \p-e≥Uv, lu
hn enhv, t]-Pv
103. 18 sk-°-‚n¬ Hcp _neyt\m-fw X-h-W-bm-

W-h¿ I-d-ßp-∂Xpw kv]μn-°p-∂Xpw Hm-Sn-\-S-°p-
∂-Xpw: {_u¨, Z F-\¿Pn Hm-^v sse^v, t]Pv
80.
19 \-ap-°p k-¶ev-]n-°m≥-t]mepw h-øm-sØm-

cp tem-I-am-Wv X-∑m-{X-I-fp-tSXv, A{Xbv-°p th-
K-Øn-em-W-hn-sS Im-cy-ßƒ \-S-°p-∂-Xv: Zv Zpth,
F ssKU-Uv Sq¿ Hm-^v Z en-hn-Mv sk¬, hm-eyw
2, t]-Pv 293.
20 H-cp tIm-i-Øn¬ Np-cp-ßnbXv 100 aney¨

t{]m-ó≥ X-∑m-{X-I-fp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂mW-Xn-\¿-Y-sa-
∂v-: \p-e≥Uv, lu hn enhv, t]-Pv 157.
21 Cu \n-anjw \n-ß-fp-sS Hmtcm tIm-i-Ønepw

G-Xm-≠v Hcp _ney¨ F.Sn.]n. X-∑m-{X-I-fp-≠m-
Ipw: B¬-_¿Svkpw a-‰pw, F-k≥-jy¬ sk¬ _-
tbm-fPn, t]-Pv 110.
22 H-cp-Znh-kw \n-ß-fp-≠m-°p-I-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-
°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ F.Sn.]n. X∑m{XI-fp-sS sam-
Øw `m-c-sa-Sp-Øm¬ \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c`m-c-Øn-s‚
]IpXn h-cpw: t\®¿, Um¿-hn≥-kv tam-t´m-gv-kv,
2002 sa-bv 2, t]Pv 25.
23 Hm-tcm B-bn-cw tIm-Sn-t°m-Sn tIm-i-hn`P-\w

\-S-°p-tºmgpw H-cn-°-se∂ tXmXn¬ a-\p-jy\v
am-c-Iam-b Cu Ip-g-∏-w A-\p`-hn-°p∂p-s≠-∂m-Wv
IW°v: dn-Uven, Pn-t\mw, t]-Pv 237.
24 tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp hy-‡n-

°p≠m-b G-‰hpw anI®sX-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-
∂ B-i-bw: sU-∂‰v, Um¿-hn≥-kv sUbv-©dkv
sF-Un-b, t]-Pv 21.
A[ym-bw 25
Um¿-hn-s‚ A-Xp-eymibw
´-\n-se k-am-Z-cWo-b {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Wam-

b "Izm¿-´¿-en dn-hyq-'hns‚ F-Un-‰¿ ssh-‰vsh¬
F¬-hn-\v Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥ F-∂ Po-him-kv-
{X⁄-s\-gpXn-b ]pXn-b ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ ap≥-
Iq¿ tIm-∏n In-ń. 1859˛se {Ko-jv-a-Im-e-Øn-s‚ A-
h-km-\tam i-cXv°m-e-Øn-s‚ Xp-S-°-Øntem B-
bn-cp-∂p AXv. Xm¬-]-cy-tØm-sS F¬-hn≥ B
]p-kvX-Iw hm-bn®p, sIm-≈m-sa-∂p k-Ω-Xn-°p-
IbpwsN-bvXp. ]-t£, H-cp kw-ibw: hm-b-\-°m¿-
°-Xn¬ hen-b Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≠mIp-tam? `q-cn]-£w
hm-b-\°m¿°pw Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≠m-Im-\n-S-bn√m-
sØm-cp sN-dn-b ta-J-e-sb-bm-Wv B ]p-kvX-Iw
kv-]¿-in-°p-∂-sX-∂m-bn-cp-∂p ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-sS A-
`n-{]m-bw. Z-bm-]p-c -cw A-t±-lw Um¿-hn-\v H-cp-]-
tZ-iw \¬-In {]m-hp-I-sf∏-‰n FgpXp-I. "hnjbw
{]m-hv B-sW-¶n¬ F√m-h¿°pw Xm¬-]-cy-ap-
≠mIpw.'1
F¬-hn-s‚ B \n¿-t±-iw ]-t£, Um¿-hn≥ kzo-

I-cn-®n√. "Po-h-PmXn-I-fp-sS D¤-hw' AY-hm "H-dn-
Pn≥ Hm-^v kv-]o-jo-kv' F∂ B ]p-kvXIw (ap-
gp-h≥ t]cv On the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Fa-
voured Races in the Struggle for Life ) 1859
\hw_¿ A-h-km-\w {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. 15
jn√n-ßm-bn-cp-∂p hn-e. B-Zy]-Xn-∏nse 1,250 tIm-
∏n-Iƒ B-ZyZn-h-kwX-s∂ hn-‰pXo¿∂p. ]ns∂
F{Xtbm ]-Xn-∏p-I-fn-dßn, C-t∏m-gpa-Xp hn-‰p-t]m-
Ip∂p. B ]p-kvX-Iw C-Xph-sc hn-]-Wn-bn¬\n-
∂p ]n-¥-≈-s∏-ń-ń√, hn-hm-Z-ß-fn¬\n-∂p
ap‡am-bn-´p-an√. aÆn-c\n-co£-Ww {]n-b hn-t\m-
Z-am-bn sIm-≠p-\S-∂ H-cmsf kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-
fw Nn√-dt\-´-sam∂pa√ CXv. C-Xn-s\√mw h-gn-h-
®tXm H-cp I∏¬bm-{X-bpw. A∂v I-∏-en¬ Ib-
dn tem-Iw Np-‰m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n®n√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
B-cp-a-dn-bm-sX shdp-sam-cp \m-ń≥-]p-d-Øp-Im-c-\m-
bn Nmƒkv Um¿-hn-s‚ Po-hn-Xw A-h-km-\n-°p-am-
bn-cp∂p. B-sc-¶nepw Adnbp-sa¶n¬Ø-s∂ AXv
A-t±-l-Øn-\p a-Æn-c-tbm-Sp-≈ Xm¬-]-cy-Øn-s‚
t]-cn-em-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p.
an-Uv-e‚ vkn-se {jyq-kv-_-dn-bn-sb-∂ im-¥am-

b ]-´-W-Øn¬ 1809* s^{_p-h-cn 12 \m-bn-cp-∂p
Nmƒ-kv tdm-_¿-´v Um¿-hn-s‚ P-\-\w. k-º∂\pw
_-lp-am-\y-\pam-sbm-cp `n-j-Kz-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p
A—≥. Nmƒ-kn-\v F´ph-b- p-≈-t∏mƒ A-Ω a-
cn®p. I-fn-a¨-]m-{Xhy-hkmbn tPmkn-b sh-Uv-
Pvhp-Un-s‚ a-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿.
* N-cn-{X-Øn-se ip-`-Zn-\ßfn-sem-∂mbn-cp-∂p
A-Xv. A-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv sI‚-°n-bn¬ F-{_lmw
en-¶¨ P-\n-®Xv.
kp-J-k-ar-≤n-bn-em-Wv Um¿-hn≥ h-f¿-∂-Xv. ]-

t£, A-Ω-bn√m-Ø aI-s\ h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-Ø A-
—≥ ZpxJn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p, aI-\v ]T-\Øn-ep≈
Xm¬-]-cy-°p-d-hpX-s∂ Im-cWw. "H-∂nep-sam-cp
Xm¬-]-cy-hp-an√, \n-\°v. \m-bm-ńepw \m-b-I-
fnepw F-en-]n-Sn-Ø-Ønepw am-{X-am-Wv Iºw.2 \o
\n\°pw Ip-Spw-_-Øn\pw am-\-lm-\n h-cp-Øn-hbv-
°pw.' aq-Ø tN-´s‚ Cu FgpØv Um¿-hn-s‚
Ip-ń-°m-e-sØ∏-‰n ]-d-bp-tºm-sg√mw D-≤-cn-°s∏-
Sm-dp≠v. {]Ir-Xn]T-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p Xm¬-]-cy-sa-
¶nepw A—-s\ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥th-≠n Um¿-
hn≥ F-Un≥-_-d k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ssh-Zy-im-
kv{Xw ]Tn-°m≥ tN¿∂p. ]-t£, c-‡-s®m-cn-
®nepw I-„-∏m-Sp-Ifpw I≠p-\n¬-°m≥ A-h-\m-Ip-
am-bn-cp-∂n√.3 H-cn°¬ H-cp- i-kv-{X{Inb I-m-tW-
≠nh-∂-tXm-sS (A-\-kv-tX-jy h-cp-∂-Xn-\p ap-ºp-
≈ Im-e-am-bn-cp-s∂-t∂m¿-°Ww) A-h-\m-sI X-
f¿∂p. ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X]T-\w AhnsS A-h-km-\n-
°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. \n-b-a-]T-\-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Sp-
ØXv. Xn-I®pw hn-c-k-sa∂pI-≠v AXpw D-t]-£n-
®p. H-Sp-hn¬ Um¿-hn≥ ]p-d-ØndßnbXv tIw-{_n-
Uv-Pn¬\n-∂p≈ ssZ-h-im-kv-{X_n-cp-Z-hp-am-bmWv.
ssZ-h-im-kv-{Xw ]Tn®n-dßn-b Um¿-hn-s‚ Po-hn-

Xw \m-ń≥-]pd-sØ ]-≈n-bn¬ hn-Im-cn-bm-bn A-
h-km-\n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p, A-t∏m-gm-Wv h-gnØn-cn-
hmbn Hc-{]-Xo-£n-X £-Ww e-`n-°p-∂Xv. {]-tem-
`-\o-bam-sbm-cp £Ww, \m-hn-I-tk-\-bp-sS ]-cy-
th-£-W-°-∏¬ F-®v.Fw.F-kv. _o-Knfn¬ tem-
Iw Np-‰m-\p≈ £-Ww. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ I-∏-en-s‚
Iym-]v-‰≥ {^n-‰v-kvtdm-bn-°v cm-{Xn-hn-cp-∂p-I-fn¬
Iq-´p-tN-cp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Um¿hn-s‚ Zu-Xyw.
D-b¿-∂ dm-¶n-ep≈ tdm-bn-°v am-\y∑m-tcm-sSm-∏ta
km-bm”-ßƒ sN-e-hn-Sm≥ ]-‰p-am-bn-cp-∂p≈p. hn-
Nn-{X-a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p tdmbn. Um¿-hn-s‚ aq-°n-
s‚ B-Ir-Xn-bm-W-t{X A-t±l-sØ B-I¿-jn-
®Xv. AKm[-hy‡n-Xz-Øn-s‚ kq-N-\-bm-Wv B aq-
s°-∂v A-t±-lw hn-iz-kn-®p. Um¿hn-\p ap-ºv a-
‰p-]-e-sc-bpw {^n-‰v-kvtdm-bn £-Wn-®-XmWvv. A-h-
sc√mw Hgn-™p-am-dn-b-t∏mƒ \-dp-°v Um¿-hn-\p
hoWp. C-cp-]-sØm∂mw \q-‰m≠n¬-\n-∂p t\m-°p-
tºmƒ _o-Kn-fnse Cu k-©m-cn-IƒX-Ωn¬ H-
scm‰°m-cy-Øn-te km-ay-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p F-∂p
Im-Wmw, sN-dp-∏-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬. bm-{X Xp-
S-ßp-tºmƒ {^n-‰vkvtdm-bn-°v C-cp-]-Øn-aq-∂p
hb mWp {]mbw, Um¿-hn-\v C-cp-]-Øn-c-≠pw.
Xo-c-k¿-th-bm-bn-cp-∂p {^n-‰v-kvtdm-bn-bp-sS Zu-

Xyw. ]-t£, a-s‰m-cp e£y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p B bp-
hm-hn-s‚ a-\- n¬. ss_-_n-fn-se D¬]Øn kn-≤m-
¥-Øn-\v sX-fn-hp I-s≠-Øp-I. a-X-]mT-im-e-bn¬
]Tn-® Um¿hn\v C-°m-cy-Øn¬ k-lm-bn-°m-\m-Ip-
sa∂p {^n-‰v-kvtdm-bn I-cpXn. F-∂m¬ A-t±-lw I-
cp-Xn-bXp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ Um¿-hn≥. kzX-{¥
Nn-¥m-KXn, a-XX-Øz-ß-tfm-Sp hen-b {]-Xn-]-Øn-
bp-an√. C-cp-h¿-°p-an-Sbn¬ kpZo¿-Lam-b \oc-kw
cq-]-s∏-Sm≥ A-Xp Im-c-W-am-bn.
Po-hn-Xw hm¿-sØ-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂ k-a-b-ambn-cp-

∂p _o-Kn-fn¬ k-©cn® 1831 ap-X¬ 1836 h-sc-bp-
≈ Im-ew Um¿-hn-s\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw. H∏w
]-co-£-W-ß-fp-sSbpw I-„-∏m-Sn-s‚bpw Im-e-am-bn-
cp∂p, AXv. I-∏en¬ Iym-]v-‰-s\m-∏w H-cp Ip-™p-
ap-dn-bn-em-Wv Um-¿-hn≥ I-gn-™Xv. \n m-cIm-c-W-
ßƒ-°v A-{I-am-k-‡amwhn-[w tcmjw-sIm-≈p-∂-
bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p {^n-‰v-kvtdmbn. C-cp-h-cpw C-S-bv°n-
sS h-g-°n´p. A-Xn¬ ]-e-Xpw Xn-I®pw {`m-¥-am-
bn-cp-s∂-∂v Um¿-hn≥ ]n-∂o-Sp ]-d-™-n-´p≠v.4 k-
ap-{Z-k-©m-cnIƒ]-e-t∏mgpw I-Sp-Ø hn-jm-Z-Øn-
s‚bpw a-t\m-hn-{`m-¥n-bp-sSbpw h-°n-seØ-s∏-
Spw. AØ-c-sam-cp hn-jm-Z-Øn-s‚ G-Im-¥-X-bn¬
X-e-bn-te-°p sh-Sn-bp-≠ ]m-bn-®-bm-fmWv _o-Kn-fn-
s‚ ap≥ Iym-]v‰≥. {^n-‰vkv-tdm-bn-bmI-s´ hn-jm-
Zw th-´-bm-Sp-s∂m-cp Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wp h-
cp-∂XpXs∂. J-P-\m-hn-s‚ Nm≥-k-e-dm-bn-cn-t°
I-gp-Øp-ap-dn-®v B-fl-l-Xy-sN-bv-X-bm-fm-Wv A-Ωm-
h≥ hn-kvI‚ v Im-‰¿eo (]n-∂o-Sv, 1865˛¬ {^n‰vkv
tdm-bnbpw C-tXt]m-se B-fll-Xy sN-bvXp). {]-
iv-\-sam-∂p-an√m-sX im¥-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ-
t]mepw B¿°pw ]n-Sn \¬-Im-Ø hy-‡n-Xz-ambn-
cp-∂p {^n-‰v-kv tdm-bn-bp-tSXv. _o-Knƒ bm-{X-I-gn-
™n-d-ßn-b-bp-S≥ {^n‰v-kv-tdm-bn X-s‚ Zo¿-L-Im-
e-{]-W-bn-\n-sb hn-hm-lw sN-bv-sX-∂-dn™v Um¿-
hn≥ sR-ń-t∏mbn. C-ßs\-sbm-cp _-‘-Øn-s‚
kqN-\-t]mepw At±-lw \¬-In-bn-cp-∂n√. F-¥n-
\v A-©p -h¿j-sØ _o-Kn-fn-se k-lhm-k-Øn-\n-
S-bv-°v H-cn-°¬-t∏mepw A-h-fp-sS t]cp-t]mepw ]-
d-™n-cp∂n√.5
C-sXms°-sbm-gn-®p\n¿-Øn-bm¬ F¥p-
sIm≠pw h≥-hn-P-b-am-bncp-∂p _o-Knƒbm{X.
Um¿-hn-s\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw H-cp Po-hn-X-
ImetØ-°p ap-gp-h-\p-≈ km-l-k-bm-{X-bm-bn-cp-
∂p AXv. ]n-∂o-Sp h¿j-ßtfm-fw \n-co-£n-
°m\pw {]-i-kv-Xn k-ºm-Zn-°m\pw th≠-{X Po-h-
im-kv{X am-Xr-I-I-fm-Wv B bm-{X-bn¬ Um¿-hn≥
ti-J-cn-®Xv. h-º≥ ]pcm-X\ t^m-kn-ep-I-fp-sS D-
÷z-etiJ-cw A-t±-lw I-s≠Øn. G-‰hpw anI®
saKmtX-dn-bw t^m-kn¬ A-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nn-
en-bn¬ ò-I-cam-sbm-cp `q-anIp-ep-°-Øn¬\n-∂p c-
£-s∏´p. ]pXn-sbm-cn-\w tUmƒ-^n-s\ I-s≠Øn
(A-Xn-\-t±-lw hn\o-Xhn-t[-b-\m-bn tUmƒ-^n\-
kv ^n-‰v-kvtdm-bn F-∂p t]-cn-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp).
B≥-Un-kv ta-J-e-bn¬ Zp-jv-I-chpw F-∂m¬
{]tbmP-\-{]Zhpam-b ù-a-im-kv-{X \n-co-£-W-
Øn-te¿-s∏-´p. ]hn-gZzo-]p-I-fpsS cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-
sØ-∏-‰n {]-i-kv-Xam-sbm-cp kn-≤m-¥-am-hn-jv-I-
cn®p. ]hng∏p-‰pIƒ-sIm-≠p Zzo-]p-I-fp-≠mb-Xv ]-
Øpe-£w h¿-j-sa-¶nepw ap-ºmsW-∂v B kn-≤m-
¥-Øn¬ ]-d-bp∂p.6 ù-a-{]-{In-b-Iƒ-°v A-Xph-
sc Icp-Xn-b-Xnepw F{Xtbm {]m-b-ap-s≠-∂ Um¿-
hn-s‚ \n-K-a-\-Øn-s‚ BZy kq-N-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-
Xv. 1936˛¬ C-cp-]-tØgmw h-b- n¬ Um¿-hn≥
I∏¬bm-{X- I-gn-™v Xn-cn-s®Øn. ho-ń¬\n-∂n-d-
ßn-bn-´v A-©p h¿-jhpw c≠p Zn-h-k-hpw ]n-∂n-
ń-cp-∂p A-t∏mƒ. A-Xn-\p-ti-j-sam-cn-°epw Um¿-
hn≥ Cw-•-≠n-\p ]p-d-tØ-°p t]m-bn-ń√.
hn-Jym-Xamb Cu bm-{X-bv-°n-S-bn¬ Nmƒ-kv

Um¿-hn≥ ]-cnWm-a kn-≤m¥w B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p F-
∂p ]-d-™m¬ A-Xp i-cnb√. 1830I-fn¬ Um¿-
hn≥ bm-{X Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒØ-s∂ ]-cn-Wm-asa-∂
B-i-b-Øn-\v ]Xn‰m-≠p-I-fp-sS {]mb-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. Um¿-hn≥ P-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw h¿-j-ßƒ°p
apºv Um¿-hn-s‚ kz¥w ap-Ø-—≥ C-dm-kva-kv ]-cn-
Wm-asØ {]Io¿Øn-®v "Zv sSw-]nƒ Hm-^v t\®¿'
F-s∂m-cp Ihn-XX-s∂-sb-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v. _o-Knƒ
bm-{X -I-gn-™v Cw-•-≠n¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn h¿-j-ßƒ
I-gn-™mWv Cu Um¿-hn≥ Cu B-i-b-Øn-em-Ir-
„-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. tXma-kv am¬-Øqkns‚ P-\-kw-
Jym-kn-≤m-¥-{]-_-‘ ( Essay on the Principle
of Population) amW7t±l-sØ A-Xn-te-°p Xn-cn-
®p-hn´Xv. (a-\p-jy≥ A-Xn-th-Kw s]-cp-Ipsa∂pw
`-£-Ww A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®p s]-cp-In-s√-∂p-am-bn-cp-
∂p am¬-Øq-kns‚ kn≤m-¥w. K-Wn-X-im-kv-{XIm-
c-W-ß-fm¬Ø-s∂ `-£-We-`y-X-bv-°v
P\kwJyms∏-cp-∏-hp-am-bn H-Øp-t]m-Im≥ I-gn-bn-
s√-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d-™p.) Aßs\Po-hn-Xw H-cp
t]m-cm-´-am-sW-∂ B-i-b-Øn-se-Øn-t®¿-∂p
Um¿hn≥. A-Xn-Po-h-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ t]m-cm-´-Øn¬
Nn-e Po-h-Pm-Xn-Iƒ hnP-bw hcn°p-∂Xpw Nn-e¿
]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw {]-Ir-Xn-\n¿-[m-c-Ww (Natural
Selection) F-∂ {]-{In-b h-gn-bm-sW-∂pw A-t±-
lw I-s≠Øn. {]-IrXn hn-`-h-ßƒ- ssI-b-S-°m-
\p-≈ a-’-c-Øn-em-Wv F√m Po-hn-I-fpw. Cu
a’c-Øn¬ ss\-k¿Kn-I-am-bnØs∂ ap≥-ssI-
bp-≈-h¿ A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏Spw. Cu ap≥ssI A-h A-
Sp-Ø X-e-ap-d-Iƒ-°p ]-I¿-∂p\¬-Ipw. Aß-s\
Hmtcm X-eap-d I-gn-bp-t¥mdpw B Po-h-Pm-Xn sa-®-
s∏´p-sIm-t≠-bn-cn°pw.
tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ Xn-I®pw e-fn-X-am-Wo B-i-b-

sa-∂p tXm-∂p-sa¶nepw—b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ e-fn-XwX-
s∂-bm-Wm B-ibw˛˛]-e Im-cy-ßƒ°p-ap-≈ hn-
i-Zo-Ic-Ww A-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠pX-
s∂ _m°n-Po-hn-Xw A-Xn-\m-bp-gn-™p-hbv-°m≥
Um¿-hn≥ X-øm-dpam-bn-cp∂p. "F\ns°¥p-sIm-
≠o Bi-bw t\ctØ tXm-∂n-bn√'8 F-∂mWv H-
dn-Pn≥ Hm^v kv-]o-jo-kv hm-bn-® Sn. F-®v. l-Iv-
kv-en A-Xni-bwIq-dn-bXv. ]n-s∂-sb{Xtbm X-e-ap-
d-I-fn¬ F{X-tbm-t]¿ C-tX A-Xni-bw ]-¶ph®p.
tbm-Ky-cm-b-h-cp-sS A-Xn-Po-h\w (survival of

the fittest ) F-∂ {]tbmKw Um¿-hn≥ H-cp c-N-\-
bnepw \-S-Øn-bn-ń√ (]-t£, B B-i-b-tØm-Sp-
≈ B-cm-[-\ A-t±-lw a-d-®ph-®n-´p-an√). tbm-Ky-
cp-sS A-Xn-Poh-\w F-∂ {]tbm-Kw h-cp∂-Xv Um¿-
hns‚ "Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS D¬]-Øn'bnd-ßn A-©p
h¿-jw I-gn-™m-Wv. 1864˛en-dßn-b "{]n≥-kn-
∏nƒkv Hm-^v _tbmf-Pn'-bn¬ sl¿-_¿-´v kv-s]≥-
k-dmWv Cu hm-°p-Iƒ B-Zy-w {]-tbm-Kn®Xv. ]-
cn-Wm-aw (evolution) F-∂ hm-°p-t]mepw Um¿-
hn-s‚ ]p-kv-X-IØn-s‚ B-Zy]-Xn-∏p-I-fn-en√m-bn-
cp-∂p. ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn\p- ]I-cw am‰-ßtfm-sS-bp-≈
hw-i-]-cº-c (descent with modification) F-∂m-
Wv Um¿hn≥ {]-tbm-Kn-®Xv. "H-dn-Pn≥ Hm-^v kv-
]o-jo-kn'-s‚ Bdmw ]-Xn-∏n-em-Wv ]-cn-Wm-aw F-
∂ hm-°-t±-lw tN¿-°p-∂Xv. C-\n-bpa-Xv D-]-tbm-
Kn-°m-Xncn-°m≥ ]-‰n√ F∂ Ah-ÿbnseØn-
bn-cp-∂p, A-t∏m-tg-°p Imcy-ßƒ. ]n-s∂m-∂p-Iq-
Sn-bp≠v, Kme-∏-tKm-kv Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ Ip-cp-hn-I-fp-sS
sIm-°ns‚ ssh-hn[yw {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-´-t∏m-g√
Um¿-hn-\n¬ ]-cn-Wm-a-sa-∂ Bi-bw P-\n-®Xv. ]-
t£, Im-e-ß-fm-bn ]-d-™p-tIƒ-°p-∂ (AY-hm
tI-´-Xn¬
\-Ω-tfm¿-Øn-cn-°p-∂) I-Y-bn-Xm-Wv: Zzo-]p-I-

fn¬\n-∂v Zzo-]p-I-fn-te-°v bm{XsN-øp-∂-Xn-\n-sS
I-≠ Ip-cp-hn-I-fn(finches)¬ A-t±-lw H-cp Im-
cyw {i≤n®p. Hm-tcm {]-tZ-i-sØbpw Ip-cp-hn-I-fp-
sS sIm-°v A-X-Xp -{]-tZiØv C-c-tX-Sm≥ ]‰n-
b co-Xn-bn-em-Wp-≈Xv. H-cp Zzo-]n-se Ip-cp-hn-I-fp-
sS sIm°v sN-dpXpw D-d-t∏-dn-b-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p, Im-
bvI\n-Iƒ sIm-Øn-s∏m-fn-°m≥ ]‰nb co-Xn-bn¬.
a-s‰m-cp Zzo-]n-se Ip-cp-hn-bp-sS sIm-°v t\¿-Øp
\o-≠Xv,
s]m-Øn¬\n-∂v Cc sIm-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]‰n-
b co-Xn-bn¬. C-Xp I-≠t∏m-gm-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-\p
tXm-∂n-b-Xv Cu ]-£nIsf Cu co-Xn-bn¬ kr-
„n®X√, X-ßƒ-°p ]‰n-b co-Xn-bn¬ A-h¿ kz-
bw kr-„n-®-Xm-Wv F∂v.
i-cn-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p, B ]-£n-Iƒ Aß-s\

kz-bw kr-„n-®-XmWv. ]-t£, A-°mcyw {i-≤n®-
Xv Um¿-hn-\m-bn-cp-∂n√ F-∂p-am-{Xw. _o-Knƒ bm-
{X Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬\n-∂p ]Tn-
®n-d-ßn-b-tX-bp-≠mbn-cp-∂p-≈q Um¿-hn≥. ]-cn-N-
bk-º-∂\m-sbm-cp Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn°-
gn™ncp-∂n√ A-t±-lw. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ Km-
e-∏-tKm-kv Zzo-]p-Ifnse ]-£n-I-sf√mw H-tc h¿-
K-Øn¬-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥ At±-l-Øn-
\p ]-‰n-bn√. Um¿-hn≥ I≠-Xv hy-Xykv-Xkn-≤n-
I-fp-≈ Ipcphn-I-sf-bm-sW-∂v a-\- n-em-°nb-Xv kp-
lrØpw ]-£n-im-kv-{X-⁄-\pamb tPm¨ Kqƒ-
Uv BWv.9 ]-t£, G-sXm-s° Zzo-]n¬ G-sXm-
s° ]£nI-sf-bm-Wp I-≠-sX-∂p Ir-Xyam-tbm¿-
Øphbv°p-∂-Xnepw Um¿-hn-\v ]ng-hp]-‰n (B-a-I-
fp-sS Im-cy-Ønepw C-tX B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-bn).
]nghp-Iƒ Xo¿-Øv F√mw H-Xp-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ h¿-
j-ßƒ th-≠n-h∂p.
Cu t\m-´-∏n-g-Ifpw bm-{X-bv°n-S-bn¬ ti-J-cn-

®p-Iq-ń-b h-kv-Xp-°ƒ X-cw-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m-\p-≈ ]m-
Sp-sa√mw Imc-Ww bm-{X-I-gn-s™-Øn A-©ph¿-
jw I-gn-™v 1842˛em-Wv Um¿-hn≥ X-s‚ kn-≤m-
¥-Øn-s‚ cq-]tc-J X-øm-dm-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xp-
Xs∂. c-≠p h¿-jw I-gn-™-t±-lw A-Xn-s\ 230
t]-Pp-≈ "hn-j-b-kw-{K-l-'am-°n-sb-Sp-Øp.10 ]n-s∂-
b-t±-lw sN-bvXXv Xo¿Øpw A-km-[m-c-Wam-sbm-
cp Im-cy-am-Wv. H-∂-c-∏-Xn-‰m-≠p Im-e-tØ°v Cu
Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ am-‰n-h®p, F-∂n-´v a-‰p Xn-c-°p-I-fn¬
ap-gp-In. Xnc-°p-Isf-∂p ]-d-™m¬, Cu Imew-
sIm-≠-t±-lw ]-Øp a-°-fp-sS A-—-\mbn; \o-≠
F-´p- h¿-j-sa-SpØv _m¿-\-°nƒ F-∂ I-S¬Po-hn-
I-sf-∏‰n-sbm-cp {K-Ÿ-sa-gp-Xn ("_m¿-\-°n-fpI-sf
G-‰hpw sh-dp-°p-∂ a-\p-jy≥ Rm\mWv'11 F-∂m-
Wv ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-°-gn-™v A-t±-lw s\-Sp-ho¿-
∏n´Xv). ]n-s∂ H-cp-]m-Sv A-kp-J-ßƒ-°n-cbmbn.
a-\w-]n-c´¬, sN-∂n-°pØv, hndb¬, I-Æn-\p ap-
∂n¬ s]m-´p-Iƒt]m-se tXm-∂p-I, izm-kwap-´¬,
H∏w hn-jm-Z-hpw. "BsI-sbm-cp X-f¿-®bpw ]-c-th-
i-hp-'-sa-∂m-Wv Um¿-hn≥ X-s‚- Cu A-hÿ-sb
hn-ti-jn-∏n-®Xv.
F-¥m-bn-cp∂p Um¿-hn-s‚- A-kp-J-sa-∂p ÿn-

co-I-c-n-®nń√. D-jv-WtaJ-em{]-tZi-Øp Im-Wp-∂
N-Km-kv tcm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂pw sXt° A-
ta-cn-°-bn¬h-®v s_≥Np-K aq-´-bp-sS I-Sn-tb-‰Xp-
sIm-≠m-Wv B tcmKap-≠m-b-sX∂pw ]-d-bp-∂-h-
cp≠v. A-{X Im-ev-]\n-I-a√mØ H-cp hn-iZoI-c-
W-w am-\-kn-I-kw-L¿-jwaq-e-ap-≈ im-co-cn-Im-kzm-
ÿy-ß-fm-W-t±-lw A-\p-`-hn®-Xv F-∂-XmWv. Im-
c-W-sa-¥m-bmepw ITn-\-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xns‚ bm-X-
\-Iƒ. ]-e-t∏mgpw H-‰-bn-cp-∏n¬ C-cp-]-Xp- an-\n-‰n-
tesd -t\-cw tPmensN-øm≥-t]m-ep-w At±-l-Øn-
\m-In√m-bn-cp∂p. Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-{Xt]m-ep-ancn-
°m≥ ]-‰n√.
tcm-K-sØ-t∏m-seX-s∂ I-Sp-Ø ]-e Nn-In-’-

Ifpw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ k-a-b-a-]-l-cn®p. a-™p-sh-
≈-Øn-¬ Ip-fn-°p-I, hn-\m-Kn-cn-bn¬ Ip-XncpI,
ssh-Zyp-X®-ß-e Np-‰n kzbw sNdnb tjm-t°¬-
∏n-°p-I A-ß-s\bp-≈ Nn-In-’-Iƒ. ho-ń¬-
\n∂p-t]mepw ]p-d-Øn-d-ßm-sX G-Xm-s≠m-cp X-
]- n-em-bn-cp-∂p Um¿-hn≥ an-°-t∏m-gpw. ho-ń-se
]T-\-ap-dn-°p ]pd-Øv A-t±-l-sam-cp I-Æm-Sn ÿm-
]n-®p, ]pd-Øp hm-Xn-en¬ ap-´p-∂h-sc
IÆmSnbn¬°-≠v Xn-cn-®-dn-bmw, B-h-iy-an√m-
Øh-sc H-gn-hm-°p-IbpwsN-ømw.
Um¿-hn≥ X-s‚ kn-≤m-¥w ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sm≥ a-

Sn-®-Xv A-ßs\-sbm-cp kn-≤m-¥-an-f-°n-hn-Sm≥-t]m-
Ip-∂ hn-hm-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v \√ t_m-[y-ap-≠m-bn-
cp∂Xp-sIm-≠p-Iq-Snbm-Wv. 1844-˛¬ Um¿-hn≥ X-
s‚ ]p-kvX-Iw ]q-ńh® A-tX h¿jw Cu hn-
j-bØn-sem-cp ]p-kv-X-I-an-d-ßn—sh-kv-‰nPkv
("Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation').
Ip-td-°q-Sn Xm-W- t{i-Wnbn¬-s∏-´ Po-hn-I-fn¬\n-
∂v {k-„m-hn-s‚ k-lm-b-sam∂pwIq-Sm-sX ]-cnW-
an-®p-≠m-b-XmImw a-\p-jy≥ F-∂-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂
Cu ]p-kvX-Iw Nn¥m-temI-Øv tIm-fnf-°w kr-
„n-®p. Ip-g-∏-ßƒ ap-≥-Iq-ń-°-≠mI-Ww {K-Ÿ-c-
N-bn-Xm-hv Xm-\m-sc-∂ Imcyw c-l-ky-am-°n-h®p.
G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Ø kplr-Øp-°-ƒ°pt]mepw \m-ev]-
Xp h¿-j-°m-e-tØ-s°-¶nepw {K-ŸIm-c≥ B-sc-
∂-dnbm-\m-bn√. Um¿-hn≥X-s∂-bm-Wm ]p-kv-X-I-
sa-gp-XnbsX-∂p ]-ecpw I-cpXn,12 Nn-e¿ B¬-_¿-
´v cm-P-Ip-amc-s\ kw-i-bn®p. b-Ym¿-∞Øn¬ kv-
tIm-Sv-e‚n¬\n-∂p≈ A-[n-I-a-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø,
F∂m¬ h≥-hnP-bw t\Sn-sbm-cp {]-km-[-I-\m-bn-
cp-∂p {K-Ÿ-Imc≥˛˛tdm-_¿-´v tNw-t_-gvkv.* t]-
cp sh-fn-s∏-Sp-tØ-s≠-∂ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Xo-cp-am-
\-Øn\v hy-‡n-]-cam-b C-„m-\n-„-ßƒ-°p ]pdta
H-cp {]m-tbm-Kn-I Imc-Ww Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚ ÿm]-\w ss_-_n-fn-s‚ {]ap-J
{]km-[-Icn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p. {_n-´-\nepw ]p-d-Øp-
ap-≈ a-X]p-tcm-ln-X¿ B ]pkvXI-sØ I-S-∂m-
{I-an®p, AXn-s\m-∏w ]-fin-X-cp-sS tcm-jhpw
AXn-t\‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h∂p. B ]p-kv-X-Iw ]n-®n-
®o-¥m≥ F-Un≥-_-d dnhyp Hcp ]Xn-∏p ap-gp-
h≥—85 t]-Pv—\o-°n-h-®p. ]-cnWm-akn-≤m-¥-
Øn¬ hniz-kn® Sn.F-®v. l-Iv-kent]mepw A-Xn-
\p-t\-tc hn-jw h-an®p. A-sX-gp-Xn-b-bmƒ Xs‚-
sbm-cp kp-lr-Øm-sW-∂-dn-bm-sX-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu
B-{I-aWw.
Um¿-hn-s‚ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ ssI-sb-gp-Øp-{]-

Xn B-cp-a-dn-bm-sX At±l-Øn-s‚ ac-Wwhsc ta-
i-h-en-∏n-ep-d-ßp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1858-˛¬ A-ßp
Ing°p-\n-∂p X-]m-en-seØn-b H-cp s]mXn kr-
„n® sR-´-em-Wv A-t±-lØn-s‚ a-\w am-‰n-bXv.
B¬-{^-Uv d- ¬ hme-kv F-∂ bp-h-im-kv-{X ⁄-
s‚ ku-lr-Zw Xp-fp-ºp-s∂m-cp IØpw H-cp {]-_-
‘-Øn-s‚ ssIsb-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-bp-am-Wv B s]m-Xn-
bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. b-Ym¿-Ycq-]-Øn¬\n∂p h-gn-
am-dm≥ Po-hn-h¿§ßƒ- Im-Wn-°p-∂ {]-h-W-X-sb-
°p-dn®p ("On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart
Indefinitely from the Original Type')≈
∗C-°m-cyw i-cn-bm-bq-ln-s®-Sp-Ø A-]q¿-hw

t]cn¬ H-cmƒ Um¿-hn≥X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. "sh-Ãn-
Pkn' -s‚ Bdmw ]-Xn-∏n-s‚ A-Uzm≥-kv tIm-
∏n-sb-Øp-tºmƒ Um¿-hn≥ tNw-t_-gvkn-s\m-∏-ap-
≠mbn-cp∂p. ]p-kvX-Iw Xp-d-∂v tNw-t_-gvkv A-
Xn-se Xn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hm-bn-®pt\m-°p-∂-Xnse
Xm¬]-cy-w I-≠-t∏mƒ Um¿-hn-\v D-d-∏mbn, A-sX-
gp-Xnb-Xv A-t±-lwX-s∂-bm-sW∂v. F-∂m¬ C-
tX°p-dn-®v C-cp-hcpw kw-km-cn-®n-ń√ F-∂m-Wp
tXm-∂p-∂Xv. - B {]-_-‘-Øn¬ {]-Ir-Xn-\n¿-[mc-
Ww F-∂ B-i-b-Øn-s‚ cq-]-tc-Jbp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
Um¿-hn≥ F-gp-Xn c-l-ky-am-bn-h-® Ir-Xn-bn-se
Bib-ß-tfm-Sv Xn-I®pw km-ay-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-
Xn\v, Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn¬ hm-N-ILS\-t]mepw k-am-
\-am-bn-cp∂p. "CXp-t]m-sem-cp bm-Zr-—n-I-X A-Xn-
\p-apºp I-≠n-ń-s√'-∂m-Wv Aev]w \n-cm-i-tbm-sS
Um¿-hn≥ F-gp-Xn-bXv. "1842˛se F-s‚ ssI-sb-gp-
Øp-{]-Xn In-ń-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ A-Xn-\v C-Xnepw \-
s√m-cp kw-{K-lw Xo¿-°m≥ hm-e-kn-\p I-gn-bp-am-
bn-cp-∂n√.'13 Um¿-hn≥ F-gpXn.
]e-cpw ]-d-bm-dp-≈-t]mse Um¿-hn-s‚ Po-hn-X-

Øn-te-°v Xn-I®pw B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn I-b-dn-h-
∂X√, hm-e-kv. t\c-tØX-s∂ C-cp-hcpw IØn-
S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øn-bn-cp∂p, Um¿-hn-\v Xm¬-]-cy-ap-
≠m-Ip-sa-∂p ]d-™v Nn-e Po-h-im-kv-{Xam-Xr-I-
Iƒ A-t±-lw kv-t\-l-]q¿-hw A-b®p-sIm-Sp°p-I-
t]mepwsN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS D¬-]-Øn-
sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\w X-s‚ Ip-Ø-I-bm-sW∂v C-
ß-s\-bp-≈ I-Øn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ Um¿-hn≥
hm-e-kn\v Hu-Nn-Xy-]q¿-hw ap-∂-dnb-n∏p \¬-Ip-
IbpwsN-bvXp. "Po-h-Pm-Xn-Ifpw h¿-K-ßfpw ]-c-
kv]-cw F-¥p-am{Xw hy-Xym-k-s∏-ń-cn°p-∂p F-∂-
Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v Ip-dn-s∏-gp-Xm≥ Rm≥ t\m-´p-]p-kv-X-
I-sa-SpØn-´v 20 h-¿jw(!) Xn-I-bp-I-bm-Wv'14 F-∂v
Ip-td ap-ºv A-t±-lw hm-e-kns\-gp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. B
]p-kvX-Iw {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-\p-≈ H-cp-°-Øn-em-Wv
Xm-s\-∂pw (A-Xp sh-dp-sX-bm-bn-cp∂p) A-t±-l-a-
dn-bn-®p. Um¿-hn≥ X-t∂m-Sp ]-d-bm≥ D-t±-in-®-sX-
s¥-∂v a-\- n-em-°m≥ hm-e-kn-\p I-gn™n√. X-s‚
kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v c-≠p ]-Xn-‰m-≠m-bn Um¿-hn≥ hn-
I-kn∏n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-t\m-Sp Xn-
I®pw km-ay-ap-s≠-∂v At±l-Øn-\-dn-bp-I-bp-an√m-
bn-cp∂p.
G-Xm-bmepw hm-e-kn-s‚ {]_-‘w In-ń-b-tXm-

sS Um¿-hn≥ h√msØm-cp hn-j-a-k-‘n-bn-e-I-s∏-
´p. hm-e-kn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥w sh-fn-®w-Im-Wpwap-ºv X-
t‚-Xp {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®m¬ A-Xv A-ß-I-se-bp-s≈m-
cp B-cm-[-I≥ \¬In-b kq-N-\ Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw sN-
ø-em-Ipw. AX√, am-\y-am-bn am-dn\n-∂v hme-kv
{]_-‘w {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s´-sb-∂p-h-®m¬ h¿-j-
ß-sf-SpØvv Xm≥ kz-X-{¥-am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-® kn-
≤m-¥-Øn-\p In-t´-≠ Aw-Ko-Imcw \-„-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xn-\p Xp-ey-am-Ip-aXv. hm-e-kn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥w
BI-kv-anIam-bp≠m-sbm-cp tXm-∂-en¬\n-∂p P-
\n-®-Xm-sW-∂v A-t±-lwX-s∂ k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.
Um¿-hn-t‚-XmI-s´ h¿-j-ßƒ \o-≠ \n-co-£-W-
ßfpsSbpw Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw ^-e-hpw.
Cu B-i-b-°p-g-∏Øn-s\m-∏w a-s‰m-cp Zp-c-
¥wIq-Sn Um¿-hn-s\ ]n-Sn-IqSn. Nmƒ-kv F-∂pX-
s∂ t]-cp-≈ a-I≥ hn-j-Pz-cw h-∂p In-S-∏n-embn.
Pq¨ 28˛\v A-h≥ a-c-W-a-S-bp-IbpwsN-bvXp. aI-
s‚ A-kp-Jwaq-e-ap≈ bm-X-\-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-epw Cu
hn-j-b-sØ-∏-‰n kp-lr-Øv Nmƒ-kv se-bv-en\pw
tPmk-^v lq-°¿°pw I-sØ-gp-Xm≥ Um¿-hn≥
ka-bw I-s≠-Øn. hmekn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥w sh-fn-
®w Im-Wm≥th-≠n Xm≥ h-gn-am-dn-\n¬-°m≥
Xøm-dm-sW-∂ hm-Kv-Zm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p I-Øn¬. F-
∂m¬ Aß-s\ sN-øp∂Xv, X-s‚ K-th-j-W^-ew
ap-gph≥, A-Xn-s\-{X aq-ey-ap-s≠-¶n-epw X-I¿-∂-Sn-
bp-∂-Xn-\p Xp-ey-am-Ip-sa∂pw A-t±-lw Nq-≠n-°m-
Wn-®n-cp∂p.15
se-bvepw lq-°dpw ]-cn-lm-c-am¿-K-hp-am-sbØn.

Um¿-hn-s‚bpw hm-e-kns‚-bpw {]-_-‘-ß-fp-sS
kw-{K-lw H-tc ÿ-e-Øp-sh-®v H-cp-an-®p {]-
kn≤s∏-Sp-Øp-I. \-„-{]-Xm-]w ho-s≠-Sp-°m≥ b-
Xv-\n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p en-\o-b≥ skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS
tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂ thZn. A-ß-s\ 1858 Pq-embv H-∂n-
\v Um¿-hn-s‚bpw hm-e-kn-s‚-bpw kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ
tem-I-Øn-\p ap∂ne-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. B N-S-ßn-
\v Um¿-hn-≥ F-Øn-bn-cp-∂n√, A-t±-lhpw `m-cy-bp-
a-t∏mƒ aI-s‚ i-h-a-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
A-∂p ssh-Ip-t∂-cw A-hn-sS \-S-∂ G-gp {]-

_-‘m-h-X-c-W-ßfnsem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p Um¿-
hn≥˛˛hme-kv {]-_-‘kw-{K-lw˛˛Aw-tKm-f-bn-se
k-ky-Pm-e-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p H-cp {]-_-
‘w˛˛Um¿-hn‚bpw hmekn-s‚bpw I-s≠-Ø-ep-
I-f-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ G-Xm-≠v ap-∏-tXm-fwt]-cm-
Wv k-Z- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. B \q-‰m-≠n-se G-‰hpw
hen-b imkv{Xt\´-Øn-\p Zr-Iv-km-£n-I-fm-hp-I-
bm-Wv X-ß-sf-∂v A-Xn-em¿-s°-¶n-epw a-\- n-em-bn-
cp-s∂-¶n¬Ø-s∂ A-hc-Xp {]-I-Sn-∏n-®n√. N¿-®-
sbm-∂p-ap≠m-bn√, ]pd-Øv A-sXm-cp hm¿-Ø-bm-
bp-an√. H-scm-‰-bm-tf B {]-_‘m-h-X-c-W-sØ-
°p-dn-s®-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≈q-sh-∂v Um¿-hn≥ ]-d-™n-
´p≠v. Uªn-\n-se s{]m-^-k¿ tlm-Mv-‰-Wm-bn-cp-
∂p A-Xv. "{]_‘-Øn-se ]pXnb Im-cy-ß-
sf√mw sX‰pw i-cnbm-b Im-cy-ß-sf√mw ]-g-
bXpw' BsW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-`n-
{]m-bw.16
A-ßp Zq-sc In-g-°≥Zn-°n-em-bn-cp-∂ hme-kv
G-sd-°-gn-™mWv Cu kw-`-h-sa√m-a-dn-bp-∂Xv.
A-t£m-`y-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw. X-\n°p-a-Xn¬ ]-
¶m-fn-bm-Im\m-bt√m F-∂ B-izm-kw am-{X-am-W-
t±-lw {]-I-Sn-∏n-®Xv. am-{Xa√ ]n-∂o-Sp-≈ Im-ew
B kn-≤m¥-sØ Um¿-hn-\n-kw F-∂p hn-fn°m≥-
t]m-ep-a-t±-lw X-øm-dmbn.
Cu kn-≤m-¥w B-Zy-ap-≠m-°n-b-bmƒ F-∂ \n-

e-bn-ep-≈ {]-i -kv-Xn°v Um¿-hns\-°mƒ tbm-
Ky\m-sbm-cm-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p˛˛kv-tIm-Sv-e‚n¬ tXm-
´-∏-Wn-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂ ]m-{Sn-Iv am-Xyp.17 {]-Ir-Xn-
\n¿-[m-c-W-sa-∂ Bibw C-cp-]-Xp h¿-jwap-ºv
A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-bm-fmWv A-t±-lw. A-sXmcp ]p-kv-
X-I-am-bn-d-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. ]-t£, "t\-h¬ Snw-
_¿ B≥-Uv B¿-_-dn-Iƒ-®¿' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-
em-W-t±-lw A-°m-cy-sa-gp-Xn-bXv. B ]pkvXIw
Um¿-hn-s‚ {i-≤-bn¬-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√, Um¿-hn-s‚-sb-
∂√ H-cm-fpsSbpw {i≤-bn¬-s∏-ń√. ]-cn-Wm-a-kn-
≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ {]-i-kv-Xn Um¿-hns\tØ-Sn-sb-
Øm≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ amXyp {]-Xn-tj-[-hp-am-
sbØn. bYm¿Y-Øn-e-Xn-s‚ A-h-Im-in Xm-\m-
sW-∂p Im-Wn-®v A-t±-lw "Km¿-U-t\gvkv t{Im-
Wn-°n-fn'¬ I-sØ-gpXn. H´pw a-Sn-°m-sX Um¿-
hn≥ am-∏p ]-d™p. ]-t£, C-{XbpwIq-Sn AXn-
t\m-Sp Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp: "Rmt\m a-t‰-sX-¶nepw Po-
h-im-kv-{X-⁄t\m an-kv‰¿ am-Xyp-hn-s‚ c-N-\ Im-
Wm-sXt]m-b-Xn¬ Bcpw A-¤p-Xw Iq-dp-sa-∂p
tXm-∂p-∂n√. A-{X-bv-°p Np-cp-°n-bmW-Xp \¬-In-
bXv, A-Xpw t\-h¬ Snw-_¿ B≥-Uv A¿-t_m-dn-
Iƒ-®¿ F-∂ ]pkv-X-I-Øn-s‚ A-\p-_-‘-am-bn.'
Po-h-im-kv-{X-Im-c\pw Nn-¥-I-\p-am-bn ]n-s∂bp-

sam-cº-Xp h¿-j-°mew hme-kv sN-e-h-gn-®p. B
ta-J-e-bn¬ H-´pw tam-i-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√, A-t±lw.
]-t£, ]-Xp-s°-∏-Xp-s° im-kv-{XNn-¥-bp-sS X-

ew hn-´v A-t±-lw a-‰p Nne ta-J-e-I-fn-te-°p I-
S∂p. B-flo-b-X-bnepw `q-an-°p ]p-d-sØ-hn-sS-
sb¶nepw Po-h-\p-t≠m F-∂p-≈ A-t\z-j-W-
Ønepw {i-≤ tI-{μo-I-cn-® hmekn-s\ im-kv{X-
tem-Iw a-d∂p. Aß-s\ Cu kn-≤m-¥w ^-e-
Øn¬ Um¿-hn-t‚-Xp am-{X-ambn.
X-s‚- Cu B-i-b-ß-fp-sS am-\-kn-I-]o-U-

bn¬\n-∂v Um¿-hn-\v H-cn°-epw tamN-\w e-`n-®n√.
"sN-Ip-Øm-s‚ ]m-Xncn' F-∂m-W-t±-lw kz-bw hn-
ti-jn-∏n-®Xv.18 "Cu kn-≤m-¥w sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ønb-Xv
sIm-e-°p-‰w k-ΩXn-°p-∂' am-\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bnem-
sW-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d-™n-´p≠v.19 as‰√m-‰n-\p-ap]-cn
Um¿-hn-s\ A-kz-ÿ-\m-°nb-Xv k-Xy-hn-izm-knbm-
b X-s‚ `mcysb Cu kn-≤m-¥w th-Z-\n-∏n-°p-
at√m F-∂ Nn-¥-bmWv. F-¶nepw X-s‚ ssI-sb-
gp-Øp-{]-Xn-sb-Sp-Øv A-Xns\-sbm-cp ap-gp\o-f ]p-
kv-X-Iam-°p-∂ ]-Wn A-t±-lw Xp-Sßn. H´pw B-
I¿-j-I-a√m-sØm-cp io¿-j-Iam-W-t±lw (An Ab-
stract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and
Varieties through Natural Selection) B-Zy-a-Xn-\p
\¬-In-b-Xv. Xm¬-°m-enI io¿jI-sa∂p tXm-∂p-
∂ Cu t]-cp tI-´-t∏mƒ {]-km-[-I≥ tPm¨
ap-td Xocpam-\n®p, A-™q-dp tIm-∏n-b-Sn-®m¬ a-
Xn. ]-t£, ssI-sb-gp-Øp-{]-Xn hmbn®p-t\m-°p-
Ibpw io¿j-Iw ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°p-IbpwsN-bv-X-t∏mƒ
At±l-aXv 1,250 tIm-∏n-bm-bn h¿-[n-∏n®p.
"Hm¨ Z H-dn-Pn≥ Hm-^v kv-]o-jo-kv' h-º≥ hym-

]m-c-hn-P-b-am-bn-cp∂p. ]-t£, hn-a¿-i-I-cp-sS A-`n-
{]m-bw A-{X an-I-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. c-≠p {]iv\ß-
fm-Wv {]-[m-\-ambpw A-Xn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. H-∂ma-
Xv, A-sX√mw kw`hn-°m≥ tem¿-Uv sI¬-hn≥
A-\p-h-Zn-®-Xnepw Iq-Sp-X¬ k-a-bw th-Wam-bn-cp-
∂p. c-≠m-aXv, t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS ]n≥-_-
e-an√mbn-cp∂p A-Xn\v. ]pXn-b Po-hn-h¿-K-ßƒ
Cß-s\ ]-cn-W-an-®p-≠m-bn-s°m-t≠-bncn-°p-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬ A-Xn-s‚ C-S-bn-se L-´-Øn¬-s∏-´ Nn-
e Po-hn-I-fp≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. A-ß-s\-bm-sW-
¶n¬ AØ-cw t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ In´Ww. A-h-sb-
hn-sS-sb-∂m-bn-cp-∂p hn-a¿-i-I-cp-sS tNm-Zyw. t^m-
kn¬ sX-fn-hpI-fn¬ A-h Im-Wm-\n√m-bn-cp∂p.*
b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ A-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ (]n∂oSp
Ip-td-°m-e-tØ-°pIq-Sn A-X-ß-s\-X-s∂-bm-bn-
cp∂p) t^mkn¬tcfn¬ tIw-{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^m-
S-\-Øn-\pap-ºv Po-h-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\pX-s∂
sXfnhn√m-bn-cp∂p. ]-t£, H-cp sX-fn-hp-an√m-sX
Um¿-hn≥ D-d-∏n-®p ]-d™p, BZn-ak-ap-{Z-Øn¬ b-
tY-„w Po-hn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p, A-Xn-s‚ t^m-kn¬
\-ap-°p In-´mØ-Xv A-h t^m-kn¬cq-]-Øn¬ kw-
c-£n-°-s∏-ń√ F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv. A-ß-s\-bp-d-
∏n-®p ]-d-bm≥ Um¿-hn-\v H-cp \ym-b-ap-≠mbn-cp∂p,
"AXv th-sdm-cp-hn-[-Øn-ep-am-Im≥ ]-‰n√' A-
{XXs∂. hn-i-Zo-Icn®p
* Cu hn-hm-Zw sIm-Sp-ºncn-s°m-≠n-cn-t°
1861-˛¬ bm-Zr—n-I-am-sb-t∂m-Ww A-Xn-s‚ sX-fn-
hp Inń. _-th-dn-b-bn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ ]p-cm-
X-\ B¿°n-tbm-]v-s‰-dn-Iv-kn-s‚ A-ÿn-Iƒ I-
s≠Øn. ]-£n°pw ssU-\-tkm-dn-\p-an-S-bn-ep-≈
Po-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-Xn-\p Nn-d-Ip-≠m-bn-
cp∂p, ]t£ AXn-s\m-∏w ]√p-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. {i-t≤-bam-b I-s≠-Ø-em-bn-cp-∂p AXv, ]-
cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m¥Øn-\v k-lm-b-I-hpw. AXp hen-
b N¿-®-Iƒ-°p h-gn-hbv°p-IbpwsNbvXp. ]-t£,
H-scm-‰ sXfnhp h-®v B-Xy¥nI \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-
Øm≥ I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
-I-Jÿm]n-°m≥ ]-‰p-∂-X√m-bn-cn-°mw C-
sX∂p Xpd-∂p k-Ω-Xn-s®-¶nepw20 H-cp _Z¬
km[y-X A-t±-lw k-Ω-Xn®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-tX-bn√.
A-Xn-\-t±-lw H-cp \ymbhpw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p,21 "{]o-
tI-{_n-b≥ Ime-sØ k-ap-{ZP-ew icn°pw sX-
fn-™-Xm-Imw, A-Xp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ A-Sn-bn¬ aÆv
Du-dn-ho-Wn-´p-≠mIn√. F°¬a-Æn√m-ØXp-sIm-
≠v A-Xn-\p t^m-kn-epI-sf kw-c-£n°m-\p-am-
bn√.' Bi-bw sIm-≈m-am-bn-cp∂p, ]-t£, AXv
i-cn-bm-bn-cp∂n√ F∂p-am-{Xw.
Um¿-hn-s‚ B-i-bßƒ A-Sp-Ø kp-lr-Øp-

°ƒ°p-t]m-epw i-cn°pw Z-ln-®n-s√-∂-Xm-Wv h-kv-
Xp-X. tIw-{_n-Uv-Pn¬ Um¿-hn-s\ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
1831˛¬ sh-bn¬-kn¬ H-cp `q-an-im-kv-{X]-cy-S-\-Øn-
\p sIm≠p-t]m-hpIbpw sNbv-X B-Uw sk-Uv-
hn-Iv ]-d™-Xv Cu ]p-kvX-Iw hm-bn-®-t∏mƒ
kt¥m-jsØ-°m-tf-sd ZpxJ-am-Wp tXm-∂n-b-sX-
∂mWv. Um¿-hn-t‚-Xv shdpw A-\p-am-\-am-sW-∂m-
Wv hn-Jym-X kzn-kv ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ eq-
bn A-Km-kn-kv A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv. Um¿-hn≥ Im-Sp-
I-b-dp-I-bm-sW-∂ A-`n-{]m-bw se-bv-en-\pt]m-ep-ap-
≠m-bn-cp∂p.22
]-cnWm-a{]-{In-b-bv-°v kp-Zo¿-L Im-e-bf-hv B-

h-iy-am-sW-∂ Um¿hn-s‚ A-`n-{]m-bw Sn.F®v. l-
Iv-kven-°v C-„-s∏-ń√, Imc-Ww, l-Iv-kv-en H-cp
km¬-t‰-j-\n-kv-‰m-bn-cp∂p.23 ]-cn-Wm-aw kw-`-hn-
°p∂-Xv Im-e-{ItaWb√, s]m-Sp-∂-t\-bm-sW-∂p
hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv km¬-t‰-j\n-Ãp-Iƒ ("Ip-
Xn-®p-Nm-´w' F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ em-‰n≥ ]-Z-Øn¬\n-∂m-
Wv B hm°p≠m-b-Xv). k-¶o¿-W-L-S-\-bp-≈ Po-
hn-Iƒ L-´w-L-´-am-bm-Wv ]-cn-W-an®p-≠m-b-sX-∂p
hn-iz-kn-°m≥ A-h¿ X-øm-dm-bn√. Nn-d-In-s‚ H-cp
I-jW-hpw I-Æn-s‚ ]m-Xn-bpw e-`n-®n-´v F-¥p {]-
tbm-P\w, ap-gp-h≥ A-h-b-h-hp-an√m-sX? AXp-sIm-
≠v H-cp Po-hn-bn¬\n-∂p a-s‰m-∂n-te-°p ]-cn-W-
an-°p∂-Xv s]m-Sp∂-t\ ]q¿W-X-tbm-sS-bm-I-W-sa-
∂-h¿ hm-Zn®p.
l-Iv-kven-sb-t∏m-sem-cp D¬-]-Xn-jv-Wp C-ßs\-

sbm-cp Nn-¥mK-Xn h-®p-]p-e¿-Øn-sb∂-Xv A-Xn-i-
b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Im-cWw, A-Xn-\v Xn-I®pw bm-Ym-
ÿn-Xn-Iam-sbm-cp a-X-kn-≤m-¥-hp-am-bn km-ay-ap-
≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cw•njv ssZ-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ hneyw
]m-en 1802˛¬ ap-t∂m-´p-h-® B Bi-bw cq]Iev]-
\mhm-Z-sa-∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-´Xv. ]m-en-bp-sS hm-Z-an-Xm-
bn-cp∂p: "\n-ßƒs°m-cp t]m°-‰vhm-®v ho-Wp In-
´p-I-bm-sW-∂p- hbv-°p-I. A-Xn-\pap-ºv A-ßs\-
sbm-cp km[-\w I-≠n-ń-s√-¶n¬t]mepw
AtXtXm _p-≤n-am≥ cq-]-Iev-]-\ sN-bv-X-Xm-sW-
∂p \n-ßƒ-°p a-\- n-em-Ipw. {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS Im-cy-
Øn-epw C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv ÿnXn. A-Xn-s‚ k-
¶o¿-W-X sX-fn-bn°p∂-Xv A-Xv B co-Xn-bn¬ cq-
]-Iev-]-\ sN-bv-sX-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW-∂m-Wv.' Cu hm-
Z-Øn-\v ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ \√ {]-Nm-cw
e-`n®p, Um¿hn\Xv hen-b {]-iv-\-am-hp-IbpwsN-
bvXp. "A-tX-°p-dn-t®m¿-°p-tºmƒ Dƒ-°nSneap-
≠m-Ip-∂p'sh-∂v24 kp-lr-Øn-s\-gpXn-b I-Øn¬
Um¿-hn≥ ]-d-™n´p≠v. {]-Ir-Xn-\n¿-[mc-Ww
CØ-cw k-¶o¿-tWm-]-I-c-Wß-sf L-´w L-´-am-
bn kr-„n-°p-sa-∂p hn-iz-kn-°p∂-Xv A-kw-_-‘-
am-sW-∂p kΩXn°m≥ a-Sn-bn-s√∂v25 "H-dn-Pn-
\n'¬ A-t±-lw F-gp-Xp-IbpwsN-bvXp.
F-¶nepw am-‰-ß-sf√mw L-´w L-´-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-

s∂-∂ hm-Z-Øn¬ At±lw D-d-®p-\n∂p. ]-cn-Wm-a-
{]-{In-b ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im≥ th-≠ ka-bw "Hdn-Pn's‚
Hmtcm ]-Xn-∏n-epw Iq-ń-°q-ń-s°m-≠p-h-cn-Ibpw
sN-bvXp. A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Um¿-hn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-
Øn-\p {]n-bw Ip-d-™p-h-cn-IbpwsN-bvXp.26 "
imkv{X-temI-sØ k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cn¬\n-∂p e-
`n-®n-cp-∂ ]n¥p-W Um¿-hn-\p \-„-ambn' F-∂m-Wv
im-kv-{X-⁄\pw N-cn-{X-Im-c-\pam-b sP-{^n jzm¿-
Svkv F-gp-Xn-b-Xv.
"Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS D¬]-Øn' F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p t]-
sc-¶nepw B ]pkvXI-Øn¬ Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS
D¬]-Øn F-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-
cn°m≥ Um¿-hn-\p I-gn™n√. H-cp Po-h-Pm-Xn Iq-
Sp-X¬ I-cp-Øp-‰Xpw anI®Xpw th-K-ap-≈-Xp-am-bn
am-dp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂v˛˛H-‰-hm-°n¬ ]-d-™m¬
\n-e-\n¬-°m≥ Iq-Sp-X¬ tbm-Ky-cm-hp-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb-∂v˛˛A-t±-lw hn-iZo-I-cn®p. F-∂m¬ A-
sXß-s\ ]pXn-b Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fp-sS D-¤-h-Øn-\p
Im-c-W-am-Ip-sa-∂p ]-d-™n√. ^v-fo-an-Mv sP≥-In≥
F-∂ kv-tIm-ń-jv F≥Pn-\ob¿ Cu {]-iv-\-ta-s‰-
SpØp, Um¿-hn-s‚ hm-Z-Øn¬ hen-sbm-cp ]m-fn-®-
bp-s≠∂v At±-lw Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-®p. H-cp X-e-ap-
d-bn¬ cq-]-s∏Sp∂ A\p-Iq-e-LS-Iw h-cpw-X-e-ap-
d-I-fn-te-°p ssI-am-d-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw AXß-s\ B
Po-h-Pm-Xn i-‡n-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-te-°p \-bn-°p-sa-∂p-
am-Wv Um¿hn≥ ]d™Xv. am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-°p≈
A-\p-Iq-e-LS-Iw A-Sp-Ø X-eapdbn-te-°p
ssIam-d-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ {]-_-e-am-hp-Ib√, I-e¿-∏p-
I-fn-eqsS \n¿ho-cy-am-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-WpsN-øp-I-sb-
∂v sP≥-In≥ hm-Zn®p. •m n-se sh≈-Øn-te-°v
hn-kvIn-sbm-gn-°p-tºmƒ a-Zy-Øn-\v hocyw Iq-Sp-I-
b√, Ip-d-bp-I-bm-Wp sN-øp-I. A-Xn-s\ ho≠pw
th-sdm-cp •m- n-se sh-≈Øn-te-s°m-gn-°p-tºmƒ
hocyw ]n-s∂bpw Ip-d-bpw. AXp-t]m-se am-Xm]n-
Xm-°-fp-sS GsX-¶nepw hn-ti-j-Kp-Ww k-¥-Xn-I-
fn¬\n-∂v k-¥-Xn]-c-º-c-I-fn-te-°p ]I-cp-tºmƒ
A-Xv I-e¿-∏p-I-fn-eq-sS \n¿-ho-cy-am-°s∏-Sp-w.
Aß-s\ Iptd-°-gn-bp-tºmg-Xv H´pw {]-I-S-a√m-Xm-
hpw. A-ß-s\h-cp-tºmƒ Um¿-hn-s‚ hm-Z-a-\p-k-
cn-®v am-‰a√, ÿn-c-X-bm-Wp-≠m-hpI. Cu {]-{In-
bbv-°n-S-bn¬ C-S-bv°nsS Nne B-I-kv-an-I-t\-´-
ß-fp-≠mtb°mw. ]t£, Xn-cn-®p km[m-c-W-a-ń-
te-°m-°m-\p-≈ t{]cWbn¬ Ip-td-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ
F√mw ]-g-b-a-ń-¬ ÿn-c-X -{]m-]n-°pw. A-
t∏mƒ]ns∂ {]-Ir-Xn-\n¿-[mc-Ww kw-`-hn-°-W-sa-
¶n¬ A-Xph-sc ]-cn-K-Wn°-s∏-SmsX-t]m-b
Ft¥m {]-{In-b \-S-°Ww.
A-t∏mƒ Um¿-hn-\-dn-bmsX, a-‰p-≈-h-cm-cp-a-dn-

bm-sX, 1,200 In-tem-ao‰¿ B-sI a-[y-bq-tdm-∏n-s‚
im-¥am-sbm-cp tIm-Wn¬ {Kn-K¿ sa≥-U¬ F∂
]m-Xn-cn Cu k-a-kybv-°p-≈ DØ-cw cq-]-s∏-Sp-
Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
Hm-kv-{Sn-b≥ km-{am-Py-Øn-se H-cp Im-b¬-°-c-
bn¬ (C∂-sØ sN-°v dn∏-ªn-°n¬) ]m-h-s∏-s´m-
cp I¿-j-IIp-Spw-_-Øn¬ 1822˛em-bn-cp-∂p sa≥U-
en-s‚ P-\\w. \n-co-£-W-Ip-Xp-Inbm-sbm-cp ]m-hw
]m-Xn-cn-bm-bm-Wv kv-Iqƒ ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ sa≥-
U-en-s\ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A-t±-lØn-s‚ I-
s≠-Ø-ep-I¬ tIh-ew B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn-cp-
s∂∂pw A-h-bn¬Im-Wmw. aT-Øn-se A-Sp-°-f-
tØm-´-Øn-se ]-b-dp-sN-Sn-Iƒ t\m-°n-\-S°p-
tºmƒ Nn-e hn-ti-j-Kp-W-ßƒ X-e-ap-d-I-fn¬\n-
∂p X-e-ap-d-I-fn-te°p ssI-am-dp-∂-Xm-bn A-t±-lw
I-s≠-Øn-sb-∂m-bn-cp-∂p ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn-se hn-
hcw. F-∂m¬ sa≥-U¬ shdp-sam-cp ]p-tcm-ln-X-
\m-bn-cp-∂n√; ]-cnioe-\w e-`n-® im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-
bn-cp∂p. hn-b-∂ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-epw Hƒ-ap-Sv-kv
^n-tem-k-^n-°¬ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-ńepw K-Wn-Xhpw ù-
Xn-Iim-kv{Xhpw ]Tn-® sa≥-U-en-s‚ F√m {]-h¿-
Ø-\-ß-fn-epw imkv{Xobho£Ww sX-fn-™p-Im-
Wm-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1843 ap-X¬ A-t±-lw {]-h¿-Øn-
® {_nt\m k∂ym-k-aT-am-sW-¶n¬ H-cp hn⁄m-
\tI-{μw-X-s∂-bmbn-cp∂p. C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw ]p-kv-
X-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-hnS-sØ {K-Ÿ∏p-c-
bn¬.27 {i-≤m-]q¿-W im-kv-{X-\n-co-£-W-ß-fp-sS
]m-c-º-cy-hp-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂p B aT-Øn\v.
]-co£-Ww Xp-S-ßpw-ap-ºv c-≠p- h¿-j-sa-Sp-Øv

sa≥-U¬ I-e¿-∏p-Isfm-gn-hm-°n G-gn\w ]-b¿-hn-
Øp-Iƒ kw-`-cn-®p. F-∂n´v c-≠p ap-gp-h≥ k-a-b
tPm-en-°m-cp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS 30,000 ]-b¿-s®-
SnI-sf ]-cm-K-WØn\pw k-¶-c-WØn-\pw ho≠pw
]p\xk-¶-cW-Øn\pw hn-t[-b-cm-°n. {i-a-I-camb
tPm-en-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. ]-co-£-W-Øn¬ D-t±-in-
°m-Ø coXnbn¬ A-_-≤-Øn¬ h¿-K-k-¶-cWw
\-S-°p∂-Xv H-gn-hm-°Ww, Hmtcm k-ky-Øn-
s‚bpw h-f¿-®m-L-´-ß-fn¬ C-e-I-fnepw ]q-°-fn-
epw X-≠nepw Im-bn-ep-sa√mw h-cp-∂ am-‰-ßƒ k-
kq-£v-aw \n-co-£n-°Ww. IrXyambnØ-s∂ A-
t±-lw A-Xp sN-bvXp. Xm≥ sN-øp-∂-sX-s¥-∂v
sa≥Uen\p Xn-I™ t_m-[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
]-co-£-W^-ew ]p-d-Øp-hn-´-t∏mƒ sa≥-U¬

Po≥ F-∂ ]-Zw D-]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n√, 1913˛¬ Cw-
•n-jv sa-Un-°¬ Un-Ivj-vW-dn-bn-em-Wv B ]Zw
B-Zy-am-bn {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬ {]-ap-Jw
(dominent), Kp]vXw (recessive ) F-∂o ]-Z-ßƒ
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ kr-„n-bm-Wv. Hmtcm hn-Øn\pw c-
≠p L-S-I-ß-fp-s≠-∂v A-t±-lw I-s≠-Øn. H-∂p
{]-ap-Jhpw a-t‰-Xv Kp-]v-X-hpw. A-Xp c-≠pw Iq-Sn-t®-
cp-tºm-fmWv {]-h-N\obam-b ]m-c-º-cy-Kp-W-hn-ti-
j-ßƒ ssI-h-cp-∂Xv.
Cu K-th-j-W-Øn-s‚ ^-ew sa≥-U¬ kp-hy-

‡ KWn-Xk-ao-IcWß-fm-°n am-‰n. F-´p -h¿-
jsa-Sp-Øp ]-co£-Ww ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im≥. F∂n´v
H-∂p-Iq-Sn D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ [m-\y-s®-Sn-I-fnepw ]q-
s®-Sn-I-fn-epw A-Xm-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpwsN-bvXp. A-
tßb-‰w im-kv-{X-ob-am-bn-cp-∂p sa≥-U-en-s‚
coXn. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-h-Ww 1865˛¬ {_-
ot\m-hn-se \m-®p-d¬ lnkv‰-dn skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS
s^{_ph-cn˛˛am¿-®v tbm-K-Øn¬ Cu I-s≠Ø-¬
A-t±-lw A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ \mev]-tXm-fw h-cp-
∂ k-Z-ky¿ {i≤tbm-sS A-sX√mw tI-ń-cp∂p, ]-
t£, F¥p-sImt≠m A-X-h-cn¬ H-cp N-e-\-hp-ap-
≠m-°n-bn√. ]-b-dp-I-fp-sS k-¶-c-W-Øn\v A-°q-´-
Øn¬ ]-escbpw kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw {]m-tbm-
KnI-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw A-hc-Xp {]-I-
Sn-∏n-®n√.
dn-t∏m¿-´v {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-h-∂-t∏mƒ sa≥-U¬
A-Xns‚-sbm-cp tIm∏n henb {]-Xo-£-tbm-sS hn-
Jym-X kzn-kv k-ky-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ Imƒ hn¬lw
thm¨ \m-sK-en-°v- Ab®p-sIm-SpØp, A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ ]n¥p-W sa≥Uens‚ I-s≠-Ø-en-s\
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-hp-am-bn-
cp∂p.
I-„-sa-∂√m-sX-¥p-]-d-bm≥ sa≥-U-en-s‚ K-th-

j-W-Øns‚ {]m-[m\yw a-\- n-em-°m≥ \m-sK-en-
°p I-gn-™n√. A-t±-l-sam-cp-]-tZ-iw \¬-Ip-I-bm-
Wp sN-bv-X-Xv˛˛Cu ]-co£-Ww tlm-Ivho-Uv sN-
Sn-bn¬ H-∂m-h¿-Øn®p t\m-°p-I. sa≥-U¬ B
D-]-tZ-iw A-£-cw-{]-Xn A-\p-k-cn®p. ]-co£Ww
Ipd-®p ap-t∂-dn-b-t∏m-gm-Wp a-\- n-em-bXv˛˛]m-c-º-
cy-Kp-W-hn-ti-j-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°m≥ th-≠ k-hn-
tij-X-sbm∂pw a-™-∏q-°-fp-≠m-Ip-∂ Cu sN-
Sn-°n-s√∂v. sa≥-U-en-s‚ {]_-‘w i-cn-°p hm-
bn-®p a-\- n-em-°m-sX-bm-Wv \m-sKen Cu D-]-tZ-
iw \¬-In-b-sX-∂p-d∏v, H-cp]-t£ A-t±lw A-
Xp hm-bn®p-t\m-°n-bn-t´-bp-≠m-In√. \n-cm-i\m-b
sa≥-U¬ ]m-c-º-cy-im-kv-{XK-thj-Ww A-hn-sS
\n¿Øn. F-∂n-´v Kp-W-ta∑-bp-≈ ]-®-°-dnbn-\-
ßƒ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Po-hn-Xw am-‰n-h®p. H-
∏w tX-\o-®-I-sf∏-‰nbpw F-en-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw kq-cy-
I-f-¶-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw a-‰p ]-e-Xn-s\-∏-‰nbpw ]Tn®p.
H-Sp-hn¬ B- k-∂ym-k-aT-Øn-s‚ A-[n-]-\mbn.
]-e-t∏mgpw ]-d-™p-tIƒ-°m-dp≈t]m-se sa≥-

U-en-s‚ I-s≠-Øep-Iƒ Aß-s\ ]q¿-W-am-bn
A-h-K-Wn-°-s∏-´-sXm∂pan√. F≥-sskt¢m-]oUn-
b {_n-´m-\n-°-bn¬ {][m-\ te-J-\-ßfn-sem-∂m-
bn-cp-∂p At±lØn-s‚ ]T-\w (im-kv-{X-Nn-¥-I-cp-
sS C-S-bn¬ C-∂-sØ-°mƒ {]m-[m-\yap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p A-°me-Øv F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b-bv-°v). P¿-
a≥-Im-c\m-b hn¬-lw H¬-t_-gv-kv t^m-s°-bp-sS
H-cp kp-{][m-\ {]-_-‘-Øn¬ sa≥-U-en-s‚ K-th-
j-W-ß-ƒ ]-eh´w ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp∂p-≠v. sa≥-
Uen-s‚ I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ tem-
Iw k-∂-≤-am-b-t∏mƒ Ffp∏a-Xv ho-s≠-Sp-°m-\m-
bn F-∂-XpX-s∂ A-h ]q¿-W-ambpw A-h-K-Wn-
°s∏-ń-cp-∂n√ F-∂-Xn-s‚ sX-fn-hmWv.
]-c-kv-]-c-a-dn-bm-sXbpw a-\- n-em-°m-sX-bp-am-

sW-¶nepw Um¿-hn\pw sa≥-Uepw tN¿-∂m-Wv C-
cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-se Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-\v A-
Sn°√n-´Xv. F√m Po-hn-Iƒ°pw _-‘-ap-s≠∂pw
]n-∂n-te-°v A-t\z-jn-®t\z-jn-®p sN-∂m¬
F√mw H-cp s]m-Xp]q¿-hn-I-\n¬ sN-∂p \n¬-
°psa∂pw Um¿-hn≥ a-\- n-em°n. A-sX-ß-s\ -
kw-`-hn-°ps∂-∂p sa≥U¬ hn-i-Zo-I-cn®p. C-cp-
h¿°pw th-W-sa-¶n¬ ]-c-kv]-cw k-lm-bn-°mam-
bn-cp∂p. H-dn-Pn≥ Hm-^v kv-]o-jo-kn-s‚ P¿-a≥
]-Xn-∏v sa≥-U-en-s‚ ssI-h-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p, A-
X-t±-lw hm-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-bp-a-dn-bmw, A-t∏mƒ ]n-
s∂ Um¿-hn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ X-s‚ I-s≠-Ø-
ep-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hp-sa-∂ Im-cyhpw
sa-≥-U-¬ a-\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠m-I-Ww. F∂n´pw
Um¿-hn-\p-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ H-cp {i-ahpw A-
t±-lw \-SØnb-Xm-bdn-bn√. sa≥-U-en-s‚ K-th-
jW-sØ ]-eh-´w D-≤-cn-°p∂ t^ms°bp-sS
{]_-‘w Um¿-hn≥ hm-bn-®n-cp∂p.28 F-∂n´pw kz-
¥w ]T-\-Øn¬ A-h D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ A-t±-
lw {i-an-®-n√.
Ip-c-ßn¬\n-∂p ]-cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv a-\p-

jy-s\-∂v Um¿-hn≥ ]-d-™psh-s∂m-cp sX-‰n-≤m-
c-W-bp≠v. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ H-scm-‰ c-N-\-bnepw
Um¿hn≥ A-ßs\-sbm-cm-i-bw ap-t∂m-´p- h-
®nń√, H-cn-°¬ ]-tcm-£-kq-N-\-bm-bn Aß-s\-
sbmcp ]-cm-a¿-iw \-S-Øn-sb-∂√msX. F-¶nepw a-
\p-jy\n-te°p≈ ]-cn-Wm-a-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ Um¿-
hn-s‚ hm-Z-ß-fp-sS A-¥-cm¿Yw a-\- nem-°m≥ h-
en-b `mh-\-sbm∂pw th-≠m-bn-cp∂p, AXp-sIm-
≠pX-s∂ AsXm-cp kw-km-c-hn-j-b-ambn I-Øn-∏-
S-cm≥ hen-b Im-e-Xma-kw th≠nh-∂p-an√.
b-Ym¿-Y G-‰p-ap-´¬ h-∂-Xv 1860 Pq¨ 30 i-\n-

bm-gv-N-bm-Wv˛˛˛Hm-Iv-kv^-Un¬ {_n-ó-jv A-tkm-
kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ A-Uzm≥-kv-sa‚ v Hm-^v
kb≥kn-s‚ tbm-K-Øn¬. l-Ivkven B tbm-K-
Øn¬ ]-s¶-SpØ-Xv tdm-_¿-´v tNw-t_-gvk-s‚ A-
`y¿-Y-\-b-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv.29 ("sh-ÃnP-kv Hm^v Z \m-
Nzd¬ ln-Ãdn Hm-^v {In-tbj-'s‚ I¿-Øm-hm-b
tNw-t_-gv-k¨X-s∂. A∂-sØ X¿-°-hn-j-b-
Øn¬ tNw-t_-gv-k-s‚ ]-¶n-s\-°p-dn-®v l-Iv-
kven°v A-dn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p.) Um¿-hn≥ ]-Xnhp-
t]m-se tbm-K-Øn-\v F-Øn
-bp-an√. Hm-Iv-kvÛv kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬ ayq-kn-b-

Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p NSßv. BbncØn-te-sd-t∏¿
HmUn-t‰m-dn-b-Øn-¬ sR-cp-ßn \n-d-™p. \q-dp-I-
W-°n-\mfp-Iƒ A-I-Øp- I-S-°m-\m-Im-sX Xn-cn®p-
t]mbn. F-t¥m- h-en-b -Imcyw kw-`-hn-
°m≥t]mIp-I-bm-sW∂ tXm-∂¬ A-hn-sS \n-d-
™p\n∂p. Bscbpw D-d-°-Ønte-°p X-≈n-hn-
Sm≥t]m-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ \yq-tbm¿-°v k¿-h-I-em-im-
e-bn-se hneyw s{U-bv-]¿ "bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ _u≤n-
I hn-Ik\w Um¿-hn-s‚ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-I-fp-sS ]-›m-
Ø-e-Øn¬' F-∂ hn-j-b-Øn¬ c≠p aWn-°q-¿
-\o-s≠m-cp B-ap-J-{]-kw-Kw \-S-Øn-bn-´pw A-h¿
]n-Sn-®p\n∂Xv B- Hcp {]-Xo-£-bn-emWv.30
H-Sp-hn¬ Hm-Iv-kv^-Uv _nj-]v km-ap-h¬ hn¬-

_¿-t^m-gv-kv kw-kmcn-°m-s\-gp-t∂-‰p. Um¿-hn≥
kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-sS I-Sp-Ø F-Xn-cm-fn-bm-bncp∂ dn-
®m¿Uv Hm-h-\m-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-\p th-≠ hn-h-c-
ßƒ ]-d-™p-\¬-In-b-sX-∂m-Wv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
(I-gn-™ Znh-kw _n-j-∏n-s‚ ho-ń¬ A-Xn-Yn-bm-
bn Hm-h-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p). hn-hm-Z-tIm-em-l-e-ß-fn-
e-h-km-\n°p∂ F√m Im-cy-ß-sf-bpw-t]m-se A-
∂-hn-sS \-S-∂-sX-s¥m-s°-bm-sW∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n ]-
e I-Y-I-fp-ap≠v. Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈ I-Y-
bn-ß-s\bmWv: {]-kw-Kn-®p I-Øn-°-b-dp-∂-Xn-\n-
sS _nj-∏v l-Iv-kven-bp-sS t\tc Xn-cn-™p. ap-
Ø—-s‚ Xm-h-gn-bnemtWm ap-Ø-»n-bp-sS Xm-h-gn-
bnemtWm Xm-¶ƒ- Ip-c-ßn-s‚ _-‘p-hm-sW-∂-h-
Im-i-s∏-Sp∂-Xv F-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn
®m¬ \-∂m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p ]-d-bp-IbpwsN-bvXp.

X-am-i-bv-°p-s≈mcp IpØp hm-°mWv _nj-]v D-
t±-in-®Xv. ]-t£, hen-sbm-cp sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bmW-
Xv h-∂p-s]-´Xv. C-Xp- tI-´-bp-S≥ "Cu-iz-c-\-t±l-
sØ F-s‚ ssI-bn¬ sIm≠pØ-∂p F∂v A-Sp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂bm-tfm-Sv Nn-cn®p-sIm-≠p ]d-™v Xm≥
B-izm-k-tØm-sS F-gp-t∂-‰p' F-∂m-Wv l-Iv-kv-en
]-d-bp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬ l-Ivken t{Im[w-sIm-≠p
hn-d-sIm-≠p-sh-∂m-Wv I-≠p\n-∂ a-‰p-≈h¿ ]-d-
bp-∂Xv. G-Xm-bmepw ]n-∂o-S-t±-lw ]-d-™ Im-
cysØ∏-‰n X¿-°-an√. "kp-{]-[m-\am-sbm-cp im-kv-
{X-th-Zn-bn¬ h-∂p-\n∂v A-dn-bm-Ø- Im-cy-ß-sf∏-
‰n A¿-Y-an√m-sX Nn-e-bv-°p-∂ H-cp {]-apJ-s‚ _-
‘p-sh-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ Ip-c-ß-s‚
_-‘pXzw A-h-Imis∏-Sm-\m-Wv X-\n-°p Xm¬-]-
cyw' F-∂-t±-lw Xn-cn-®-Sn®p. \n-μyam-b [n°m-c-
am-bn-cp-∂p AXv; _n-j-∏n-s‚ ]-Zhn-tbm-Sp-≈ A-
h-tl-f-\-hpw. AXpsIm-≠pX-s∂ A∂-sØ tbm-
K-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ _-l-f-Øn-\p h-gn-amdn. H-cp te-Un
{_q-kv-‰¿ t_m-[w-sI-´p hoWp. _o-Kn-fn¬ Um¿-hn-
s‚ k-l -bm-{Xn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂ {^n-‰vkv-tdm-bn ss_-
_nfpw D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®v "Z _p-°v, Z _p-°v' F-
∂p hn-fn-®p]d-™v k-tΩ-f-\-lm-fn¬ I-d-ßn\-S-
∂p (]p-XpXmbn cq-]-h¬-Icn-® Im-emh-ÿm\n-co-
£-WtI-{μ-Øn-s‚ ta-[m-hn-sb-∂ \nebn¬ sIm-
Sp-¶m-‰p-I-sf-∏-‰n-sbm-cp {]-_-‘-a-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-\m-
Wv A-t±-lw A-hn-sS-sb-Øn-b-Xv). kw-`-hn-®-sX-
¥m-bmepw B hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn¬ adp]£-sØ
A-Sn-®n-cp-Øn-sb-∂v C-cp hn-`m-Khpw A-h-Im-i-s∏-
´p.
Ip-c-ß∑m¿ \-Ωp-sS _-‘p-°-fm-sW-∂ hn-izm-

kw 1871˛se "a-\p-jy]-cºc' ("The Descent of
Man') F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ Um¿-hn≥ Xpd-∂p {]-
Jym-]n-®p. t^m-kn¬sX-fn-h-p-I-fpsS-sbm∂pw ]n≥-
_-e-an√m-sX \S-Ønb B {]-Jym]-\w Xn-I®pw
[o-c-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p ]-d-bm-sX h-ø. BZna a-\p-jy-
t‚-Xm-bn A-∂p Inń-b G-I sX-fn-hv P¿-a-\n-
bn¬\n-∂p Inń-b {]-i-kv-Xam-b \n-bm-≥U¿-Xm¬
a-\p-jy-s‚ A-ÿn-bm-Wv. ]n-s∂-bp-≠mbn-cp∂-Xv
Nn-e Xm-Sn-sb√p-I-fp-sS I-j-W-ß-fpw. A-h-bp-sS
Im-e-∏-g-°-Øns‚ Im-cy-Øn¬-t∏mepw hn-Z-Kv-
[¿°p kw-i-b-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬
H-dn-Pn≥ Hm-^v kv-]o-jo-kn-s\-°mƒ hn-hm-Z-Øn-\p
h-Ip-∏p-≠m-bncp-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv a-\p-jy-]cºc.
]-t£, A-Xn-d-ßp-tºm-tg-°v A{X s]s-´-∂p {]-
tIm-]n-°-s∏-Sm-sØm-cp ÿn-Xn-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p
\m-´p-Im¿. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ hen-b H-®∏msSm-
∂p-ap-≠m-bn√.
C-sXms°-sbm-gn-hm-°n-bm¬ Po-hn-Xkm-bm-”-w
Um¿-hn≥ a-‰p ]-≤XnIƒ-°m-Wp \o-°n-h-®Xv. {]-
Ir-Xn-\n¿-≤m-c-W-hp-am-bn A-hbv-°p henb _-‘-
sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]-£n-I-fp-sS Im-jvTw s]-
dp-°n-sb-Sp-Øv hni-Ie-\w sN-øm-\-t±-lw G-sd-
°m-ew \o-°n-h-®p. ImjvT-ßƒ A-cn-®ps]-dp°n
]cn-tim-[n-®v hn-Øp-Iƒ `q-J-fi-ß-fn¬\n-∂p `q-
J-fi-ß-fnte°p hn-Xc-Ww sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-
s\-sb-∂p I-s≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p e-£yw. hn-c-I-
fp-sS s]-cp-am-‰ \n-co-£-W-am-bn-cp-∂p G-sd h¿-
j-ß-sf-SpØp sNbvX a-s‰m-cp ]-≤Xn. aÆn-c-I-
fp-sS-b-Sp-sØ-Øn-b-t±-lw ]nbmt\m hmbn-°pw.31
Ah-sb k-t¥m-jn-∏n-°m\√, i-–-tØmSpw I-º-
\-tØmSpw Ah-sbßs\ {]-Xn-I-cn-°p-sa-∂p a-
\- n-em-°m≥. a-Æn-s\ ^-e-`q-bn-jvT-am-°p-∂-Xn¬
a-Æn-c-I-ƒ-°p-≈ ]-¶ns‚ {]m-[m-\yw B-Zyw a-\- n-
em-°nb-X-t±lamWv. tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ C-{Xbpw
{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈ ]-¶p-h-ln® Po-hn-Iƒ th-sd-
bpt≠m F-∂p kw-i-b-am-sW-∂m-Wv' Cu hn-j-b-
Ønse D-÷z-e {K-Ÿ-am-bn I-cp-Xp∂ "Z t^m¿-ta-
j≥ Hm-^v sh-Pn-‰-_nƒ tamƒUv {Xq BIvj≥ Hm-
^v thmw-kv' (1881) F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ Um¿-hn≥
A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv. P-\-{]o-Xn-bn¬ H-dn-Pn≥ Hm-^v
kv-]o-jo-kn-s\ I-S-Ønshń Cu ]p-kv-XIw. j-Uv-
]-Z-ß-ƒ Hm¿-°n-Up-I-sf ^-e-]p-„-am-°p-∂Xn-s\-
∏-‰n-bpw (On the Various Contrivances by
which British and Foreign Orchids
are Fertilised by Insects -1862), a-\p-
jy-cn-se-bpw P-¥p-°-fp-sSbpw hn-Im-c-{]-I-S-\-sØ-
∏-‰nbpw (Expressions of the Emotions in Man and
Animals -1872. Cu ]p-kvX-Iw B-Zy-Znh-kwXs∂
5,300 tIm-∏n-I-fm-Wp hn-‰-gn-™Xv). k-ky-Pm-e-ß-
fn-se kz-bw ]-cm-K-W-Øn-s‚-bpw ]-c-]-cm-KWØn-
s‚bpw ^-e-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bpw (Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚
hn-j-b-Øn-\v sa≥U-en-s‚ ]co-£-W-ß-fp-am-bn
km-ay-ap≠v. F-∂m¬ A-{X-bv-°pƒ-°mgvN A-h-Im-
i-s∏-Sm-\m-hn√), N-e-\-Øn-\p kky-tem-I-Øp-≈
{]m-[m-\y-sØ∏-‰n-bpw (The Power of Movements
in Plants) F-∂nß-s\ hnhn-[ hn-j-bß-sf∏‰n
hnhn-[ ]p-kv-X-Ißƒ. A-h-km-\-am-bn kz-Im-cy-
Xm¬-]-cy-aps≈m-cp hnj-b-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p K-th-
jWw. A-Sp-Ø -_-‘-ap-≈-h¿ XΩnep-≈ hn-hm-
l-ß-fn¬ P-\n-°p-∂ k-¥-Xn-]-c-º-c-Iƒ-°p≈
{]-iv-\-ßsf-∏-‰n-bm-bn-cp-∂p B K-th-jWw. A-Sp-
Ø _-‘Øn¬s∏-´-bm-fn-s\bmWv Um¿hn≥
IeymWw Ign-®Xv.32 a-°-fn¬- ]-e¿°pw h-∂p-s]-
´ ZpxJI-c-amb im-cocn-I˛am-\-kn-IZu¿-_-ey-ßƒ-
°p ImcWw X-s‚ hw-im -h-en-bn-se ssh-hn-[y-
an√m-bv-a-bm-sW-∂v A-t±-lw kw-i-bn®p.
Po-hn-X-Im-e-ØpX-s∂ B-Zc-hp t\-Sm\m-b im-

kv-{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂p Um¿-hn≥.33 F-∂m¬ "H-dn-
Pn≥ Hm-^v kv-]o-jo-kns‚'tbm "Unk‚ v Hm^v
am-\n's‚tbm t]-cn-em-bn-cp-∂n√ A-sXm-∂pw. tdm-
b¬ skm-ssk-‰n At±lØn-\v {]-i-kv-Xamb
tIm-]v-en sa-U¬ k-Ωm-\n®-Xv ]-cnWm-akn-
≤m¥Øn-s‚ t]cne√; `q-hn⁄m-\o-b-Øn-\pw k-
ky-im-kv-{X-Øn\pw P¥pim-kv-{X-Øn\pw \¬In-
b kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ ]-cn-K-Wn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. A-t±-
lØn-s‚ hn-π-h-I-c-am-b B-i-b-ß-fn-te-
s°m∂pw I-S-°m-sX-bm-Wv en-\nb≥ skm-ssk-
‰n Um¿-hn-s\ BZ-cn-®Xv. sh-Ãv-an-\n-Ã¿ B-_n-
bn¬ \yq´-\p k-ao-]-Øm-Wv i-h-Ip-So-c-sa-¶n-epw
Um¿-hn-\v {]-`p-]-Zhn-sbm∂pw e`n®n-cp-∂n√. Uu-
Wn¬ 1882˛em-bn-cp-∂p Um¿-hns‚ a-c-Ww. A-Xn-\p
c-≠ph¿-jwapºv sa≥-U¬ a-cn-®p.
Um¿-hn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v hym-]-Ikzo-Ic-Ww

e-`n-°m≥ 1930Ifpw 1940Ifpwh-sc Imt°-≠n-
h∂p.34 Um¿-hn-s‚ kn-≤m¥sØ sa≥-U-en
s‚bpw a‰pw B-i-b-ß-fp-am-bn kw-tbm-Pn-∏n-®v
tam-tU¨ kn-¥-kn-kv F-∂ ]pXn-sbm-cp kn-≤m-
¥w h-tc-≠nh-∂p A-Xn\v. sa≥-U-epw Aw-KoI-cn-
°-s∏´-Xv a-c-W-ti-j-amWv, ]-t£, A-Xn-\-[n-Iw
Im-t°-≠n-h-∂n√. bq-tdm-∏n¬ sh-tΔ-sd K-thj-
Ww \-S-Øn-b aq-∂p im-kv-{X-⁄¿ G-Xms≠m-tc
k-ab-Øv sa≥-U-en-s‚ I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw ho-≠pw I-
≠p-]n-Sn-®p. AXn-sem-cmƒ—lyqtKm Zv ssd-kv—I-
≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-s‚ A-hIm-iw kz¥-am-°p-sa-∂
ÿn-Xn-h-∂-t∏mƒ F-Xn-cm-fn-bm-Wv A-Xn-s‚ b-
Ym¿-Y Ah-Im-in—F√m-hcpw a-d-∂p-t]m-b ]p-tcm-
ln-X-\m-sW-∂p—A¿-Y-i-¶bv°n-S-bn√m-Øhn-[w
ÿm-]n-®Xv.35
Aß-s\ \-Ω-sf-ß-s\-bp-≠m-sb∂pw F-ß-s\-

bn-hnsSsb-Ønsb∂pw a-\- n-em-°m≥ H-Sp-hn¬
tem-Iw k-÷-am-bn-°-gn-™p. a-\- nem°m≥ X-øm-
dm-bn- F-∂p ]-d-™m¬ a-\- n-em-°n F-∂m-W¿-
Y-sa-∂p I-cp-X-cpXv. hn-iz-kn-°m≥ _p-≤n-ap-´p-
≠mIpw ]-t£, Ip-™p-ßƒ h-cp∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-
∂v km¿-Y-I-am-bn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ C-cp-]Xmw \q-
‰m-≠ns‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬, im-kv-{X-{]-Xn-`-Iƒ°p-
t]m-epw I-gn-™n-cp-∂n√.
im-kv{Xw GXm-≠-¥y-tØmSSpØp F-∂p I-

cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv C∏d™ im-kv-{X-Im-c-∑m¿
F∂p-tam¿-°Ww.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 hnjbw {]m-hv B-sW-¶n¬ F√m-h¿°pw

Xm¬-]-cy-ap-≠m-Ipw: _q¿-kv-‰n≥, ¢n-tbm-]m-{Sm-kv
t\mkv, t]-Pv 176.
2 \m-bm-ńepw \m-b-I-fnepw F-en-]n-Sn-Ø-
Ønepw am-{X-am-Wv I-ºw: _q¿-Ãn≥, Z Un-kv-I-h-
td-gvkv, t]-Pv 467.
3 ]-t£, c-‡-s®m-cn-®nepw I-„-∏m-Sp-Ifpw I-

≠p-\n¬-°m≥ A-h-\mIp-am-bn-cp∂n√: sU-kva-≠v
B≥-Uv aq¿, Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 27.
4 A-Xn¬ ]-e-Xpw Xn-I®pw {`m-¥-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂v

Um¿-hn≥ ]n-∂o-Sp ]d-™-n´p≠v: lmw-_v-en≥, Z
C≥-sh≥j≥ Hm-^v ¢u-Uvkv, t]-Pv 199.
5 F-¥n-\v A-©p- h¿j-sØ _o-Kn-fn-se k-

l-hm-k-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v H-cn-°¬-t]mepw A-h-fp-sS
t]cp-t]mepw ]-d-™n-cp-∂n√: sU-kva-≠v B≥-Uv
aq¿, Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 197.
6 ]-hn-g-∏p-‰pIƒ-sIm-≠p Zzo-]p-I-fp-≠mb-Xv ]-
Øpe-£w h¿-j-sa-¶nepw ap-ºmsW-∂v B kn-≤m-
¥-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p: aq¿-slUv, Um¿-hn≥ B≥-Uv
Z _oKvƒ, t]-Pv 191.
7 tXma-kv am¬-Øq-kn-s‚ P-\-kw-Jym-kn-≤m-¥-
{]-_-‘am-W-t±lsØ A-Xnte°p Xn-cn-®p-hn´-Xv:
KqƒUv, F-h¿ kn≥-kv Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 21.
8 F-\n-s°¥p-sIm-≠o Bi-bw t\ctØ tXm-

∂n-bn√: k¨-tU sSen-{Km^v, Z H-dn-Pn≥ Hm-^v
Um¿-hn≥-kv Po-\n-b-kv, 2002 Un-kw-_¿ 8.
9 Um¿-hn≥ I≠-Xv hy-Xykv-X kn-≤n-I-fp-≈ Ip-

cp-hn-I-sf-bm-sW-∂v a-\- n-em°nb-Xv kp-lrØpw
]-£n-im-kv-{X-⁄-\p-amb tPm¨ KqƒUv B-Wv:
sU-kva-≠v B≥-Uv aq¿, Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 209.
10 A-Xn-s\ 230 t]-Pp-≈ "hn-j-b-kw-{K-l'-am-°n-

sb-Sp-Øp: Un-IvjvWdn Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ _-tbm-
{K^n, hm-eyw 5, t]-Pv 526.
11 _m¿-\-°n-fpI-sf G-‰hpw sh-dp-°p-∂ a-\p-

jy≥ Rm-\m-Wv: s^dnkv, I-anMv Hm-^v F-bvP-v
C≥-Z an¬-°n th, t]-Pv 239.
12 Um¿-hn≥X-s∂-bm-Wm ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-
sX-∂p ]-ecpw I-cpXn: _m¿_¿, Z tltU Hm-^v
\m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ãdn, t]-Pv 214.
13 F-s‚ ssI-sb-gp-Øp-{]-Xn In-ń-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬

A-Xn-\v C-Xnepw \s√mcp kw{Klw Xo¿-°m≥
hm-e-kn-\p I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√: Un-IvjvWdn Hm-^v
\m-j-W¬ _tbm{K^n, hm-eyw 5, t]-Pv 528.
14 Po-h-Pm-Xn-Ifpw h¿-K-ßfpw ]-c-kv]-cw F-

¥p-am{Xw hy-Xym-k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p F-∂-Xn-s\-°p-
dn-®v Ip-dn-s∏-gp-Xm≥ Rm≥ t\m-´p-]p-kv-X-I-sa-Sp-
Øn-´v 20 h-¿jw(!) Xn-I-bp-I-bm-Wv: sU-kva-≠v
B≥-Uv aq¿, Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 454˛5.
15 A-Xn-s\-{X aq-ey-ap-s≠-¶n-epw X-I¿-∂-Sn-bp-

∂-Xn-\p Xp-ey-am-Ip-sa∂pw A-t±lw Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-
®n-cp∂p: sUkva-≠v B≥-Uv aq¿, Um¿-hn≥, t]Pv
469.
16 U-ªn-\n-se s{]m-^-k¿ tlm-Mv-‰-Wm-bn-cp-∂p

A-Xv. "{]-_-‘-Ønse ]pXn-b Im-cy-ß-sf√mw
sX‰pw i-cnbm-b Im-cy-ß-sf√mw ]-g-bXpw‹B-
sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-`n-{]m-bw: {Kn-
_n≥ B≥-Uv sj¿-^mkv, Z ^-Ãv Nn-ºm≥kn,
t]-Pv 150.
17 kv-tIm-Sv-e‚n¬ tXm-´-∏-Wn-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂
]m-{Sn-Iv am-Xyp: KqƒUv, Z ^v-sf-anwtKm-kv kv-
ssa¬, t]-Pv 336.
18 "sN-Ip-Øm-s‚ ]m-Xncn' F-∂m-W-t±-lw kz-

bw hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv: ImUv-_dn, sSdn-_vƒ en-
km¿Uv, t]-Pv 305.
19 "Cu kn-≤m-¥w' sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ønb-Xv sIm-e-

°p-‰w k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂ am\-kn-Im-hÿ-bnem-sW-∂v
A-t±-lw ]-d-™n-´p-≠v: sU-kva-≠v B≥-Uv aq¿,
Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv xvi.
20 hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p ÿm-]n-°m≥ ]-‰p-∂-X√m-bn-cn-

°mw C-sX∂p Xpd-∂p k-Ω-Xns®-¶n-epw: KqƒUv,
h-≠¿-^pƒ sse^v, t]-Pv 57.
21 A-Xn-\-t±-lw H-cp \ym-bhpw I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p:

KqƒUv, F-h¿ kn≥-kv Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 126.
22 Um¿-hn≥ Im-Sp-I-b-dp-I-bm-sW-∂ A-`n-{]m-
bw se-bv-en-\pt]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p: a-Iv ô, C≥
k-kv-s]-Œv sS-d-bv≥, t]-Pv 190.
23 Imc-Ww l-Iv-kv-en H-cp km¬-t‰-j-\n-kv-‰m-bn-

cp-∂p: jzm¿-Svkv, kU≥ H-dn-Pn≥kv, t]-Pv 81˛2.
24 A-tX-°p-dn-t®m¿-°p-tºmƒ Dƒ-°n-Sn-e-ap-≠m-
Ip-∂p: sI√¿, Z sk©zdn Hm^v Po≥, t]-Pv 97.
25 {]-Ir-Xn-\n¿-[mc-Ww CØ-cw k-¶o¿-tWm-]-

I-c-Wß-sf L-´wL-´-am-bn kr-„n°p-sa-∂p hn-iz-
kn-°p∂-Xv A-kw-_-‘-am-sW-∂p k-Ω-Xn-°m≥
a-Sn-bn-s√-∂v: Um¿-hn≥, Hm¨ Z H-dn-Pn-≥ Hm-^v kv-
]o-jokv, t]-Pv 217.
26 A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v Um¿-hn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\p

{]n-bw Ip-d-™p-h-cn-IbpwsNbvXp: jzm¿-Svkv, k-
U≥ H-dn-Pn≥kv, t]-Pv 89.
27 C-cp-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p
A-hnS-sØ {K-Ÿ-∏p-c-bn¬: sethm‚n≥, C-‰v A-
bn‚ v s\- - -dn-en tkm, t]Pv 91.
28 sa≥-U-en-s‚ K-th-jW-sØ ]-eh-´w D-≤-cn-
°p∂ t^m-s°-bp-sS {]_-‘w Um¿-hn≥ hm-bn-
®n-cp-∂p: dn-Uven, Pn-t\mw, t]-Pv 44.
29. l-Ivkven B tbm-K-Øn¬ ]-s¶-SpØ-Xv tdm-

_¿-´v tNw-t_-gvk-s‚ A-`y¿-Y-\b-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv:
{Sn-t¶m-kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬kv,
t]-Pv 79.
30 c-≠p a-Wn-°q¿ -\o-s≠m-cp B-ap-J-{]-kw-Kw

\-S-Øn-bn-´pw A-h¿ ]nSn®p \n∂Xv B-sbm-cp {]-
Xo-£-bn-em-Wv: ¢m¿Iv, Z k¿-sshh¬ Hm-^v
Nmƒkv Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 142.
31 aÆn-c-I-fp-sS-b-Sp-sØ-Øn-b-t±-lw ]nbmt\m
hm-bn-°pw: tIm-Wn^v, kv-ss]≥se-kv h-t≠-gvkv,
t]-Pv 147.
ASp_‘Øn¬s∏-´-bm-sf-bmWv Um¿hn≥
IeymWw Ign-®Xv Um¿-hns‚ `m-cy: sU-kva-≠v
B≥-Uv aq¿, Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 575.
33 Po-hn-X-Im-e-ØpX-s∂ B-Zc-hp t\-Sm\m-b
im-kv-{Xv-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂p Um¿-hn≥: F∂m¬ "Hdn-
Pn≥ Hm^v kv]ojo-kn-'s‚tbm "Unk‚ v Hm^v
am\n's‚tbm t]cn-em-bn-cp-∂n√ AsXm-∂pw.
¢m¿Iv, Z k¿-sshh¬ Hm-^v Nmƒ-kv Um¿hn≥,
t]-Pv 148.
34 Um¿-hn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v hym-]-I kzo-Ic-

Ww e-`n-°m≥ 1930Ifpw 1940-Ifpw h-sc Imt°-
≠n-h-∂p: Sm‰¿-tkmƒ B≥-Uv jzm¿-Sv-kv, F-Iv-kv-
‰n-Mv-‰v lyq-a≥kv, t]-Pv 45.
35 I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-s‚ A-hIm-iw kz-¥-am-°p-

sa-∂ ÿn-Xn-h-∂-t∏mƒ F-Xn-cm-fn-bm-Wv A-Xn-s‚
b-Ym¿Y A-h-Im-in—F√m-hcpw a-d-∂p-t]m-b ]p-
tcm-ln-X\m-sW-∂v—A¿-Y-i-¶bv-°n-S-bn√m-Ø hn-
[w ÿm-]n-®-Xv: jzm¿-Svkv, k-U≥ H-dn-Pn≥kv, t]-
Pv 187. -
A[ym-bw 26
Po-h-X-Øzw
ß-fp-sS A-—-s‚-bp-a-Ω-bp-sSbpw k-
amKaw A-tX co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp∂n-s√-¶n¬, A-tX
\n-an-j-Ønembn-cp-∂ns√-¶n¬, H-∂p-Iq-Sn IrXyam-
bn-∏-d-™m¬ A-tX \n-an-jm¿-[-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂ns√-
¶n¬ \n-ß-fn-hn-sSbp-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√. C-\n A-
h-cp-sS A-—-s‚-bp-a-Ω-bp-sS-bpw k-amKaw A-∂v
A-ßs\-sbm-cp \n-an-j-Øn¬ A-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-
s√¶n-tem? At∏mgpw \n-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
A-h-cp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°fpw A-hcp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-
°-fpsS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fpw (AXv A-ß-s\-b-ß-s\
\ofpw) A-tX co-Xn-bn¬ k-am-K-an-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬
\n-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
Im-e-Øn-eq-sS-bß-s\ ]n-t∂m´p -t]m-bm¬ \n-

ß-fp-sS A-kv-Xn-XzØn\p Im-c-W-°mcm-b ap≥-Km-
an-I-fp-sS-sb-Æ-w Iq-Sn-°q-Snh-cpw. shdpw F-´p X-
eap-d ]n-t∂m-´p sN-∂m¬, A-Xmb-Xv Um¿-hn-s‚-
bpw F-{_lmw en-¶-s‚-bpw Im-e-sØ-Øn-bm¬,
\n-ß-ƒ-°p Im-c-W-°m-cm-b ]q¿-h-]nXm°-fp-
sSbpw am-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw ]-ń-I-bn¬ C-cp-∂q-‰-º-Xp-
t]-cp-≠m-Ipw. ]ns∂bpw ]n-t∂m´p -t]m-bn tj-Iv-
kv-]n-b-dp-sSbpw sa-bv-^v-f-h¿ Xo¿-Ym-SI-cp-sSbpw
Im-e-sØ-Øn-bm¬ C-∂-sØ- Cu \n-ß-fp-sS \n-
e-\nev-]n-\p Im-c-W-am-b P-\n-X-I-hn-h-c-ßƒ ssI-
am-dp-∂ ]q¿-h-am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS-FÆw 16,384
Bhpw.
C-cp]-Xp X-e-ap-d-Iƒ- ]n-d-tIm´p t]m-bm¬ \n-

ßƒ-°p-th-≠n X-ømsd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂-h-cp-sS-
sbÆw 1,048,576 B-bn Dbcpw. ]n-s∂bpsamcp A-
©p X-e-ap-d-Iq-Sn ]n-t∂m´p -t]m-bmtem \n-ß-fp-
sS P-\-\-Øn-\p ImcWam-b co-Xn-bn¬ kw-K-an-®-
h-cp-sS-sbÆw 33,554,432˛¬ F-Øpw. ap∏-Xp X-eap-
d ]n-t∂m´p- t]m-bm¬ (Hm¿-°Ww, A-Ωm-h-s‚-
bp-w AΩm-bnbpsSbpw C-f-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw C-f-b-—-
s‚bp-sam∂pw Im-cy-a√ C-∏-d-bp-∂Xv, \nßfpsS
am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS, A-h-cp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS,
]n-s∂-b-h-cp-sS am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-sS Im-cy-amWv) \n-
ß-fn-te-°p \-bn-® ]q¿-h]n-Xm-°-fpsSbpw am-
Xm°-fp-sSbpw F-Æw Hcp _ney¨ I-hn-bpw (Ir-
Xy-am-bn- ]d™m¬ 1,073,741,824). A-dp-]-Øn-\m-ev
X-e-ap-d-Iƒ ]n-t∂m´p- t]m-bn tdma≥ km-{am-Py-
Øn-s‚ Im-e-sØ-Ønbm-tem, \n-ß-fp-sS P-\-\-
Øn-\p Im-c-W°mcm-b ]q¿-hn-I-cp-sS F-Æw Hcp
aney¨ {SneyWn-se-Øpw. A-XmIs´ `q-apJ-Øv
C-{X-\m-ƒ Po-hn-®n-cp∂ sam-Øw P-\-ß-fp-sS F-
Æ-Øn-s‚ F{Xtbm B-bn-c-an-c-ń-bmWv.
A-sXß-s\ i-cn-bmIpw? A-t∏mƒ \-Ωp-sS I-

W-°n-set¥m Ip-g-∏ap-≠v. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ I-W-
°n-s‚ Ip-g-∏a√. \nß-fp-sS hw-imhen A{X ip-
≤-a√ F-∂Xm-Wp- {]-iv\w. ap≥-Km-an-Ifm-scm-
s°tbm C-S-bv-°v sNdnb tXm-Xn¬ (hm-kv-X-h-
Øn¬ h≥-tXm-Xn¬) A-K-ay-K-a-\-Øn-te¿-s∏-ń-cp-
∂nń√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \n-ß-fn-hn-sS-bp-≠m-In√m-bn-
cp∂p. A-Ωh-gnbpw A—≥h-gnbpw e-£-°-W-°n-
\p ap≥-Km-an-I-fp-≠v \n-ßƒ-s°-∂n-cn-t° A-Ω
Xm-gvh-gn-bn-ep-≈ Nn-e¿ C-S-bvs°m-s° A-—s‚
Xm-gvh-gn-bntem A-Ω-hgntbm _-‘p-°-fm-bn h-cp-
∂ Nne-sc I-eym-Ww I-gn-®n-´p-≠mIpw. c-‡-_-
‘-ap-≈-h-cp-am-bp-≈ Cu _‘w (A-K-ay-K-a-\w)
]-eh-´w kw-`-hn-®n-´p-≠m-I-Ww. kz-¥w cm-Py-Øv,
kz-¥w hw-i-Øn¬-s∏-´-bm-sf-bm-Wv \n-ßƒ I-eym-
Ww I-gn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Ip-td ]n-t∂m-´p t]m-b-t\z-
jn-®m¬ A-Xp \n-ß-fp-sS _-‘pX-s∂bm-sW-∂p
sX-fn-bm-\mWp km-[y-X. _ ntem ]m¿°ntem Xn-
c-°p-≈ G-sX-¶nepw ÿ-e-tØm sN-∂p
t\m°nbm¬ Np‰pw Im-Wp-∂-h-cn¬ `q-cn-]£w-
t]cpw an-°-hmdpw \n-ß-fp-sS _‘p-°-fm-bn-cn-
°pw. Xm≥ tj-Iv-kv-]n-b-dpsStbm hneyw N-{I-h¿-
ØnbpsStbm ]n≥-Km-an-bm-sW-∂v B-sc-¶n-epw
s]mß-®w ]-d-™m¬ A-Xp \n-tj-[n-°m≥ t]m-
tI≠, hn-\-b-]q¿-hw "Rm-\p-atX' F-∂p ]-dbpI.
A-£-cm¿-Y-Ønepw A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambpw \-Ω-
sf√m-hcpw H-tc Ip-Spw-_Øn-se Aw-K-ß-fmWv.
H-tc Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂p ]-d-™m¬

t]mcm, \-Ω-sf√mw G-Xm-s≠m-cpt]m-se-Xs-∂-bm-
Wv. \n-ß-fp-sS Po-\n-s\ a-t‰-sX-¶n-ep-samcmfp-sS
Po-\p-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-I. i-cm-i-cn-sb-Sp-
Øm¬ 99.9 i-X-am\hpw H-tct]m-se-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
AXp-sIm-≠m-Wp \-Ωƒ H-cp kv-]o-jo-kn¬-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv. hy-Xym-k-ap≈-Xv _m-°n-bp-≈ 0.1 i-X-am-
\w Po-\n¬ am{Xw. "B-bn-cØn-sem-cp \yq-¢n-b-
t‰m-bv-Un-s‚ hy-Xym-k-am-Wv \-ap-°p hy-‡nXzw
\¬-Ip-∂'-sX-∂v1 t\m-_¬kΩm-\tP-Xm-hv tPm¨
kpƒ-kv-‰¨ ]-d-bp∂p. a-\p-jy-Po-t\m-w sh-fn-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ A-Sp-Ø-bn-sS h-en-b ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-
Wp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ a-\p-jy-Po-t\mw
F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xn¬Øs∂ Im-cy-an√. Imc-Ww,
Hmtcm a-\p-jy-s‚bpw Po-t\mw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.
B hy-Xym-k-an√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \-Ω-sf√mw Htc-
t]m-se-bn-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. \-Ωp-sS P-\n-X-IL-S-\-
bp-sS Gd-°p-sd k-am-\hpw F-∂m¬ hy-Xy-kv-X-
hpam-b F-Æ-a-‰ k-Ωn-{i-Whpw ]p-\xkΩn{i-W-
hp-am-Wv \-ap-°p hy-‡n-Xzhpw A-tX-ka-bw H-cp
kv-]o-jo-kv F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ k-am-\-X-Ifpw \¬-Ip-
∂Xv.
hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ F-¥m-Wo Po-t\mw? A-X-hn-sS

\n¬-°-s´, hm-kvXh-Øn¬ F-¥m-Wo Po≥? A-Xp
]-d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ ho≠pw tIm-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p Xp-S-
ßWw. Hm-tcm tIm-i-Øn\pw \yq-¢n-b- p-≠v, \yq-¢n-
b- n-\p-≈n¬ t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fpw. k-¶o¿-W-X-bp-sS
Ip-™p-`m-fi-ß-fm-Wo t{Im-a-tkmap-Iƒ. Ah
\m-ev-]-Øm-sd-Æw ho-X-ap-≠mIpw Hmtcm \yq-¢n-
b- n-epw. A-Xn¬ C-cp-]-Øn-aq-s∂-Æw A-Ω-bn¬\n-
∂p In-´p∂p, C-cp-]-Øn-aq-s∂Æw A-—-\n¬\n-
∂pw. A-Xy-]q¿-hw Nn-eXn-sem-gn-sI \n-ß-fp-sS i-
co-c-Øn-se an-°-hm-dp-sa√m (G-Xm≠v 99.999 i-X-
am-\w) tIm-i-ß-fn-epw H-tc t{Im-atkmw L-S-I-ß-
fm-Wp-≈-Xv (C-Xn¬\n-∂p hy-Xym-k-ap≈-Xv Np-h-
∂ c‡m-Wp°-fpw {]Xn-tcm-[-®p-a-X-e-bp-≈ Nne
tIm-i-ßfpw ip-¢-tIm-ihpw Afihpw a-‰p-am-
Wv.2 {]-tXy-I Np-a-X-e-Iƒ \n-d-th-‰m-\p-≈Xp-sIm-
≠v Ch-bn¬ ]-e-Xn-epw P-\n-X-I km-a-{Kn-Iƒ ]q¿-
W-cq-]-Øn-ep-≠m-In√). \n-ß-fp-sS kr-„n°pw \n-
e-\nev-]n\pw B-h-iyam-b ]q¿-W-hn-h-c-ß-fmWv
t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv; A-h -\n¿-an-®n-cn-°p∂-Xv
H-cp A-¤p-X-cm-k-h-kvXp-hns‚ \o-≠ X-¥p°ƒ-
sIm-≠pw. Un-tbm-Ivkn-ssd-t_m-\yq-¢n-Iv BknUv
AYhm Un.F≥.F. F-∂m-W-Xn-\p t]cv. "`q-an-
bn-se G-‰hpw A-km[m-c-WX-∑m{X' F-∂m-Wv
Un.F≥.F.bv-°p≈ hn-ti-jWw.
F-∂m¬ Un.F≥.F. \n-e-\n¬-°p∂-Xv H-scm-‰

Im-cy-Øn-\m-Wv, IqSp-X¬ Un.F≥.F-.I-sf D-≠m-
°m≥. \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ C„w-t]m-
ep-≠v A-Xv. c-≠p- ao-‰¿ \o-fw h-cp-∂ Un.F≥.F-
.bm-Wv Npcp°nsbm-Xp°n Hmtcm tIm-i-Ønepw h-
®n-´p-≈Xv. Hm-tcm- Un.F≥.F-.bnepw hn-hn-[-co-Xn-
I-fn¬ {I-ao-I-cn-®n-´p≈ 3.2 _ney¨ A-£-c-ß-
fp≠v. Cu A-£-c-ß-sf ]-e -{I-a-Øn¬ hn-\y-kn-
3,480,000,000
®m¬ In-´p∂ k-Ωn-{i-W-ß-fp-sS F-Æw 10
h-cpw. hen-sbm-cp km-[y-X-bm-W-X.v H-∂p I-gn-™v
300 tIm-Sn ]q-Py-ßƒ h-cp-s∂m-cp kwJy. B kw-
Jy A-®-Sn-°-W-sa-¶n¬Øs∂ C-SØ-cw h-en-∏-
ap≈ A-øm-bn-cw ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ th-≠n-h-cpsa∂v,
{InÃy≥ Zv Uyp-th ]-d-bp∂p.3 "C-\n- I-Æm-Sn-bp-
sS ap-∂n¬-s®-∂p\n-∂v C-{Xbpw Imcy-ßƒ a-\ n-
tem¿-°p-I. 10,000 {Sney¨ tIm-i-ß-fp≠v Cu i-
co-c-Øn¬. Hmtcm tIm-i-Ønepw c-≠p hm-c \o-
f-ap-≈ Un.F≥.F. sR-cp-°n-b-a¿-Øn-h-®n-cn-°p-I-
bmWv. A-t∏mƒ, \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-se
Un.F≥.F. ap-gp-h-s\-Sp-Øv C-g-]n-cn-s®m-cp \q-em-
°n am-‰n-bm¬ A-Xv `qanbn¬\n-∂p N-{μ-\n-te°pw
Xn-cn-®p-sa-Øpw,4 H∂pw c≠pw h-á√, ]-eh´w.
H-cp I-W-°-\p-k-cn®v, 20 aney¨ In-tem-ao-‰¿
Un.F≥.F.bm-Wv \n-ßfp-sS i-co-c-Øn¬ sIń-
sbm-Xp-°nh-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.5
C-{X-b-[n-I-ap-≈ Cu Un.F≥.F.- D-≠m-°m≥

hen-b Xm¬-]-cy-amWv \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn\v. A-
Xn√m-sX \n-ßƒ-°p Po-hn-°m-\p-am-In√, ]t£,
Cu Un.F≥.F.-bv°v kz-¥w \n-ebv-°p Po-h-\p-
an√. H-cp X-∑m-{X-bv°pw Po-h-\n√, Un.F≥.F-
.bv°p hn-ti-jn-®p-an√. "Po-h-temI-sØ cm-k -]-c-
am-bn G-‰hpw A-e-kam-b X-∑m-{X-I-fmWh,6 H-∂p-
ambpw {]-Xn{]-h¿-Øn-°m-Ø ]-Zm¿-Yßƒ' F-∂m-
Wv P-\n-X-I-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ dn®m¿Uv se-thm‚n≥
]-d-bp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv sIm-e-]mX-Iw \-S-
∂ ÿeØv D-W-ßn- I-´-]n-Sn-®p- In-S-°p∂ tNm-c-
∏m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂pw ip-¢-Øn¬\n∂pw ]p-cm-X-\ \n-
bm-≥U¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-s‚ F√n¬\n-∂p-a-Xn-s\
th¿-Xn-cns®-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂-bm-Wv A-Xn-i-bn-∏n°pwhÆw H-Xp-ßn Po-
h- n√m-sX- In-S-°p-∂ Cu ]-Zm¿-Y-amWp Po-h-s‚
lr-Z-bsa∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥ im-kv{X-tem-Iw C-
{Xbpw k-a-b-sa-Sp-Ø-Xpw.
F-∂m¬ Un.F≥.F.-sb \-Ω-f-dn-bm≥ Xp-S-ßn-

bn-´p \n-ßƒ I-cp-Xp-∂-Xnep-sa{Xtbm Im-e-ambn.
P¿-a-\n-bn-se Sq-_nw-K≥ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ {]-
h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂ tbm-lm≥ s{^-U-dn-Iv ao-kv-®¿ F-
∂ kzn-kv im-kv-{X⁄-≥ 1869˛¬X-s∂ A-Xp I-
s≠-Øn-bn-cp∂p.7 i-kv-{X-{In-bm _m≥tU-Pp-I-fn-
se N-ew kq£v-aZ¿-in\n-sIm-≠p \n-co-£n-®-
t∏mƒ A-Xn-\p apºp I-≠n-ń√m-sØm-cp ]-Zm¿-
Yw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ {i-≤-bn¬-s∏´p. \yq-s¢-bn≥
F-∂m-W-t±-l-a-Xn-s\ hn-fn-®Xv, Imc-Ww, tIm-i-
ß-fp-sS \yq-¢n-b- n-embncp-∂p A-h-bp-sS ÿm\w.
A-Xp \n-co-£n-®p F-∂√m-sX Iq-Sp-X-sem∂pw A-
∂v ao-kv-®¿ sN-bv-Xn√, ]-t£, A-t±-l-Øn-s‚
a-\- n-s‚-b-Sn-Ø-ń-eXp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m-c-º-cy-Øn-
s‚ k-tμ-i-hm-l-I¿ A-h-bm-bn-cn-°m-sa∂v C-cp-
]-Øn-aq-∂p h¿-j-Øn-\pti-jw A-Ωm-h-\-b-® I-
Øn¬ A-t±-lw A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp-IbpwsN-bv-Xp. A-
km-[m-c-Wam-sbm-cp Zo¿-L-ho-£-W-am-bncp-∂p
AXv. ]-t£, A∂-sØ im-kv-{X]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS
I-W-°p-h®pt\m°p-tºmƒ Im-ew sX-‰n
F{Xtbm ap-ºm-bn-t∏m-bn B B-i-bw. AXpsIm-
≠pX-s∂ B-cpa-Xp {i-≤n-°m≥ t]m-bn√.
A-Sp-Ø A-c\q-‰m-≠p-Ime-sØ s]m-Xp Nn-

¥mKXn Cu ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn\v (A-t∏m-tg°p-a-Xn-s\
Un.F≥.F. F-∂p hn-fn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p)
]mcºcyw \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ H-cp-]-ÿm-\-ap-≠v
F-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. hfsc e-fn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p B
Bibw: \yq¢n-tbm-ss‰-Up-I-sf-∂ \m-ep L-S-
Iß-fm-Wv Un.F≥.F-.bv-°p-≈Xv. A-Xmb-Xv \m-e-
£-cßƒ. shdpw \m-e-£cwsIm-s≠ß-s\ Poh-
s‚ _r-l-Zv-{K-Ÿ-sa-gp-Xpw (A-Xn-s‚ DØ-cw
tamgvkv tIm-Un¬ Ip-Øpwh-cbpw am-{X-ap-]-tbm-
Kn-®v k-¶o¿-Wk-tμ-i-ßƒ Xømdm-°p-∂Xp-t]m-
se-X-s∂ F-∂mWv. ]-e co-Xn-bn¬ Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n-
®mWXp km-[n-°p∂-Xv). Un.F≥.F. H∂pw sN-
øp-∂n√, -shdpsX \yq-¢n-b- n-eß-s\-bn-cn-°pw,8
t{Im-a-tkm-apI-sf G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp X-c-Øn¬
IqńtbmPn-∏n-°pw. F-s¥-¶nep-sam-cp \n m-
cZuXyw sN-øm-\p-≈-t∏mƒ A-s√¶n¬ sN-bv-Xp
I-gn-bp-tºmƒ C-Øncn A-æ-w sX-dn-∏n-°p-Itbm
at‰m sNøpw. b-Ym¿-Y k-¶o¿-W-X \yq-¢n-b- n-se
t{]m-ó-\p-I-fn-em-W-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂Xv F-∂m-bn-cp-
∂p A∂sØ [m-cW.9
]-t£ Un.F≥.F-.sb Aß-s\ A-h-K-Wn-®p

X-≈mhp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. H-∂ma-Xv A-h-K-Wn-°m-\m-I-
Ø-{X-bp-≠v A-h. G-Xm-s≠√m tIm-i-ßfp-sSbpw
\yq-¢n-b- n¬ G-Xm-≠p c-≠p -ao-‰¿ \o-f-Øn¬. C-
{X-b-[n-I-aps≠-∂-XpX-s∂ tIm-i-Øn¬ A-h-bv-
s°t¥m hen-b [¿-a-ap-≠v F-∂Xn-s‚ kq-N-\-
bmWv. ]n-s∂ ]-e ]-co-£-W-ßƒ-°n-S-
bnepw˛˛sIm-e-t°kv A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\n-sS {]-Xn-
Iƒ {]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xp-t]m-se˛˛kw-i-bm-kv]Z
km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ A-h-bnß-s\ {]-Xy-£-s∏´p-
sIm-≠n-cp∂p. c-≠p ]-co£-W-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-
°q-´-Øn¬ {i-t≤-bw. H-∂v, \yq-tam-tWm-tIm-
°pekv _m-Œo-cnb-sb D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈ ]T\w. c-
≠m-a-tØ-Xv, _m-Œocn-tbmt^-P-kn-s\ (_m-Œo-cn-
b-I-sf _m-[n-°p∂ ssh-d-kp-Iƒ)°p-dn-®p-≈
]T\w. Cu ]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬ Un.F≥.F-.bv-°p-
≈ ]-¶p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A-h-bv-°v t\c-
tØ I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xnepw hen-b {]m-[m-\y-ap-s≠-
∂p kΩXn-°m-sX X-c-an-s√-∂ph∂p. t{]m-ó-\p-I-
fp-sS \n¿-am-W-Øn¬ Un.F≥.F.bv-°v Ft¥m ]-
¶p-s≠-∂-Xn-te-°m-Wv B sX-fn-hp-Iƒ hn-c¬Nq-
≠n-bXv. Poh-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ kp-{][m-\ ÿm-\-
ap≠v t{]mó-\p-Iƒ-°v. ]-t£ t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ \n¿-
Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv \yq-¢n-b- n-\p ]pd-ØmWv. A-Xmb-
Xv A-h-bp-sS \n¿-am-W-Øn-\p th-≠ \n¿-tZ-i-ßƒ
\¬-Ip-s∂-∂p I-cp-Xp∂ Un.F≥.F-.bn¬\n-∂v
A-I-se-bm-W-h cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
A-I-se-bp≈ t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ-°p Un.F≥.F. k-

tμ-i-sa-Øn-°p-∂sX-ß-s\sb-∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-
°m≥ B¿°pw I-gn-™n√. A-Xn-s‚-bpØcw C-
t∏mƒ \-ap-°-dnbmw. B¿.F≥.F. AY-hm ssd-
t_m-\yq-¢n-Iv B-knUv˛˛ A-Xm-Wv Un.F≥.F.-
bv°pw t{]m-ó-\p-an-S-bn-se k-tμ-i-hm-l-I¿.
Un.F≥.F.bpw t{]m-ó-\p-Ifpw kw-km-cn-°p∂-Xv
H-tc `m-j-b√ F-∂Xv Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-se G-
‰hpw h-en-b Iu-Xp-I-ßfn-sem-∂mWv. \m-\q-dp
tIm-Sn h¿-j-ß-fm-bn ]-c-kv]-cw k-l-I-cn-®v Po-
h-temI-sØ a-lØm-b [¿-a-ßƒ \n-d-th-‰n-h-cn-
I-bm-Wn-h-cpw. F-∂n-´pw ]-c-kv]-cw a-\- n-em-ImØ
`m-j-bn-em-Wv C-cp-hcpw hn-h-c-ßƒ ssI-am-dp-∂Xv.
H-cmƒ ln-μnbpw a-t‰bmƒ kv-]m-\njpw kw-km-
cn-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se. B-i-b-hn-\na-bw \-S-°-Wsa-
¶n¬ C-cp-h¿-°p-an-Sbn-sem-cp Zzn-`m-jn th-Ww. A-
Xm-Wv B¿.F≥.F. ssd-t_m-tkmw F-s∂m-cp cm-
k-Kp-a-kvX-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS B¿.F≥.F.,
Un.F≥.F.- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂ hn-h-c-ßƒ t{]m-ó-
\p-Iƒ-°p a-\- n-emIp∂ ]-Z-ß-fn-te-°p sam-gn-am-‰n-
sb-Sp°pw.
]-t£, C°-Y ]p-\-cm-cw-`n-® 1900I-fn¬

CsX√mw a-\- n-em-°p-∂Xn¬\n-∂v F{Xtbm A-I-
se-bm-bn-cp-∂p \Ωƒ. C-Xp-am-{Xa√, ]m-c-ºcysa-
∂ k-¶o¿-W-hnj-bw a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\pXs∂ H-
cp-]m-SpZq-cw t]mIm\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
B-th-iw ]-I-cp∂ k-a¿-Y K-th-j-W-ßƒ A-

\n-hm-cy-am-bn-h-cp-∂ k-a-b-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-tX-
s‰-Sp-°m≥ ti-jn-bpw Xm-¬-]-cy-hp-ap-≈ Hcmƒ
h∂p˛˛˛tXma-kv l-≠v tam¿-K≥ F-∂ bp-hmhv.
sa≥-U-en-s‚ Is≠Ø-ep-Iƒ ho≠pw I-s≠-Ø-
s∏´v \m-ep h¿-jw I-gn-™-t∏mƒ, Po≥ F-∂ hm-
°v h-cp-∂-Xn\pw H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-≠p aptº 1904˛¬ B
bp-hm-hv t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v D÷z-e K-th-
j-W-ßƒ Xp-S-ßn.
bm-Zr-—n-I-am-bm-Wv 1888˛¬ t{Im-a-tkmw I-s≠-

Øp-∂Xv. F-fp-∏w \ndß-fm-Knc-Ww sN-bv-Xv ssa-
t{Imkv-tIm-∏n-eq-sS F-fp-∏w Im-Wm-sa-∂XpsIm-
≠m-Wv A-Xn-\v B t]-cp Inńb-Xv. Nn-e k-hn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ X-e-ap-d-Ifn-te-°p ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn¬ t{Im-
a-tkm-an-\p ]-¶p-s≠-∂ kwi-bw B \q‰m≠n-s‚
Xp-S-°-Øn¬-Ø-X-s∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-t£, F-
ß-s\-bn-Xp kw`hn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v B¿°pw a-\- n-
em-°m-\m-bn√. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-e-ßs\-sbmcp ssI-
am-‰w \-S-°p-∂p-s≠-∂v D-d-∏n-°m-\p-am-bn√.
]-co£-Ww \-S-Øm-\m-bn tam¿-K≥ Xn-c-s™-

SpØ-Xv t{Um-tkm^ne sa-e-t\m-Km-kv-‰¿ F-∂
sN-dp ]-d-h-sb-bmWv. t]-cp-tI-´p sR-t´-≠ \Ωƒ
]-g-bo-® F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ Po-hnX-s∂-bm-WnXv.
kp-Xm-cy-i-co-c-ap-≈ Cu Zp¿-_-e]-d-h-I-sf ]-cn-
N-b-an√m-Ø-h-cp-≠m-In√. Ip-Sn-°m-s\-s¥-¶nepw
sIm-≠p-h-®m¬ A-Xn¬ ap-ßn-®-tØ- Xo-cq F-∂
hm-in-bp-am-sb-Øp-∂ A-tX Cu-®Xs∂. ]-g-
bo®sb ]-co-£-W-ßƒ-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xp
sIm≠p Nn e t\-´-ß-fp≠v. H-∂ma-Xv ]-co-£-

W-im-e-bn¬ Ah-sb kq£n°m\pw `£-Ww
\¬-Im\pw {]-tXy-In-®p sN-e-shm-∂p-an√. {]-tXy-
Iw IqSpw th≠. ap-´-bn-´v A-Ω-bm-Im≥ A-hbv°p
]-Øp Zn-hkw-t]mepw th-≠. A-h-bp-sS tIm-i-
ß-fmsW-¶n¬ \m-ep t{Im-a-tkm-ap-Iƒ am-{Xta-
bp≈p. \nco-£n-®-dn-bm≥ h-f-c-sbf-p-∏w.
\yq-tbm¿-°n¬ sIm-fw_n-b k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-

se kv-sIa¿-tlm¨ lm-fn-se sIm-®p ]-co-£-
W-im-e-bn¬ tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\p ]-g-bo-®-I-fpambn
- B ap-dn-°ß-s\ ^vssf dqw AYhm Cu-®-ap-
dn10 F-∂p t]-cp- Inń) tam¿K\pw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-
Icpw ]-co£-Ww Xp-Sßn. ap-dn-bn-se Cu-®Isf
]-c-kv]cw _-‘-s∏-´v s]-‰p-s]-cp-Im≥ A-\p-h-Zn-
°pw, Aß-s\ k-¶-c-Whpw ]p-\x k-¶-c-Whpw \-
S-°pw, F-∂n-´v Hm-tcm-∂n-s\bpw Nh-W-sIm-≠n-dp-
°n-sb-Sp-Øv `q-X-°-Æm-Sn-h-®p kq-£v-a-am-bn \n-co-
£n-°pw. ]m-c-º-cy-Kp-W-Øn¬ F-s¥-¶nepw sNdn-
b hy-Xn-bm-\-ß-fpt≠m F-∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°pw.
Cu®Iƒ-s°-s¥-¶nepw cq-]-am-‰w h-cp-Øm≥ I-gn-
bp-∂-sX√mw sN-bvXp -t\m-°n, Ah¿. tdUntbm
hn-In-c-Whpw F-Iv-kv- tdbpw {]-tbm-Kn®p,
Ccpńepw ISpwsh-fn-®-Ønepw A-S-®n-´p h-f¿Øn,
A-Sp-∏-Øp-h-®v Aev]w hdp-sØ-SpØp, b-{¥-ß-fn-
en-´v I-d°n. B-dp- h¿-jw ]e ]-Wn-Iƒ \-SØn-
bn´pw H-cp {]-tbm-P-\-hp-ap-≠m-bn√. \n-cm-i-cm-bn
]-co£-WwX-s∂ D-t]-£n°m-s\m-cp-ßp-tºm-
gmWv B-h¿-Øn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-s∂mcp cq-]-am‰w
Cu-®-Ifn-sem-∂n-\p h-∂Xv. km-[m-c-W-bp-≈ Np-
h-∂ I-Æn-\p ]I-cw A-Xn-\v sh-≈-°-Æm-bn-
cp∂p. Aß-s\ X-e-ap-d-I-fn-te-°p ssI-am-dm-
\ps≈m-cp ssh-Ieyw Cu-®-bn¬ kr-„n-°m-\m-bn.
AXv ssI-am-dp∂-Xp \nco£n-®v k-hn-ti-j-Kp-W-
ßƒ-°v t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fp-am-bp-≈ _-‘w a-\- nem-
°m-\mbn. Aß-s\ ]m-c-º-cy-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-th-cp-
Iƒ t{Im-a-tkm-an-emsW-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-
bn.
]-t£, A-tXm-sS Po-h-im-kv{Xw A-Sp-Ø k-
¶o¿-W-X-bn-te-°p IS∂p˛˛Po≥ F-∂ {]-tl-fn-
Ibpw A-Xn-s‚ A-Snÿm-\L-S-Iam-b Un.F≥.F-
.bpw. th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m\pw ]Tn-°m-\pw H´pw F-
fp-∏-a√ Chsb. t{Im-a-tkmw K-th-j-W-Øn-\v
1933˛¬ tam¿K-\v t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w e-`n®-t∏mgpw
b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ Po-\p-I-fpt≠m F-∂p kw-i-bn-°p-
∂ K-th-j-I¿ [m-cm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. "F-¥m-Wp
Po≥? A-Xp b-Ym¿-YamtWm AtXm shdpw k-
¶ev-]tam?11 F-∂o Im-cy-ß-fn¬ k-a-hm-b-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂n√' F∂mWv tam¿-K≥ F-gp-Xn-bXv. tIm-i-
hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ A-Sn-ÿm-\ {]-h¿Ø-\-ßfn-
sem-∂n-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ kw-i-bm-
ep-°fmbn-cp-s∂∂p ]-d-™m¬ hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]-
bm-k-ap-≠m-Ipw. "Z k-b≥kv Hm-^v sse^v' F-
∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ (H-c-]q¿-h ]p-kv-X-IamWXv, c-
kIcam-bn hm-bn®p-t]m-Im-hp-∂ ]mT-]p-kv-XIw)
hm-ekpw Inßpw km≥-tUgvkpw ]-d-bp∂Xv Nn-
¥bpw Hm¿-abpwt]m-ep-≈ am-\-kn-I-hym-]m-c-ß-
fpsS Im-cy-Øn¬ C∂v im-kv{X-tem-I-Øp-≈ A-
\n-›n-X-Xz-Øn-\p k-am-\-ambn-cp-∂p Po-\p-I-sf-
t∏m-ep-≈ ]m-cº-cyL-S-I-ß-sf∏-‰n A-∂p-≠m-bn-
cp∂ Nn-¥mK-Xn F∂mWv.12 Nn-¥bpw Hm¿-abp-sam-
s°-bp-s≠-∂p \-ap-°-dnbmw. ]-t£, AXn-s\m-cp
ùXn-Icq-]-apt≠m F-∂-dn-bn√, D-s≠-¶n¬ A-
sXß-s\-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-a-dn-bn√. A-∂v Po-\p-I-fp-
sS Im-cy-hp-a-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bncp∂p. Nn-¥-sb∏‰n
]Tn-°m≥ A-Xns‚-sbm-cp I-j-W-sa-Sp-Øv kq-£v-
aZ¿-in-\n-bn¬ h-®p \n-co-£n-°p-I-sb-∂p ]-d-bp∂-
Xv F-{X-am{Xw A-kw_-‘-am-bn-tØm∂ptam A-
{Xbpw A-kw-_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p Po≥ ap-dn-s®-Sp-Øp
\n-co-£n-°p-I-sb∂-Xv A-°m-eØv. ]-t£, H-∂p-d-
∏m-bn-cp∂p, t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fp-am-bn _-‘-ap-≈ F-
t¥m H-∂m-Wv tIm-i-ßƒ-°p s]-‰p-s]-cp-Im≥ th-
≠ \n¿-t±-iw \¬-Ip-∂Xv.
A-sX-¥m-sW-∂p I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\m-bn ]n∂-

sØ {iaw. H-Sp-hn¬ ]-Xn\©p h¿-jw \o-≠ ]-
cn-{i-aØn-s\m-Sp-hn¬, 1944˛¬ am≥-l-´-\n-se tdm-
°vs^√¿ C≥-Ãn-‰yq-ń-se K-th-j-I¿ {i-a-I-cam-
sbm-cp ]-co-£-W-Øn¬ hnP-bwh-cn®p. {]-Xn`m-im-
enbm-b F-∂m¬ B-fl-hn-izm-kw A-{X-bv-
°n√mØ Hm-kvhmƒ-Uv Gh-dn F-∂ Im-\-U-°m-c-
\m-Wv K-th-j-W-Øn-\p t\-XrXzw \¬-In-b-Xv. \n-
cp-]-{Z-h-Im-cn-bm-b H-cn-\w _m-Œo-cn-b-bn¬ th-sdm-
cp Un.F≥.F. k-∂n-th-in-∏n-®v A-Xns‚ kz-`m-hw
F∂-t∂-°p-am-bn am‰nsb-Sp-°m≥ G-h-dn°pw Iq-
´p-Im¿°pw I-gn™p. shdp-sam-cp \n-jv-{In-b X-∑m-
{X-b√, ]m-cº-cykz-`mh-sØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ k-
{In-bL-S-I-am-Wp Un.F≥.F. F-∂v B ]-co-£-
W-tØmsS sX-fn-™p. Cu I-s≠-Øen\v G-h-dn-
°v c-≠p t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\-sa-¶nepw sIm-Sp-t°-≠-
Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv13 Hm-kv-{Sn-b≥ _-tbm-sI-an-kv-
‰v F¿-hn≥ Nm¿-Km-^v Im-cy-am-bnØs∂ A-`n-{]m-
b-s∏-´Xv.
]t£, G-h-dn-°p t\m-_¬k-Ωm-\w In-´p∂-Xp

X-S-bm≥ A-t±-lØn-s‚ C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-ń-se k-l-{]-
h¿-Ø-I≥X-s∂ ap-∂n-ń-dßn. \n-›-bZm¿-Vyhpw
B¿-°p-an-„-s∏-Sm-Ø s]-cp-am-‰-hp-w t{]m-ó≥-]-£-
]m-Xn-Xz-hpap≈ B¬-{^-Uv an-¿kv-In-bm-bn-cp-∂p
AXv. G-h-dn-bp-sS I-≠p-]n-Sn-ØsØ Ip-d-®p -Im-
Wn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂-sX√mw sN-bv-Xp A-t±lw.
tÃmIv-tlman¬ I-tcm-en≥kv-I C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v A-
[n-Ir-X-cp-sS-b-Sp-sØ-Øn G-h-dn-°v t\m_¬ k-
Ωm-\w \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ k-Ω¿-Zw sN-ep-Øp-I-
t]mepwsN-bv-Xp14 ankv{In F-∂m-Wv ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv. G-h-dn-°-t∏m-tg°vv A-dp-]-Øm-dp hb p {]mb-
ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. £o-Wn-X\m-b A-t±-l-Øn\v Cu
k-Ω¿±hpw hn-hm-Zhpsam∂pw Xm-ßm-\m-bn√. K-
th-j-W-a-h-km-\n-∏n-® Ghdn ]n-s∂ ]co-£-W-
im-e-bp-sS ]-Sn I-b-dn-bp-an√. ]-t£, tem-I-Øn-
s‚ ]e`m-K-ß-fn-em-bn \-S-∂ K-th-j-W-ßƒ G-
h-dn-bp-sS I-s≠-Ø¬ i-cn-bmsW-∂p sX-fn-bn®p.
Un.F≥.F.bp-sS L-S-\ I-s≠-Øm-\p-≈ a-’-c -
K-th-j-W-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Sp-Ø-Xv.
1950I-fn¬ ]-¥-b-cw-K-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-bm-fm-bn-
cp∂p \n-ßsf-¶n¬ Un.F≥.F. L-S-\ I-s≠-Øm-
\p-≈ ]-¥-b-Øn¬ ]-Wwhbv°p-I Im¬sS-°nse
en\-kv ]uen-ßn-\p ta-em-bn-cn-°psa∂p-d∏v. A-ta-
cn-°-bn-se B hn-Jym-X c-k-X-{¥-⁄≥ X-∑m-{X-
I-fp-sS L-S-\ \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂ Imcy-Øn¬ A-Zzn-
Xo-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-∂v. Un.F≥.F-.bp-sS lr-Z-b-
Øn-te°nd-ßn-s®√p-∂-Xn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-I-am-Ip-am-
bn-cp-∂ F-Iv-kvtd {In-Ã-tem-{K-^n F-∂ km-t¶-Xn-
I-hn-Zy-bp≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ssI-h-iw.
hn-JymXam-b K-th-j-W-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]u-en-ßn-
\p c-≠p t\m-_¬-k-Ωm-\w Inń (1954˛¬ c-k-
X-{¥-Øn-\v, 1962˛¬ k-am-[m-\-Øn\v). ]-t£,
Un.F≥.F.bpsS Im-cy-Øn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\v B
`m-Ky-ap-≠m-bn√. Un.F≥.F.-bv-°v ap-∏n-cn-b≥ tKm-
h-Wn-bp-sS B-Ir-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw Cc-´-tKm-h-Wn-bn-
s√∂pw A-t±-lw D-d-∏n®p, AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ i-
cnbm-b ]m-X-bn-se-Øm-\-t±-lØn-\m-bn√. B a-
’-c-Øn¬ hnP-bw h-cn®Xv Cw-•-≠n-se \mew-
K kwLamWv. kwL-sa-∂p ]-d-™m¬, kw-L-am-
sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ A-h-cp-sS {]-h¿-Ø\w, ]-e-
t∏mgpw X-Ωn¬-°-≠m¬ an-≠mdp-t]m-ep-an√. Cu
ta-Je-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ G-d-°p-sd ]p-Xp-ap-d-°m-cp-w.
A-°q-´-Øn¬ ]-c-º-cmKX im-kv-{X-K-th-j-W-

hp-am-bn Aev-]-sa-¶nepw _-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv
tam-dn-kv hn¬-°n≥-kn-\mWv. c≠mw tem-Ibp-
≤Ime-Øv AWp-t_mw-_p-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ K-
th-j-W-ß-fn¬ k-l-I-cn®-bm-fm-W-t±lw. a-‰p c-
≠p-t]¿, tdm-k-en≥Uv {^m-¶v-en\pw {^m≥-knkv
{In°pw bp-≤-Im-e-Øv {_n-ó-jv k¿-°m-dn-s\ ssa-
\p-I-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn-em-Wv k-lm-bn-®Xv. s]m-ń-
sØ-dn-°p-∂ Ipgn-t_mw-_v F-∂ ssa-\m-bncp-∂p
{In-°n-s‚ hn-jbw. tdm-k-en-t‚-Xv I¬-°-cnJ-\n-
sb∂ ssa-\pw.
A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰-hpw hy-Xy-kv-X≥ sP-bnw-kv hm-
Sv-k-Wm-bn-cp∂p. Ipńbm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ "Z Izn-kv
In-Uv-kv' F-∂ tdUntbm ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-eq-sS {i-t≤-
b-\m-b- B-fmWv A-ta-cn-°-bn¬\n-∂p≈ B bp-h-
{]Xn-`.15 (sP.Un. km-enw-K-dp-sS "{^m-∂n B≥-Uv
kqbn' t]m-ep-≈ c-N-\-I-fn¬ •m-kv IpSpw_Øn-
se Nn-e Aw-K-ß-fp-sS kr-„n-°p `m-Kn-I-am-sb-
¶nepw {]-tNm-Z-\amb-Xv B _m-e-\m-Wv). ]-Xn-
\-©p hb- p am-{X-ap-≈-t∏mƒ Nn°mtKm k¿-h-
I-em-im-e-bn-seØn-b hm-Sv-k¨ C-cp-]-Øn-c≠mw
h-b- n¬ ]nF®v.Un.-bp-am-bn-dßn. ]n-s∂ tIw-{_n-
Uv-Pn-se {]-i-kv-Xam-b Im-h≥Un-jv e-t_m-d-´-dn-
bn¬ K-th-j-I-\m-bn. Im-¥-i-‡n-bm-em-I¿-jn-°-
s∏´p \n¬-°p-∂-sX-∂p tXm-∂n-°p∂ ap-Sn-bn-g-I-
fp-am-bn 1951˛¬ Nn{Xw ]{Xß-fn¬ h-cp-tºmƒ hm-
Sv-k-Wv 23 h-b p {]m-b-tabp≈q.
hm-Sv-k-sW-°mƒ ]-{¥-≠p h-b- n-s‚ aq-∏p-≈

{In-°n-\v A-t∏mgpw tUm-Œ-td-‰n√m-bn-cp∂p. ap-Sn-
A-{X {i-t≤-b-a√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ip-td-°qSn tcm-
am-hr-X\m-b A-t±-lsØ F-t∏mgpw A-e-dn-hn-fn-
°p-∂, hm-Kzm-Z-ß-fnte¿-s∏-Sp-∂, a-μ-X H´pw C-„-
∏-Sm-\m-hm-Ø A-£-a-\m-b-bm-fm-sW-∂mWv hm-Sv-
k¨ X-s∂ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. G-Xp \n-an-jhpw
ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ \n-∂n-d-°n-hn-t´-°m-sa-∂ \n-e-bn-
em-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ s]-cp-am-‰w. {i-t≤-bam-
b Imcyw Cu \m-ep-t]¿°pw ssP-h-c-k-X-{¥-
Øn¬ ap≥]-cnN-bw H-´p-an√m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv.
Un.F≥.F. X-∑m-{X-bpsS B-Ir-Xn Ir-Xy-am-bn

a-\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-Øm¬ A-sX-¥m-Wp sN-øp-∂-
sX∂pw F-ß-s\-bm-Wp sN-øp-∂-sX∂pw a-\- n-em-
°m-sa-∂v A-h-cq-ln-®p (A-Xp i-cn-bm-sW-∂p sX-
fn-bp-Ibpw sNbv-Xp). Nn-¥-bn-eq-sS-b√m-sX a-‰p ]-
Wn-I-sfm-∂p-a-[n-Iw sN-øm-sX AXp I-s≠-Øm-
sa-∂m-W-h¿ I-cp-Xn-b-sX-∂p-th-Ww a-\- n-em-
°m≥. "c-kX{¥w ]Tn-°m-sXX-s∂ Po-\n-s‚ c-
lkyw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v {]-Xo-£n-®Xm-bn'16 "Z U-
_vƒ sl-en-Ivkv' F-∂ B-fl-I-Y-bn¬ hm-Sv-k¨
F-gp-Xnbn-´p≠v. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ Un.F≥.F. L-S-
\ I-s≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ Ahcp-sS tPmen. H-
cp L-´-Øn¬ K-thj-Ww \n¿-Øm-\p-≈ \n¿-t±iw-
t]mepw A-h¿-°p e-`n®p. {In-kv-‰-tem-{Km-^n-bn¬
{]m-hoWyw t\-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p hm-Svk¨. hen-b
X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS F-Iv-kvtd ssU-{^m-Ivj-s\-∏-‰n-bp-
≈ K-thj-Ww ]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p {In-
°n-s‚ Np-aX-e.
Un.F≥.F. L-S-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xn-\p-≈ Aw-Ko-

Im-cw ]-e-t∏mgpw Nm¿Øn-s°m-Sp-°m-dv hm-Sv-
kWpw {In-°n-\p-am-sW-¶n-epw A-h-cp-sS F-Xn-cm-
fnI-fp-sS K-th-j-W-^-e-am-Wv b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ B
t\-´-Øn-te-°h-sc \-bn®-Xv. a-dp-]-£-Øn-s‚ K-
th-j-W^-ew "A-hn-Nm-cn-X-am-bn' C-h-cp-sS ssIh-
i-sa-Øn-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂m-Wv17 A-Xn-s‚
N-cn{Xw hn-h-cn® enk Pm¿-ssU≥ A-Xn-s\ hn-
ti-jn-∏n-®Xv. In-Mv-kv tIm-f-Pn-se hn¬-°n≥kpw
{^m-¶v-en-\pw B K-th-j-W-Øn¬ A-h-sc-°mƒ
F{Xtbm ap-∂n-em-bncp∂p; Np-cp-ßnb-Xv Xp-S-°-
Øn-se-¶nepw.
\yq-kn-e‚n¬ P-\n-® hn¬-°n≥-kv H-Xp-ßn-°-

gn-bp-∂ {]-Ir-X-°m-c\m-bn-cp∂p. G-d-°p-sd A-Zr-
iy≥. Un.F≥.F. L-S-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xn-s\∏-‰n
1998˛¬ h-∂ ]n._n.Fkv. tUm-Iyp-sa‚-dn G-Xm-
≠p ]q¿-W-ambpw A-t±l-sØ A-h-K-Wn®p. Cu
I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn-\v 1962˛¬ hm-Sv-kWpw {In-°n\p-
sam-∏w t\m-_¬k-Ωm-\w In-ń-b-bm-fm-bn-cp-∂p
hn¬-°n-≥kv Ft∂m¿-°Ww.
A-°q-´-Øn¬ G-‰hpw Zp-cq-lam-b hy-‡n tdm-

k-en≥-Uv {^m-¶v-en≥Xs∂. B-cp-am-bpw k-l-I-cn-
°m-Ø, bp-‡n-lo-\-am-bn Nn-¥n-°p-∂, c-lkym-
fl-I hy-‡n-Xz-am-bm-Wv18 "U-_vƒ sl-en-Iv-kn'¬
hm-Sv-k¨ tdm-ken≥-Un-s\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. a-
s‰m-cp hn-ti-j-WwIq-Sn A-t±-lw A-h¿-°p \¬-
Ip-∂p-≠v— ssew-Kn-Im-I¿-j-IXzw H-´p-an√m-Ø-
bmƒ (CXmW-t±-l-Øn-\v Xo-sc k-ln-°m-™-sX-
∂p tXm-∂p-∂p). Im-Wm\{X tam-i-sam-∂p-a√ tdm-
k-en≥-sU-∂v hm-Sv-k¨ k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂p≠v. h-kv-
{X[m-c-W-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ Aev-]w {i-≤n-®n-cp-
s∂-¶n¬ kp-μ-cn-bm-Ip-ambn-cp-∂p A-h-sc∂pw A-
t±-l-Øn-\-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. F-∂m¬ A-°m-cy-Øne-
h¿ Xn-I-™ ]-cm-P-b-am-bn-cp∂p. en-]v-Ãn°v-
t]mepw D-]-tbm-Kn-°n√. "tdm-k-en≥-Un-s‚ h-kv-
{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn hn-Zym-k-º-∂ h-\n-X-I-fp-sS
`mh\bv-°p \n-Z¿-i-\-am-sW-∂m'-bn-cp-∂p hm-Sv-k-
s‚ \n-co-£Ww.*
h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-°m-cy-Øn¬ hen-b [m-c-W-bn√m-
bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Un.F≥.F. L-S-\-bp-sS Im-cy-
Øn¬ G-‰hpw [m-c-W-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv tdmk-en≥-
Un-\mWvv. A-Xn-s‚ G-‰hpw \√ Nn-{X-ß-fp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂Xpw Ahcp-sS ssI-h-iw-Xs∂. en\-kv ]u-
en-Mv sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-SpØ F-Iv-kvtd {In-Ã-tem-
{K-^n-bm-W-Xn-\-h¿-°p Xp-W-bm-bXv. {In-Ã-ep-I-fn-
se ]-c-amWp°-sf A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-≈ km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy-bm-bncp∂p {I-n-Ã-tem-{K-
^n (A-Xn-\m t]-cp-In-´m-\p-≈ Im-c-W-hp-a-XpX-
s∂). {In-Ã-ep-I-fn-se ]-c-am-Wp°-sf \n-co-£n-°p-
∂-Xnepw kq-£v-a-X th-≠ ]-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p
Un.F≥.F. X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS \n-co-£-Ww. {^m-¶v-
en-\p am-{X-am-Wv A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-®p an-I-® Nn-{X-
ßƒ kr-„n-°m-\m-bXv. Aßs\ Inń-b Nn-{X-
ßƒ hn¬-°n≥-kn-s\ Im-Wn-°m≥ A-h¿ X-øm-dm-
bp-an√.
K-th-j-W^-ew ]-¶p-hbv-°m≥ hn-k-Ω-Xn-®-Xn-

\v {^m-¶v-en-s\ Ip-‰s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn√. A-{X tam-i-
am-bn-cp∂p 1950I-fn¬ In-Mv-kn-se h-\nXm
* "U-_vƒ sl-en-Iv-kn's‚ {]-km[\w 1968˛¬
lm¿-hm¿-Uv bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n {]-kv \n¿-Øn-h®p.
A-Xn-se hy-‡n-Nn-{X-ß-sf-s®m√n {In°pw hn¬-
°n≥kpw ]-cm-Xn-s∏-´-Xn-s‚-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bncp-
∂p AXv. hm-Svk-s‚ hn-ti-j-W-ßƒ "sh-dp-sX
th-Z-\n-∏n-°p-∂' X-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-s∂-∂mWv19
en-k Pm¿-ssU≥ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. A-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ
a-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-ti-jw ]p-\x{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® ]-Xn-
∏n¬\n-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv ap-I-fn¬ sIm-Sp-Ø D-≤-c-
WnIƒ.
K-th-j-I-cp-sS Im-cyw. Xn-I-™ Ah-⁄-tbm-

sS-bm-Wv ]p-cp-j-k-l-{]h¿-Ø-I¿ Ah-sc ho-£n-
®-Xv. an-I-hp- sX-fn-bn-® ap-Xn¿-∂ h-\n-X-
Iƒ°pt]m-epw s]m-Xp-hn{i-atI-{μ-ßƒ D-]-tbm-
Kn-°m≥ A-\p-a-Xn-bn√m-bn-cp∂p. a-‰m-h-iy-ßƒ-°p-
≈ ÿ-e-Øp-h-®p-X-s∂-b-h¿ `£-Ww I-gn-
°Ww. AXn-\p ]pd-ta-bm-bn-cp∂p K-th-j-W-^-
ew ]-¶p-hbv-°m-\p-≈ k-Ω¿-±w. A-Xp ]-e-t∏mgpw
]o-U-\-Øn-s‚ X-e-Øn-te-s°-Øp-IbpwsN-bvXp.
tdm-k-en≥-Un-s‚ K-th-j-W-^-e-Øn-te-s°m-
s∂Øn-t\m-°m≥ k-l{]-h¿-ØI¿ Im-Wn-®
Aan-tXm-’m-lw A-h-cp-sS a-s‰√m Kp-W-ß-sf-
bpw I-h-®p-hbv-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p (tdm-k-en≥-Un-
s‚ K-th-j-Wß-sf hn-e-Ipd®p-Im-Wp-s∂mcp k-
ao-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p X-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-®-sX-∂v ]-d-tb-
≠nh-cp-sa∂v {In-°v ]n-∂o-Sp ]-d-™n-´p-≠v). B-[n-
]Xyw t\-Sm≥ a-’-cn-s®Øn-b Cu aq-∂p-t]-cn¬
c-≠p-t]¿ F-Xn¿ÿm-]-\-Øn¬\n-∂p-≈-h-cmWv.
aq-∂m-a-\mI-s´ ]-e-t∏mgpw F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fp-sS ]-£-
Øm-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ K-th-j-
W^-ew c-l-ky-am-°n-hbv-°m≥ tdm-k-en≥Uv {i-
an-®-Xn¬ A-¤p-X-an√.
tdm-k-en≥Upw hn¬-°n≥kpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ `n-∂-

X-bmWv hm-Sv-kWpw {In°pw ap-X-se-SpØXv. hn¬-
°n≥-kn-s‚ K-th-j-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n¿e÷w A-
Xn-{I-an-®p I-b-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p C-cp-h-cp-sa-¶nepw
A-t±lw ]-et∏mgpw A-h-tcm-sSm-∏-am-Wv tN¿-
∂Xv. tdm-k-en≥-Un-s‚ hn-Nn-{X-co-Xn-Iƒ A-Xn-\p
t{]-c-W-bp-ambn. Un.F≥.F.-bv-°p ]n-cn-b≥tKm-h-
Wn-bp-sS BIr-Xn-bm-sW-∂v G-d-°p-sd sX-fn-™p-
h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw A-X-ßs\-b-s√-∂m-Wv
tdm-k-en≥-Uv F√m-h-tcmSpw ]-d-™Xv. hn¬-°n≥-
kn-s\ A-kz-ÿ-\m-°p-am-dv 1952-˛se th-\¬-°me-
Øv In-Mv-kn-se ù-Xn-I-imkv{Xh-Ip-∏n¬ A-h-
scmcp Xami t\m-ó-kv ]-Xn-°p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.20
"Un.F≥.F. ]n-cn-b≥ tKm-h-Wn 1952 Pq-em-bv 18-˛\v
A-¥-cn-® hnh-cw hy-h-k-\-k-taXw A-dn-bn-
°p∂p. A-¥-cn-®-bmƒ-°v B-Z-cm-Rv-P-en-b¿-∏n®p-
sIm-≠v tUm.Fw. F-®v. F-^v. hn¬-°n≥-kv kw-
km-cn-°p-sa-∂m-Wp {]-Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv'. AXmbn-cp-
∂p t\m-ó-kn-s‚ D-≈-S-°w.
C-Xn-s‚-sb√mw B-Xy-¥n-I-^-e-sa-¥m-bn-cp-s∂-
∂p-h-®m¬, tdm-k-en≥-Uv X-øm-dm°n-b Nn-{X-ßƒ
1953 P-\-ph-cn-bn¬ hn¬-°n≥-kv hm-SvksW Im-Wn-
®p. tdm-k-en≥-Uns‚ Adnthm kΩ-Xtam Iq-Sm-
sX-bm-IW-aXv.21 B Nn-{X-ßƒ hm-Sv-kWpw {In-
°n\pw hen-b k-lm-b-am-bn F∂p ]-d-™m¬
hf-sc an-X-am-bn-t∏mIpw. "X-ßƒ-°p {]-tNm-Z-\-am-
b \n¿-WmbI kw-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv'22 F-∂v h¿-
j-ßƒ-°p-ti-jw hm-Sv-k¨ Xpd∂p k-Ω-Xn-®n-
´p≠v. Un.F≥.F. X-∑m-{X-bp-sS A-Snÿm-\cq-]-
w a-\- n-emIp-Ibpw A-Xn-se Nn-e L-S-I-ß-sf∏-‰n
hnh-cw e-`n-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-XtXmsS hm-Sv-kWpw
{In°pw {]-h¿Ø\w Du¿-÷n-X-am-°n. A-Xn-\p-≈
bm-{X-bn¬ F√mw A-h¿-°-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- h∂p. H-
cn-°¬ ]u-en-Mv H-cp tIm¨-^-d≥-kn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-
°m-\mbn Cw-•-≠n-te-°p Xn-cn-°m-\n-cp-∂-XmWv.
B bm-{X \-S-∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ A-t±-lw hn¬-°n≥-
kn-s\ Im-Wp-am-bn-cp∂p, Aß-s\ Un.F≥.F.
L-S-\-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ sX-‰n-≤m-c-W am-‰m≥ A-t±-
lØn-\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xph-gn A-t\zj-Ww i-
cn-bmw-h-gn-°p Xn-cn-®p-hnSm\pw I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.
]-t£, a-°m¿-Øn-b≥ Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. \yq-
tbm¿°nse sF-Uv¬-ssh¬-Uv hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-
Øn¬ A-t±-lw X-S-™p-hbv°-s∏´p, ]m-kv-t]m¿-
´v I-≠p-sIń. hn-tZ-i-bm-{X A-\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-Im-
Øhn-[w D¬-]-Xn-jv-Wp-hm-bn-cp-∂p ]u-en-Mv F-∂-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p Im-cWw. ]u-enßn-s‚ a-I≥ Im-h≥-
Un-jn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂Xpw hm-Sv-kWpw {In-
°n\pw Kp-Ww- sN-bv-Xp. \m-ń¬ \-S-°p-∂ Im-cy-
ß-sf√mw A-h-cp-am-bn ]-¶phbv°m≥-am{Xw \n-jv-
I-f-¶-\m-bn-cp-∂p ]u-en-ßn-s‚ aI≥.
F-¶n-epw G-Xp -\n-an-jhpw tXm¬-]n-°-s∏-Sm-sa-

∂ B-i-¶-bn¬ hm-Svk-Wpw {In°pw K-th-j-W-
w A-Xn-{Zp-X-am°n. \m-ep cm-k-L-S-I-ß-fm-Wp
Un.F≥.F-bv-°p-≈-sX-∂-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p˛˛AUn-
ss\≥, Kzm-ss\≥, sskt‰m-kn≥, Xbm-ssa≥. {]-
tXy-I co-Xn-bn-em-Wv C-h C-g-tN-cp-∂Xv.
Im¿Uvt_m¿-Uv I-j-W-ßƒ X-∑m-{X-I-fp-sS B-
Ir-Xn-bn¬ sh-ń-sb-Sp-Øv ]-e co-Xn-bn¬ h®p-t\m-
°n A-hc-Xp tN-cpw]-Sn tN¿-Øp-. H-Sp-hn¬ I-p-ń-
Iƒ I-fn-∏m-´w \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se H-cp am-Xr-
I-bp-≠m-°n. tem-l-°-j-Wßƒ h¿-Øp-fm-Ir-Xn-
bn¬h-®v t_mƒ-ń-´p tN¿-Øp-h® B amXr-I B-
[p\nI im-kv-{X-temI-sØ G-‰-hpw {]-i-kv-Xamb
amXrI-bmWv. AXpIm-Wm≥ A-h¿ hn¬-
°n≥kpw tdm-k-en≥-Up-apƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈hsc
£Wn®p. Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ km-am-\y-⁄m-\-ap-≈
B¿-°pw A-Xp I≠m¬Øs∂ a-\- n-em-Ipw, {]-iv-
\w ]-cn-l-cn-°-s∏-´p-I-gn-™p F∂v. tdmk-en≥-Uv
{^m¶v-en-s‚ Nn-{X-Øn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS-bm-sW-
¶nepw A-s√¶nepw icn an-I-s®m-c-t\z-j-W-am-Wv
hm-Sv-kWpw {In°pw \-S-Øn-b-Xv F∂p-d∏v.
1953 G-{]n¬ 25˛\v C-dßn-b t\-®¿ am-K-kn-

\n¬ 900 t]-Pp-s≈m-cp te-J-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p23
"Un.F≥.F-.bv-s°m-cp LS\ (A Structure for
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ) F-∂ X-
e-s°-ń¬. te-J-I¿ hm-Sv-kWpw {In-°pw. A-\p-
_-‘-ambn hn¬-°n≥-kpw tdm-k-en≥Upw F-gpXn-
b teJ\ßƒ th-sd-bpw. kw-`-h-_-lp-eam-sbm-
cp k-a-b-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. F-Uva≠v- lnecn F-h-
d-Ãv Io-g-S-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂p, c≠mw F-en-k_-Øv
cm⁄nIn-co-S-[m-c-WØn-s\m-cp-ßp∂p. Cu hm¿-
Ø-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬ Poh-s‚ clkyw I-s≠-Øn-sb-
∂ hm¿-Ø ap-ßn-t∏mbn. \yq-kv t{Im-Wn-°n-fn¬
sNdn-sbm-cp ]-cm-a¿-iw h-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ F√m-
hcpw A-Xn-s\ A-h-K-Wn®p.24
Un.F≥.F. L-S-\ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xn-\p≈ t\m-

_¬ k-Ωm-\w tdm-k-en≥-Uv {^m-¶v-en-\p In-ń-
bn√. k-Ωm-\w {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v \m-ep h¿jw
ap-ºv 1958˛¬ 37˛mw h-b- n¬ K¿-`m-i-b A¿-_p-Zw
_m-[n-®v A-h¿ a-c-Wa-S™p (a-c-Wm\-¥-c_-lp-
a-Xn-bm-bn t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\w \¬-Im-dn√). Kth-
j-W-Øn-\n-sS A-an-X-am-bn F-Iv-kv-td hn-In-c-W-ta-
‰-Xm-Wv A¿-_p-Z_m[-bv-°p Im-c-W-sa-∂m-Wp I-
cp-Xp-∂Xv. ap≥-I-cp-X-ep-I-sf-Sp-Øn-cp-s∂¶n¬ H-gn-
hm-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p B Zp-c-¥w. hn-In-c-W-Øn¬\n-
∂p c-£-s∏-Sp∂-Xn-\p-≈ se-Uv G-{]¨ [-cn-
°m≥ A-h¿ ]-e-t∏m-gpw sa-\-s°-Sm-dns√∂pw ]-
e-t∏mgpw c-iv-an-Iƒ°p ap-∂n¬ A-{i-≤-am-bn \n¬-
°m-dps≠∂pw25 ASp-Ø-bn-sS-bn-dßn-b {i-t≤-
bam-b Po-h-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ s{_≥-Um am-tUm-Ivkv
]-d-bp∂p. tdm-k-en≥-Un-\p am-{Xa√, Hm-kvhmƒ-Uv
G-hdn°pw t\m_¬ k-Ωm-\w In-ń-bn√, `m-hnX-
eap-d G-Xm-≠p ]q¿-W-am-bn A-t±lsØ Ah-
K-Wn-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. ]t£, H-cp Im-cy-Øn¬
At±lØn-\p k-am-[m-\n-°mw. X-s‚ I-s≠-Ø¬
Imew i-cn-hbv-°p∂-Xp Im-Wm≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\m-
bn. 1955˛em-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-cWw.
hm-Sv-k-s‚-bpw {In-°n-s‚bpw I-s≠-Ø¬ b-

Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ i-cn-hbv-°-s∏´Xv 1980˛¬ am-{X-am-Wv.
"G-d-°p-sd i-cn-sb-∂p tXm-∂p-∂p F-∂ \n-
ebn¬\n-∂v i-cn°pw i-cn-sb-∂p tXm-∂p∂-Xv F-
∂ \n-e-bn-te°pw ]n-s∂ A-hn-sS\n-∂v ]q¿-W-am-
bpw i-cn-sb-∂ \n-e-bn-te°pw' A-sX-Øn-t®-cm≥
25 h¿-jw th-≠nh-∂p26 F-∂m-Wv {In-°v Xs‚-
sbm-cp ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-se-gp-Xn-bXv.
Un.F≥.F.bp-sS L-S-\ I-s≠-Øn-b-tXm-sS P-

\n-X-I-im-kv-{Xta-Jebn-se Ip-Xn-∏v A-Xn-{Zp-X-am-
bn-. F-¥n-\v 1968˛¬ t\-®¿ am-K-kn-\n¬ "AXm-
bn-cp-∂p X-∑m{XmPo-h-im-kv-{Xw ("That Was the
Molecular Biology. That Was') F-∂ X-e-s°-ń¬
H-cp teJ-\w h-∂p.27 hn-iz-kn-°m≥ {]bmkam-
sW-¶nepw P-\n-X-I-im-kv-{XK-thj-Ww G-Xm-≠v
A-¥y-tØm-S-Sp°p-I-bm-sW∂ A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-am-
bn-cp∂p B te-J-\w.
b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ P-\n-X-I-im-kv-{X K-thjWw Xp-

S-ßp-∂tX-bp-≠m-bncp-∂p≈q. C-t∏mgpw \-ap-°-dn-
bm-Ø F{X-tbm kw-K-Xn-I-fp-≠v Un.F≥.F.bp-
sS Im-cy-Øn¬. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v Un.F≥.F-.bp-
sS hen-sbm-cp `m-Kw H∂pw sN-øm-sX sh-dp-sX-bn-
cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂p tXm-∂p-∂-sX¥psIm-s≠∂v \-
ap-°-dn-bn√. \n-ß-fp-sS Un.F≥.F.bp-sS 97 i-X-
am-\hpw H∂pw sN-øm-sX sh-dp-sX-bß-s\ Np-cp-
≠p-In-S-°p-I-bmWv. "P-¶v' F∂pw "t\m¨ tIm-Un-
Mv Un.F≥.F.' F-∂p-am-Wv _-tbm-sI-an-kv-‰p-Iƒ
A-Xns\ hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Un.F≥.F. X-¥p-°-
fn¬ A-hn-S-hn-sS-bm-bn am-{X-amWv \n-ß-fp-sS Po-
h¬-{]-h¿-Ø-\ß-sf \n-b-{¥n-°pIbpw G-tIm-]n-
∏n-°p-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ `m-K-ß-fp-≈-Xv. A-h-bmWv
G-sd-°m-ew ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°m-sX Ign™ \nKq-V
Po-\p-Iƒ.
t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ \n¿-an-°m-\p-≈ \n¿-t±-i-ß-fm-Wv
Po-\pIƒ. hn-c-k-Xbp-f-hm-°p-∂ hn-izm-ky-X-tbm-
sS A-h-bß-s\ B ]Wn sN-bvXp-sIm≠n-cn-°pw.
C-°m-cy-Øn-e-h¿ ]nbm-t\m-bp-sS I-´-sb-t∏m-se-
bmWv.28 Hmtcm I-´-bpw Hmtcm kz-cw am-{X-am-Wv
]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I. Aß-s\ H-tc kz-cw tI´p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°m≥ H-cp c-k-hp-ap-≠m-In√. ]-t£, Po-\pI-
sf Iq-ń-t®¿-Øm¬, ]n-bm-t\m-bp-sS hnhn-[ I-Í-
sf Iq-ń-t®¿-°p-∂Xp-t]m-se \nßƒ°v cm-K-ß-ƒ
kr-„n-°mw. Aß-s\ Po-\pI-sf H-cp-an-®p tN¿-Øv
a\pjyPn-t\mw F-∂ a-lm-knw^-Wn kr-„n-°mw.
i-co-c-Øn-\p-≈ \n¿t±-i ]p-kv-X-I-ambpw Po-

\pI-sf hn-e-bn-cp-Ømw. B co-Xn-bmWv Ip-td-°q-Sn
km-[m-cWw. Aß-s\ t\m-°p-tºmƒ t{Im-atkm-
apI-sf B ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-se A-[ym-b-ß-fm-bn- I-
W-°m-°mw; Po\p I-sf t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-≠m-°m-\p-
≈ hy-Xn-cn-‡ \n¿-t±i-ß-fm-bpw. Cu \n¿t±-i-ß-
sf-gpXn-b hm-°pI-sf tIm-tUm-Wp-Iƒ F-∂p hn-
fn-°pw, A£cß-sf s_-bv-kp-Iƒ F-∂pw. Cu
s_-bv-kp-I-fn¬˛˛P-\n-X-I A-£-cam-e-bn-se A-
£-c-ß-fn¬˛˛\m-ep \yq¢n-tbm-ss‰-Up-I-fm-Wp-
≈Xv. Ht∂m ct≠m t]-Pp ap-ºp ]-d-™ AUn-
ss\≥, X-bm-ao≥, Kp-hm-\n≥, sskt‰mkn≥ F-∂n-
hXs∂. sN-øp∂-Xv hen-b Im-cy-am-sW-¶nepw A-
{X Aaqey ]-Zm¿-Yßƒ-sIm-s≠m-∂p-a√ A-h-bp-
sS \n¿-ΩnXn. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn\v Kphm\n-\n¬ k-ar-
≤-am-bp≈-Xv Kphmt\m F-∂ ]-Zm¿-Y-amWv, A-Xn-
\m- t]-cp \¬-Ip-∂Xpw Kphmt\mXs∂.29
Un.F≥.F. X-∑m-{X-bp-sS B-Ir-Xn F√m-h¿-

°p-a-dn-bmw. ]n-cn-b≥ tKmh-Wnt]mse-tbm, ]n-cn-
™p-In-S-°p-∂ I-b-td-Wnt]msetbm C-cn°p∂
B cq]w U-_vƒ sl-en-Iv-kv F-∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. A-Xn¬ c≠p h-i-ß-fn-ep-ap-≈ ]m-fn-Iƒ
\n¿-an-®n-cn-°p∂-Xv Un-tbm-Ivkn-ssdt_mkv F-∂
]-©-km-c-sIm-≠mWv. tIm-Wn-bp-sS sam-Øw ]-
Zm¿-Yw Hcp \yq-¢n-Iv A-æ-hpw. A-ß-s\-bm-Wv Uo-
tbm-Iv-kn ssd-t_m-\yq-¢n-Iv BknUv F-∂ t]-
cp- h-cp-∂-Xv. c-≠p- `m-K-Øp-ap-≈ ]m-fn-I-fn-se ]-
Zm¿Yw A-h-bv°n-S-bn-se ÿ-e-tØ-°p h-f-cp-tºm-
gm-Wv tIm-Wn-bp-sS ]-Sn-I-fp-≠m-Ip∂Xv. c-t≠c-
≠p co-Xn-I-fn-te A-h-bv-°p tN-cm-\m-Iq. Kp-hm-
\n≥ F-t∏mgpw ssk-t‰m-kn-\p-am-bm-Wp tN-cp-
∂Xv; X-bm-an≥ A-Un-ss\-\p-am-bpw. tImWnbpsS
ap-I-fn-tet°m Xm-tgt°m t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Cu A-
£-c-ßƒ G-Xp {I-a-ØnemtWm tN-cp-∂Xv, A-
Xm-Wv Un.F≥.F. tImUv. A-Xn-s‚ Npcpfgn-s®-Sp-
°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p lyq-a≥ Po-t\mw t{]m-P-Œn-
s‚ e-£yw.
hn-`-Pn-®p-s]-cp-Ip-∂ hn-Zy-bn-em-Wv
Un.F≥.F.bp-sS an-I-hp In-S-°p∂Xv. ]pXn-sbm-
cp Un.F≥.F. kr-„n-°m≥ k-a-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ c-
≠n-g-Ifpw a-[y-Øn¬-h-®v ]n-f-cpw, Pm-°-‰n-s‚ kn-
]v h-en-®q-cp∂-Xpt]mse. F-∂n-´v c-≠p ]m-Xn-Ifpw
]pXn-b ]-¶m-fnI-sf I-s≠-Øpw. Hmtcm ]m-Xnbn-
se \yq¢n-tbm-ss‰-Un\pw Nn-e {]-tXy-I \yq-¢n-
tbm-ss‰-Up-am-tb tNcm\m-Iq F-∂Xp-sIm-≠v
]pXn-b Un.F≥.F.-bp-sS {]-Ir-Xw \n¿-W-bn°pI
]n-f¿-∂p≠m-b Cu ]m-XnX-s∂-bm-Wv. H-cp ]m-Xn-
tb ssI-h-i-ap-≈q F¶n¬- A-Xp-h-®p I-W-°p-Iq-
ń tN-cp-∂ a-dp-]m-Xn I-s≠-Øm-\m-Ipw. Hcp ]m-
Xn-bp-sS G-‰hpw ap-I-fn-se ]-Sn \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv Kp-hm-\n≥sIm≠m-sW-¶n¬ A-Xp-am-bn tN-cp∂
a-dp-]m-Xn-bp-sS ap-I-fn-se ]-Sn sskt‰m-kn≥sIm-
≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. Aß-s\ Xm-tg-°p h-∂m¬ Hm-
tcm-∂ns‚-bpw ]-¶m-fn-sb I-s≠-Ømw, Aß-s\
]pXn-b Un.F≥.F.bp-sS tIm-Uv a-\
n-em-°mw. A-XpX-s∂-bm-Wv {]-Ir-Xn-bnepw kw-
`-hn-°p-∂Xv. ]-t£, CsX√mw kw-`-hn-°p∂-Xv G-
Xm-\pw sk-°≥-UpIƒ-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p-am{Xw. A-
Xm-W-Xn-i-bw.
an-°-hmdpw ka-bw \-Ωp-sS Un.F≥.F. C-

sX√mw Ir-Xy-am-bn IW°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-Øv i-cnbm-
b ]-¶m-fn-bp-am-bnØ-s∂ tN-cpw. ]-t£, A-]q¿-
hambn, ]Øp e-£-Øn¬ H-cn-°¬ F-∂ tXm-
Xn¬ H-c£-cw tN-cm-Ø ÿ-e-Øp- sN∂ptN-cpw.
C-Xn-s\- kn-¶nƒ \yq¢n-tbm-ss‰-Uv t]mfn-tam¿^n-
kw A-Yhm F-kv.F≥.]n. F-∂p ]-d-bpw. _-
tbm-sI-an-kv-‰pIƒ F-fp-∏-Øn¬ "kv-\n-]v' F-∂p
hn-fn-°pw. km-[mc-W Cu kv-\n-∏p-Iƒ t\ctØ
]-d™ t\m¨ tIm-Un-Mv Un.F≥.F-.bp-sS C-S-
bn¬ -sN-∂p - In-S-°pw. AXp-sIm-≠p i-co-c-Øn-\v
{]-tXy-In-®p {]-iv-\-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-hn√. F-∂m¬ A-
]q¿-h-am-bn ÿn-Xn am-dpw. ap≥-\n-›-bn-°-s∏-s´m-
cp A-kp-JØn-s‚ tl-Xp-hm-bn amdpw A-h. F-
∂m¬ a-‰p Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-Xp Kp-W-hpam-Ipw. Nn-e-
t∏mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ kw-c£-Ww \¬-Ip-∂ \n-d-°q´v,
A-s√-¶n¬ D-b¿-∂ {]-tZi-Øp Po-hn-°p-∂-h¿-°p
Kp-Ww sN-øp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ D-b¿∂ tXm-Xn¬ Np-
h-∂ c-‡m-Wp°ƒ. Im-e-{Ita-W Cu am-‰w hy-
‡n-Iƒ°pw P-\-k-aq-l-Øn\pw hy-Xnc-n‡-X ]-I-
cp-∂ L-S-I-am-bn am-dpw.
Cu {I-ahpw {I-a-cm-ln-Xy-hpw XΩn-sem-cp k-

¥p-e-\-ap≠v. sX-‰p-Iƒ H-cp-]m-Sm-bm¬ B-sI {]-
iv-\-am-hpw. F√mw {I-a-Øn-em-bm¬ km-lN-cy-Øn-
\-\p-k-cn-®p am-dm-\p-≈ I-gn-hp \-„-am-hp-IbpwsN-
øpw. D-Zm-l-cW-Øn-\v D-b¿-∂ {]-tZi-Øp Po-hn-
°p-∂-h¿-°v Np-h-∂ c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ Iq-Sp-X-ep-≠m-
Ip∂-Xv Kp-W-I-c-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, Np-h-∂ c-‡m-
Wp-°ƒ IqSpX-ep-s≠-¶n¬ Iq-SpX¬ Hm-Iv-kn-P≥
h-ln-°m-\m-Ipw, A-X-h-cp-sS N-e\hpw iz-k-\hpw
F-fp-∏-am-°pw. ]-t£, A-[n-I-ap-≈ Np-h-∂ c-‡m-
Wp°ƒ c-‡-Øn-s‚ I-ń Iq-´pw. F-Æw h-f-sc-
b-[n-I-am-hp-tºmƒ A-Xv FÆ-t]-m-se-bm-Ip-sa-∂m-
Wv sS-ºnƒ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se B-t{¥m-t∏m-f-
Pnkv-‰v Nmƒ-kv sh-bn-‰v-kv ]-d-bp-∂Xv. c-‡-Øn-
s‚ I-ń A-[nIw Iq-Sn-bm¬ lr-Z-b-Øn-s‚ tPm-
en Iq-Spw. A-t∏mƒ iz-k-\w F-fp-∏-am-hp-sa-¶nepw
Ahcp-sS lr-Z-bw A-Xn-s‚ hn-e-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h-
cpw. A-ß-s\-bm-Wv Um¿hns‚ {]-Ir-Xn-\n¿-[mc-
Ww \-sΩ k-lm-bn-°p-∂Xv. Cß-s\ sNdn-b
hyXym-k-ßƒ h-cp-sa-¶nepw h-º≥ hy-Xym-k-
ßƒ h-cm-≥ ]-cn-Wm-aw \sΩ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n√,
A-Xn-\v \mw th-sd kv-]o-jo-km-IWw.
\n-ß-fp-sS Un.F≥.F.bpw F-t‚Xpw X-Ωn¬

0.1 i-X-am-\w hy-Xymkap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p Imc-Ww
kv-\n-∏p-I-fmWv. C-\n \n-ß-fp-sS Un.F≥.F.sb
aq-∂m-a-sXm-cm-fpsS Un.F≥.F.bp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw
sN-bv-Xm¬ A-Xnepw 99.9 i-X-am-\w kmayw Im-
Wmw. F-∂m¬ kv-\n-∏p-I-fp-sS ÿm\w km-[m-c-
W-K-Xn-bn¬- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Ipw. Xm-c-X-ay-Øn-s\-Sp-
°p-∂-h-cp-sS FÆw Iq-Sp-t¥m-dpw kv-\n-∏p-I-fp-sS
ÿm-\-Øn-se ssh-hn-[yhpw Iq-Spw. \n-ß-fp-sS 3.2
_ney¨ s_-bv-kp-I-fn¬ G-sX-¶nep-sam-s∂-Sp-
°p-I, B ÿm\-Øv hy-XykvX tIm-Up-≈ H-cmƒ
A-s√-¶n¬ H-cp kw-L-am-fp-Iƒ F-hn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-ap-
≠m-Ipw. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ lyq-a≥ Po-t\mw F-
∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv H-∂√, 600 tIm-Sn lyq-a≥ Pn-t\m-
ap-I-fp≠v. \-Ωƒ 99.9 i-Xam-\hpw H-∂m-sW-∂p
]-dbmw. A-tXk-a-bw, _-tbm-sI-an-kv-‰v tU-hn-Uv
tIm-Iv-kn-s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ "F√m a-\p-
jy¿°pw s]m-Xp-hmbn H-∂p-an-s√-∂p ]-d-™m¬
AXpw i-cn-bm-sW-∂p kΩXn-t°-≠nh-cpw.'30
]-t£, _-lp-`q-cn]£w Un.F≥.F.bv-°pw Xn-
cn-®-dn-b-Ø-° [¿-asam-∂p-an√m-Ø-sX¥p-sIm-
s≠-∂v C-\nbpw a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cn-°pI-
bmWv. tIƒ-°m≥ A-{X kp-J-ap-≈ Im-cy-a-s√-
¶nepw A-Xn-\p-Ø-cambn Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ [¿-awX-
s∂ Un.F≥.F.-bp-sS Nn-c-¥-\-Xzw D-d-∏m°em-
sW-∂p ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. H-cp Iq-´w A-£-c-ß-fp-
am-bn-cn-°p-∂ 97 iXam-\w h-cp-∂ P¶v
Un.F≥.F.Iƒ, am-‰v dn-Uv-en-bp-sS hm-°p-I-fn¬-
"\n-e\n¬-°p∂-Xv kz-bw s]-‰p-s]-cp-Ip-∂-Xn-\pth-
≠n am-{X-am-sW-∂p' ]-d-tb≠n-h-cpw.*31 \n-ß-fp-sS
Un.F≥.F.bn¬ `q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw I-S-∏m-Sv \n-ßt-
fmS√, X-ß-tfm-SpX-s∂-bmWv. A-Xn-\ß-s\ \n-e-
\n¬-°m≥ th-s≠mcp b{¥w am-{X-am-Wv \n-ßƒ.
Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ e£yw Po-h-t\m-sS-bn-cn°pI F-
∂-XmWv, A-Xn-\p-≈ D-]m-[n-bmWv Un.F≥.F.
C-\n Po≥ \n¿-an-°m≥ th-≠ D-Ø-c-hp ]p-d-

s∏-Sp-hn-°p-I-bm-sW¶n¬-Ø-s∂ \n-ß-fp-sS t£-
a-sam-∂p-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂n√, Un.F≥.F-. bp-sS a-
\- n¬. dn-th-gv-kv {Sm≥-kv-{In-]v-t‰-kv F-∂p hn-fn-°p-
∂ t{]m-ó≥ \n¿-Ωn-°m-\p-≈-Xm-Wv hf-sc km-[m-
c-Wam-sbm-cp Po≥. B t{]m-ó-\v \sΩ kw-_-
‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw {]-tXy-In-s®m-cp [¿-a-hp-an√. F-
∂m¬ H-cp Ip-g-∏-ap-≠p-Xm\pw. F-®v.sF.hn. t]m-
ep≈ dn-t{Sm-ssh-d-kp-Iƒ B-cp-adn-bm-sX a-\p-jy-
i-co-c-Øn¬ I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p h-gn-hbv-°p-∂-X-h-
bmWv.
A-Xmb-Xv {]-tXy-In-s®m-cp Kp-W-hp-an√m-Ø, Nn-

e-t∏m-sg√mw tZm-jap-≠m-°p-∂ H-cp t{]m-ó≥
\n¿-Ωn-°m≥ \-Ωp-sS i-co-cw [m-cmfw Du¿÷w
hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. Po-\p-Iƒ D-Ø-c-hn-d-°p-
∂Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xp \n¿-an°p-I-b√m-sX th-sdm-cp
h-gn-bp-an√, i-co-c-Øn\v. A-h-cp-sS Nm-]-ey-
ßƒs°√mw A-hk-c-sam-cp-°m-\p-≈ th-Zn-am-{X-
am-Wv \-Ωp-sS Cu i-co-cw. sam-Ø-Øn¬ \-Ωp-sS
i-co-c-Øn-se ]-IpXn-tbm-fw Po-\pIƒ- {]tXy-In-
s®m∂pw sN-øp-∂n√, kz-bw s]-‰p-s]-cp-Ip-I-b√m-
sX.32
F√m kPo-hh-kv-Xp-°fpw H-c¿-Y-Øn¬ A-h-

bp-sS Po-\p-I-fp-sS ASna-I-fmWv. AXp-sIm-≠m-
Wv km¬-a-Wp-Ifpw Nn-e-¥n-I-fpw a-‰-t\-Iw Po-
hn-Ifpw C-W-tN-c¬{]-{In-b-bn¬ a-c-Ww-h-cn-°m≥
X-øm-dm-Ip-∂-Xv. s]-‰p-s]-cp-Im-\p-≈ Xz-c, kz-¥w
Po≥ ssI-am-dm-\p-≈ Xz-c, A-Xm-Wv {]Ir-Xn-bn-se
G-‰hpw i-‡am-b Xr-jv-W. sj¿-hn≥ _n. \p-
e‚n-s‚ hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬, "km-{am-Py-ßƒ
X-I-cp-∂Xn\pw a-\p-jy-s‚ hmk\mk©-bw _-
ln¿-kv-^p-cn-°p-∂Xn\pw knw-^-Wn-Iƒ F-gp-X-s∏-
Sp-∂Xn\p-sa√mw ]n-∂n-ep≈Xv H-cp Xr-jv-W-sb
Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ XzcbmWv.'34 ]-cnWm-a ho-
£WtIm-Wn¬ ssew-Kn-I-X F-∂p ]-d-bp∂Xv
P\n-X-I-{Zhyw ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-\p t{]m-’ml-\w
\¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-s≈m-cp ]p-c-kv-Im-c-kw-hn-[m-\w am-
{X-amWv.
an-° Un.F≥.F-.bv°pw {]-tXy-In-®p [¿-a-sam-

∂p-an-s√-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hns‚ A-º-c-∏p amdpwap-ºm-
Wv A-Xnepw A-º-c-∏n-°p-∂ I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ
hcp∂Xv. BZyw P¿-a-\n-bnepw ]n-s∂ kzn-‰v-k¿-
e‚n-epw K-th-j-I¿ Nne òI-c ]-co-£-W-ßƒ
\S-Øn; F-∂n-´v A-{X ò-I-c-a√m-Ø Nn-e \n-K-a-\
* P-¶v Un.F≥.F.sb-s°m-≠v H-cp-]-tbm-K-ap-

≠v.33 Un.F≥.F. ^n-¶¿-{]n‚n-Mv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂
Un.F≥.F. ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂-Xv C-Øcw Un.F≥.F.bmWv. en-k-Ã¿
k¿-hI-em-im-e-bn-se Ae-Iv sP-{ô-kv bm-Zr—n-I-
am-bm-Wv A-Xn-\v C-ßs\-sbm-cp-]-tbm-Kw I-s≠-
Øp-∂Xv. ]m-c-ºcy-tcm-K-ß-sf∏-‰n ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v
Un.F≥.F. irw-J-e ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂ K-th-jW-
Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p sP-{ôkv. A-t∏m-gm-Wv A-Sp-Øn-
sS \-S-∂ C-c-´-s°m-e-]m-X-I-hp-ambn, ]n-Sn-bnemb
H-cp {]-Xn-°v _-‘-apt≠m F-∂-dn-bm≥ Cu hn-
Zy {]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ t]m-eo-kv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚
klmbw tX-Sp-∂Xv. {In-an-\¬tI-kp-Iƒ sX-fn-bn-
°m≥ X-s‚ hn-Zy ^-e-{]-Z-am-Ip-sa-∂v sP-{ô-kn-
\p tXm∂n. A-Xp i-cn-bm-sW-∂p sX-fn-bp-
IbpwsN-bvXp. tIm-fn≥ ]n®v-t^m¿-°v F-∂ hn-Nn-
{Xam-b t]-cp-≈ ]-elm-c \n¿-am-Xm-hv C-c-´-s°m-
e-bv-°v C-c-´ Po-h-]-cy-¥w X-S-hn\p in-£n-°-s∏-Sp-
IbpwsN-bvXp.
ß-fn-seØn. F-en-bp-sS I-Æn-s\ \n-b-{¥n-°p-

∂ Po-s\-Sp-Øv ]-g-bo-®bpsS em¿-h-bn¬ k-∂n-
th-in-∏n-®p. A-Xn-s‚ êw `b¶-c-am-Ip-sa-∂m-
Wh¿ {]-Xo-£n-®Xv, ]-t£, F-en-bp-sS IÆv Cu-
®-bv°pw tNcpw F-∂m-W-h¿ I-s≠-Øn-bXv. am-
{Xa√, A-Xp Xn-I®p-samcp Cu-®-°-Æp-X-s∂-bm-
bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p-IbpwsN-bv-Xp. 500 aney¨ h¿-j-
Øn-\n-S-bn-se-hn-sSbpw s]m-Xphm-sbm-cp ]q¿-hn-I-
\n√m-Ø c-≠p Po-hn-Iƒ-°v kz-¥w k-tlm-Z-cß-
sf∂t]m-se P-\n-X-I hn-h-c-ßƒ ]-¶p-hbv°m-\m-
bn35 F-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p A-¤pXw.
CØ-cw K-th-j-W-ßƒ \-SØn-b ÿ-e-ß-fn-

se√mw ^-ew C-XpX-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. a-\p-jy-s‚
Po≥ Nn-e Cu-®-I-fn¬ k-∂n-th-in-∏n-°msa∂pw
Cu-®-Iƒ Ah-sb kz-¥w Po-\p-I-sf∂t]m-se
kzo-I-cn-°p-sa∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p H-cp ]-co-£-W-
Ønse I-s≠Ø¬. A-Xn¬-\n-s∂√mw h-cp∂-Xv
a-\p-jy-Po-\p-I-fp-sS 60 i-X-am-\hpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-
c-am-bn ]-gbo®I-fn¬ Im-Wp∂ Po-\p-Iƒ-°p k-
am-\-am-sW-∂m-Wv. 90 i-X-am-\w Po\pIƒ°pw F-
en-I-fn-se Po-\p-I-tfm-Sp km-ay-ap-≠v.36 (hm-ep-≠m-
°p-∂Xn\p≈ Po≥t]mepw \-Ω-fn-ep≠v, AXv D-
W¿-∂p {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂n√ F-∂p am{Xw.)37 ]-e-
bn-S-ß-fn-em-bn \-S-∂ K-th-j-W-ß-fn-se√mw H-∂n-
\p-]nd-sI a-s‰m-∂mbn sX-fn-™Xv, \n-am-hn-c-I-fn-
em-bmepw a-\p-jy-cn-em-bm-epw Po\pI-tf-sdbpw k-
am-\-am-sW-∂m-Wv. A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn F√m Po-
h-\p-ap≠m°nb-Xv GXm-≠v- Htc cq-]tc-Jsh-®m-
sW-∂¿Yw.
Iq-Sp-X-e-t\zj-Ww \-S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ sam-Ø-Øn-

ep-≈ \n-b-{¥-Ww ssI-bm-fp-∂ Nn-e Po-\p-Iƒ
sh-fn-s∏´p. Hmtcm ico-c`m-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw {]-h¿-Ø-
\-Øn-s‚ \n-b-{¥-Ww G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂ Ch-sb
tlman-tbm-ń-Iv Po\pI-sf-∂pw38 (k-am-\w F-∂¿-
Y-ap-≈ {Ko-°v]-Z-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wn-Xp h-∂Xv.) tlm-
Iv-kv Po-\p-I-sf∂pw hn-fn-®p. _o-P-k-¶e-\w \S-
∂ H-scm-‰ A-fiØn¬\n-∂p-h-cp-∂ kam-\
Un.F≥.F.-I-fp≈ e-£-°-W-°n-\v {`qWtIm-i-
ß-fn¬ G-Xv F-¥p sN-ø-W-sa-∂p \n¿-t±-in-°p-
∂-Xm-sc∂ tNmZyØn-\v A-tXm-sS DØ-cw Inń.
C-sXm-cp I-cƒtIm-i-am-Is´, C-Xv \o-fap≈ \yq-
tdm-Wm-Is´, C-sXm-cp c-‡-Øp-≈n-bm-Is´, C-Xp
Nn-d-In-\p {]` ]-Ic-s´ F-s∂√mw \n¿-t±-in-°p∂-
Xv tlm-Iv-kv Po-\p-I-fmWv. G-Xms≠√m Po-hn-I-
fnepw G-Xm-s≠mtc-t]m-se-bm-Wv C-h-bp-sS {]-h¿-
Ø\w.
P-\n-X-I{Z-hy-Øn-s‚ A-fthm A-Xn-s‚ {]-Ir-

X-tam A-Xpƒ-s°m≈p-∂ Po-hn-bp-sS ]p-tcm-K-a-\-
Øn-s‚ kq-N-I-a√ F-∂-Xm-Wv Iu-Xp-I -I-cam-b
Im-cyw. \-ap-°v 46 t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv, ]-
t£, Nn-e ]∂¬s®-Sn-Iƒ-°v A-dp-\q-sd-Æ-Øn¬
Iq-Sp-X-ep≠v.39 k-¶o¿-WL-S-\-bp-≈ Pohn-I-fn¬
]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚ Xm-tg-°n-S-bn¬ \n¬-°p-∂ e-Mv-
^n-jn-\v \ap°p-≈-Xn-s‚ \mev-]-Xnc-ń
40
Un.F≥.F.bp≠v. F-¥n-\v km-[m-c-W \yq´pIfp-
sS P-\n-X-I{Z-hy-Øn-s‚ Af-hpt]mepw \-Ωp-tS-Xn-
s‚ A-©nc-ń hcpw.
A-t∏mƒ F-{X Po-\p-I-fp-≠v F-∂Xne√, Ah-

sb Fß-s\ D-]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p F-∂-Xn-em-
Wv Im-cyw. A-Xp \-∂mbn. Imc-Ww, Po\p-I-fp-sS
F-Æ-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ a-\p-jy≥ hen-b Xn-cn®-
Sn t\-cn´-Xv ASp-Ø Im-e-ØmWv. a-\p-jy-\v Np-
cp-ßnb-Xv H-cp e-£w Po-\p-I-sf-¶n- ep-ap-s≠-∂m-
bn-cp-∂p A-Sp-Ø Im-ewh-sc-bp-≈ [mc-W. A-Xv
A-Xn-epsa{Xtbm Iq-Sp-sa-∂p I-cp-Xn-b-h-cp-ap≠v.
]t£, lyq-a≥ Pn-t\mw t{]mPŒn-s‚ B-Zy^-e-
ßƒ h-∂p Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒX-s∂ A-Xn-s‚ F-Æw
IpØs\ Ip-d-™p. ap-∏-Ø-øm-bn-ctam \m¬-]-Xn-
\m-bn-ctam Po-\p-I-fmWv a-\p-jy-cn-ep-≈-sX-∂m-Wv
B IW-°p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. ]p¬-s®-Sn-bn-ep-≈
Po\ns‚ F-Æw G-Xm-≠n-{Xh-cpw. Hmtcm ka-bw
A-¤p-Xhpw \n-cm-ibpw k-Ωm-\n-® I-s≠-Ø-em-
bn-cp-∂p AXv.
Po-\p-I-sf∏-‰n A-dn-bm≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv

a-\p-jy-s‚ ]-e Ipg∏-ßƒ°pw Po-\pI-sf ]-gn-
Nm-cp-∂ {]h-W-Xbpw Xp-S-ßn-bXv. ]-e
{]iv\ßƒ°pw Im-c-W-°mcm-b Po-\pI-sf I-
s≠-Øn-sb-∂v l¿-tjm-∑-Øcmb im-kv-{X-⁄¿
]-e-t∏mgpw {]-Jym-]n-°m-dp≠v. s]m-Æ-Ø-Sn-°p
Im-c-Wamb Po≥ I-s≠Øn, kvIo-tkm-t{^-\n-
bbv-°p Im-c-Wam-b Po≥ I-s≠Øn, kz-h¿-K-
ssew-Kn-I-X-bv-°p Im-c-W-am-b Po≥ I-s≠Øn,
Ip-‰-hm-k-\bv°pw A{I-tam-’p-I-X-bv°pw a-Zym-
k-‡n°pw Im-c-Wam-b Po-\pIƒ I-s≠Øn, F-
¥n-\v I-S-I-fn¬ I-b-dp-tºmƒ km-[-\-ßƒ A-Sn-
®p-am-‰m≥ t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂ Po\pw ho-Sn√m-bv-ab-v°p
Im-c-Wam-b Po\pw I-s≠-Øn F-∂ph-sc hm¿-
Ø-Iƒ Im-Wmw. Po-hn-X-Øn-se an-° {]-iv-\-
ßƒ°pw Imc-Ww Po-h-im-kv-{X-hn-[n-bm-sW-∂p
]-d-bp-∂ CØ-cw I-s≠-Ø-ep-Ifp-sS A-tß-b-‰-
am-bn-cp-∂p 1980˛¬ k-b≥-kn¬ h-∂ H-cp K-th-
j-Wêw.41 P-\n-X-I-am-bnØ-s∂ kv-{Xo-Iƒ I-
W-°n¬ ]p-cp-j≥-am-sc-°mƒ tam-iam-sW-∂m-bn-
cp-∂p A-Xn-se I-s≠Ø¬. ]-t£, Im-cyß-sf
A-{X-bv°p e-fn-X-h¬-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂v C-∂p \-
ap-°-dn-bmw.
D-b-c-Øn\pw {]ta-lkm-[y-X-bv°pw I-j-

≠n°pw a‰pw Imc-Ww Nne {]-tXy-I Po-\p-I-fm-
sW-∂p h-∂m¬ Ah-sb th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Øv A-
‰-Ip-‰∏-Wn \-S-Øn-bm¬ F-fp-∏-Øn¬ (F-∂p-h-
®m¬ Xm-c-X-tay-\ F-fp-∏-Øn¬) CØ-cw {]-iv-
\-ß-sf√mw Xo¿-°m≥ ]-t‰-≠-XmWv. \n¿-`mKy-
him¬ ap-∏-Ø-øm-bn-cw Po-\p-Iƒ kz-X-{¥-am-bß-
s\ {]-h¿-Øn-®m¬ a\pjy-s‚ Cu k-¶o¿-W i-
co-c-ap-≠m-In√. A-Xmb-Xv Po-\pIƒ ]-c-kv]-cw _-
‘-s∏-´p k-l-I-cn®p {]-h¿-Øn-°-W-sa-∂¿Yw.
lo-tam-ô-en-b, ]m¿°n≥-k¨-kv tcmKw, l-≠n-
Mv-S¨ tcm-Kw, kn-kv-‰n-Iv ss^-t{_m-kn-kv Xp-S-
ßn Nne ssh-I-ey-ßƒ-°p Imc-Ww Nn-e G-Im-
¥Po-\p-I-fp-sS {]h¿Ø\ssh-I-ey-amWv. ]-t£,
Aß-s\ ]c-∂v H-cp kv-]o-jo-kn-s\ samØ-Øn-
tem H-cp ta-J-e-bn-se P-\ß-sf sam-ØØntem
_m-[n°pwapºv {]-Ir-Xn\n¿-[m-c-W-{]-Im-cw A-Xp
]n-gp-sX-Sp-Øp am-‰-s∏-Spw. hn-[n-\n¿-Wmb-I-am-hp-
∂ a-‰p Im-cy-ßƒ—I-Æn-s‚ \n-d-apƒ-s∏sS—\n-
›-bn-°p∂-Xv Cß-s\ H-‰-s∏-´ Po-\p-If√, Po-\p-
I-fp-sS Iq´m-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-amWv. AXpsIm-≠pX-
s∂-bm-Wv A-Xp th¿-Xn-cn-®p a-\- n-em-°m≥ \-ap-
°p I-gn-bmØ-Xv. H-cp Ip-g-∏-hp-an√m-sX cq-]Iev-
]-\ sN-bv-sX-Sp-°p-∂ Un-ssk-\¿ Ip-ń-Iƒ A-Sp-
sØm∂pw bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-hn-s√-∂v D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm-
hp-∂-Xpw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂.
C-tX-°p-dn-®p Iq-Sp-X¬ a-\- n-em-°p-t¥mdpw

ÿn-Xn Iq-Sp-X¬ k¶o¿W-amhp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
\-Ωƒ Nn-¥n-°p-∂-Xpt]mepw Po-\p-I-fp-sS {]h¿-
Ø\-sØ _m-[n-°p-∂p-≠v. H-cm-fp-sS Xm-Sn h-f-cp-
∂-Xn-s‚ th-Kw A-bmƒ sk-Iv-kn-s\∏-‰n F-{X-
am{Xw Nn-¥n-°p-∂p F-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®p am-dpw42
(ssew-Kn-I-Im-cy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ Nn-¥ sS-tÃm-
kvs‰-tdm¨ D¬]m-Z\-sØ _m-[n-°p-sa-∂-Xm-Wp
Imc-Ww). 1990I-fn¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ th-sdm-cp Im-
cyw I-s≠Øn. F-en-I-fp-sS {`q-W-Øn¬\n-∂-h¿
Nn-e kp{][m-\Po-\p-Iƒ ]n-gp-sX-SpØp. F-∂n-´pw
B F-en-Iƒ B-tcm-Ky-tØmsS P\n®p, F-∂p-am-
{X-a√, Po-\p-I-fn¬ C-S-s]-S¬ \-S-Øn-bn-ń√m-Ø
k-tlmZc-ßsf-°mƒ B-tcm-Ky-tØm-sS h-f¿-∂p.
{][m-\ Po-\p-Iƒ F-Sp-Øp am-‰p-tºmƒ B ÿm-
\w \n-I-Øm≥ a-‰p Po-\p-Iƒ cw-K-Øp-h-cn-I-bm-
bncp∂p. Po-hn-I-sf-∂ \n-e-bn¬ \√ hm¿-Ø-bm-
bn-cp-∂p AXv, ]-t£, Po\pI-sf∏-‰n a-\- n-em-°p-
∂-Xn-\v A-Xp Kp-W-sam∂pw sN-bv-Xn√. i-cn-°p
a\- n-em-°n-Øp-S-ßn-bn´p-t]m-ep-an√m-Ø Im-cy-Øn-
ep-≈ k-¶o¿-W-X Iptd-°q-Sn h¿-[n-∏n-°m-t\ A-
Xp-]-I-cn-®p≈q.
Cu k-¶o¿-W-X-Iƒ Im-c-W-am-Wv a-\p-jyPn-

t\mw A-gn-s®-Sp-°p-∂ ]Wn Xp-S-ßn-bn-t´-bp-≈q
F-∂p ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv. Fw.sF.Sn.bn-se Fd-
nIv em≥-U-dp-sS hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]-d-™m¬ a-\p-jy-
i-co-c-Øn-s‚ L-S-I-`m-Kß-fp-sS ]-ń-I-bm-Wv a-\p-
jyPo-t\mw, \-sΩ \n¿-Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-s¥ms°-
s°m-≠m-sW-∂v A-Xp ]-dbpw. ]-t£, F-ß-s\-
bmW-Xp {]h¿-Øn°p-∂-sX-∂v A-Xp ]-d-bp-∂n√.
A-h-bp-sS {]-h¿Ø-\w hn-h-cn-°p-∂, {]h¿Ø-\-
Øn-\p-th-≠ am¿-K\n¿-t±-i-ßƒ \¬-Ip∂ ssI-
∏p-kv-X-I-amWv \ap°p th-≠Xv. C-Xphsc A-Xn-
\-Sp-sØm-∂p-sa-Øn-bn-ń√ \Ωƒ.
a-\p-jyt{]mń-tbm¨ Np-cp-f-gn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-Wv
A-Sp-Ø {i-aw. \q-X\ k-¶ev-]-amW-Xv, H-cp Z-i-Iw
ap-ºphsc t{]mń-tbm¨ F-∂ t]-cpX-s∂bp≠m-
bn-cp-∂n√. t{]m-ó≥ \n¿-am-W-c-l-ky-ß-f-S-ßn-b
]p-kv-X-I-∏p-c-bmWv t{]mń-tbm¨. \n¿-`m-Ky-h-
im¬ Po-t\m-an-s\-°mƒ F{Xtbm k¶o¿-Wam-W-
Xv.43
t{]m-ó≥ F-∂p- ]-d-bp∂-Xv G-sXm-cp Po-h-tIm-

i-Øn-sebpw \n¿amW{]-h¿-Ø-I-cmWv. G-sXm-cp
tIm-i-sa-Sp-Ømepw G-Xp \n-an-j-Ønepw tImSn-°-
W-°n-\p t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ A-Xn-{Zp-X {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-
fn-te¿-s∏-ń-cn°p-I-bm-bn-cn-°pw. th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-
°m≥ {]-bm-k-ap-≈-{X- Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv Cu {]-h¿-
Ø-\ßƒ. th-sdm-cp {]-iv-\wIq-Sn-bp≠v: t{]m-ó-\p-
I-fp-sS s]-cp-am‰sØ \n-b-{¥n-°p∂-Xv A-h-bp-sS
c-m-kL-S-\ am-{Xa√, B-Ir-XnIq-Sn-bmWv. D-t±-in-
® co-Xn-bn¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ t{]m-ó-\n¬
\n›n-X cm-kh-kv-Xp-°-sf√m-ap-≠m-bm¬-t∏m-c,
A-Xp {]-tXy-I co-Xn-bn¬ a-Sßn-sbmXp-ßn-bn-cn-
°p-Ibpw th-Ww. a-S-°n-hbv-°-W-sa-∂p ]-d-
™m¬ i-cn-bmhn√. Imc-Ww, AXß-s\ hr-Øn-
bn¬ a-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-Ib√, Np-‰n-h-f™v, Np-fn-™v
B-sI Ipg-™p In-S-°p-I-bmWv. A-e-am-c-bn¬ a-
S°n-sbm-Xp°n-h-® S-hen-t\mS√, h-f-®p-]n-cn-®
lmw-Kdn-t\m-Sm-Wv A-Xn-\p km-ayw.
]-g-sbm-cp ]-Zw {]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Po-

h-temI-sØ B-cpambpw Iq-´p-tN-cp-∂ th-j-°m-
cm-Wv t{]m-ó-\p-Iƒ. Xm¬-]-cyhpw km-lN-cyhpw
t\m-°n A-h-bv-°p t^mkv-t^m-dn-Iv hn-
t«jWhpw ss•-t°m-fnknkpw A-k-‰-eo-I-c-
Whpw kƒ-t^m-Wo-I-c-W-hp-sa√mw kw-`-
44
hn°pw. H-∏a-Xv ss•-t°m-t^m-kv-t^‰n-ssUen-
t\m-kn-t‰m-fp-am-bn tNcpw. a-‰p ]eXnt\mSpw tN-
cpw. A-h-bp-sS- Cu am-‰-Øn-\v hen-b k-Ω¿-±-sam-
∂p-am-h-iyan√. H-cp •m-kv ssh≥ I-gn-®m¬Ø-
s∂ \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-se t{]m-ó\p-I-sf hen-
sbmc-f-thmfw am-‰n-a-dn-°m≥ ]‰pw45 F-∂m-Wv k-
b‚n-^n-Iv A-ta-cn-°≥ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. a-Zy-]¿-°n-„-
s∏-t´°pw Cu I-s≠Ø¬, ]-t£, t{]m-ó-\p-I-
sf∏-‰n ]Tn-°p-∂ im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°v AXp-sIm-≠p
{]-tbmP\sam-∂p-an√.
C-{Xbpw hm-bn-°p-tºmƒ A-km-[yamwhn-[w k-

¶o¿-W-am-Wn-sX√mw F-∂p tXm-∂mw, tXm-∂e√,
b-Y-m¿-Y-Øn¬ A-km-[y-amw-hn-[w k-¶o¿WwX-
s∂-bm-WXv. ]-t£, Cu k-¶o¿-W-X-bv-°p-≈n¬
A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-cam -sbm-cp em-fn-Xy-hp-ap≠v. Poh-s‚
{]-h¿-Ø-\-co-Xn-bn¬ A-¥¿-eo-\-am-bn´p-≈ em-fn-
Xy-w. tIm-iß-sf k-tN-X-\-am-°p-∂, sNdn-b F-
∂m¬ A-Xnhn-Z-Kv-[am-b cm-k-{]-{In-b˛˛\yq¢n-tbm-
ss‰-Up-I-fpw B¿.F≥.F-.bp-sS Un.F≥.F. hn-
h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sa√m-a-Xn¬-s∏-Spw˛˛F√mw ]-cn-Wm-
a-{]-{Inbbn¬ H-cn-°¬ Xp-S-ßn-h-®-XmWv, A-Xn-
\pti-ja-Xv Aß-s\ Xp-S¿∂pt]mIp∂p. {^-©v
P-\n-X-I-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ jm-Iv tam-t\m-Uv ]m-Xn I-
fn-bmbn ]d-™-Xpt]mse, "C.tIm-fn _m-Œo-cn-b-
bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ i-cn-bm-Ip∂ Im-cy-ßƒ B-\-
bp-sS Im-cy-Ønepw i-cn-bm-bn-cn-°pw, Nn√-d am-‰-
ßƒ Im-Wm-sa-∂p am-{Xw.'46
au-en-Iam-b H-scm-‰ Po-h-]-≤-Xn-bp-sS hn-]p-

eoIr-Xcq-]w am-{X-am-Wv C-∂p Im-Wp-∂ F√m
Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpw. \-Ωƒ a-\p-jy-cp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬
Nn-e h¿≤-\-Iƒ h-∂n-´p-≠m-Im-sa-t∂-bp≈q. 380
h¿-jw ap-ºv B-hn-jvI-cn-® B cq-]-tc-J-bn¬ Nn√-
d t`-Z-K-Xn-Ifpw km-l-N-cy-ßƒ-°-\p-k-cn®p-≈
am-‰-ß-fpw C-Sbv-°n-sS \-SØn-b A-‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-
Ifpw tN¿-Øm¬ \-Ωƒ a-\p-jy-cn-se-Øpw. AXp-
sIm-≠pX-s∂ ]-®-°-dn-I-fp-sS-bpw ]-gß-fp-sS-bp-
sa√mw A-Sp-Ø _-‘p-°-fm-Wp \-Ωƒ. hm-g-∏-
g-Øn¬ \-S°p∂ cm-k-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS ]m-Xn-
sb-¶nepw AtX-t]m-se a-\p-jy i-co-c-Ønepw \-S-
°p-∂p≠v.
F√m Po-h\pw H-∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW-∂v ]-e-

t∏mgpw ]-d-bm-dp≠v. Bh¿Ø\hn-c-k-X-bp-≠m-Ip-
sa-¶nepw ]-d-bm-sX h-ø, F√m Po-h\pw H∂pX-
s∂-bmWv. A-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv ]-c-a-k-Xyw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 "B-bn-cØn-sem-cp \yq-¢n-b-t‰m-bv-Un-s‚ hy-

Xym-k-am-Wv \-ap-°p hy-‡nXzw \¬Ip-∂-sX-∂v:
kpƒ-kv-‰¨ B≥-Uv s^dn, Z tIm-a¨ s{XUv,
t]-Pv 198.
2 C-Xn¬\n-∂p hy-Xym-k-ap≈-Xv Np-h-∂ c-‡m-

Wp-°-fpw {]Xn-tcm-[-®p-a-X-e-bp≈ Nne tIm-i-
ßfpw ip-¢-tIm-ihpw A-fihpw a-‰p-am-Wv: hqƒ-
^vk¨, sse-^v
hn-Xu-Sv Po≥kv, t]-Pv 12.
3 B kwJy A®-Sn-°-W-sa-¶n¬Øs∂ CS-

Øcw hen-∏-ap≈ Aøm-bncw ]pkvXI-ßƒ
th≠nhcp-sa∂v: {InÃy≥ Zn Uypth; F
ssKUUv Sq¿ Hm^v Z
enhnMv sk¬, hmeyw 2, t]Pv 314.
4 A-t∏mƒ, \n-ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-se

Un.F≥.F. ap-gp-h-s\-Sp-Øv C-g-]n-cn-s®mcp \q-em-
°n am-‰n-bm¬ A-Xv `q-an-bn¬\n-∂p N-{μ-\n-te°pw
Xncn-®p-sa-Øpw: sU-\‰v, Um¿-hn≥-kv sU-bv-
©dkv sF-Un-b, t]-Pv 151.
5 20 aney¨ In-tem-ao-‰¿ Un.F≥.F.bm-Wv \n-

ß-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn¬ sIń-sbm-Xp-°nsh-®n-cn-°p-
∂Xv: {Kn-_n≥ B≥-Uv {Kn-_n≥, _o-bn-Mv lyqa≥,
t]Pv 8.
6 Po-h-temI-sØ cm-k-]-c-am-bn G-‰hpw A-e-

kam-b X-∑m-{X-I-fmWh: se-thm‚n≥, C-‰v A-
bn‚ v s\- - -dn-en tkm, t]Pv 142.
7 1869˛¬X-s∂ A-Xp I-s≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂p: dn-
Uven, Pn-t\mw, t]-Pv 48.
8 Un.F≥.F. H∂pw sN-øp-∂n√, -sh-dp-sX \yq-

¢n-b- n-e-ß-s\-bn-cn-°pw: hmekpw a-‰pw, _-tbm-
fPn, t]-Pv 211.
9 b-Ym¿-Y k-¶o¿-W-X \yq-¢n-b- n-se t{]m-ó-

\p-I-fn-em-W-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv F∂mbn-cp-∂p
A∂sØ [m-c-W: Z Upth, F ssKU-Uv Sq¿ Hm-
^v Z en-hn-Mv sk¬, hm-eyw 2, t]-Pv 295.
10 B ap-dn°ß-s\ ^vssfdqw AYhm Cu-®-ap-

dn F-∂p t]-cp-In-ń: ¢m¿Iv, Z k¿-sshh¬ Hm-^v
Nmƒ-kv Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 259.
11 F-¥m-Wp Po≥, A-Xp b-Ym¿-YamtWm

AtXm shdpw k-¶ev-]tam: sI√¿, Z sk-©zdn
Hm-^v Po≥, t]-Pv 2.
12 Nn-¥bpw Hm¿-abpw t]m-ep-≈ am-\-kn-I-hym-

]m-c-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ C-∂v im-kv{X-tem-I-Øp-
≈ A-\n-›n-X-Xz-Øn-\p k-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p Po-\p-I-
sf-t∏mep≈ ]m-cº-cyL-S-I-ß-sf∏-‰n A-∂p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂ Nn-¥m-K-Xn: hm-ekpw a-‰pw, _tbmfPn,
t]-Pv 211.
13 G-h-dn-°v c-≠p t\m-_¬ k-Ωm-\-sa-¶nepw

sIm-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂mWv: am-tUm-Ivkv,
tdm-k-en≥-Uv {^m-¶v-en≥, t]-Pv 327.
14 tÃmIv-tlm-an-¬ I-tcm-en≥kv-I C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-

´v A-[n-Ir-X-cpsSb-Sp-sØØn Ghdn-°v t\m-_¬
k-Ωm-\w \¬-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥ k-Ω¿-Zw sN-ep-Øp-I-
t]mepw sNbvXp: ssh‰v, ssd-h¬kv, t]-Pv 251.
15 Ip-ń-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Z Izn-kv In-Uv-kv‹F-

∂ tdUntbm ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn-eq-sS {i-t≤-b-\m-b B-
fmWv A-ta-cn-°-bn¬\n-∂p≈ B bp-h-{]-Xn`: P-
Uvk¨, Z F-bv-Øv tU Hm-^v {In-tbj≥, t]-Pv
46.
16 c-k-X{¥w ]Tn-°m-sXX-s∂ Po-\n-s‚ c-

lkyw sh-fn-s∏-Sp-sa-∂v {]-Xo-£n-®Xm-bn: hm-Sv-
k¨, Z U-_vƒ sl-en-Iv-kv, t]-Pv 21.
17 a-dp-]-£-Øn-s‚ K-th-j-W^-ew A-hn-Nm-cn-
X-am-bn‹C-h-cp-sS ssI-h-i-sa-Øns∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p F-∂m-Wv : Pm¿-ssU≥, C≥-Po-\nb-kv ]¿-kyq-
Svkv, t]-Pv
356. 18 c-l-kym-fl-I hy-‡n-Xz-am-bm-Wv: hm-Sv-

k¨, Z U-_vƒ sl-en-Iv-kv, t]Pv 17. 19 hm-
Svk-s‚ hn-ti-j-W-ßƒ sh-dp-sX th-Z-\n-∏n-°p-
∂‹X-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-s∂
∂m-Wv : Pm¿-ssU≥, C≥-Po-\nb-kv ]¿-kyq-

Svkv, t]-Pv 354.
20 hn¬-°n≥-kn-s\ A-kz-ÿ-\m-°p-am-dv
1952-˛se th-\¬-°me-Øv InMv-kn-se ù-Xn-I-im-
kv-{X-h-Ip-∏n¬ A-h-scmcp Xami t\m-ó-kv ]-Xn-
°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp: ssh‰v, ssd-h¬kv, t]-Pv 257 ;
am-tUm-Ivkv, tdm-k-en≥-Uv {^m-¶v-en≥, t]-Pv 185.
21 tdm-k-en≥-Uns‚ Adnthm kΩ-Xtam Iq-Sm-

sX-bm-I-W-a-Xv: ]n. _n. Fkv. sh_v-ssk‰v, F
k-b≥-kv H-Uokn. 22 X-ßƒ-°p {]-tNm-Z-\-am-b
\n¿-Wm-bI kw-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv: am-tUm-Ivkv,
23 1953 G-{]n¬ 25˛\v C-dßn-b t\-®¿ am-K-

kn-\n¬ 900 t]-Pp-s≈m-cp te-J-\-ap≠m-bn-cp∂p
Un.F≥.F-.bv-s°m-cp L-S\: Z Upth, F ssKU-
Uv Sq¿ Hm-^v Z en-hn-Mv sk¬, hm-eyw 2, t]-Pv 290.
24 \yq-kv t{Im-Wn-°n-fn¬ sNdn-sbm-cp ]-cm-a¿-

iw h-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ F√m-hcpw A-Xn-s\ A-h-K-
Wn-®p: dn-Uven, Pn-t\mw, t]Pv 50.
25 hn-In-c-W-Øn¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈
se-Uv G-{]¨ [-cn-°m≥ A-h¿ ]-e-t∏m-gpw sa-\-
s°-Sm-dn-s√∂pw ]-e-t∏mgpw c-iv-an-Iƒ°p ap-∂n¬
A-{i-≤ambn \n¬-°m-dp-s≠-∂pw: am-tUm-Ivkv,
26 G-d-°p-sd i-cn-sb-∂p tXm-∂p-∂p F-∂ \n-

e-bn¬\n-∂v i-cn°pw i-cn-sb-∂p tXm-∂p∂-Xv F-
∂ \n-e-bn-te°pw ]n-s∂ A-hn-sS\n-∂v ]q¿-W-am-
bpw i-cnsb∂ \n-e-bn-te°pw A-sX-Øn-t®-cm≥
25 h¿-jw th-≠n-h-∂p: {In-°v, hm-´v am-Uv ]¿-
kyq´v, t]-Pv 73˛4.
27 1968˛¬ t\-®¿ am-K-kn-\n¬ "A-Xm-bn-cp-∂p

X-∑m{Xm Po-h-im-kv{Xw'‹F-∂ Xes°-ń¬ H-cp
teJ-\w h-∂p: sI√¿, Z sk-©p-dn Hm-^v Z Po≥,
t]-Pv 25.
28 C-°m-cy-Øn-e-h¿ ]nbm-t\m-bp-sS I-´-sb-t∏m-

se-bm-Wv: \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^nIv, ko-{I-´vkv Hm-
^v Z Po≥, t]-Pv 55.
29 D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v Kp-hm-\n-\n¬ k-ar-≤-am-

bp≈-Xv Kphmt\m F-∂ ]Zm¿-Y-amWv, A-Xn-\m
t]-cp \¬-Ip-∂Xpw Kphmt\mX-s∂: s]m-fmIv,
ssk≥kv Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 22˛3.
30 F√m a-\p-jy¿°pw s]m-Xp-hm-bn H-∂p-an-s√-

∂p ]-d-™m¬ AXpw i-cn-bmsW-∂p kΩXn-t°-
≠n h-cpw: Un-kv-Ih¿, _m-Uv Po≥kv, Kp-Uv {U-Kv-
kv, 2002 G-{]n¬, t]-Pv 54.
31 \n-e-\n¬-°p∂-Xv kz-bw s]-‰p-s]-cp-Ip-∂-Xn-
\p th-≠n am-{X-am-sW∂p ]-d-tb≠n-h-cpw: dn-
Uven, Pn-t\mw, t]-Pv 127.
32 sam-Ø-Øn¬ \-Ωp-sS i-co-c-Øn-se ]-IpXn-

tbm-fw Po-\p-Iƒ- {]-tXy-In-s®m∂pw sN-øp-∂n√,
kz-bw s]-‰p-s]-cp-Ip-I-b√msX: hqƒ-^v-k¨,
sse-^v hn-Øu-´v Po≥kv, t]Pv 18.
33 P-¶v Un.F≥.F.sb-s°m-≠v H-cp D-]-tbm-K-

ap-≠v: \m-j-W¬ tPym-{K-^nIv, Z \yq k-b≥kv
Hm^v sF-U‚n-‰n, 1992 sabv, t]-Pv 118.
34 km-{am-Py-ßƒ X-I-cp-∂Xn\pw a-\p-jy-s‚

hm-k-\mk©-bw _-ln¿-kv-^p-cn°p-∂Xn\pw knw-
^-Wn-Iƒ F-gp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p-sa√mw ]n∂n-
ep≈Xv H-cp XrjvW-sb Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈
Xzcbm-Wv: \p-e‚ v, lu ho enhv, t]-Pv 158.
35 A-º-Xp tIm-Sn h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-bn-se-hn-sSbpw

s]m-Xphm-sbm-cp ]q¿-hn-I-\n√mØ c-≠p Po-hn-Iƒ-
°v kz-¥w k-tlm-Z-c-ß-sf∂t]m-se P\n-X-I hn-
h-c-ßƒ ]-¶p-hbv-°m-\m-bn: _n._n.kn. slm-ss-
dk¨, tlm-]v-^pƒ tam¨-kv-t‰-gv-kv, 1998.
36 90 i-X-am-\w Po-\p-Iƒ°pw F-en-I-fn-se Po-

\p-I-tfm-Sp km-ay-ap-≠v: t\®¿, tkm-dn tUm-Kvkv,
am≥ lm-kv tKm-´v F \yq s_-kv-‰v {^-≠v, 2002 Un-
kw-_¿ 19˛26, t]-Pv 734.
37 hm-ep-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\p≈ Po≥t]mepw \-Ω-fn-

ep≠v, AXv D-W¿-∂p {]h¿-Øn°p-∂n√ F-∂p
am-{Xw: tem-kv B-Rv-P-eo-kv ssSw-kv, 2002 Un-
kw_¿ 9.
38 Hmtcm icoc`m-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-

s‚ \n-b-{¥-Ww G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂ Ch-sb tlman-tbm-
ń-Iv Po-\p-I-sf-∂pw: _n._n.kn. slmssd-k¨,
tlm-]v^pƒ tam¨-kv-t‰-gv-kv, 1998.
39 \-ap-°v 46 t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv, ]-t£

Nn-e ]-∂¬-s®-Sn-Iƒ°v A-dp-\q-sd-Æ-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-
X-ep-≠v: {Kn-_n≥ B≥-Uv sj¿-^mkv, Z ^Ãv Nn-
ºm≥kn, t]-Pv 53.
40 e-Mv-^n-jn-\v \-ap-°p-≈-Xn-s‚ \mev-]-Xnc-ń
Un.F≥.F.bp-≠v: tjm-]v^v, {ImUv¬ Hm-^v
sse^v, t]-Pv 240.
41 Po-hn-X-Øn-se an-° {]-iv-\-ßƒ°pw Imc-

Ww Po-h-im-kv-{X-hn-[n-bm-sW-∂p ]d-bp-∂ CØ-
cw I-s≠-Ø-ep-I-fp-sS A-tß-b-‰-am-bn-cp-∂p
1980˛¬ k-b≥-kn¬ h-∂ H-cp K-th-j-W^-ew:
se-thm‚n≥, C-‰v A-bn‚ v s\ - -dn-en tkm, t]Pv
215.
42 H-cm-fp-sS Xm-Sn h-f-cp-∂-Xn-s‚ th-Kw A-bmƒ

sk-Iv-kn-s\∏-‰n F{X-am{Xw Nn¥n-°p-∂p F-∂-Xn-
\-\p-k-cn-®p am-dpw: thmƒ- kv-{So-‰v tPW¬, hm-´v
Un-kv-‰n-Mv-Kyqj-kv A-kv {^w Nn-ºvkv?, B-Iv-Nz-
en, t\m-Sv a-®v, 2002 G-{]n¬ 12, t]-Pv 1.
43 \n¿-`m-Ky-h-im¬ Po-t\m-ans\-°mƒ
F{Xtbm k-¶o¿-W-am-W-Xv: kb‚n-^n-Iv A-ta-
cn°≥, "aqhv Hm-h¿ lyq-a≥ Pn-t\mw', 2002 G-{]n¬
t]-Pv 44˛5.
44 Xm¬-]-cyhpw km-l-N-cyhpw t\m-°n A-h-
bv-°p t^mkv-t^m-dn-Iv hnt«j-Whpw ss•-t°m-
fn-kn-kpw .....: Z _p-≈-‰n≥, Z lyq-a≥ F-\n‹
tImUv, 2001 Hm-K-kv‰v 21, t]-Pv 32.
45 H-cp •m-kv ssh≥ I-gn-®m¬Ø-s∂ \n-ß-

fp-sS i-co-c-Øn-se t{]m-ó-\p-I-sf hen-sbmc-f-
thmfw am-‰n-a-dn-°m≥ ]‰pw: k-b‚n-^n-Iv A-ta-
cn°≥, "aqhv Hm-h¿ ly-a≥ Pn-t\mw', 2002 G-{]n¬
t]-Pv 44˛5.
46 C.tIm-fn _m-Œo-cn-b-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ i-cn-

bm-Ip-∂ Im-cy-ßƒ B\-bp-sS Imcy-Ønepw i-cn-
bm-bn-cn-°pw, Nn√-d am-‰-ßƒ Im-Wm-sa-∂p am{Xw:
t\®¿, {^w C.tIm-fn Sp F-en-^‚ v-kv, 2002 sa-bv
2, t]-Pv 22.
`mKw Bdv
\-Ω-fn-te-°p-≈ ]mX
Ip-c-ß-p-I-fn¬\n-∂p-≠m-b-tXm,
Hm! A-Xp k-Xy-am-Im-Xn-cn-°s´. AY-hm
k-Xy-am-sW-¶n¬Ø-s∂
A-[n-I-am-cpw A-dn-bm-Xn-cn°-s´.
-Um¿-hn-s‚ ]-cnWm-akn-≤m-¥-sØ∏-‰n
hn-i-Zo-I-cn®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ thm¿-sk-kv-‰¿
_n-j-∏n-s‚ `m-cy-bp-sS {]-Xn-Ic-Ww.
A-[ym-bw 27
a-™p-Im-ew
Rm-s\m-cp kz-]v-\w I≠p,
shdp-sam-cp kz-]v-\-am-bn-cp-∂n√Xv
sh-ń-Øn-f-ßp∂ kq-cy≥ F-cn-™Sßn
\-£-{X-ßƒ A-e-™p-\S-∂p
ss_-d¨, "Um¿-Iv-s\kv'
≥-sUm-\o-jy-bn-se kpw_m-h Zzo-]n¬ G-

sd-°m-ew \n-t›-„-am-bn\n∂ Smw-t_m-c-sb-∂ a-
t\mlc]¿-h-Xw 1815˛¬ I-Æ-©n-∏n°pw hn-[-
Øn¬ s]m-ń-sØ-dn®p. B kv-t^m-S-\-Ønepw Xp-
S¿-∂p≠m-b kp\manbnepw H-cp- e-£-am-fp-I-sf-
¶nepw a-cn®p. A-{X-bv-°p-{Kam-sbm-cp {]-Ir-
XnXmfi-hw C-∂p Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p-≈-h-cmcpw I-≠n-
´p-≠m-hn√. a-\p-jy≥ I-≠n-´p-≈- G-sXm-cp kv-
t^m-S-\-sØ-°mfpw ò-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. ]-
Xn\m-bn-cw h¿-j-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-se G-‰hpw hen-b
A-·n-]¿-h-Xkv-t^m-S\w˛˛sk-bn‚ v sl-e≥-kn-
s‚ 150 Cc-ń h-epXv; ln-tcm-jn-a-bn-en-´ AWp-
t_mw_n-s\°mƒ A-dp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-anc-ń i‡w.
hm¿-Øm-{]-hm-l-Øn-\v C-{X th-K-ap-≠m-bn-cp-

∂n√ A-∂v. G-gp- amkØn-\ptijw e-≠-\n-se "Z
ssSw-kn'¬ sNdn-sbm-cp hm-¿-Ø (hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬
H-cp hym-]m-cn-bp-sS I-Øm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv) h-∂p.1
A-t∏m-tg-°pw Smw-t_m-c- kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ {]-
Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sm≥ Xp-S-ßnbn-cp-∂p.
240 L-\In-tem-ao‰¿ Nm-chpw ]p-Ibpw s]m-Snbpw
a-Wepw A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \nd-™v kq-cy-c-iv-anI-
sf X-S-™p, `q-an X-Wp-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. A-kv-Xa-
bw a-ßn-b-sX-¶nepw h¿-Wm-`-am-bn-cp∂p. B h¿-
W-∏-In-´v sP.Fw.U-_v-fyp. S¿-W¿ F-∂ Nn{XIm-
c≥ A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-b-amw-hn-[w H∏nsb-Sp-Øn-´p≠v.
A-t±-lw k-¥p-„-\m-bn-cp∂p, ]-t£, A-Xm-bn-cp-
∂n√ a‰p≈-h-cp-sS ÿnXn. \n-dw-aßn-b Zp- -lam-
sbm-cp hnc-k-X Fßpw \n-d™p. B- C-cp-fm-Wv
ss_d-Wn\v ap-I-fn-ep-≤-cn-® h-cn-I-sf-gp-Xm≥ t{]-
c-W-bmbXv.
B C-cp-fn¬ hk-¥w h-∂-tX-bn√, th-\-en-\p

Nq-Sp-]n-Sn®n√.2 1816 th-\-en√m-Ø h¿-j-sa-∂-dn-b-
s∏´p. B Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬ hn-f-Iƒ h-fcm≥ a-
Sn®p. £m-ahpw Xp-S¿-∂p-≠m-b k-∂n-]m-XPz-c-_m-
[bpw Imc-Ww Ab¿e‚n¬ A-dp-]-Ø-øm-bn-c-am-
fp-Iƒ a-c-W-a-S-™p. B-bnc-Øn F-Æq-dv hn-d-®p-
ac-Ww F-∂m-Wv \yq Cw-•-≠n¬ B h¿-jw A-dn-
b-s∏-´-XpXs∂. cm-hne-sØ a-™v Pq¨-am-kwh-
sc \o-≠p, hn-X-® hn-Øp-I-sfm∂pw XWp∏n¬ ap-
f-®n√. Xo-‰-In-´m-sX Im-en-Iƒ N-Øp-hoWp, _m-
°n-bp-≈h-sb NmIpwap-ºp sIm∂p. G-Xp \n-e-
bv-°p t\m-°n-bmepw A-sXm-cp ò-I-ch¿jam-bn-
cp-∂p, I¿-jI-sc kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw B-[p\n-
IIme-sØ G‰hpw tam-iw Imew. C-ßs\-sbm-
s°-bm-bn´pw B-tKm-fXm-]-\n-e-bn¬ H-cp Un{Kn
sk¬jy-kn-s‚ Ipd-th h-∂p≈q. F{Xtbm kq-
£v-a-hpw ka¿Yhpam-Wv `q-an-bp-sS Xm-]-\n-b{¥-
I kw-hn-[m-\sa-∂v im-kv-{X-⁄¿ a-\- n-em-°m-\n-
cn-°p-t∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p.
A-s√-¶n¬Ø-s∂ ]-sØm-º-Xmw \q-‰m-≠v X-

Wp-∏p-Im-e-am-bn-cp∂p. G-Xm-≠v C-cp-\qdp-sIm√-am-
bn bq-tdm∏pw hS-t° A-ta-cn-°bpw H-cp Ip™v
lna-bpK (Little Ice Age˛A-ß-s\-bmW-Xv A-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv)Øn-eq-sS IS-∂pt]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
]-e-bn-SØpw C-∂p km-[n-°mØ io-XIm-e B-
tLmjßƒ˛˛sX-bnw-kn¬ a-™pta-f, U-®v I-\m-
ep-I-fn¬ sF-kv kvtI‰n-ßp-Iƒ˛˛s]mSn-s]m-Sn®p.
a-™ns‚-sbm-cp a-c-hn-∏v P-\-ßfp-sS a\
n-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ s]m-bv-

t∏m-b bp-K-ß-sf-b-t]£n®v F{Xtbm kp-J-Zm¥-
co-£-Øn-em-Wp X-ßƒ I-gn-bp-∂-sX-∂pw sR-
cn™a¿-∂ a-™p-]m-fn-I-fmWv Np-‰p-an-°m-Wp-∂
`q-{]-Ir-Xn-tb-sdbpw cq-]-s∏SpØnb-sX∂pw A∂-
sØ a-™p-Im-‰n-s\-t∏mepw a-c-hn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bncp-
∂p A-°m-e-sØ X-Wp-s∏∂pw a-\- n-em-°m≥
ssh-In-t∏m-b-Xn¬ A∂-sØ ùaim-kv-{X-⁄-sc
Ip-‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn√.
hn-Nn-{X-am-bn ]-e-Xp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p ]-g-bIm-e-
sØ-∂v A-h¿-°-dn-bmam-bn-cp-∂p. bq-tdm-]y≥ ù-
a-L-S-\-bn¬-Ø-s∂-bp-≠v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m-\mhm-Ø
]-e-Xp-w. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v {^m≥-kn-s‚ Nq-tSdn-b
sX-°≥`m-K-ßfn-¬ B¿-Œn-Iv {]-tZ-i-sØ sd-bn≥-
Uo-dp-I-fp-sS A-ÿn I-s≠-Øn. A-km-[m-c-Wÿ-
e-ß-fn¬ h-º≥ ]m-d-°√p-Iƒ In-S∂p. A-sX-ß-
s\sb-∂-Xn-\v ]p-Xp-a-tbdn-b hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fp-am-
bn ]-e-cpw cw-K-Øp-h∂p. -]t£, A-kw-`-hyßfm-
bn-cp-∂p B hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fpw. Pp-d ]¿-Δ-X-
Øns‚ D-b¿-∂ {]-tZi-Øv Np-Æm-ºp-I¬, ]m¿-iz-
ß-fn¬ I-cn-¶¬]md-Iƒ F-Øn-b-sXßs\-sb-∂
kw-i-b-Øn-\p≈ hn-i-Zo-I-cWw, a-Æn-se kpjnc-
ß-fn¬\n-∂v hm-bp-k-Ω¿-±-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v t]m-]v-K-
Æn¬\n-∂v tIm¿-°v sX-dn-°p-tºm-se I-cn-¶-¬I-
j-W-ßƒ sX-dn-®v A-hn-sS-sb-Øn F-∂m-bncp∂p
{^©v Poh-im-kv{X-⁄-\mb Unep-°ns‚ hni-Zo-
I-cWw.3 sX∂nhoW ]m-d-°j-Wwt]m-seX-s∂-
bm-bn-cp-∂p CØ-cw kn≤m-¥-ß-fpw.
Pn-tbm-f-Pn-bp-sS ]n-Xmhm-b sP-bnw-kv l-´≥

kzn-‰v-k¿e-‚ v k-μ¿in®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬4 A-hnS-sØ
sIm-Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-t]m-ep-≈ Xm-gvh-c-I-fp-w ]mdI-fn-
se t\¿Øp an-\p-°-ap-≈ h-Sp-°-fp-w I√p-Iƒ Iq-
ń-bn-´ \q¬-∏m-X-Ifpw I-≠m¬ ln-am\n-I-fp-sS N-
e-\-Øn-s‚ kq-N-\-Iƒ F-fp-∏w a-\- n-em-Ip-am-bn-cp-
s∂-∂m-Wv hn-Jym-X {_n-ó-jv ù-a-im-kv-{X-⁄≥
B¿-X¿ l-ew A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv. \n¿-`m-Ky-h-im¬
l-´≥ H-cp k-©m-cn-bm-bn-cp∂n√. F-¶nepw a-‰p-≈-
h-cn¬\n-∂p Inń-b hnh-cw h-®v A-t±-lw H-cp-Im-
cyw sN-bv-Xp. hen-b ]m-d-°√p-Iƒ B-bn-cw ao-
‰-dp-b-c-ap-≈ ]¿-h-Xin-J-c-ß-fn-se-Ønb-Xv sh-≈-
s∏m-°w Im-c-W-a-s√-∂p-d-∏n®p. temI-sØ ap-gp-
h≥ sh-≈-hp-sa-Øn-bmepw ]m-d°√p s]m-ßn-°n-
S-°n-s√-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d™p. `q-an-bp-sS ln-am-h-c-
W-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xn¬ h-cp-∂ am-‰w D-]-cn-X-e-L-S-\-
bnse - am-‰-ßƒ-°p Im-c-W-am-Ip-sa-∂p ]-d-bp-∂
•m-tky-j-≥ kn-≤m-¥-Øn\pth≠n hm-Zn-®-h-cp-sS
ap≥-\n-c-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±lw. ]t£, A-t±-
lØn-s‚ hm-Zw {i-≤n-°-s∏-ń√. ]m-d-bn-se h-Sp-
°-fp-≠m-bXv Ip-Xn-ch-≠n t]m-bXp-sImt≠m B-
Wn-bp-≈ _q-ń-´p \-S-∂Xp-sImt≠m B-Im-sa-∂-
hm-Z-Øn¬ Dd-®p\n∂p A-Sp-Ø A-c\q-‰m-≠pIm-e-
tØ-°v {]-IrXn-im-kv{X⁄¿.
im-kv-{X-bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øn-s‚ Zp-jn-∏p _m-
[n-®n-ń√m-Ø {KmaoW I¿-j-I¿-°p ]-t£, Ip-
td-°q-Sn hy-‡-am-bn Im-cy-ß-f-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.
1834˛¬ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚n-se \m-´p-]m-X-bn-eq-sS Hcp a-
cw-sh-´p-Im-c-\p-am-bn kw-km-cn-®p \-S-∂-Xn-s‚ I-
Y Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ gm-Mv Zv jm¿-s]‚o¿ hn-
h-cn-°p-∂p≠v.5 \-S-Ø-Øn-\n-sS A-hcp-sS kw-km-
cw h-gn-b-cn-In-se Icn¶¬-°-j-W-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bm-bn.
Aev-]-a-I-se-bm-bn I-cn-¶√p-Iƒ [m-cm-f-ap≈ {Knw-
k¬ F-∂ {]-tZ-i-Øp\n-∂p -h-∂-Xm-Wv B ]m-
d-°√p-I-sf-∂v B acw-sh-´p-Im-c≥ kw-i-b-ta-Xp-
an√m-sX ]-d-™p. A-h-sbß-s\ C-{Xbpw Zq-cw
k-©-cn-s®-Øn-sb∂ tNm-Zy-Øn\pw A-t±-l-Øn-
\p-Ø-c-ap-≠m-bncp∂p, `{Knw-k¬ a-™p-]m-fn-I-fm-
Wh-sb Xm-gvh-c-bp-sS C-cph-i-ß-fnepsa-Øn-®-Xv.
Imc-Ww, ]-≠v B a-™p-]m-fn-Iƒ t_¨-h-sc-bp-
≠m-bncp-∂p.‹
jm¿-s]‚o-dn\p k-t¥m-j-ambn. Imc-Ww, C-

ßs\-sbm-cmi-bw At±l-Øn-s‚ a-\- n-ep-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. ]-t£, im-kv-{X-th-Zn-I-fn-e-h-X-cn-∏n-®t∏mƒ
AXp kzo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń√. jm¿-s]‚o-dns‚ G-‰-hp-
a-Sp-Ø kp-lrØmbn-cp-∂p kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚n-seXs∂
Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄\m-b eq-bn A-Km-knkv. BZyw
Nn√-d kw-i-b-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw A-t±lw
Cu kn≤m¥w Aw-Ko-I-cn®p, AX-ßv G-s‰-Sp-°p-
IbpwsN-bvXp.
]m-co-kn¬ Iq-hn-tb-°p Io-gn¬ ]Tn-® A-Km-kn-

kv kzn-‰v-k¿e‚nse \yq-jm-s‰¬ tIm-f-Pn¬ \m-Nz-
d¬ ln-kv‰-dn s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp-∂p At∏mƒ. jm¿-
s]‚o-dns‚ a-s‰m-cp kp-lrØm-b Imƒ jnw-]¿
F-∂ k-ky-im-kv{X-⁄-\m-Wv hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬
lnabp-Kw (ice age, P¿-Ω≥`m-j-bn¬ Eiszeit)
F-∂ ]-ZwX-s∂ cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚n-
se B¬-]v-kv ]¿-h-XtaJe am-{Xa√, bq-tdm-∏n-
s‚bpw G-jy-bp-sSbpw hSt° A-tacn-°-bp-
sSbpw hen-sbm-cp `m-Kw H-cp Ime-Øv I-ń-tbdn-b
a™p-sIm≠p aq-Sn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂p I-cp-
Xm≥ sX-fn-hp-I-fp-s≠∂m-Wv A-t±-lw AXp-sIm-
≠p-t±-in-®Xv. hn-π-h-I-cam-sbm-cp B-i-b-am-bn-cp-
∂p A-Xv. CXp kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ A-t±-
lw A-Km-kn-kn-\p t\m°m≥ \¬In,6 A-X-_-≤-
am-bn-t∏m-sb-∂p ]n-∂o-Sp I-cp-Xp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. C-
Xp kw-_‘n-® X-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\p-≈ Aw-Ko-
Im-cw A-Km-kn-kv ssI-h-i-s∏-SpØp-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂-
∂v A-t±-lw I-cp-Xn. H-cp-Im-e-sØ X-s‚ D‰kp-
lrØn-s\ jm¿-s]‚o-dpw ]n-∂o-Sp sh-dpØp. A-
t±-l-Øns‚ a-s‰m-cp kplrØm-bn-cp-∂ A-e-Iv-
km-≠¿ thm¨ lw-t_mƒ-ń-s‚ {]-i-kv-Xam-sbm-
cp {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp≠v, im-kv-{Xo-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-
ßƒ-°p aq-∂p L-´-ß-fmWp-≈Xv7 BZyw tem-Ia-
Xp \n-tj-[n-°pw ]n-s∂ A-Xn\-{X {]m-[m-\yan-
s√-∂p ]-d-bpw A-h-km-\w A-Xn-s‚ A-h-Im-iw
sX‰m-sbm-cmƒ-°p Nm¿-Øn-s°m-Sp°pw F∂v. A-
Xp ]-d-bp-tºmƒ H-cp]-t£ A-t±-l-Øns‚ a-
\- n¬ A-Km-kn-kv B-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww.
Im-cy-sa-¥m-bmepw A-Km-kn-kv cw-Kw ssI-

bS°n. •m-tkyj-s‚ khnti-j-X-Iƒ a-\- n-em-
°m-\-t±-lw F√m-bn-S-Øp-w k-©-cn®p.8 ln-a-∏-
c∏nse A-]-I-S-I-cam-b hn-≈-ep-I-fn-en-d-ßn-s®-
∂p, B¬-]v-kn-s‚ D-Øpw-KirwKß-fn¬ I-b-dn-
s®-∂p. A-ß-s\-b-h¿ I-b-dn-s®-∂ ]e ]¿-h-X-
ßfpw B-Zy-am-bn Io-g-S-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. F-
∂m¬ K-th-j-W-Øn-c-°n¬ AKm-kn-kpw kw-L-
hpw A-sXm∂pw {i-≤n-®n√. ]-t£, an-°-bn-SØpw
A-h-cp-sS kn-≤m-¥-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-°m≥ P-\w a-
Sn®p. A-t∏mƒ lw-t_mƒ´v H-cp-]-tZ-iw \¬-In,
lna-bp-K-Øn-s‚ {`m-¥≥ B-i-b-ap-t]-£n®v A-
Kmkn-kn-\p i-cn°pw ssh-Z-Kv-[y-ap-≈ ta-J-e-bn-
te-°p a-S-ßp-I, A-Xmb-Xv t^m-kn¬ a-’y-ß-
sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]T-\-Øn-te-°p a-S-ßp-I. ]t£,
Hcmibw a-\- n-epd-®p I-gn-™m¬ A-Xv C-S-bv°p-
h-®p-t]-£n-°p-∂-bmf√m-bn-cp∂p A-Km-knkv.
A-Km-kn-kn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v a-‰n-S-ß-fn¬

Inń-b ]n¥pWt]m-epw {_n-´-\n¬ In-ń-bn√. A-
hnS-sØ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]-e-cpw ln-am-\n-sb∂
Hgp-In \o-ßp-∂ a-™p-]m-fn I-≠n´p-t]m-ep-an√m-
bn-cp-∂p. a-™n-s‚ h≥ti-J-c-Øn-\p sN-ep-Øm≥
I-gn-bp∂ sIm-Snb i-‡n-sb-°p-dn-®v A-
h¿s°mcqlhp-an√m-bn-cp-∂p. "]m-d-bnse Cu h-Sp-
°fpw an-\p-an-\p-∏p-sa√mw a™p-sIm-≠p am-{X-ta
D-≠m-hp-I-bp-t≈m?'‹F-∂m-Wv tdm-sU-dn-Iv a¿®n-
k¨ H-cp tbm-K-Øn¬ ]-cn-lm-k-tØm-sS tNm-Zn-
®-Xv. I-\w Ip-d-™ kpXm-cyam-b a-™p ho-Wv
]m-d-Iƒ aq-Sn-°n-S-°p-∂ a-t\mlcZr-iy-am-bn-cp-∂n-
cn°-Ww A-t∏-m-g-t±-l-Øn-s‚ a-\- n¬. a-™p-]m-
fnIƒ-sIm-≠v C{X hen-b Im-cy-ßƒ \-S-°p-sa-
∂p I-cpXn-b ù-a-im-kv-{X-⁄-¿°p a™p{`m-¥p-
]n-Sns]-ń-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂pX-s∂ a-cn-°pwh-sc A-
t±-lw IcpXn. tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv s{]m-^-k-dpw Pn-tbm-
f-Pn-°¬ skm-ssk-‰n-bn-se Xeap-Xn¿∂ Aw-K-
hpam-b hneyw tlm-]v-In≥kpw Cu A-`n-{]m-b-
tØm-Sp tbm-Pn-®p.9 ]m-d-°√pI-sf \o-°n-s°m-≠p-
h∂-Xv a-™m-sW-∂p ]-d-bp∂ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ A-
kw-_-‘-ßƒ N¿-® sN-øm≥ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬
skm-ssk‰n-bpsS ka-bw am-‰nhbv-°m≥ ]m-Sn-s√-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-`n{]mbw.
]-t£, A-Km-knkv \n-cm-i-\m-bn√. X-s‚ kn-

≤m-¥-Øn-s‚ {]-Nm-cW-hp-am-bn A-t±lw A-hn-{i-
aw bm-{X sN-bv-Xp. 1840˛¬ •m-kv-tKm-hn-se {_n-
ó-jv A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ A-Uzm≥-kv-sa‚
v Hm-^v k-b≥-kns‚ tbm-K-Øn¬ H-cp {]-_-‘-
a-h-X-cn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ km-£m¬ Nmƒ-kv en-b¬ X-
s∂ AXn-s\ ]-c-ky-am-bn hn-a¿-in-®p. A-Sp-Ø
h¿-jw F-Un≥-_-d-bnse Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ skm-
ssk-‰n B kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ Nn-e km-am-\y h-kv-
XpX-I-fp-≠m-tb°mw F-∂p k-Ω-Xn®p-sIm-s≠m-
cp {]-ta-bw ]m-km°n. F∂m¬ A-sXm∂pw kv-
tIm-Sv-e‚n-\p _m-[-I-a-s√-∂v B {]-ta-bw hy-‡-
am-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp.
]-t£, Im-e-{ItaW se-ben-s‚ A-`n-{]m-bw
amdn. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ sh-fn-]mSn-\p ImcWw kv-
tIm-Sv-e‚n¬ X-d-hm-´p`q-an-bn-se Hcp ]m-d-\n-cbm-bn-
cp∂p. \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p X-h-W Xm≥ a-dn-I-S∂p-t]m-
bn-´p≈ B ]md-Iƒ A-hn-sS-sb-ß-s\-sb-Øn-sb-
∂p hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ ln-am\nI-fpsS k-lm-bw Iq-
Sn-tb Xo-cq F-∂v H-cp kp-{]-`mX-Øn¬ A-t±-lw
a-\- nem°n. ]-t£, Aß-s\ ]-cn-h¿-Øn-X-\m-sb-
¶n-epw lna-bp-K-sa-∂ B-i-b-Øn\v s]m-Xp-P-\-
]n¥p-W t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\p {i-an-°m≥ A-t±-
l-Øn-\p a\
p-h-∂n√. A-Km-kn-kn-s\ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-

fw h√m-Ø k-a-b-am-bncp-∂p A-Xv. Zm-º-Xyw X-
I¿-®-bn-te-°p \o-ßp-∂p, X-s‚ Bi-bw tam-
„ns®-∂ B-tcm-]-W-hp-am-bn jnw-]¿ B-{Ia-Ww
i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p, jm¿s]‚o-dm-sW-¶n¬ I-
≠m¬ an-≠p-I-Iq-Sn-bn√, h-en-b-hen-b ù-aim-kv-
{X-⁄cp-sS ]n-¥p-W-bv°m-sW-¶n¬ NqSpw Nq-cp-
an√Xm-\pw.
H-cp {]-`m-j-W]-c-º-c-bv-°m-bn 1846˛¬ -A-Km-kn-

kv A-ta-cn-°-bn-te°p t]m-bn. Xm-\-{X-\mfpw
sIm-Xn-® Aw-Ko-Im-chpw _-lp-a-Xnbpw A-hn-sS
A-t±-l-sØ- tX-Sn-sb-Øp-IbpwsN-bvXp. lm¿-
hm¿-Uv A-t±-l-Øn-\p s{]m^-k¿-]Z-hn k-Ωm-\n-
®p, Iw-]m-c-‰o-hv kp-thm-f-Pn-bpsS H-∂m¥-cw Im-
gv-N-_w-•mhv ]-Wn-Xp \¬-In. \yq Cw-•-≠n¬ Xm-
a-k-ap-d-∏n®-Xv At±lØn-\p Kp-Ww sN-bv-Xp-Im-
Wpw, a-™p-bp-K-kn-≤m-¥Øn-t\m-Sv A-\p`m-hw
tXm-∂n-°m≥ am{Xw ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p
A-hn-S-sØ a-™p-Imew. a-s‰m-cp B-\p-IqeywIq-Sn-
A-t±-l-Øn-\p Inń. A-t±-l-sa-Øn B-dp h¿-jw
I-gn-™-t∏mƒ {Ko≥-e‚n-se B-Zy im-kv-{X-]-cy-
th-£-WØn-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´v ]p-d-Øp-h∂p. B D-]-
`q-Jfiw, A-Km-kn-bp-sS kn≤m¥Øn-se ]p-cm-X-
\ `q-J-fi-ß-sf-t∏m-se, I-ń-tbdn-b a-™p-]m-fn-
°p≈n-emWv. H-Sp-hn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥w
Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´pXp-Sßp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ]-t£,
hen-sbm-cp Ip-g-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p B kn-≤m-¥Øn-
\v. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ lnabp-K-Øn-\v ]-dbm-s\m-cp
Im-c-W-an√m-bn-cp∂p. B Ip-d-hp \n-I-Øm-\p-≈
k-lm-bw ssh-Im-sX h-∂p; Xn-I®pw A-{]Xo£n-
Xam-sbm-cp tIm-Wn¬\n-∂v.
{_n-´-\n-se ssh-⁄m\n-I {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ-
s°√mw 1860I-fn¬ •mkv-tKm-hn-se B≥-tU-gv-
k¨kv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se sP-bnw-kv t{Imƒ
F-∂-bm-fn¬\n-∂v {]-_-‘-ßƒ e-`n-°m≥ Xp-
Sßn. ssh-Zyp-Xnap-X¬ Pe K-XnIwh-sc-bp-≈ im-
kvv-{Xhn-j-b-ß-fn-se {]-_-‘-ßƒ. `q-an-bp-sS
{àW]-Y-Øn-s‚ hy-Xn-bm-\w a-™p-bp-K-ßƒ-°p
Im-c-W-am-b-sX-ß-s\-bm-Ip-sa-∂mWv A-°q-´Øn-
sem-cp {]-_-‘-Øn-e-t±-lw ]-d-™-Xv. 1864˛¬
^ntem-k-^n-°¬ am-K-kn-\n-e-Sn-®p-h∂ B {]_-
‘w D-∂-X-\n-e-hm-cw ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xm-sW-∂v H-‰-
b-Sn-°pX-s∂ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´p. AXp-sIm≠pX-
s∂ A-sX-gpXn-b t{Imƒ k¿-h-I-em-i-bn¬ K-
thj-It\m A-[ym]It\m H-∂pa√, Im-h¬-°m-c-
\m-Wv F-∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ F√m-hcpw sRń.
]m-h-s∏-´ Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ 1821˛¬ P-\n-® t{Im-fn-

\v ]-Xn-aq∂mw hb p-h-sc-tb kv-Iq-fn¬ -t]m-Im≥
]-‰n-bp≈q. ]-T-\-ap-t]-£n-® B _me≥ ]e ]e
]-Wn-I-ƒ t\m°n˛˛a-c-∏Wn, C≥-jp-d≥-kv G-P‚
v, tlm-´-en-se Im-h¬ A-ß-s\-b-ßs\. H-Sp-hn¬
B≥-tUgvk¨-kv k¿-h-I-emim-ebn¬ (C-t∏mƒ
kv-{Sm-Xv-ss¢-Uv k¿-h-I-emim-e) Im-h¬-°mc-s‚
]-Wn-bn-seØn. Im-h¬∏-Wn k-tlm-Zc-s\ Gev-
]n-®v ]-e km-bm-”-ß-fn-epw t{Imƒ k¿-h-I-em-
im-em {K-Ÿ-∏p-c-bn¬ Np-‰n-Øn-cn-bpw. A-ß-s\
B bphmhv ù-Xn-I-im-kv-{Xhpw _-e-X-{¥-hpw P-
e-K-Xn-Ihpw tPym-Xn-»m-kv-{X-hp-w A∂-sØ a-‰p P-
\-{]n-b im-kv-{X-im-J-Ifpsa√mw kz-bw ]Tn®p. ]n-
s∂ ]-Xp-s°-∏-Xp-s° B hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ {]-_-
‘-ß-sf-gp-Xm≥ Xp-Sßn. `qanbp-sS {`-a-Whpw Im-
em-h-ÿ-bn¬ A-Xp-≠m-°p-∂ am-‰-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p
{]n-b- hn-jbw.
`q-an-bp-sS {`-a-W]-Yw F-en-]vkv (H-cpX-cw Zo¿-

L-hrØw) B-Ir-Xnbn¬\n-∂p hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-
te°pw ]n-s∂bpw F-en-]v-kv B-Ir-Xn-bnte°pw
am-dp-∂-XmImw lna-bp-K-ßƒ h-cm\pw t]m-Im-\pw
Im-c-W-sa-∂v BZyw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏´-Xv t{Imƒ
BWv. `q-an-bn-se Im-em-h-ÿ-m-am-‰-Øn\p tPym-Xn-
»m-kv-{X-]-cam-b hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-s\-
°p-dn-®v Bcpw AXn\p-ap-ºp Nn-¥n-®n-cp-∂n√.
t{Im-fn-s‚ {]-tem-`-\o-bam-b Cu kn≤m¥w h-∂-
tXm-sS, `q-an H-cp-Ime-Øv a-™p-aq-Sn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂n-
cn-°-W-sa-∂ Bibw {_n-ó-jp-Im¿ ]-Xp-s°-sb-
¶nepw kzo-I-cn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn. I-gnhpw {]-Xn-`bpw
Xn-cn-®-dn-b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ t{Im-fn-s\-tØ-Sn Aw-Ko-Im-
c-ßfpw _lpa-Xn-Ifpw {]-h-ln®p. kv-tIm-Sv-e‚n-
se Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿-th-bn¬ tPmen In-ń, e-
≠≥ tdm-b¬ skm-ssk-‰nbpw \yq-tbm¿-°v k-
b≥-kv A°m-Zanbpw hn-in-„mw-KXzw \¬In, sk-
bn‚ v B≥-{Uyq-kv k¿-h-Iemim-e Hm-Wd-dn _n-
cp-Zw \¬In.
A-Km-kn-kn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v H-Sp-hn¬ bq-tdm-

∏n-epw kzo-ImcyX ssIh-∂pXp-S-ßn. ]t£, A-
t∏m-tg-°p-a-t±-lw A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ Ip-td°q-Sn ]p-
Xp-a-bp-≈ ta-®n¬-∏p-d-ßƒ tX-Sn k-©-cn-®pXp-S-
ßn-bn-cp∂p. t\m°p-∂n-S-sØ√mw A-t±-lw ln-
am\n-Iƒ-°p sX-fn-hp I-s≠Øn,10 `qa[y-tc-Jm{]-
tZ-i-ß-fn-epƒ-s∏sS. Aß-s\ tem-Iw ap-gp-h≥ H-
cp-ImeØv
a™p-]m-fn-Iƒ-°p-≈n-em-bn-cp-s∂-∂ \n-K-a-\-
Øn-e-t±-lw F-Øn-s∏´p.11 A∂p≠m-bn-cp-∂
F√m Po-hn-I-fpw A-tXm-sS \-in®p, ]n-s∂ ssZ-
hw Ahsb ]p-\xkr-„n-®p F-∂p hm-Zn®p. ]-t£,
A-Km-knkv \n-cØn-b sX-fn-hp-Isfm∂pw Cu kn-
≤m-¥-Øn-\p ]n≥-_-e-ta-In-bn√. F-¶n-epw A`-bw
\¬Inb cm-Py-Øv A-Km-kn-kn-s‚ {]-i-kv-Xnbpw
]-cn-th-jhpw Db¿-∂p-sIm-t≠bn-cp∂p, G-Xm-
s≠m-cp Zn-hy-]p-cp-j-\m-bn A-t±-lw B-cm-[n-°-s∏-
´p. 1873˛¬ A-Km-kn-kv a-cn-®-t∏mƒ aq-∂p s{]m-^-
k¿-am-sc B ÿm\-Øp \n-b-an-®mWv lm¿-hm¿-
Uv k¿-h-I-emim-e A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Ipd-hp \n-
IØn-bXv.12
F-∂n-´pw ]-e-t∏mgpw kw-`-hn-°m-dp-≈-t]mse,

A-Km-knkn-s‚ kn≤m¥ßƒ hn-kv-ar-Xn-bn-te-°p
\oßn. A-Km-kn-kv a-c-n-®v H-cp ]-Xn-‰m≠p Xn-
Ibpwap-ºv, lm¿-hm¿-Un-se A-t±-lØn-s‚ ]n≥-
Km-an F-gp-Xn: "H-cp Ime-Øv a-™p ù-Xn-I-im-
kv-{X-⁄¿-°p {]n-b-¶-c-am-bn-cp-∂ lna bp-Kkn-
≤m-¥w X-≈n-°-f-bm≥ Iq-Sp-X¬ B-tem-Nn-t°-≠-
Xn√'‹F-∂v.13
Im-e-K-W-\-bn-¬ t{Im-fn-\p ]‰n-b ]n-i-Im-bn-

cp∂p Cu {]-iv-\-Øn-\v H-cp Im-cWw. A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ I-W-°p-Iq-´-e-\p-k-cn-®v G-‰hp-sam-Sp-hn¬
lna-bp-K-ap-≠mb-Xv F¨-]-Xn-\m-bn-cw h¿-j-ßƒ-
°p ap-ºmWv. F-∂m¬ AXnep-sa{Xtbm A-Sp-
Øv `q-an \m-SIo-bam-‰-ß-fn-eq-sS I-S∂p-t]m-bn-´p-
s≠∂m-Wv ù-a-im-kv-{X sX-fn-hp-Iƒ kq-Nn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv. F-∂m-e-Xn\p kzoImcyam-sbm-cp Imc-Ww
\n-c-Øm-\m-Im-™Xp-sIm-≠v lnabp-Kkn-≤m-¥w
hn-kv-ar-Xn-bn-te-°m≠p. an-ep-‰n≥ an-em≥-tIm-hn-®v
F-∂ sk¿-_n-b≥ ]fin-X-\n√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
A-Xßs\ G-sd-°m-ew B-≠p-InS°p-am-bncp-∂p.
B-Im-i-tKm-f-ß-fp-sS N-e-\-Øn-s‚ ]T-\-Øn¬
ap≥-]-cnN-b-sam∂p-an√m-Ø an-em≥-tIm-hn-®v 1900
I-fp-sS Xp-S°Øn¬ A-{]-Xo-£n-Xambn B hn-
j-b-Øn¬ X¬-]-c-\mbn. t{Im-fn-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-Øn-
s‚ {]iv\w A-Xn-se sX-‰p-If√, A-X-tßb-‰w
e-fn-X-am-bn-t∏m-bn F-∂-Xm-sW∂v an-em≥-tIm-hn-®v
a-\- n-em°n.
kq-cy-s\- Np-‰p-tºmƒ `q-an-bp-sS {`-a-W-]-Y-Øn-

s‚ \o-fhpw B-Ir-Xnbpw am-{X-a√ am-dp-∂Xv. kq-
cy-t\m-Sp-≈ Nm-bvhn-s‚ tIm-W-f-
hn¬˛˛sNcnhnepw Nm-©m-´-Øn-epw˛˛am-‰w h-cp-
∂p≠v. Cu am-‰w `q-an-bn-te-sX-¶nepsam-cp `mK-Øv
e-`n-°p-∂ kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ Xo-{h-X-bnepw A-
Xp e-`n°p-∂ Im-e-b-f-hnepw am-‰w h-cp-Øpw. {]-
[m-\-am-bn aq-∂p ÿm-\-am-‰-ß-fm-Wp `q-an-°p-≠m-
Ip-∂Xv—Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn A-h h-{I-X, A-{K-
KXn, tI{μ-NypXn F-∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv. Zo¿-L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu k-¶o¿-WN-
{I-Øn¬ h-cp-∂ am-‰-ß-ƒ-°v lna-bp-K-Øn-s‚ h-
chpw t]m-°p-am-bn _-‘-ap-≠mIptam F-∂m-bn-
cp∂p an-em≥-tIm-hn-®n-s‚ Nn¥. Cu aq-∂p N-{I-
ß-fp-sS Im-e-]-cn-[n-bn¬ hen-b hy-Xym-k-ap-s≠-
∂-Xmbncp-∂p I-W-°p-Iq-´-en-se {][m-\ {]-iv\w.
B-Zy-tØ-Xv H-cph-´w ]q¿-ØnbmIm≥ C-cp-]-Xn-\m-
bn-cw h¿-j-sa-Sp-°pw, c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv \m¬-]-Xn-\m-
bncw, aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xv H-cp e-£w. C-h-bn-se hy-Xn-
bm-\-ßƒ-°v G-Xm-s≠m-cmbn-cw h¿j-sØ ssZ¿-
Ly-ap-≠m-Ipw. A-t∏mƒ aq∂pw I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-
Sp-Øv A-h-bp-sS kw-K-ahpw sam-Ø-Øn-ep-≈ {]-
Xym-Lm-Xhpw a-\- n-em°n-sb-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ _r-
lØm-b I-W-°p-Iq-´-ep-Iƒ th-≠n-h-cpw. Cu aq-
∂p N-c-ß-fp-sS am-‰-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn Hmtcm
Im-eØpw `q-an-bnse Hm-tcm tc-Jmw-i-Ønepw e-`n-
°p-∂ kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øn-s‚ Xo-{h-X-bmWv an-em≥-
tIm-hn-®n-\p I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv,
AXpw e-£-°W-°n-\p h¿-j-ß-fn-se I-W°v.
AØ-c-sam-cp `-Ko-c-Y{]-b-Xv-\w G-s‰-Sp-°m≥X-

° am-\-kn-Im-h-ÿbp-≈-bm-fm-bn-cp∂p an-em≥-
tIm-hn-®v. s]≥-knepw ss…-Uv dq-fp-sa-Sp-Øv A-
Sp-Ø C-cp-]-Xp-h¿-j-°m-ew A-t±-lw I-W-°p-Iq-
´-en¬ ap-gpIn. C∂sØ I-ºyq-´-dp-I-fn¬ Ht∂m
ct≠m Zn-hkw-sIm-≠v sN-øm-hp-∂ I-W-°m-WnXv.
H-gn-hpZn-h-k-ß-fpw H-gn-hpk-a-b-ß-fp-am-W-t±-lw
I-W-°p-Iq-´-en-\p \o-°nh-®Xv.14 ]-t£, 1914 Hm-sS
A-t±-l-Øn-\v C-„wt]m-se kabw In-ń. H∂mw-
tem-I-bp-≤w Xp-S-ßn-. sk¿-_n-b≥ ssk-\y-Øn¬
dn-k¿-hv B-bncp∂ an-em≥-tIm-hn-®v A-d-kv-‰v sN-
ø-s∏´p, ]ns∂-sbm-cp \mep -sIm√tØ-°v _p-
Um-s]-Ãn¬ G-Xm-s≠m-cp ho-´p-X-S-¶-en-em-bn A-
t±lw. BgvNbn-sem-cn-°¬ t]m-eo-kv kv-t‰-j-
\n¬ dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-øWw, _m-°n kabw A-t±-
lw lw-tK-dn-b≥ A-°mZan Hm-^v k-b≥-k-kn-s‚
sse-{_-dn-bn¬ sN-e-h-gn-®p. H-cp]-t£, bp-≤-N-cn-
{X-Øn-se G-‰hpw k-t¥m-j-hm\m-b X-S-hp-Im-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂n-cn°-Ww A-t±lw.
an-em≥-tIm-hn-®ns‚ Cu I-W-°p-Iq-´-en-s‚ ^-
ew 1930-˛¬ H-cp ]pkvXIam-bn-dßn `q-an-bp-sS Nm-
©m-´-ßƒ-°v Im-emh-ÿmam-‰-ß-fn¬ ]-¶p-
s≠∂ an-em≥-tIm-hn-®n-s‚ \n-Ka-\w i-cn-bm-bn-
cp∂p. F-∂m¬ a-‰p]-e-scbpwt]m-se A-t±-lhpw
I-cp-Xnb-Xv ssi-Xy-Im-e-Øn-\p ImTn-\yta-dn-tb-dn
h-∂v Aev-]mev-]-am-bm-Wv kp-Zo¿L ssi-Xy-Øn-
seØpI F∂mWv. Ip-td-°q-Sn \n-Kq-V-am-Wv B
{]-{In-b-sb-∂p I-s≠-Ønb-Xv djy≥˛˛P¿-a≥ Im-
em-h-ÿm-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ hv-fm-Un-ao¿ tIm-]≥˛˛\-
ΩpsS ^-e-IN-e-\ kp-lr-Øv B¬-{^-Uv shKv-
s\dp-sS `m-cym-]n-Xm-hm-Wn-t±lw˛˛-BWv.
ITn-\amb ssi-Xy-Im-eØ√, Nq-Sp-Ip-d-™ th-

\¬-°m-e-Øm-Wv lna-bp-K-Øn-s‚ Im-c-W-a-t\z-
jn-t°-≠-sX-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d-™p.15 ssiXyIme-
Øp ho-W ap-gp-h≥ a™pw D-cp-°m≥ th-≠ Nq-
Sv th-\¬-°m-e-Øn\n√m-sX h-∂m¬, a-Æn¬ ho-
Wp-In-S-°p-∂ a-™v kq-cy-c-iv-anI-sf {]-Xn^-en-∏n-
®-I-‰pw. A-ß-s\b-Xv Iq-Sp-X¬ X-Wp-∏n\pw Iq-Sp-
X¬ a-™p-hogm\pw Im-c-W-am-Ipw. A-sXm-cp a-
™p-]m-fn-bm-bn am-dp-I-bpw kq-cy-c-iv-anIsf Iq-Sp-
X¬ {]-Xn-^-en-∏n-®-I-‰p-I-bpw B {]-tZ-i-Øm-sI
X-Wp-∏p Iq-Sn-°qSn h-cn-IbpwsN-øpw. A-tXm-sS a-
™p-]m-fn-bp-sS I-ń- G-dn-h-cpw. ho-gp-∂ a™ns‚
A-fh√, B a-™v F-{X-Im-ew ti-jn-°p-∂p-sh-
∂ Im-cy-amWv X-Wp-∏n-s‚ ImTn-\yw \n¿-W-bn-°p-
∂-sX-∂v16 ln-a-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ sKz≥ jqƒ-Sv-kv ]-
d-bp∂p. X-Wp-∏p- Ipd-™ H-scm-‰ th-\-en¬\n-
∂v H-cp ln-a-bp-Kw Xp-S-ßmw. ho-Wp-In-S-°p-∂ a-
™n¬Ø-ń kq-cy-c-iv-an-Iƒ {]-Xn^-en-®pt]m-Ip-
∂-tXm-sS X-Wp-∏n-s‚ ImTn-\y-w G-dn-h-cpw. kz-bw
h-f¿-∂v A\n-b-{¥n-X-am-bn \o-fp-∂ {]-{In-b-bm-W-
Xv.17 "I-ń-tb-dn-h-cp-∂-tXm-sS a™p-]m-fn-Iƒ \o-
ßm≥ Xp-S-ßpw.' a-Ivô ]-d-bp∂p. Aß-s\ \n-
ßƒ°vv lnam-\n-Ifpw ln-a-bp-K-hpw In-´p∂p.
an-em≥-tIm-hn-®v {i-≤m-]q¿-hw I-W-°pIq-ń-sb-

Sp-Ø Im-em-h-ÿmam‰N-{Ißsf 1950-I-fn-se Im-
e-K-W-\-mco-Xn-I-fp-sS ]-cn-an-Xn Im-c-Ww
lnabpKIm-e-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ im-kv-
{X-⁄¿-°p I-gn-™n√. AXpImc-Ww an-em≥-
tIm-hn-®n\pw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-W-°p--Iƒ°pw
]Xp-s°∏-Xp-s° {]n-bw \-„-s∏´p. X-s‚ I-W-
°p-Iq-´-ep-Iƒ i-cn-bm-bncp-s∂∂p sX-fn-bn-°m-\m-
hm-sX 1958-˛¬ an-em≥-tIm-hn-®v a-cn-®p. N-cn-{X-]-
cam-sbmcp Iu-Xp-Iw F-∂√m-sX a-‰p {]m-[m\y-
sam∂pw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ IW-°pIƒ-°n-s√-∂ Nn-
¥m-K-Xn-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p A-t∏m-tg°pw imkv{X-
⁄¿.18 A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-W-°p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p i-
cn-sb-∂p sX-fn-bm≥ 1970I-fmtI-≠n-h-∂p. ]p-cm-X-
\ k-ap-{Z A-h-km-Z-ß-fp-sS {]m-bw \n¿-W-bn-°p-
∂Xn-\v s]m-´mkyw B¿-K¨co-Xn H-∂p-Iq-Sn ]-cn-
jv-Icn-s®-Sp-t°-≠n-h∂p.
ln-a-bp-K-ßƒ h-cp-∂-Xn-s\bpw t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-

s\bpw hn-h-cn-°m≥ ane≥-tIm-hn-®n-s‚ N-{I-ßƒ
am-{Xw a-Xn-bm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. a-‰-t\-Iw LS-I-
ßƒIq-Sn-bp-≠-Xn\v. `q-J-fi-ß-fp-sS N-e-\-Øn-\v
A-Xn¬ A-{]-[m-\a√m-Ø ]-¶p-≠v; {]-tXy-In®pw
I-c-{]-tZ-ißƒ {[ph-ß-tfm-Sp tN¿-∂v Iq-Sn-°n-S-
°p-∂-Xn\v. F-∂m¬ A-h-sbm∂pw C-t∏mgpw i-cn-
°p a-\- n-em°-s∏-ń-ń√. hS-t° A-ta-cn-°-sbbpw
bq-td-jy-sbbpw {Ko≥-e‚n-s\bpw shdp-sam-cp A-
™q-dp In-tem-ao-‰¿ h-S-t°m-´p h-en-®n-g-®psIm≠p-
t]m-bm¬ - H-cn-°epw tam-N-\-an√m-Ø ÿn-cw ln-
a-bp-K-am-bn-cn-°p-an-hn-sS-sb∂v H-c-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. A-
t∏mƒ \√ Im-em-h-ÿ -In-´p∂-Xp `m-Ky-sa-∂p-
thWw I-cp-Xm≥. ln-a-bp-K-ßƒ- D-≠m-hp-∂-sX-ß-
s\-sb-∂-Xnepw Zp-cq-l-am-Wv A-hbv°n-S-bn-ep-≈
Ime-Øv kp-J-Zam-b Im-em-h-ÿ e-`n-°p-∂-sX-
ßs\sb-∂ Im-cyw. A¿-Y-]q¿-Wam-b a-\p-jy-N-cn-
{X-Øn\v˛˛Ir-jn Xp-S-ßp-Ibpw ]-´-W-ßƒ sI-´p-
Ibpw K-Wn-Xhpw F-gpØpw k-b≥-kp-sa√mw hn-
I-kn°p-Ibpw sN-bv-X Im-e-Øn-\v˛˛A-ß-s\-sbm-
cp kp-J-Z Im-em-h-ÿ-bp-sS sNdn-b No-fn-s‚ h-
en-∏-ta-bp-≈q. apº-sØ ln-a-bp-Km-¥-c Im-e-L-´-
ßƒ G-Xm-≠v F-Æm-bn-cw h¿-jß-tf \o-≠p\n-
∂p≈q, \-Ωp-tS-Xn-\v C-t∏mƒØ-s∂ ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw
h¿-j-Øn-te-sd {]m-b-ambn.
F-∂m¬ \-Ω-fn-t∏mƒ-Øs∂-sbm-cp ln-a-bp-K-

Øn-em-sW-∂-Xm-Wv bmYm¿-Yyw,19 A-Xn-\p I-Sp-∏w
Ip-d-hm-sW-∂p am-{Xw. F-∂m¬ \-Ωƒ Icp-Xp-∂-
Xn-s\-°mƒ I-Sp-∏w A-Xn-\p-≠p-Xm-\pw. C-cp-]-Xn-
\m-bn-cw h¿jw apºv, I-gn-™ ln-a-bp-K-Øn-s‚
aq¿-[-\y-Øn¬ `q-an-bn-se 30 i-X-am-\w ÿehpw
a-™n-\-Sn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p. ]-Øp- i-X-am-\w ÿ-ew
C-t∏mgpw a™n-\-Sn-bn-em-Wv (io-X-Ime-Øv a-™p-
aq-Sp-Ibpw th-\-en-¬ AXpcpIp-Ibpw sNøp∂ A-
h-ÿ-bn-emWv th-sdm-cp ]-Xn-∂m-ep i-X-am-\w
ÿew). `q-an-bn-se ip-≤-P-e-Øn-s‚ \men¬ aq-
∂pw a-™n-s‚ cq-]-ØnemWv. c-≠p {[p-h-ßfpw a-
™p aq-Sn-°n-S-°p∂p. ù-a-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ ]-Xnhp≈
Im-cy-ßf√, C-sXm-∂pw. tem-I-Øn-s‚ an-° `m-
K-ß-fnepw a-™ps]-øp∂ ssi-Xy-Im-e-ap-s≠-
∂Xpw \yq-kn-e‚ v-t]m-ep-≈ cm-Py-ß-fn¬t∏mepw
ÿncw a-™p-]m-fn-I-fp-s≠-∂Xpw \-ap-°-p hnti-
jkw-K-Xn-Ifm-bn-tØm-∂n√, ]t£, `q-an-sb kw-
_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-]q¿-h-am-WXv.20
ù-a-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ A-Sp-Ø Im-ewh-sc-bp-≈ A-

hÿ s]m-Xp-th AhnsS Nq-Sm-Wv F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-
∂p. ÿn-cw a-™p-Ih-Nw H-cn-S-Øp-ap-≠mbn-cp-
∂n√. C-hn-sS a-™p-bp-Kw Xp-S-ßnb-Xv G-Xm-≠v
\m-ep tIm-Sn h¿jw ap-ºmWv. am-cIamwhn-[w ITn-
\amb ssi-Xyhpw A{X tam-i-a√mØ ssi-
Xyhpw A-°q-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≠v. c-≠m-a-Xp ]-d-
™-Xns‚ Du-g-Øn-em-Wv \-Ω-fn-t∏mƒ I-gn-bp-
∂Xv. Hmtcm ln-a-bp-Khpw A-Xn-\pap-ºp-≈ ln-a-
bp-K-ß-fp-sS A-S-bm-f-ßƒ am-bv-®pI-fbpw. AXp-
sIm-≠pX-s∂ ]nt∂m´p-t]m-Ip-t¥mdpw Nn{Xw Iq-
Sp-X¬ Iq-SpX¬ A-hy-‡-am-bn- h-cpw. F-¶nepw
B-{^n-°-bn¬ tlmtam C-dŒ-kv h-∂v ]n-∂o-Sv B-
[p\n-I a-\pjy≥ D-S-se-Sp-Ø I-gn-™ 2.5 aney¨
h¿-j-Øn-\n-sS I-Sp-Ø 17 ln-a-bp-K-ß-sf-¶n-ep-ap-
≠m-bn-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv.21 C-t∏mg-sØ
ln-a-bpK-Øn-s‚ Im-c-W-am-bn\n-c-Ømdv ln-am-e-b-
w D-b¿-∂p-h-∂-Xn-s\bpw ]m\a I-c-bn-Sp-°v cq-]-
s∏-´-Xns\bp-am-Wv. ln-ame-bw hm-bp-{]-hml-sØ
X-S- s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ]m-\a I-c-bn-Sp-°v k-ap-{Z-P-
e-{]-hml-sØ X-S- -s∏-SpØn. H-cn-°¬ Zzo-]m-bn-cp-
∂ C-¥y I-gn-™ \m-e-c-t°m-Sn h¿jw-sIm≠v
2,000 In-tem-ao-‰¿ k-©-cn®v G-jy≥ `q-J-fi-Øn-
te-°v C-Sn-®p I-b-dn-bt∏m-gm-Wv ln-am-e-b-]¿-h-
Xhpw A-Xn-\-∏pd-Øv hn-im-eamb Sn-_-‰≥ ]oT`q-
anbpw cq-]-s∏-´Xv. C-ß-s\ D-b-¿-∂ph-∂ Cu {]-
tZ-iw X-Wp-ØXn-\p ]pdta A-Xv hm-bp-{]-hml-
sØ h-S-t°m-´v h-S-t° A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS `m-K-tØ-
°v Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sp-Ibpw Aß-s\ A-hnS-sØ ssi-
Xy-Im-e-Øn-s‚ ssZ¿Lyw h¿-[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sN-
bv-Xp-sh-∂mWv A-\p-am-\w. ]n-s∂ GXm-s≠m-cp
A-º-Xpe£w h¿-jw ap-ºv sX-t° A-ta-cn-°b-
v°pw hS-t° Atacn-°bv°p-an-S-bn¬ ]m-\-a I-
c-bn-Sp-°v D-b¿-∂ph-cm≥ Xp-Sßn. A-tXm-sS
im¥k-ap-{Z-Øn\pw A-‰v-em‚n-°n-\p-an-S-bn-se D-jv-
W-P-e-{]-hm-lw X-S s∏´p. temI-Øn-s‚ ]m-Xn-`m-
K-sØ-¶n-epw Xo-c-ß-fn-se a¨-\n-t£-]-LS\-
bn¬ am-‰w h∂p. A-Xn-s‚ {]-Xym-Lm-X-ßfn-sem-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p B-{^n-°-bn-se h-cƒ-®. A-tXm-sS-
bmWv A-hnS-sØ Bƒ-°p-c-ßp-Iƒ a-c-Øn¬\n-
∂ndßn hn-im-e-am-b ]pXnb ]p¬-ta-Sp-I-fn¬ C-c-
tX-Sm≥ \n¿-_-‘nX-cmbXv.
F-s¥m-s°-bm-bmepw k-ap-{Z-ß-fp-sSbpw `q-J-
fi-ß-fp-sSbpw C-t∏mgsØ hn-\ym-kwh-®p-t\m-
°p-tºmƒ \-Ωp-sS `m-hn-bn-epw a-™n-\v {]-ap-J-
ÿm-\-ap-≠m-Im-\m-Wp km-[y-X. e-£w h¿-jw
ho-Xw \o-fp-∂ Aº-Xp ln-a-bp-K-ß-sf-¶nepw {]-
Xo-£n-°m-sa-∂mWv22 a-Iv-ô-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-w. A-
Xn-\p-tij-ta b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ a-™p-cp-Ip-I-bp≈q.
50 aney¨ h¿-j-ßƒ-°p ap-ºphsc `q-an-bn¬

ln-a-bp-K-ß-ƒ ]-X-nhm-bncp-∂n√.23 F-∂m¬ h√-
t∏m-gp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h A-Xn-ò-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. 2.2
_ney¨ tImSn h¿-jwap-ºv A-Ø-cØn-sem-cp a-
™p-d-b-ep-≠mbn. ]ns∂m-cp \qdp-tIm-Sn h¿-jw
AXp-t]m-se Nq-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p. A-Xn-epw ò-I-c-am-
bn-cp∂p A-Sp-Ø ln-a-bpKw. a-lm-io-X-Im-ew F-
∂ A¿-Y-Øn¬ {I-tbm-Po-\n-b≥ Im-e-sa-∂m-Wv
im-kv-{X-⁄¿ A-Xn-s\ hn-fn-°p-∂Xv.24 `q-an-Xs∂-
sbm-cp a™p-tKm-f-am-bn F-∂ A¿-Y-Øn¬ "kv-
t\m-t_mƒ F¿Øv'‹F∂ {]tbm-K-am-Wv Ip-td-
°q-Sn P-\-{]n-bw.25
]-t£, A-∂-sØ am-c-Im-hÿ-sb hn-ti-jn-∏n-
°m≥ a™p-tKm-fsa-∂ ]-Z-Øn-\p I-gn-bn√. B
ln-a-bp-K-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ kn-≤m-¥w C-ßs\-
bmWv: ku-c-hn-Inc-Ww B-dp- i-X-am-\w I-≠p Ip-
d-bp-Ibpw l-cn-Xhm-X-I-ß-fp-sS D¬-]mZ-\w Ip-d-
bp-Ibpw sN-bv-X-tXm-sS Nq-Sp- ]n-Sn-®p-\n¿Øm-\p-
≈ `q-an-bp-sS ti-jn G-Xm-≠n√m-Xmbn. Xm-]-\n-
e 45 Un{Kn I≠nSn™p, `q-an sam-ØØn-sem-
cp A‚m¿-ń-°-bmbn. `q-an-bp-sS ]p-dw]m-fn X-Wp-
Øpd-™p ]q¿-W-am-bn J-cm-h-ÿ-bn-embn. k-ap-
{Z-Øn-se a-™p]m-fn-°v {[p-h-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ F-
Æq-dp ao-‰¿ I-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p; `q-a-[y-tc-J-tbm-Sp
tN¿-∂pt]m-epw U-k≥- I-W-°n-\p ao-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p
I-\w.
]-t£, C-hnsS-sbm-cp {]-iv-\-ap≠v. ù-a-im-kv-

{X sX-fn-hp-Iƒ{]-Imcw `q-an ap-gp-h≥, `q-a-[y-tc-
Jm-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬-t∏m-epw, a™p-aq-Sn-°n-S-°p-Ibm-
bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ Po-h-im-kv-{X sX-fn-hp-I-f-\p-k-
cn-®v F-hnsStbm Xpd∂ Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fp-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. Im-c-Ww, k-bt\m-_m-Œocnb B a-™p-
bpK-sØ A-Xn-Po-hn-®p, A-h¿ {]Im-ikw-t«j-
Ww \-S-Øp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. {]Im-ikw-t«j-Ww
\-S-°-W-sa-¶n¬ kq-cy-{]-Im-iw thWw. a-™p-]m-
fn-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-eq-sS t\m-°n-bm-e-dn-bmw, A-Xv G-d-
°p-sd A-XmcyamWv. G-Xm\pw hm-c I-\-ap-s≠-
¶n¬ kq-cy-{]-Im-iw A-Xn-eq-sS IS∂pt]m-hp-I-
tb-bn√. c-≠p km-[y-X-I-fm-Wn-hn-sS Iev]n-°-s∏-
´Xv, H-∂p-In¬ Np-Sp-\o-cp-d-h-I-fn¬\n-∂p-≈ Nq-Sp-
aq-etam at‰m Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn¬ ]q¿-Wam-bp-d™p-
t]m-Im-Ø P-ew ti-jn®p. A-s√-¶n¬ kq-Xm-cy-a-
s√-¶nepw a-™v {]-Imi-sØ Aev]mev-]w I-S-Øn-
hn-Sp-s∂m-c-h-ÿ-bn-seØn. Aßs\-sbm-chÿ
{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Nn-e-t∏m-fp-≠m-Im-dp≠v.
C-\n `q-an sam-Ø-Øn¬ X-Wp-Øp-d-™n-cp-∂p-

sh-∂p I-cp-Xp-I, At∏mƒ ]n-s∂-b-sXß-s\
ho≠pw Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-®p F-∂ hn-j-an-∏n-°p∂ tNm-Zy-
Øn\v DØ-cw I-s≠-tØ-≠n-h-cpw. a-™p-aq-Sn-°n-
S-°p-∂ {K-lw A-Xn¬- ]Xn°p∂ kq-cy-c-iv-anI-
sf {]-Xn-^-en-∏n-®p Xn-cn-®-b-bv°pw, A-ß-s\b-Xv
NqSp]n-Sn-°m-sX X-Wp-Øp-d-™pX-s∂ In-S-°pw.
A-t∏mƒ-∏n-s∂ c-£-I≥ h∂-Xv `q-an-bpsS D-cp-
In-Øn-f-bv-°p-∂ A-I-°m-ºn-s‚ cq-]-Øn-em-bn-
cn°Ww. A-t∏mƒ \-Ω-fn-hn-sS-bp-≠m-b-Xn-\v H-cn-
°¬-°q-Sn ^-e-I-N-e-\Øn-\v I-S-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p-sh-
∂p ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. D-d-™p-In-S-°p-∂ a-™n\p-
≈n-eq-sS ]p-d-Øp-h-∂ A-·n-]¿-h-X-ß-fmI-Ww \-
sΩ c-£n-®-Xv . A·n]¿h-Xw s]m-ń-b-t∏m-gp≠m-
b NqSpw hm-X-I-ßfpw a-™p-cp°n, A-¥-co£w
]p\xkr-„n®p. Cu A-Xn-io-X-L-´-Øn-\pti-j-am-
Wv Poh-s‚ h-k-¥amb tIw-{_n-b≥ hnkv-t^m-
S-\-ap-≠m-bXv. ]-t£, A-{X im-¥-am-bn-cp-∂n-
cn°n√ B Xn-cn-®p-h-chv. a-™p-aqSn-b `q-an
ho≠pw Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ XnI®pw hn-£p-œ-am-
bn-cp-∂n-cn°-Ww Im-emh-ÿ, Aw-_-c-Npw-_n-I-
fpsS D-b-c-Øn¬ Xn-c-am-e-I-f-Sn-®pI-b-‰n-b Np-g-en-
s°m-Sp-¶m-‰p-Ifpw A-XnòIcamb t]-am-cn-bp-am-bn-
cn°-Ww A-∂p-≠m-bXv.26
]p-dwtem-Iw C-ß-s\ {]-£p-œ-am-bn-cn-°p-

tºmgpw I-S-en-s‚-b-Sn-bnse c-{‘-ß-fn¬ Po-hn-®
I-°-Ifpw hn-c-Ifpw {]-tXy-In-s®m∂pw kw-`-hn-
®nń√mØ a-ń-eß-s\ I-gn™p. ]p-d-Ønd-ßn Po-
hn-t°-≠-h-cp-sS ÿn-Xn ]-t£, ]-cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-bn-
cp∂p. hf-sc ]-≠p \-S-∂ Im-cy-ß-fm-Wv,
AXpsIm-≠pX-s∂ A-∂p \-S-∂-Xns\-°p-dn-®p \-
ap°-{X \n›-bw t]m-c.
{I-tbm-Po-\n-b≥ Ime-sØ A-t]-£n-®p t\m-
°p-tºmƒ A-Sp-Ø-bnsS-bp≠m-b ln-a-bp-K-ßƒ
F{Xtbm \n- m-c-am-bn-cp∂p. ]-t£, C∂sØ `q-
an-bn-se ÿn-Xn-bp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-øp-tºmƒ
ITn-\wX-s∂-bmWh. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚bpw hS-t° A-
ta-cn-°-bp-sSbpw hen-sbm-cp `mK-sØ aqSn-b hn-kv-
I¨-kn-b≥ a-™p-]m-fn-°v aq-∂p In-tem-ao-‰¿ I-
\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. h¿-j-Øn¬ 120 ao-‰-¿ F∂ tXm-
Xne-Xv ap-t∂m-´p \o-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-IbpwsN-
bvXp. A-Xn-s‚ A-tß-b-cn-In-\pt]m-epw 800 ao-‰¿
I-\-ap-≠mbncp∂p. A-{Xbpw hen-sbm-cp a-™p-]m-
fn-°p ap-I-fn¬ \n¬-°p-∂-Xn-s\°p-dn®m-tem-Nn®p-
t\m°q. A-cn-In¬\n-∂-I-tØ-°p am-dn-bm¬ e-£-
°W-°n-\p N-Xpc-{i In-tem-ao-‰¿ hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-
≈ {]-tZ-iw ap-gp-h≥ a™p-am-{X-amWv. A-hn-S-hn-
sS-bm-bn G-sX-¶nepw ]¿-h-Xin-J-c-ßƒ ]pdØp
Is≠¶nem-bn. B ò-a≥ a-™p-a-e-bp-sS `m-c-
Øn¬ sR-cn-™-a¿-∂p ap-gp-h≥ `q-J-fi-ß-fpw,
a-™p \o-ßn ]-{¥-≠m-bn-cw h¿-jw I-gn-
s™¶nepw A-h \n-h¿-∂p ]q¿-hcq-]w ho-s≠-Sp-
Øph-cp-t∂-bp≈q. ]-Xp-s°bnß-s\ \nc-ßn \o-
ßp-∂-Xn-\nsS Cu a-™p-]m-fn-Iƒ ]m-d-°√p-I-fpw
N-c¬-°q-\-Ifpw am-{X-a√, Nn-e `q-`m-K-ß-sfØ-
s∂ X-≈n-s°m≠p-t]mbn. tem-Mv A-b-e‚ v, sI-
bv-]v tImUv, \m‚p-sI-‰v F∂n-h D-Zm-l-cWw.
`q]Sw X-s∂ am-‰n-h-c-bv-°m≥ A-h-bv-°p-≈ I-gn-hn-
s\∏-‰n A-Km-kn-kn-\pap-ºv Bcpw k-¶ev-]n-®n-s√-
∂-Xm-Wv A-¤pXw.
C-\n-bp-aXp-t]m-se a-™p-a-e-Iƒ \o-ßm≥ Xp-S-

ßn-bm¬ XS-™p \n¿Ømt\m K-Xn- Xn-cn-®p-hnSm-
t\m \-Ωp-sS B-h-\m-gn-bn-se B-bp-[-ßƒ a-Xn-
bm-hn√. hSt° A-ta-cn-°-bn-se G-‰hpw hen-b
ln-am\n-bm-b Aemkv-I-bn-se {]n≥-kv hneyw
ku-≠n¬ 1964˛¬ i-‡am-b `q-I-º-ap-≠mbn. dn-
Œ¿ kv-sI-bn-en¬ 9.2 tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b AXv B
`q-J-fi-Øn-ep≠m-b G-‰hpw hen-b `q-N-e-\-am-bn-
cp∂p. {`w-i-tc-J-tbm-Sp tN¿-∂v `q-an B-dpao‰¿h-
sc D-b¿-∂p. sS-Iv-km-kn¬-t∏m-epw Ip-f-ß-fn¬\n-
∂p sh-≈w ]pd-tØ-s°m-gpIn. {]n≥-kv hneyw
ku-≠n-se a-™p-]m-fn-I-fn¬ F-¥pkzm[o-\-amWv
B {]-Ir-Xn-t£m-`w sN-ep-Øn-bn-´p-≠mhp-I? H-∂p-
an√. A-sXm-∂p Ip-Xn¿∂p, ]n-s∂-b-Xn-s‚ \o-°w
Xp-S¿-∂p.
ln-a-bp-K-ß-fn¬\n-s∂√mw \-Ωƒ ]p-d-Øp-IS-
∂p I-gn-s™-∂m-bn-cp∂p,
F{Xtbm h¿-j-ß-fm-bp-≈ [mc-W. F-∂m¬

A-X√ ÿn-Xn-sb-∂v Ct∏mgdn-bmw. {Ko≥-e‚n-se
ln-a-°m-ºn-s‚ ]T-\-Øn¬\n-∂v e-£-°-W-°n\p
h¿-j-ß-fm-bp-≈ Im-emh-ÿm-t`-Z-ß-fp-sS hn-i-
ZNn{Xw \-Ωp-sS ssI-hiap≠v. B-izm-kw ]-I-
cp-∂-X√, A-hn-sS\n-∂p-≈ hm¿-Ø. \-ap-°p
]cnNbap-≈ im-¥nbpw ÿn-c-X-bp-a√ `q-an-bp-sS
ap-J-ap-{Z-sb∂pw Nq-Sn\pw sIm√p∂ X-Wp-∏n-\p-an-
S-bn¬ A-Xnß-s\ Nm-©m-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmbn-
cp-s∂-∂pw ]T-\-ßƒ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
A-h-km\-sØ hen-b •m-tkyj-s‚ A¥n-aL-

´-Øn¬, G-Xm-≠v 12,000 h¿-jw apºv, `q-an Nq-Sp-]n-
Sn-°m≥ Xp-Sßn, A-Xn-th-K-Øn¬-Øs∂. ]t£,
s]m-Sp∂t\ A-Xv ho-≠pw sImSpwX-Wp-∏n-te-°p
h-gp-XnhoWp. ho≠p-sam-cm-bn-cw h¿-jtam a-t‰m
A-ß-s\ I-gn™p. b-M¿ {U-bm-kv F-∂m-Wv im-
kv{X-temIØv Cu Imew A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.27
(B¿-Œn-Iv {]tZ-i-sØ {U-bm-kv F-∂ k-ky-
Øn¬\n-∂m-Wo t]-cp In-ń-bXv. ln-a]m-fn-Iƒ
]n≥-hm-ßp-∂ I-c-bn¬ BZyw Ip-Sn-tb-dp-∂ k-ky-
ß-fm-Wn-h. Iptd apºv Hmƒ-U¿ {U-bm-kv F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´ a-s‰m-cp Im-e-hp-ap-≠m-bncp∂p, ]-t£, A-
Xn-{X-tØm-fw ITn-\-a√m-bn-cp-∂p). Cu-sbm-cm-bn-cw
h¿-jw-IqSn I-gn-™-t∏mƒ i-cmi-cn Xm-]\n-e
ho≠pw Ip-Xn-®p-b-cm≥ XpSßn, Ccp]Xp h¿-jw
Iq-Sp-tºmƒ \m-ep Un-{Kn F∂ tXm-Xn¬. CX-
{X \m-SIo-b am-‰-sam-∂p-a-s√-∂p tXm-∂mw, ]-t£,
kv-Im≥-Un-t\-hn-b-bp-sS Imemh-ÿ c≠p ]-Xn-
‰m≠p-sIm-≠v sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-\nse Im-em-h-ÿ-
bpam-bn h®p-am-dp∂-Xpt]m-se-bm-WnXv. {]m-tZ-in-
I-ambn Cu am-‰w Ip-td°q-Sn \m-S-Io-b-am-bn-cp∂p.
{Ko≥-e‚n¬ ]-Øp -h¿-j-Øn¬ F-´p Un-{Knh®v
Xm]\n-e D-b¿-s∂-∂m-Wv A-hnS-sØ ln-a-°m-ºn-
s‚ ]T-\w kq-Nn∏n-°p-∂Xv. h¿-j-]m-X-Øn-
s‚bpw h-f¿-®-bp-sS-bp-sa√mw tXm-Xv A-Xn-\\p-k-
cn-®p amdn. A-[n-I-am-fn√m-Ø {K-l-Øn¬Ø-s∂
C-Xp {]-iv-\-ß-fp≠m-°pw. C-∂-sØ-t∏m-se P-\-
ßƒ Xn-ßn-\n-d-™ `q-an-bn¬ A-Xp-≠m°p-∂ {]-
Xym-Lm-Xw k-¶ev-]m-Xo-X-am-Wv.
`q-an-bp-sS sX¿-tam-ao-‰-dn-s\ Cß-s\ ]n-Sn-®p-Ip-

ep-°p∂-Xv G-Xp {]IrXn{]-Xn-`m-k-am-sW-∂ Im-
cy-Øn¬ \-ap-°v H-cq-l-hp-an√ F-∂-Xm-Wv G-‰hpw
B-i-¶m-P-\Iw. ln-a-°m-ºp-I-fp-sS ]T-\-Øn¬\n-
∂p sh-fn-hm-Ip-∂-Xpt]mse Du-jv-am-hn-s\-bnß-
s\ ap-I-fn-te°pw Xm-tg°pw ]n-Sn-®p Ip-ep°m≥
X-° {]-Xn-`mk-ß-sfm∂pw \-ap-°-dn-hn√, A-ß-
s\-sb-s¥-¶nepw k-¶ev-]n-°m≥-t]mepw \-ap-°m-
bn-ń√ F-∂m-Wv \yq-tbm¿-°-dn-se-gpXnb te-J-\-
Øn¬ F-en-k_-Øv tImƒ-_¿-´v ]-d-bp-∂Xv. H-
cp]t£, k-ap-{Zß-fp-ambpw k-ap-{Z-P-e-Øn-s‚ kz-
`m-hn-I{]-hml-sØ X-S- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂ F-s¥-¶n-ep-
ambpw _-‘-s∏-´ Im-cy-amImw AXv. G-Xm-bmepw
A-°m-cyßƒ a-\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-te°v C-\n-bp-
sa{Xtbm Zq-c-ap≠v.‹
H-cp kn-≤m-¥w C-ß-s\-bm-Wv: bM¿ {U-bm-kn-

s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ a™p-cp-In ip-≤P-ew I-S-en¬
tN¿-∂-t∏mƒ h-S°≥ k-ap-{Z-ß-fn-se sh-≈-
Øn¬ D-∏n-s‚ Aw-iw Ip-d-™p. D-∏p Ip-d-™-
t∏mƒ km-{μ-Xbpw Ip-d™p. Iq-ń-bn-Sn H-gn-hm-
°m≥ ss{U-h¿ h-≠n sh-ń-s®-Sp-°pw-t]m-se A-
t∏mƒ Kƒ-^v kv-{So-sa-∂ D-jv-W-P-e-{]-hm-lw sX-
t°m-´p Xn-cn-™p. Djv-W-P-e-{]-hm-l-sa-Øm-Xn-cp-
∂Xp-sIm-≠v h-S-°≥ {]-tZ-i-ßƒ X-Wp∏n-te-°p
Xn-cn®p-t]m-bn. Cu kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\p ]-t£, H-cp
Ip-g-∏-ap≠v. B-bn-cw h¿-jw I-gn-™v ho≠pw `q-
an Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-®p Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ DjvWP-e-{]-hm-
lw F-t¥ AXp-t]m-se Xn-cn-™n√ F∂p tNm-
Zn-®m¬ DØ-can√. A-∂v Aß-s\ Xn-cn-™p
ho≠pw ssi-Xy-Øn-te-°p \o-ßp-∂-Xn\p ]I-cw
A-]q¿-ham-b im-¥nbpw kp-J-Zam-b Im-em-h-ÿ-
bp-am-Wv \-ap°p e-`n-®Xv. tlm-tem-kn≥ F-∂p- hn-
fn-°p∂ B Im-e-Øm-Wv \m-an-t∏mƒ.
F-∂m¬ Cu-sbm-cp ÿn-c-X A-[n-I-Im-ew \o-

≠p-\n¬-°p-sa-∂p IcpXm≥ \ym-b-an√. C-Xp-h-sc-
bp-≠m-b-Xn-s\-°m-fpw F{Xtbm I-Sp-Ø ssiXy-
am-Wv \-sΩ Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-
cp≠v. ho-≠p-a-ßs\ \-Ωƒ sImSpwX-Wp-∏n-te-°p
t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\p X-S-bn-Sm≥ B-tKm-fXm-]-\w k-lm-
bn-°p-sa-∂p tXm-∂mw. F-∂m¬ A-{]-h-N-\o-b-am-
bn Nm©mSp-∂ Im-em-h-ÿ ap-∂n-ep-≈-t∏mƒ \-
ap-°p ta¬-t\m-´w h-ln-°m≥ I-gnbm-Ø ]-co-£-
W-ßƒ-°p ap-Xn-cm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-hpw \√-sX-∂v
tImƒ-_¿´v ]-d-bp∂p.28 t\c-tØ I-cp-Xn-b-Xn¬\n-
∂p hn-cp-≤-am-bn -Xm-]-\n-e D-b-cp∂Xv ln-a-bp-K-
Øn-\p h-gn-hbv-°p-I-bm-Wp sN-øp-I-sb-∂p I-cp-
Xp-∂-h-cp-ap≠v. Xm-]-\n-e Aev-]mev-]-ap-b-cp-tºmƒ
P-e-Øn-s‚ _m-jv-]o-Ic-Ww h¿-[n°pw.29 A-¥-co-
£w Iq-Sp-X¬ ta-Lm-hr-X-am-Ipw. A-Xv `q-a-[y-tc-
J-bn¬ \n-∂-I-se-bp-≈ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ a-™p-hogv-
N Iq-Sm≥ Im-c-W-am-Ipw, Aß-s\-b-hn-sS X-Wp-
∏p- Iq-Spw. A-kw-_-‘-sa-∂p tXm-∂p-sa-¶nepw B-
tKmfXm]-\w hS-t° A-ta-cn-°-bnepw bq-tdm-
∏nepw X-Wp-∏p-Iq-Sm≥ Im-c-Wam-tb-°p-sa-s∂m-cp
km-[y-Xbpw \n-e-hn-eps-≠-∂¿Yw.
am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ H-t´-sd L-S-I-ß-fp-sS kr-

„n-bm-Wv Im-emhÿ˛˛-Im-¿-_¨ ssU HmIv-
ssk-Uv A-\p-]m-X-Øn-s‚ G-‰-°p-d-®n¬, `q-Jfi-
ß-fp-sS N-e\w, ku-c-{]-{In-bIƒ, ]n-s∂ an-em≥-
tIm-hn-®v N-{I-Øn-s‚ Nm-©m-´w. ]-g-b-Im-e-Øp
\S-∂ kw-`-h-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°m-
\p≈Xpt]m-seX-s∂ {]-bm-k-am-Wv `m-hn-bn¬ F-
¥p \-S-°p-sa-∂p {]-h-Nn°m-\pw. \-ap-°pƒ-s°m-
≈m-hp-∂-Xn-\p-a-∏p-d-am-Wv ]-e Im-cy-ß-fpw. D-Zml-
c-W-Øn-\v A‚m¿-ń°-sb t\m-°p-I. Z£n-W{[p-
h-Øn¬ \n-e-bp-d-∏n®-Xn-\pti-j-ap≈ c-≠p tIm-Sn
h¿-j-ß-sf-¶nepw A-Xv a-™n√m-sX a-c-ßƒ \nd-
™pIn-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. A-sXß-s\ Dƒ-s°m-
≈pw?
AXp-t]m-se Zp-cq-l-am-Wv Nne ssU-\-tkm-dp-

I-fp-sS Im-cyw.30 D-Øc{[p-hØn-t\m-Sp tN¿-∂v ]-
Øp Un-{Kn A-£mwiwh-sc-bp-≈ Im-Sp-I-fn¬ ssS-
d-t\m-tkmd-kv sd-Iv-kv t]m-ep-≈ ò-a≥ Po-hn-I-fp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂- Imcyw {_n-ó-jv Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv-‰v kv-‰o-
^≥ {Uq-dn Nq-≠n-°m-Wn°p-∂p. hn-Nn-{XamWXv.
Imc-Ww, C-{X-bp-ap-b¿-∂ A-£mw-i-Øn¬ h¿-j-
Øn¬ aq-∂pam-khpw C-cp-´m-bn-cn°pw. A-Xp-am-{X-
a√, AØ-cw {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se ssiXyIm-ew ITn-
\-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂-Xn-\v sX-fn-hp e-`n-®n-´p≠v. Aem-
kv-I-bn-se s^b¿-_m-¶v-kn¬ C-t∏m-gp-≈ Im-em-
h-ÿX-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p {I-t‰-jykv ImeØpw F-
∂mWv Hm-Iv-knP≥ sF-tkm-tSm-∏v ]T-\w Im-Wn-
°p-∂Xv. A-t∏mƒ Cu ssS-d-t\m-tkm-d-kp-Iƒ A-
hn-sS F-¥p sN-øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p? H-∂p-In¬ Im-
em-h-ÿ-bv-°-\p-k-cn-®v A-h¿ G-sd Zq-cw Xm-≠n
tZ-imS-\w \SØn. A-s√-¶n¬, h¿-j-Øn¬ hen-
sbm-cp `m-Kw sImSpwX-Wp-∏n¬ Ccpń¬ I-gn™p.
A-°me-Øv Ip-td-°q-Sn {[p-h-tØm-S-Sp-Øp In-S-∂n-
cp-∂ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬\n∂v Nq-Sp-≈ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-
te-°p-≈ ]-emb-\w A-km[yam-bn-cp∂p.31 A-hn-
S-sØ Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬ ssU-\-tkm¿ Fß-s\
Ign™p-sh∂v Du-ln-°m-t\ X-c-ap≈q.
H-cp Imcy-tam¿°-Ww: F-¥p Im-cWw-sIm-≠m-

bmepw C-\n-bpw a™p]m-fn-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-
≈m≥Xp-S-ßn-bm¬ a-™m-bn am-dm≥ ap-º-sØ-
°mtf-sd P-e-ap-≠v `q-an-bn¬.32 t{K-‰v se-bv-Ivkv,
l-Uv-k¨ t_, Im-\-U-bnse F-Æ-a-‰ X-Sm-I-
ßƒ C-h-sbm∂pw I-gn-™ ln-a-bp-K-°m-e-Øn√m-
bn-cp∂p. B ln-a-bp-K-am-W-hsb kr-„n-®Xv.
CXn-s\m-cp a-dph-iwIq-Sn-bp-≠v. N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚

A-Sp-Ø L-´-Øn¬ a-™p-]m-fn-Iƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-
Ib√, C-t∏m-gp-≈-h D-cp-Ip-I-bm-Wp sN-øp-I. `q-an-
bn-se ap-gp-h≥ a-™p-]m-fn-bp-ap-cp-In-bm¬ k-ap-{Z-
\nc-∏v A-dp]-Xp ao‰¿ D-b-cpw (C-cp]-Xp \n-e-s°-
ń-S-Øn-s‚ D-b-c-am-W-Xv). A-tXm-sS F√m Xo-ctZ-
i\-K-c-ßfpw sh-≈-Øn¬ ap-ßpw. G-Xm-bm-epw
]-Sn-™mtd A‚m¿ńIv a-™p-]m-fn ssh-Im-sX X-
I-cm-\m-Wn-S. I-gn-™ Aº-Xp h¿-j -Øn-\n-S-bv-°v
A-Xn-\p Np-‰p-ap-≈ sh-≈-Øns‚ Du-jv-am-hv c-≠-
c Un{Kn sk¬jy-kv D-b¿-∂n-´p≠v, A-Xn-s‚ X-
I¿-®-bp-sS B-°w Iq-Sn-bn-´p-ap≠v. A-hn-S-sØ ù-
a-im-kv-{XL-S\ t\m-°p-tºmƒ hen-sbm-cp X-I¿-
®-bv-°p km-[y-X-tb-sd-bmWv. A-Xp kw-`-hn-®m¬
tem-I-saßpw k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏ps]s´∂pb-cpw, i-cmi-
cn \me-c˛˛B-dv ao-‰¿ I≠v.33
A-km-[m-c-Wam-b Imcyw F-¥m-sW-∂p sh-

®m¬ C-Xn-te-Xm-Wv \sΩ Im-Øn-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-
d-∏n√˛˛a-c-hn-∏n-°p∂ -X-Wp-t∏m, th-hn-°p∂ Nq-
tSm? c-≠m-bmepw apƒ-ap-\-bn-em-Wv \-Ωp-sS
\nev]v. Zo¿-L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m-°n-bm¬
ln-a-bp-K-ßƒ `q-an-sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw tam-
ia√. ]m-d Ac-®p s]m-Sn-®v A-h ^-e-`q-bn-
jvTamb ]p-Xp-a-Æp-≠m-°pw, \q-dp-I-W-°n-\p Po-
h-Pm-Xn-Iƒ-°p t]m-j-I-taIm≥ ip-≤-P-e-X-Sm-I-
ßƒ kr-„n-°pw. tZ-im-S-\-ßƒ-°p t{]-c-W-tb-In
temI-sØ k-{In-b-am-°n \n¿-Øpw. Snw ^v-fm-s\-
dn A-`n-{]-mbs∏´t]mse, H-cp h≥-I-c-bn-se
P\ßfp-sS `m-hn- \n¿-W-bn-°m≥ A-Xn-se P-\-
ßtfm-Sv H-scm‰ tNmZyw tNm-Zn-®m¬ aXn. \n-ßƒ-
°p \-s√m-cp ln-a-bp-K-ap≠m-bn-cpt∂m?34‹A-Xp
a-\- n¬ h®p-sIm-≠v i-cn°pw ln-a-bp-K-a-\p-`hn®
Bƒ-°p-c-ß-pIsf∏-‰n B-tem-Nn°mw \-ap°v.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 G-gp-am-k-Øn-\p tijw e-≠-\n-seÕZ ssSw-

kn¬ sNdn-sbm-cp hm-¿-Ø h∂p: hn-eywkv, k¿-
ssh-hn-Mv Km-e-dm-kv, t]-Pv 198.
2 B C-cp-fn¬ hk-¥w h-∂-tX-bn√, th-\-en-\p

Nq-Sp-]n-Sn®n√: Hm-ô-k¿ B≥Uv t]Pv, sS-bn¬kv
Hm-^v Z F¿Øv, t]Pv 3˛6.
3 A-kw-`-hyßfm-bn-cp-∂p B hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-
fpw. Pp-d ]¿-Δ-X-Øns‚ D-b¿-∂ {]-tZi-Øv Np-Æm-
ºp-I¬, ]m¿-iz-ß-fn¬ I-cn-¶¬]md-Iƒ F-Øn-b-
sXßs\sb-∂ kw-i-b-Øn-\p≈ hn-i-Zo-I-cWw, a-
Æn-se kpjn-c-ß-fn¬\n-∂v hm-bpk-Ω¿-±-sØ-Øp-
S¿-∂v t]m-]v-K-Æn¬\n-∂v tIm¿-°v sX-dn-°p-tºm-
se I-cn-¶¬ I-j-W-ßƒ sX-dn-®v A-hn-sS-sb-Øn
F-∂m-bn-cp∂p: lmew, t{K‰v Pntbm-f-Pn°¬
tIm¨{S-th-gvkokv, t]Pv 89.
4 Pn-tbm-f-Pn-bp-sS ]n-Xmhm-b sP-bnw-kv l-´≥
kzn-‰v-k¿-e≥-Uv k-μ¿-in-®n-cps∂-¶n¬: lm-ew,
t{K-‰v Pn-tbm-f-P-°n¬ tIm¨-{S-th-gv-kokv, t]Pv
90.
5 1834˛¬ kzn-‰v-k¿-e‚n-se \m-´p-]m-X-bn-eq-sS

Hcp a-cw-sh-´p-Im-c-\p-ambn kw-km-cn-®p \-S-∂-Xn-
s‚ I-Y Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ gm-Mv Zv jm¿-s]‚o¿
hn-h-cn°p-∂p-≠v: lm-ew, t{K-‰v Pn-tbm-f-P-°n¬
tIm¨-{S-th-gv-kokv, t]Pv 90.
6 C-Xp kw-_-‘n-®p-≈ Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ A-t±-lw

A-Km-kn-kn-\p t\m-°m≥ \¬In: lm-ew, t{K-‰v Pn-
tbm-f-Pn-°n¬ tIm¨-{S-th-gv-kokv, t]-Pv 92˛3.
7 A-t±-l-Øns‚ a-s‰m-cp kp-lr-Øm-bn-cp-∂ A-

e-Iv-km-≠¿ thm¨ lw-t_mƒń-s‚ {]-i-kv-Xam-
sbm-cp {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp≠v, im-kv-{Xo-b I-≠p-]n-Sn-
Ø-ßƒ°p aq-∂p L-´-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv: s^-dnkv, Z
tlmƒ sj-_mMv, t]-Pv 173.
8 •m-tkyj-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a-\- n-em-°m-\-
t±-lw F√m-bn-S-Øp-w k-©cn®p: a-Iv ô, C≥ k-
kv-s]-Œv sS-sd-bv≥, t]-Pv 182.
9 tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv s{]m-^-k-dpw Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬

skm-ssk-‰n-bn-se X-e-ap-Xn¿-∂ Aw-K-hpam-b
hneyw tlm-]v-In≥kpw Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØm-Sp
tbm-Pn-®p: lmew, t{K-‰v Pn-tbm-f-Pn-°n¬ tIm¨-
{S-th-gv-kokv, t]-Pv 98.
10 t\m-°p-∂n-S-sØ√mw A-t±-lw ln-am\n-Iƒ-

°p sX-fn-hp I-s≠-Øn: lm-ew, t{K-‰v Pn-tbm-f-Pn-
°n¬ tIm¨-{S-th-gv-kokv, t]-Pv 99.
11 Aß-s\ tem-Iw ap-gp-h≥ H-cp Ime-Øv a-

™p-]m-fn-Iƒ-°p-≈n-em-bn-cp-s∂∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-e-
t±-lw F-Øn-s∏-´p: KqƒUv, ssSw-kv B-tcm, t]Pv
115.
12 1873-˛¬ A-Km-kn-kv a-cn-®-t∏mƒ aq-∂p s{]m-

^-k¿-am-sc B ÿm\Øp \n-b-an-®m-Wv lm¿-
hm¿-Uv k¿-h-I-emim-e A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Ipd-hp \n-
I-Øn-b-Xv: aIvô, C≥ k-kv-s]-Œv sS-sd-bv≥, t]-
Pv 197.
13 A-Km-kn- a-c-n-®v H-cp ]-Xn-‰m-≠p Xn-Ibpw ap-

ºv, lm¿-hm¿-Un-se A-t±-lØns‚ ]n≥-Km-an F-
gp-Xn: a-Ivô, C≥ k-kv-s]-Œv sS-sd-bv≥, t]-Pv 197.
14 H-gn-hpZn-h-k-ß-fpw H-gn-hpk-a-bß-fp-am-W-t±-
lw I-W-°p-Iq-´-en-\p \o-°n-sh-®-Xv: {Kn-_n≥
B≥-Uv {Kn-_n≥, sF-kv F-bvPv, t]Pv 51.
15 ITn-\amb ssi-Xy-Im-eØ√, Nq-Sp-Ip-d-™

th-\¬-°m-e-Øm-Wv lna-bp-KØn-s‚ Im-c-W-a-
t\z-jn-t°-≠-sX-∂v A-t±-lw ]-d-™p: tNmƒ´≥,
sF-kv F-bv-Pkv, t]-Pv 101.
16 ho-gp-∂ a-™n-s‚ A-fh√, B a-™v F-{X-

Im-ew ti-jn-°p-∂p-sh∂ Im-cy-am-Wv X-Wp-∏n-s‚
ImTn-\y-w \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-sX-∂v: jqƒ-Sv-kv, sFkv
F-bv-Pv tem-kv‰v, t]-Pv 72.
17 kz-bw h-f¿-∂v A-\n-b-{¥n-X-am-bn \o-fp-∂ {]-
{In-b-bm-W-Xv: a-Iv ô, C≥ k-kv-s]-Œv sS-sd-bv≥,
t]-Pv 205.
18 Ncn-{X-]-cam-sbm-cp Iu-Xp-Iw F-∂√m-sX a-

‰p {]m-[m\y-sam∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ I-W-°p-Iƒ-
°n-s√-∂ Nn-¥m-K-Xn-bn-se-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. A-t∏m-
tg°pw im-kv-{X⁄¿: {Kn-_n≥ B≥-Uv {Kn-_n≥,
sF-kv F-bvPv, t]Pv 60.
19 F-∂m¬ \-Ω-fn-t∏mƒ-Øs∂-sbm-cp ln-a-bp-

K-Øn-em-sW-∂-Xm-Wv bmYm¿-Yyw: jqƒ-Sv-kv, sF-
kv F-bv-Pv tem-kv‰v, t]Pv 5.
20 ]-t£, `q-an-sb kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-

]q¿-h-am-W-Xv: {Kn-_n≥ B≥Uv {Kn_n≥, ^b¿
Hm¨ F¿Øv, t]-Pv 147.
21 I-gn-™ 2.5 aney¨ h¿-j-Øn-\n-sS I-Sp-Ø

17 ln-a-bp-K-ß-sf-¶n-ep-ap≠m-bn´p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-cp-
Xp-∂-Xv: ^v-fm-s\dn, Z F-t‰-W¬ {^-≠nb¿, t]-Pv
148.
22 e-£w h¿-jw ho-Xw \o-fp-∂ Aº-Xp ln-a-
bp-K-ß-sf-¶nepw {]-Xo-£n-°m-sa∂mWv: a-Iv ô,
C≥ k-kv-s]-Œv sS-sd-bv≥, t]-Pv 4.
23 A©p-tIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ-°p ap-ºphsc `q-an-

bn¬ ln-a-bp-K-ß-ƒ ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp∂n√: Ão-h≥-kv,
Z sN-bv-©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 10.
24 a-lm-io-X-Im-ew F-∂ A¿-Y-Øn¬ {I-tbm-

Po-\n-b≥ Im-e-sa-∂m-Wv im-kv-{X⁄¿ A-Xn-s\
hn-fn-°p-∂Xv: a-Iv ssK-b¿, F ssK-Uv Sp Z
F≥Uv Hm-^v Z thƒUv, t]-Pv 69.
25 `q-an-Xs∂-sbm-cp a™p-tKm-f-am-bn F-∂ A¿-

Y-Øn¬Õkv-t\m-t_mƒ F¿Øv‹F∂ {]-tbm-K-
am-Wv Ip-td-°q-Sn P-\-{]n-bw: hm-en \yqkv (hm-jn-
Mv-S¨ t]m-kv-‰v), Z kv-t\m-t_mƒ Xn-b-dn, 2000
Pq¨ 19, t]Pv c1.
26 a-™p-aqSn-b `q-an ho≠pw Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ

Xn-I®pw hn-£p-œ-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn°-Ww Im-emh-ÿ,
Aw-_-c-Npw-_n-I-fp-sS D-b-c-Øn¬ Xn-c-am-e-I-f-Sn-
®pI-b‰n-b Np-g-en-s°m-Sp-¶m-‰p-Ifpw A-Xn-ò-I-
camb t]-am-cn-bp-am-bn-cn°-Ww A-∂p≠m-bXv:
_n_nkn slmssd-k¨ {Smkv{In]v‰v
"kvt\mt_mƒ F¿Øv, 2001 s^{_p-hcn 22
{]t£-]-Ww, t]Pv 7
27 b-M¿ {U-bm-kv F-∂m-Wv im-kv{X-temIØv

Cu Imew A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv: Ãoh≥kv, Z sN-bv-
©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 34.
28 F-∂m¬ A-{]-h-N-\o-b-am-bn Nm-©m-Sp-∂ Im-

em-h-ÿ ap-∂n-ep-≈-t∏mƒ \ap°p ta¬-t\m-´w h-
ln-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø ]-co-£-W-ßƒ-°p ap-Xn-cm-Xn-
cn-°p-I-bmhpw \√-sX-∂v: \yq -tbm¿°¿, sF-kv
sa-a-dn, 2002 P-\ph-cn 7, t]-Pv 36.
29 Xm-]-\n-e Aev-]mev-]-ap-b-cp-tºmƒ P-e-Øn-

s‚ _m-jv-]o-Ic-Ww h¿-[n-°pw: jqƒ-Svkv, sF-kv
F-bv-Pv tem-kv‰v, t]-Pv 72.
30 AXp-t]m-se Zp-cq-l-am-Wv Nne ssU-\-tkm-

dp-I-fp-sS Im-cyw: {Uqdn, sÃ-∏n-Mv tÃm¨kv, t]-
Pv 268.
31 A-°me-Øv Ip-td-°q-Sn {[p-h-tØm-S-Sp-Øp
In-S-∂n-cp-∂ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬\n∂v Nq-Sp-≈ {]-tZ-
i-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ ]-emb-\w A-km-[y-am-bn-cp∂p:
tXma-kv F-®v.
dn®v, ]m-{So-jy hn-t°-gv-kv˛dn®v, tdm-f-≠v KmMv-

tem^v, t]mfm¿ ssU-\-tkm¿kvv, I-sø-gp-
Øp{]Xn.
32 C-\n-bpw a-™p-]m-fn-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≈m≥ Xp-

S-ßn-bm¬ a-™m-bn amdm≥ ap-ºsØ-°m-tf-sd P-
e-ap-≠v `q-an-bn¬: jqƒ-Svkv, sF-kv F-bv-Pv tem-
kv‰v, t]-Pv
159. 33 A-Xp kw-`hn-®m¬ tem-I-saßpw k-ap-{Z-

\n-c-∏p- s]-s´∂pb-cpw, icm-icn \mec˛ B-dv ao-‰¿
I-≠v: t_mƒ, H2O, t]-Pv 75.
34 H-cp h≥-I-c-bn-se P\ßfp-sS `m-hn- \n¿-

W-bn-°m≥ A-Xn-se P-\-ß-tfm-Sv Hscm‰ tNmZyw
tNm-Zn-®m¬ aXn. \n-ßƒ-°p \-s√m-cp ln-a-bp-K-ap-
≠m-bn-cpt∂m?: ^v-fm-s\dn, Z F-t‰-W¬ {^-‚nb¿,
t]-Pv 267.
A[ym-bw 28
\nKq-V C-cp-Im-en
1887-˛se {In-kv-a-kn-\p sXm-´p-ap-ºv1 t]-cp-tI-´m¬

U-®p-Im-c-\m-sW-∂p tXm∂mØ ta-cn bq-Po≥
{^m≥-kzm tXma-kv Uyq-t_m-bvkv* F∂ bph
U®v-tUm-Œ¿ U®v Cu-kv-‰v C-¥y-bn-se kp-am-{X-
bn-seØn. `q-an-bn-se G-‰-hp-am-Zy-sØ a-\p-jym-h-
in-„-ßƒ I-s≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p e-£yw.
A-km-[m-c-W-am-bn ]-e-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p Cu Zu-

Xy-Øn¬. H-∂ma-Xv A-Xn-\pap-ºm-cpw {]mNo-\a-\p-
jy-s‚ F√p tX-Sn-t∏m-bn-ń√. A-Xn-\papºp In-ń-
b-sX√mw bm-Zr-—n-I-am-bn ssI-bn¬ h-∂p-s]-´-Xm-
Wv. C-\n A-ßs\sbm-c-t\zj-Ww \-S-Øp-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬X-s∂ A-Xn-\p ]-‰n-b-bm-fm-Wv Uyqt_m-
bvkv F-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂h¿ A-[n-I-an√m-bn-cp∂p. i-
co-c-im-kv-{Xam-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ hn-jbw,
]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-Øn¬ ap≥-]-cnNbsam-∂p-an√.
Cu-Ãv C≥-Uo-kn¬ {]mNo-\ a-\p-jy-s‚ A-h-in-
„-ßƒ ImWp-sa-∂p kw-i-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \ym-b-
sam-∂p-an√. ]p-cm-X-\ a-\p-jysc tX-tS≠-Xv G-sd-
°m-e-am-bn P-\-hm-k-ap-≈ h≥-I-c-I-fn-em-Wv, G-
d-°psd hn-P-\-am-bn-°n-S-°p-∂ Zzo-]-k-aq-l-ß-fn√
F-t∂ Bcpw I-cpXq. sh-fn]mSp-sIm-s≠-∂-t]m-
se Uyq-t_mbvkv Cu-kv-‰v C≥-Uo-kn-te-°p Ip-
Xn®-Xn\p c-≠p Im-c-W-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. H-
∂ma-Xv A-hn-sS sXm-gnemfnI-sf In-´m≥ F-fp-∏-
am-Wv. c-≠m-a-Xm-bn kp-am-{X-bn¬ [m-cm-fw KplI-
fp-≈-Xm-bn tI-ń-´p≠v. A-Xn-\papº-sØ tlm-an-\n-
Uv t^m-kn-ep-I-sf√mw In-ńb-Xv AØ-cw Np-‰p-]m-
Sp-I-fn-em-Wv.** G‰hpw hen-b A-Xni-bw CsXm-
∂p-a√, tX-Sn-t∏m-bXvv A-t±lw I-s≠-Øp-
IXs∂sN-bv-Xp.
BZn-aa-\p-jy-s‚ hn´p-t]m-b I-Æn ]q-cn-∏n-°m-

\p-≈ Zu-Xy-hp-am-bn Uyq-t_m-bvkv C-d-ßn-Øn-cn-
°p-tºmƒ hf-sc ip-jv-I-am-bn-cp-∂p a-\pjys‚
t^m-kn¬tc-J-Iƒ. A-]q¿-Wam-b A-©v \n-bm-
≠¿-Xm¬ A-ÿn-IqS-ßƒ, B-cp-tS-sX-∂p-d-∏n√m-
Ø H-cp Xm-Sn-sb√n-s‚ I-jWw. ]n-s∂ * U-
®p-Im-c-\m-sW-¶nepw Uyq-t_m-bvkv P-\n®-Xv F-bv-
Pv-kv-U-\n-emWv. _¬-Pn-b-Øn-s‚ {^-©vkw-km-cn-
°p-∂- {]-tZ-i-hp-am-bn A-Xn¿-Øn ]-¶n-Sp-∂ ÿ-e-
am-WXv. ** tlm-an-\n-tU F-∂ Ip-Spw-_-Øn-em-Wv
a-\p-jy-s\ -s]-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xn-se Aw-
Kßsf tlm-an-\n-Up-I-sf-∂p hn-fn-°pw. Nn-
ºm≥kn-tbm-Sp-≈-Xn-s\-°mƒ _-‘w a-\pjy-t\m-
Sp-≈ Po-hn-Isf (C-∂p-≈Xpw a¨-a-d™p-t]m-b-
Xp-am-b Po-hnI-sf) bm-Wv tlm-an-\n-Up-I-sf-∂p hn-
fn-°p∂Xv. Bƒ-°p-c-ßp-I-sf-sb√mwIq-Sn t]mw-Kn-
tU F-s∂m-cp Ip-Spw-_-Øn-em-Wv s]-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
≈Xv. F∂m¬ Nn-ºm≥-kn-I-sfbpw tKm-dn√-I-sf-
bpw H-dm-Mv D-´-s\bpw tlm-an-\n-tU-bn¬s]-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xm-Wv F∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. F-∂n-´v a-\p-jy-
s\bpw Nn-ºm≥-kn-I-sf-bpw tlm-an-\n-tb Fs∂m-
cp D-]-Ip-Spw-_Øn-em-°-W-sa-∂m-W-h-cp-sS A-`n-
{]mbw. Aß-s\ h-cp-tºmƒ t\c-tØ tlm-an-\n-
Up-I-sf-∂p hnfn®n-cp-∂- Po-hnI-sf tlm-an-\n-\p-
Iƒ F-∂p hn-fn-t°-≠nh-cpw.
{^m≥-kn¬ se F-bv-kn-sb-kn-se t{Im˛am-·-

Wn¬ H-cp a-e-bn-se Kp-lbn¬-\n∂v sd-bn¬-th
sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ A-Sp-Ø-bn-sS I-s≠Øn-b A-
cUk≥ a-\p-jym-h-in-„-ßƒ,2 I-gn™p. \n-
bm≥U¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-s‚ Aÿn-Ifn¬ G-‰hpw
\-∂m-bn kw-c-£n-°-s∏-´-Xv {]-tXy-I ]-cm-a¿i-ß-
sfm∂pwIq-Sm-sX e-≠-\n-se H-c-e-am-c-bn-en-cn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]m-d- s]m-ń-°p∂ sXm-gn-em-fnIƒ
1848˛¬ Pn-{_mƒ-´-dn¬\n-∂mW-Xp I-s≠-Øn-bXv.
tISp-Iq-Sm-sXbXp In-ń-sb-∂-Xp-Xs∂ A-¤p-X-am-
bn-cp∂p. F-∂n´pw A-Xn-s‚ {]m-[m\yw Bcpw a-
\- n-em-°n-bn√. Pn-{_mƒ-´¿ k-b‚n-^n-Iv skm-
ssk‰nbp-sS H-cp tbm-K-Øn¬ {l-kz-am-bn A-h-
X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´ti-jw A-Xv lt≠dnb≥ ayq-kn-b-
Øn-te-°p am‰n. A-hn-sS H-cp i-eyhpw Iq-Sm-sXb-
Xv A-c \q-‰m-≠p-Im-e-w sh-dpsXbn-cp∂p, C-S-bv-°p
s]m-Sn X-´m≥ ]p-d-sØ-Sp-°mdp-s≠-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬
B-cpa-Xv t\m-°mdp-t]m-ep-an√. 1907h-sc AXn-
s\mcp hn-hc-Wwt]mepw \¬-In-bn-cp-∂n√,3 A-∂v
B hn-hc-Ww \¬-In-b-XmIs´ i-co-c-im-kv-{X-
Øn¬ henb ssh-Z-Kv[y-sam-∂p-an√m-Ø hneyw
tkm-fmkv F∂ ù-a-im-kv-{X-⁄-\pw.
A-ß-s\ G‰hpw BZn-aa-\p-jy-s\ I-s≠-Øn-

b-Xns‚ _-lpa-Xn t{Im˛˛am·-Wp ]Icw P¿-a-\n-
bn-se \n-bm-≥U¿-Xm¬ Xm-gvh-c I-c-ÿam°n.4
bm-Zr-—n-I-sa-¶nepw th-sdm-cp Iu-Xp-IwIq-Sn-bp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p AXn\v. {Ko-°n¬ \n-bm-≥U¿‹F-∂p ]-
d-™m¬ ]p-Xn-b a-\p-jy≥ F-∂m-W¿Yw. A-hn-
sS Uq-k¬ \-Zn-°-`n-ap-J-am-bp-≈ a-e-s©-cn-hnse
a-s‰m-cp ]m-d-a-Sbn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ 1856˛¬ Iu-
Xp-I-w P-\n-∏n-°p-∂ Ipd-®v A-ÿnIƒ I-s≠-Øn.
Cu hn-j-b-Øn¬ Xm¬-]-cy-ap-s≈m-cp kv-Iq-f-[ym-
]I-\v AhcXv ssI-am-dn. ]pXn-sbm-cpX-cw a-\p-jy-
s‚ A-ÿn-bm-Wn-sX∂v sPm-lm≥ Im-d¬ ^pƒ-
tdm-´v F∂ B A-[ym-]-I≥ a-\- n-em-°n. A-tX-
XpX-cw a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp∂p? A-Xn-s‚ k-hn-ti-j-X-
I-sf-s¥√m-am-bn-cp-∂p Xp-Sßnb Im-cy-ßƒ G-sd-
°m-ew X¿-°-hn-j-b-am-bn- Xp-S-cp-IbpwsN-bvXp.
\n-bm≥-U¿-Xm-¬ A-ÿn-Iƒ ]p-cm-X-\m-h-in-„-

ß-fm-sW-∂p hn-izkn-°m≥X-s∂ ]-ecpw X-øm-dm-
bn√. t_m¨ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se s{]m^-kdpw
ssh-⁄m\n-Ita-J-e-I-fn¬ kzm-[o-\-ap-≈ hy-‡n-
bpam-b Hm-K-kv-‰v ta-b¿ iTn®-Xv A-sXm-cp aw-tKm-
fn-b≥ sIm-km-Iv ssk-\nIs‚ F√m-sW-∂m-Wv.
1814˛¬ P¿-a-\n-bp-am-bp-≈ G-‰p-ap-´-en¬ ]-cn-t°‰
ssk\n-I≥ B Kp-l-bn-te-°p h-en-™p-Ib-dn A-
hn-sS-°nS-∂p a-cn-°pI-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX-∂v A-t±-
lw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏´p. A-Xp hen-b A-¤p-Xam-
Wt√m F-∂m-bn-cp∂p C-Xp- tI-´ Sn. F®v. l-
Ivk-en Cw-•-≠n¬ {]-XnI-cn-®Xv.5 am-c-I-am-bn ]-cn-
t°‰ ssk-\n-I≥ 60 ao-‰¿ D-b-c-ap-≈ ]m-dbn¬
h-en-™pI-b-dp-I, Kp-l-bn-se-Øpwap-ºv h-kv-{X-ß-
fpw B-bp-[-ßfp-sa√mw D-t]-£n-°p-I, Kp-lm-ap-
Jw A-S-bv-°p-I, F-∂n-´v a-Æn¬ c≠-Sn B-g-Øn¬
sN-∂p In-S-°p-I, hen-b A-Xn-i-b-a-s√-¶n¬ ]n-
s∂-¥m-WsX-∂v l-Ivken I-fn-bm°n. \n-bm≥-
U¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-s‚ ap-Xp-In-s‚ hn-cn-hv hn-i-Zo-I-
cn-°m≥ a-s‰m-cp \-c-hw-iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ ]-d-™
IY ssI-bn-s‚ ap-Iƒ`m-K-sØ-t∏m-tgm ]‰n-b H-Sn-
hv i-cn-°p kp-J-am-Im-ØXpsIm-≠p≠mb sshI-
ey-amhmw A-sX-∂m-Wv (BZn-aa-\p-jy¿ F-
s∂m∂n-s√-∂p ÿm-]n-°m≥ F-{X hn-Nn-{Xam-b
\ym-bo-I-c-W-ßƒ \n-c-Øm\pw A-h¿-°p a-Sn-
bn√mbn-cp-∂p. Uq-t_mbvkv kp-am-{X-bn-te-°p bm-
{X Xn-cn°pw-ap-ºv s]-cn-Kyq-Iv-kn¬\n-∂p I-s≠-
Øn-b A-ÿn-Iq-Sw F-kvIn-tambp-tS-Xm-sW-∂v A-
h¿ Xo¿-∏p Iev-]n®p. ]-≠p-Ime-sØ H-cp F-
kvIntam {^m≥-kn-s‚ sX-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ `mK-
Øv F-¥p sN-øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p F∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-
\v D-Ø-c-ap-≠m-b-Xp-an√. b-Ym¿-Y-Øne-Xv B-Zy-Im-
e t{Imam-·-Wm-bn-cp-∂p.) C-Xm-Wv Uyq-t_m-bvkv
B-Zn-aa-\p-jy-s‚ F√p tX-Sn bm-{X ]p-d-s∏´-Xn-
s‚ ]-›m-Ø-ew. A-ÿn I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ip-gn-sb-
Sp°m-s\m∂pw At±lw sa-\-s°-ń√,6 U-®v A-[n-
Ir-X¿ hn´p-sIm-Sp-Ø Aº-Xp XShp]p≈n-I-fmWv
B ]-Wn sN-bv-XXv. H-cp h¿-jw kp-am-{X-bn¬ D-¬-
J\-\w -\S-Øn-b Ah¿ ]n-s∂ Pm-h-bn-te-°p I-
S∂p. A-hn-sS 1891˛¬ Uyqt_mbvkv˛˛A-s√-¶n¬
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ kw-Lmw-Kßƒ˛˛Imc-Ww D¬-J-
\-\-ta-J-eIfn¬ A-t±lw t\-cn´p-t]m-Ip∂-Xv A-
]q¿-h-am-bn-cp∂p˛˛B-Zn-aa-\p-jy-s‚ X-e-tbm-Sn-s‚
`m-Kw I-s≠Øn. {Sn-\n¬ X-e-tbm-Sv F-∂mW-Xv
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. X-e-tbm-ń-bp-sS H-cp `m-Kw am-
{X-ta D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p-sh-¶nepw A-Xn-s‚-bp-S-a-bv-
°v a-\p-jy-t‚-X√m-Ø Nn-e k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠m-
bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬ Bƒ-°p-c-ßn-t‚-Xn-s\-°mƒ
F{Xtbm h-ep-Xm-Wv B X-e-t®msd-∂p-ap-d-∏m-bn-
cp∂p. Uyq-t_m-bvkv A-Xn-s\ B-t{¥m-∏n-tY°-
kv C-dŒkv F-∂p hn-fn®p (km-t¶Xn-IIm-c-W-ß-
fm¬ ]n-∂oS-Xv ]n-tY-Im-t{¥m]-kv C-d-Œkv F-
∂p am-‰n). hm-en√m-°p-c-ßn-\pw a-\p-jy-\p-an-S-bn-
se \-„am-b I-Æn-bm-Wn-sX-∂v A-t±-lw {]-Jym-
]n®p. Pm-hm a-\p-jy≥ F-∂ t]-cn¬ {]-i-kv-X-am-
bn AXv. b-Ym¿-Y-ØneXv tlm-tam C-dŒ-kv B-bn-
cp-s∂-∂v C-∂p \ap-°-dn-bmw.
A-Sp-Ø h¿jw Uyq-t_m-bv-kn-s‚ sXm-gn-em-fn-
Iƒ tI-Sp]m-sSm-∂pan√m-Ø H-cp Xp-S-sb√p I-
s≠Øn. I-≠m¬ B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-t‚-sX∂p
tXm-∂p-∂ Xp-S-sb√v. b-Ym¿-Y-Øne-Xv Pm-hm a-\p-
jy-t‚-X√m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-t‚-Xp-
X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂pw ]-e-cpw I-cp-Xp-∂p-ap-≠v.7
tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn-t‚-XpX-s∂bm-bn-cp∂p A-sX-
¶n¬ A-Xn-\pap-ºp I≠hbn¬\n-s∂√mw hy-Xy-
kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂p ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw.8
GXmbmepw B Xp-S-sb√p-h-®v Uyq-t_m-bv-kv H-
cp \n-K-a-\-Øn-seØn˛˛]n-tYIm-t{¥m-]-kv \n-h¿-
∂m-Wp \-S-∂n-cp-∂Xv. A-Xp i-cn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. X-
etbm-Sn-s‚ H-cp I-j-Whpw H-cp ]√pw am{Xwh-
®v A-t±-lw X-e-tbm-ń-s‚ ]q¿-W am-Xr-I-bp-≠m-
°n,9 A-km-[yamhn-[w H-Øp-h∂p, A-Xpw.
hn-P-b-{io-em-fn-X-\m-bn, h-º≥ h-c-th¬-]p {]-

Xo-£n-®v, 1895˛¬ Uyqt_m-bv-kv bq-tdm-∏n-te-°p
a-Sßn. ]-t£, t\-tc Xn-cn-®m-bn-cp-∂p A\p`hw.
Uyq-t_m-bv-kn-s‚ I-s≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw A-t±-lw A-
X-h-X-cn-∏n-® Al¥ kv-^p-cn-°p-∂ co-Xnbpw an-
° im-kv-{X-⁄¿°pw C-„-s∏-ń√. A-t±-lw sIm-
≠p-h-∂ X-e-tbm-ń-°j-Ww Kn-∫-Wn-s\-t∏m-se
GtXm Bƒ--°p-c-ßn-s‚-bm-sW∂pw BZn-aa-\p-
jy-s‚-b-s√∂pw A-h¿ hm-Zn®p. X-s‚ Is≠-Ø-
en-\ev]w B-[n-Im-cn-I-X In-ń-t°m-s´ F-∂p-h-®v
1897˛¬ Uyqt_m-bv-kv kv-Sm-hv-kv-_¿-Kv k¿-h-I-em-
im-e-bn-se {]-ikv-X i-co-c -im-kv-{X-⁄≥ Kp-
kv-Xm-hv jzm¬-t_-sb X-e-tbm-ń-s‚ hm¿-∏p-am-Xr-
Ibp≠m-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn®p. jzm¬-t_ A-Xp-h-®v
H-cp sN-dp-{]-_-‘-ap-≠m°n.10 Uyq-t_mbv-kn-\p
In-´m-Ø {i-≤ jzm¬-t_°p Inń. ]n∂o-sSm-cp
{]kwK ]-c-ºcbp-am-bn-dßn-b jzm¬-t_, Cu X-
e-tbm-Sp Ip-gn-s®-SpØ-Xv At±lam-sW-∂-a-ń¬ ]-
e-bn-SØpw sIm-≠m-S-s∏´p. \n-cm-i\m-b Uyq-t_m-
bvkv Bwkv-‰¿Umw k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ Pn-tbmf-
Pn s{]m-^-k-dp-sS tPmen kzo-I-cn®v H-Xp-ßn-°-
gn™p. A-aq-eyam-b B X-e-tbm-ń ]cn-tim-[n-
°m≥ ]n∂o-Sm-sc-bp-a-t±-lw A-\p-h-Zn-®p-an√.
1940˛¬ Uyq-t_m-bv-kv a-cn®-Xv \ncmi\m-sbm-cp a-
\p-jy-\m-bm-Wv.
A-Xn-\n-sS 1924˛s‚ A-h-km\w tem-I-Øn-s‚ a-

t‰ `mKØv Hm-kv-t{S-enbbn¬ P-\n-®v sPm-l-∂m-kv-
_¿-Kn-se hn-‰vhm-´¿-kv-‰m≥-Uv k¿-h-I-em-im-eb-
n¬ A-\m´-an hn-`m-Kw X-e-h-\m-bn tPmen-t\m-°p-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂ sd-bva≠v Um¿-ń-s‚-b-SpØv I-e-lm-
cn a-cp-`q-an-bn-se tSmMv F∂ s]m-Sn]n-Sn-®
{]tZiØp\n-∂p- In-ń-b H-cp Ip-ń-bp-sS X-e-tbm-
sS-Øn. sN-dp-sX-¶nepw G-d°p-sd ]q¿-W-am-b B
X-e-tbm-ńbpsS ap-J-Øn\pw Io-gv-Øm-Sn°pw
tISp]m-sSm-∂p-an√m-bn-cp∂p, X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ kzm-
`mhn-I hm¿-∏p-am-Xr-I-bpw (F≥tUm-Im-kv-‰v F-
∂m-W-Xn-\p ]-d-bp-I) A-Xn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Uyq-
t_m-bv-kns‚ Pm-hm a-\p-jy-s\-t∏m-se tlmtam
C-d-Œ-k√ tSm-Mv X-etbm-sS-∂v11 Um¿ń\v H-‰-t\m-
´-Øn¬Ø-s∂ a-\- n-embn. Ip-td-°q-Sn {]m-No-\-am-
b, Ip-td-°q-Sn Bƒ-°p-cßn-t\m-Sp tN¿-∂p \n¬-
°p-∂ Po-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂p AXv. 2 aney¨ h¿-j-
am-W-Xn-s‚ {]m-b-sa-∂v A-t±-lw \n-›-bn®p, A-
Xn-\v B-kv{X-tem]n-tY°-kv B-{^n-°m\-kv AY-
hm sX-t° B-{^n-°-bn-se Ip-c-ßp -a-\p-jy≥ F-
∂p t]-cn-Sp-IbpwsN-bvXp. tSm-ßnse Cu A-h-in-
„-ßƒ A-Xn-i-b-I-camwh-Æw a-\p-jy-\p k-am-\-
am-sW-∂pw AØ-cw Ip-c-ßpa\p-jy-sc Dƒ-s°m-
≈n-°m≥ tlmtam kn-an-bm-tU F-∂ ]pXn-sbm-cp
IpSpw_w kr-„n-°-W-sa-∂pw t\-®-dn-se-gpXn-b dn-
t∏m¿-ń¬ Um¿-´v A-`n {]m-b-s∏´p.
Uyq-t_m-bv-kn-\p In-´m-Ø ku-a-\ky-sam∂pw
Um¿-ń\pw In-ń-bn√. Um¿-ń-s‚ kn-≤m-¥-w A-h¿-
°n-„-s∏-ń√, hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ Um¿-ń-s\Øs∂
A-h¿-°n-„-a√m-bn-cp-∂p. H-∂ma-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂
hn-Z-Kv-[-scsbm∂pw hn-fn-°m-sX kz-¥w-\n-e-bv-°m-
Wv A-t±-lw ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \S-Øn-bXv. {Ko°v,
em-‰n≥ aq-e-]-Z-ßƒ Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp-≠m°n-b B-
kv{S-tem]n-tY°-kv F-∂ t]-cpX-s∂ ]m-fin-Xy-
°p-d-hn-s‚ kq-N-\-bmWv. F√m‰n-\p-ap]-cn A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚ \n-Ka-\w A∂-sØ s]m-Xp-[m-cWbv-°v
FXncm-bn-cp-∂p. G-jy-bn¬ sh-®v 15 aney¨ h¿-
jw ap-ºm-Wv a-\p-jy\pw Ip-cßpw th¿-]n-c-n™-
sX-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A∂-sØ [mc-W. ]n-s∂ a-
\pjy≥ D-S-se-SpØ-Xv B-{^n-°-bn-em-sW-∂p ]-
d-™m¬ AXv \-Ω-sfms° \o-t{Km-I-fm-sW-∂p
k-Ω-Xn-°p-∂-Xn-\p Xp-ey-am-Wv. A-sXßs\ k-
ln°pw. C-∂-sØ K-th-j-I-cm-sc-¶nepw h-∂v an-
kq-dn-bn¬ {]mNo-\ a-\p-jy-s‚ A-h-in-„w I-s≠-
Øn-sb-∂p ]-d-™m¬ F-¥m-bn-cn°pw a-‰p-≈-h-cp-
sS k-ao]-\w? A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ A-dn-hp-am-bn tbm-
Pn-®pt]m-Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√, Um¿-ń-s‚ \n-K-a\w.
H-scm-‰-bm-fm-Wv Um¿-ń-\p ]n-¥p-W-bp-am-sb-Øn-
bXv˛˛kv-tIm-Sv-e≥Un¬ P-\n® tUm-Œdpw ]p-cm-Po-
hnhn-Z-Kv-[-\pamb tdm-_¿-´v {_qw. _p≤ni-‡nbpw
In-dp-°≥ co-Xn-Ifpw th≠p-thm-f-ap-≈-bm-fm-bn-cp-
∂p {_qw. Nq-Sp-≈-t∏mƒ \-·-\m-bn ô¬-Uv-h¿-°v
\-S-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p At±l-Øns‚ ioew.
an-°-t∏mgpw Nq-Sm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂Xp-sIm-≠v A-t±-
lw an°hmdpw \-·-\p-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]m-h-s∏´ tcm-
Kn-I-fp-sSta¬ hn-Nn-{Xamb icocim-kv-{X]-co-£-
W-ßƒ \-S-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p a-s‰m-cp ioew.
AXn\n-sS tcm-Kn a-cn-®m¬ (]-e-t∏m-gpa-Xp kw-`-hn-
°m-dp≠v) ho-ń-s‚ ]n∂mºpd-Øp tXm-´-Øn¬X-
s∂ a-d-hp sN-øpw.12 ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ-°m-bn
]n∂oSp ]p-d-sØ-Sp-°m-\p-≈ ku-I-cy-Øn-\m-bn-cp-
∂p AXv.
Ir-X-l-kv-X\m-sbm-cp ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-⁄-
\m-bn-cp-∂p {_qw. Xma-kn-°p∂-Xp Z-£n-Wm-{^n-
°-bn-em-bXp-sIm-≠v tSm-Mv X-e-tbm-ń t\-cn-´p ]cn-
tim-[n-°m\pw A-t±-l-Øn-\p ]-‰n. Um¿-´v ]-d-bp-
tºm-se kp-{]-[m-\am-W-sX-∂v A-t±-lw a-\- n-em-
°n, A-°mcyw hm-Zn-®p k-a¿-Yn-°m≥ Xo{h{i-awX-
s∂ \SØn, ^-e-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-s√-∂p am-{Xw.
F-∂m¬ tSm-Mv Ip-ń H-cp Bƒ-°p-c-ß√m-sX a-
s‰m-∂p-a√m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p ASpØ A-c
\q-‰m-≠p-Ime-sØ s]m-Xp-hn-⁄m-\w. an-° ]mT-
]p-kv-X-I-ß-fnepw A-Xp ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-´-tX-bn√.
A-©p-h¿-jw ]-Wn-s∏-´v Um¿-´v H-cp eLp {]_-
‘w X-øm-dm°n, ]-t£, {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ B-
sf-°n-ń-bn√.13 \ncmi\m-b Um¿-´v A-Xp {]-kn-≤o-
I-cn-t°-s≠-∂ph®p, ]-t£, t^m-kn¬ A-t\zj-
Ww A-h-km-\n-∏n-®n√. \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{X-Øn-se
A-aq-ey-\n-[n-bmbn I-cp-Xp∂ tSm-Mv X-e-tbm-ń Ip-
td-°m-ew H-cp k-l-{]-h¿-ØI-s‚ ta-i ∏p-dØv
t]-∏¿-sh-bn-‰m-bn I-gn™p.14
1924˛¬ Um¿´v Cu {]-Jym]-\w \-S-Øp-∂ k-

ab-Øv B-sI \m-epXcw {]mNo-\ slm-an-\n-UpI-
sf am-{X-ta A-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p≈p—tlm-tam
slbvU¬--_¿-P≥-knkv, tlmtam tdm-sU-ko≥-
knkv, \n-bm≥-U¿-Xm¬, ]ns∂ Uyq-t_m-bv-kn-s‚
Pm-hm a-\p-jy≥˛˛]-t£, A-sX√mw am-dn-a-dn-bm≥
t]mhp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
ssN-\-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p Xp-S°w. A-hn-sS {Um-K¨

t_m¨ ln¬ F∂ ÿ-e-Øv Xn-c-®n¬ \-S-Øp-
I-bm-bn-cp∂p, Im-\-U-bn¬\n-∂p-≈ tU-hn-Uv ªm-
°v. {]mNo-\ A-ÿn-Iƒ-°p tI-fn-tI-´ ÿ-e-am-bn-
cp-∂p AXv. ]t£, Inń-b A-ÿn-Iƒ ]T-\-Øn-
\mbn kq-£n-®p-hbv-°p-∂-Xn-\p]I-cw s]mSn®p a-
cp-∂p-≠m-°p-I-bm-Wv ssN-\-°m¿ sN-ømdv. A-aq-
eyam-b F-{X tlmtam C-dŒ-kv A-ÿn-Iƒ Aß-
s\ _o-®mw ]u-U-dn-s‚ ssN-\o-kv ]-Xn-∏n-eqsS
B-fp-Iƒ A-I-Øm-°n-sb-∂-m¿-°-dn-bmw. ªm-°v
F-Øp-tºm-tg°pw B {]-tZ-iw G-d-°p-sd A-\m-
hr-X-am-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. ªm-°n-\v A-hn-sS\n∂p
In-ńb-Xv H-c-W-∏√m-Wv. A-Xpam{Xwh-®v A-t±-lw
km-l-kn-Iam-sbm-cp {]-Jym]-\w \-SØn—ssk-
\m-t{¥m∏-kv ]o-°n-s\≥-kn-kv F-∂ kv-]ojokv
I-s≠-Øn-°-gn-™p F∂v.15 ]o-°n-Mv a-\p-jy≥ F-
∂mW-Xv Adnbs∏-´-Xv.
ªm-°n-s‚ A-`y¿-Y-\-b-\p-k-cn-®v Iq-Sp-X¬ D-¬-

J-\-\-ßƒ \-S∂p, thsdbpw [m-cm-fw A-ÿn-Iƒ
In-´p-IbpwsN-bv-Xp. ]-t£, 1941˛¬ P∏m≥ t]ƒ-
lm¿-_¿ B-{I-an-®-Xn-s‚ ]n-t‰-∂v A-sX√mw \-„-
am-bn. Cu AÿnI-fp-sa-Sp-Øv c-£-s∏-Sm≥ {i-an-
® A-ta-cn-°≥ ssk-\nI-sc P-∏m≥-Im¿ ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn
X-S-¶-en-en´p. ]n-Sn-s®-SpØ Iq-S-bn-ep≈-Xv shdpw
F√n≥I-jWß-fm-sW-∂p a-\- n-em-b-t∏mƒ P-
∏m≥ ssk-\n-I¿ AXp h-gn-b-cn-In-ept]-£n-
®pt]m-hp-IbpwsN-bvXp. A-Xn-\p-ti-jw B-cp-a-h
I-≠n-ń√.
G-Xm≠-tX k-a-b-Øm-Wv Uyq-t_m-bv-kn-s‚ X-

´-I-am-bn-cp-∂ Pm-hbn¬ ]pXn-sbm-cp I-s≠-Ø-ep-
≠m-bXv. dm¬-^v thm¨ Io-Mv-kzmƒ-Uns‚ t\-Xr-
Xz-Øn-ep-≈ ]-cy-th-£-I¿ A-hn-sS\n-∂v H-cpIq-
´w {]mNo-\ a\pjycp-sS A-ÿn-Iƒ I-s≠-Øn.
Mm≥-tUm-ßnse tkmtfm \-Zn-°-c-bn¬\n∂p I-
s≠-Øn-bXp-sIm-≠v tkmtfm a-\p-jy-sc-∂m-W-
h¿ A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv. ]cy-th-£-WX-{¥-Øn¬ sNdn-
sbm-cp ]m-fn-® ]-‰n-bn√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-¬ Io-Mvkzmƒ-
Un-s‚ I-s≠-Ø¬ Ip-td-°q-Sn D-÷z-e-am-hp-ambn-
cp-∂p. {]mNo\ a-\p-jy-s‚ F√p Is≠-Øn \¬-
Ip-∂ ZuXyw A-t±-lw A-∂m-´p-Im-sc-bm-Wv Gev-
]n-®-Xv. Hmtcm Ij-Ww F√n\pw ]-Øp sk‚p-
h-®p \¬-Ipsa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p hm-Kv-Zm-\w. tI-Sp-Iq-Sm-
sX Inń-b hen-b F√p-Iƒ ]-Ww Iq-Sp-X¬ In-
´m≥th-≠n s]m-ń-®p \p-dp-°n-bm-Wv \m-´p-Im¿
sIm-≠p-h-∂Xv.16
hcpwh¿-j-ß-fn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ A-ÿn-Iƒ I-s≠-
Sp-°p-Ibpw Xn-cn-®-dnbp-Ibpw sN-bv-X-tXm-sS H-t´-
sd ]pXn-b t]-cp-Ifpw {]-Xy-£-s∏´p˛˛tlmtam
Hm-dn-·msk≥kn-kv, B-kv{X-tem]n-tY°-kv {Sm≥-
kzm-se≥-knkv, ]-cm-t{¥m]-kv {Im-kn-sU≥kv,
kn≥-Pm-t{¥m]-kv t_m-bv-ko A-ß-s\bßs\.
C-Xn¬ an-°-hm-dp-sa√mw ]pXn-b Po-\-knepw kv-
]o-jo-knepws]´Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tlm-
an-\n-Uv C-\-ß-fp-sS F-Æw 1950-I-fm-bt∏m-tg-°v
\q-dn-te-sd-bm-bn. {]m-No-\-\-chw-i im-kv-{X-⁄¿
]cn-tim-[n®p hn-e-bn-cp-Øn th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-
Ibpw ]-e-Xn-s\-s®m√n-bpw X¿-°-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sN-bv-X-tXm-sS Hmtcm hn-`m-K-Øn\pw hy-
Xy-kv-X t]-cp-I-fp-ap≠mbn. tkmtfm a-\p-jy-¿X-
s∂ tlmtam tkm-sf≥-knkv, tltam ss{]anPo-
\n-bkv Gjym-‰n-Iv-kv, tlmtam \nbm-≠¿Xm-
se≥knkv tkmsf≥knkv, tlmtam km]n-sb≥-
kv tkm-sf≥-knkv, tlmtam C-dŒ-kv C-dŒ-kv
F∂nß-s\ ]-e t]-cp-I-fn-e-dn-b∏-´v H-Sp-hn¬
shdpw tlmtam C-dŒ-kv Bbn.17
C-°m-cyØn-sem-cp {I-ahpw hy-h-ÿ-bp-ap-≠m-I-

s´-sb-∂p I-cp-Xn jn°mtKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-
se F-^v. ¢m¿-°v 1960˛¬ ]pXn-sbm-cp kwhn[m-
\-am-hn-jv-I-cn®p. I-gn-™ Z-i-I-Øn¬ G¨-Ãv sa-
bdpw a-‰pw apt∂m´ph-® \n¿-tZ-i-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-
®p≈ B hy-h-ÿ-{]-Im-cw Po-\-kp-I-fp-sS F-Æw
c-≠m-bn Ip-d®p18˛˛B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-°kpw tlm-
tam-bpw˛˛kv-]ojo-kp-I-fp-sS F-Æhpw H-s∂m-Xp-
°n-sb-Sp-Øp. Pm-hm a-\p-jy\pw ]o-°nMv a-\p-
jy\pw tlmtam C-dŒ-kv Bbn. Aß-s\ tlm-an-
\n-Up-I-fp-sS H-cp {I-aw \n-e-hn¬ h-∂p, ]-t£, A-
Xv A-[n-Iw Im-ew \o-≠p-\n-∂n√.
sNdn-sbm-cp im-¥-X-bv-°pti-jw A-Xn-th-Kw H-

t´-sd I-s≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ h∂p, A-Xn-t∏mgpw Xp-S-cp-
I-bp-am-Wv. 1960I-fn¬ tlm-tam lm-_nenkv h-∂p.
Ip-c-ß\pw a-\p-jy-\p-an-S-bn-se In-´m-sX In-S-∂ I-
Æn A-Xm-sW∂v Nn-e¿ I-cpXn. F-∂m¬ A-sXm-
cp {]-tXy-I kv-]o-jo-tk A-s√-∂v a-‰p ]-ecpw hm-
Zn®p. A-Xn-\p ]n-∂m-se ]-e-cpw h∂p˛˛tlmtam
F¿-Kmkv-s‰¿, tlmtam eq-bn-…o-t°bn, tlmtam
dp-tUmƒ-s^-≥-knkv, tlmtam ssa-t{Im-{Im-\kv,
tlmtam B-s‚-sk- ¿ ]n-s∂ B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-
°kn-s‚ ]-e Pm-XnIƒ˛˛F. B-^m-sc≥-knkv,
F. {]m-sP≥kv, F. dmanUkv,
F. hm¬-s°cn, F. A-\m-sa≥-kn-kv F-∂n-ß-
s\. G-Xm-≠v C-cp-]-Xn-\w tlm-an-\nUpI-fp-s≠-
∂m-Wv C-t∏mg-sØ [mc-W. ]t£, Cu C-cp]-
Xv G-sXm-s°-bm-sW-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ Hmtcm hn-Z-Kv-
[\pw ]-d-bp-I hy-Xy-kvXt]-cp-I-fmbn-cn-°pw.
l-h¬ 1960I-fn¬ ap-t∂m-´p-h-® co-Xn ]-e-cpw

kzo-I-cn®p. F-∂m¬ Nn-e¿ B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-°-
kn-\n¬ Nn-e-Xn-s\ ]mc-t{¥m∏-kv F∂
{]tXyIw Po-\- n-te°p Xn-cn®p. Nn-e¿ B¿-Un-]n-
tY°-kv F-∂ ]-gsbm-cp h¿-Ko-Ic-Ww ]ns∂bpw
Xp-S¿∂p. Nn-e¿ {]o-P≥-kn-s\ B-kv{Xtem-]n-tY-
°-kn¬ s]-SpØn, Nn-e-c-Xn-s\ tlmtam B‚n-Iyq-
kn¬-s∏-SpØn. ]t£, an-°-hcpw A-Xn-s\ {]-tXy-
I kv-]o-jo-km-bn-t∏mepw IW°m-°p-∂n√. CØ-
cw Im-cy-ß-fn¬ A-¥n-a-hn-[n Iev-]n-°m≥ B-cp-
an√. H-cp t]-cv kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv k-a-hm-b-Øn-
s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv; Xo-sc C√m-ØXpw A-
XpX-s∂.
Cu {]-iv-\-Øn-\p hen-sbmc-f-thm-fw Imc-Ww

sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS A-]cym-]v-X-X-bm-sW-∂-Xm-Wv h-
enb ssh-cp-[yw. F{Xtbm Im-e-ß-fm-bn
tImSm\p-tIm-Sn a-\p-jycpw a-\p-jy-sc-t∏m-ep-≈-
hcpw C-hn-sS Po-hn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-sb√mw sam-Øw
a-\p-jy-hw-i-Øn-\v Aev-]w P-\n-XIssh-hn[yw
{]Zm\w sN-øpw. Cu tIm-Sm\p-tIm-Sn a-\p-jy-sc-
∏-‰n ]Tn-°m≥ \-Ωp-sS ap-∂n-ep≈ sXfnthm G-
Xm-s≠m-c-øm-bn-cwt]-cp-sS A-ÿn-°-j-W-ßƒ
19
am{Xw, AXpw A-]q¿-W-am-b Ij-Wßƒ. Iq-
Sn-°-e-cp-∂-Xn¬ {]-iv-\an-s√-¶n¬ \n-ßƒ-°-h-
sb√mwIq-Sn H-cp ]n-Iv A-]v {S-°n¬ I-b-‰mw20
F∂mWv tlm-an-\o-Up-I-fp-sSbpw BZn-aa-\p-jy-
s‚-bpw tem-I-Øp≈ samØw A-ÿn-tiJcw
F{X hcpw F-∂p tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ \yq-tbm¿-°nse
A-ta-cn-°≥ ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn-bp-
sS Iyq-td-‰¿ C-bm≥ Sm-‰¿tkmƒ ]-d-™Xv.
F√m Im-eØpw F√m-bn-SØpw G-Xm-≠v H-tc

tXm-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu A-ÿn-Iƒ \n-t£-]n-°-
s∏-ń-cp∂-Xv F-¶n¬ sX-fn-hp-Iƒ C-{Xbpw ]-cn-
an-X-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√. F-∂m¬ AX√, ÿnXn.
\-sΩ i-cn-°p Ip-gbv°p-am-dv H-cp {I-a-hp-an√m-Xm-
W-h-bp-sS hn-X-cWw. Hcp {I-a-hp-an√m-sXbm-W-h
{]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]-Øp -e-£-tØm-fw h¿-j-
°mew Cu `qapJ-Øp I-gn-™-h-cm-Wv tlmtam
C-d-Œkv. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ A-‰v-em‚n-Iv Xo-cw ap-X¬
ssN-\-bp-sS im-¥-k-ap-{ZXo-cwh-sc A-h-bp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. ]t£, \-ap-°p e-`n-®n-´p-≈ tlmtam C-dŒ-
kv A-ÿn-Iq-Sßƒ ap-gp-h≥ Po-h≥h-®p h-∂m¬
kv-Iqƒ _kv \n-d-bm≥-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-hn√. tlmtam
lm_nen-kn-s‚ Imcyw A-Xnepw I-„-am-Wv. \-Ωp-
sS ssIh-iw B-sI-bp-≈-Xv c-≠v A-]q¿-W A-
ÿn-Iq-S-ßfpw ssI-bpsSbpw Im-en-s‚bpw Ip-td
F√n≥-I-j-W-ß-fpw. A-°-W-°n-\v \-sΩ-t∏m-se
C-Øn-cn- {]m-bw am-{Xap-s≈m-cp \m-K-cn-I-X-bv-°v
t^m-kn¬sX-fn-hp-Iƒt]m-ep-ap-≠m-hn√.
t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS ]-cn-an-Xn hy-‡-am-

°m≥ Sm-s‰¿tkmƒ Hcp IW-°p \n-cØn, 1.7 an-
ey¨ h¿-jw {]m-b-ap≈ tlm-an-\n-Uv X-e-tbm-
Sv tPm¿-Pn-b-bn¬\n-∂p In-ń-bn-´p-≠v. kv-s]-bn-
\n¬\n-∂v ]n-∂o-Sp In-ń-b-Xv ]-Øpe-£w h¿-j-
ßƒ-°pti-j-ap-≈ A-h-in-„-amWv, AXpw h≥-I-
cbp-sS a-t‰ tIm-Wn¬\n∂v. P¿-a-\n-bn¬\n∂p ]n-
∂o-Sp- Inńb tlmtam lo-U¬-_¿-P-\n-kv t^m-
kn¬ aq-∂p e-£w h¿-j-Øn-\pti-j-ap-≈-Xmbn-cp-
∂p. Im-gv-N-bn¬ aq∂pw X-Ωn¬ hy-Xym-k-ß-sfm-cp-
]m-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p Xm-\pw. Cß-s\ Nn-X-dn-°n-S-°p-
∂ A-h-in-„-ßƒ h-®p-th-Ww H-cp Po-hPm-Xn-bp-
sS N-cn{Xw Du-ln-s®-Sp-°m≥. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂
an-° {]mNo\ kv-]o-jo-kp-Ifpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-
ß-sf-∏-‰n-bpw A-h ]-cn-W-an®p \-Ωfn-se-Øn-b-Xn-
s‚ hnhn-[ L-´-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw \-ap-°v hen-b [mc-
W-sbm∂pan√. A-°q-´-Øn¬ ]-e-Xn-s\bpw {]-
tXy-I kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fm-bn ]-c-nKWnt°-≠
ImcywX-s∂-bn√.‹
t^m-kn¬tc-J-I-fpsS Cu Xp-S¿-®-bn√m-bva Im-

c-W-amWv Hmtcm Is≠-Ø-epw A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-
bn-tØm-∂p-∂Xpw A-Xn-\v a-‰p-≈-h-bp-ambn _-‘-
an-s√-∂p tXm-∂p-∂-Xpw. N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G-d-°p-sd
{I-a-am-bn hn-\ykn°-s∏-ń-´p-≈ ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-
°n-\v A-ÿn-Iq-S-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ H-∂n¬\n-
∂p a-s‰m-∂n-te-°p-≈ L-´w-L-´-am-bp-≈ am-‰w I-
≠-dnbp-I Ffp∏am-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXn-sbm-cp kvv-]o-jo-
kv s]m-Sp∂t\ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´-Xm-bn At∏mƒ tXm-
∂n√. N-cn-{X-Øn-se G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp L-´-sa-Sp-
Øv kq£va\n-co£-W-Øn-\p hn-t[-b-am-°n-bm¬
Po-hn-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ ssh-Pm-Xy-sØ°m-tfsd km-Zr-
iy-am-Wp Zr-iy-am-hp-I. A-h-km-\-Ime-sØ
tlmtam CdŒ-kn-s\ B-ZyIme tlm-tam tk-∏n-
b-\n¬\n-∂p th¿-Xn-cn-®-dnbp-I {]bmk-amWv. F-
∂√ G-d-°p-sd A-km-[yw-Xs∂bm-Wv. Imc-Ww,
A-h c≠pw G-d-°psd Hcp-t]m-se-bn-cn-°pw, F-
∂m¬ c-≠n¬\n-∂pw hy-Xy-kv-X-hp-ambn-cn-°pw. I-
≠p-Inń-b A-ÿn-°j-Ww B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY°-
kv t_m-bvtkbv kv{Xo-bp-tS-XmtWm AtXm tlm-
tam lm-_n-en-kv ]p-cp-j-t‚-XmtWm F∂p Xo-cp-
am-\n-°p-∂ Im-cy-Ønepw C-tX hn-j-a-ap-≠m-Ipw.
sX-fn-hp-Iƒ Ip-d-hm-Ip-tºmƒ im-kv-{X-⁄¿

A-ÿn-°-j-W-ßƒ°p k-ao]-Øp\n-∂p Inń-b a-
‰p h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS-b-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n-K-a-\-Ønse-
Øpw. ]-e-t∏m-gpw km-l-kn-Iamb Du-l-Øn-e-∏p-
d-sam-∂p-am-In√ AXvv. B-bp-[-\n¿-amW-sØ A-Xn-
\-Sp-Øp-\n-∂p Inń-b Po-hn-I-fp-am-bn _-‘s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ Xp-S-ßn-bm¬, A-e≥ hm-°-dpw ]m‰vv jn-]v-
am\pw ]d-™t]mse, B-Zy-Ime-sØ ]-Wn-bm-bp-
[-ß-f-[n-I-hp-ap-≠m-°nbXv am-\p-Ifm-sW-∂ \n-K-
a-\-Øn-se-tØ-≠n-h-cpw.21
A-ÿn-°-j-W-ß-fp-≠m°n-b B-i-b-°p-g-∏-
Øn-\v G-‰hpw \√ DZml-c-W-am-Wv tlmtam l-
_n-en-kn-t‚Xv. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ A-kw-_-‘-amWv
l-_n-en-kv F√p-Iƒ. In-ń-b-h {I-a-Øn-e-Sp-°n-h-
®m¬ \Ω-sf-Øp-∂ \n-Ka-\w l-_n-en-kn-s‚ B-
Wp-ßfpw s]-Æp-ßfpw hn-]co-X\n-c-°n¬ hn-]co-
XZn-i-I-fn-te-°m-Wv ]-cn-W-an-®-sX-∂m-Wv.22 ]p-cp-
j-∑m¿ Im-e{ItaW Ip-c-ßn¬\n∂p a-\pjy-\n-
te-°p \o-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, kv-{Xo-I-fn¬ a-\p-jy-kz-`m-
hw Ipd-™ph-∂v Iq-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Ip-c-ßn-s‚
kz-`m-hØn-te°p \o-ßn. l-_n-en-kn-s\ H-cp {]-
tXy-I hn-`m-K-am-bnØ-s∂ ]ecpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-
∂n√. th-sdsbhn-sSbpw sIm-≈n-°m-\m-hmØ
t^m-kn-ep-Iƒ X≈m-\p-≈ N-h-‰p-Ip-´-bm-W-sX-
∂v23 Sm-‰¿-tkmfpw k-l-{]-h¿-ØI≥ - sP{^n-
jzm¿Svkpw ]-d-bp∂p. C-\n A-Xn-s\-sbm-cp {]-tXy-
I kv-]o-jokmbn-Øs∂ ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-
h¿°pt]mepw A-Xv \-Ωp-sSb-tX Po-\- n¬s∏-Sp-
∂Xm-tWm, A-tXm th-sdm-cp D-]-im-J-bm-bn h-∂v
F-hn-sS-bp-sa-ØmsX t]m-bXmtWm F-∂ Im-cy-
Øn¬ tbm-Pn-°m-\m-bn-ń√.
A-h-km-\-ambn, F-∂m¬ F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]-cn-bm-bn

]-d-tb-≠ Im-cyw a\p-jy-a-\x-ÿn-Xn-°v C-Xn-
se√mw h-en-b ]-¶p-s≠-∂-Xm-Wv. G-Xp KthjI-
\m-bmepw I-s≠-Ø¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n°p-I X-s‚ {]-
i-kv-Xn h¿-[n-∏n-°p∂ co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw. "Rm≥
Ip-td A-ÿn-Iƒ I-s≠-Øn, ]-t£, henb Im-cy-
ap-≈-sXm-∂p-a√ A-Xv' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂ ]p-cm-Po-hn-
im-kv-{X-⁄¿ AXy-]q¿-h-am-bn-cn-°pw. "I-≠p-]n-Sn-
®-bm-fp-sS ap≥-[m-c-W-Iƒ ]n∂oSp In´p∂ sX-
fn-hp-I-fn-eq-sS F-{X-am{Xw i-cn-hbv-°-s∏-Sp-∂p F-
∂-Xm-Wv {i-t≤-bam-b Imcyw'24 "an- n-Mv en-¶v'‹F-
∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ tPm¨ doU¿ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-
°p∂p.
C-sX√mw Im-c-Ww X¿-°-ßƒ°pw hm-Z-{]-Xn-

hm-Z-ßƒ°pw km-[yX-tb-sd-bmWv. hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-
Z-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-⁄cp-
sSb-{X an-Sp-°¿ B-cp-ap-≠m-In√Xm-\pw.25 F√m
im-kv-{X-im-J-I-fp-saSp-Øm¬ G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw A-l-
¥ \nd-™p \n¬-°p∂-Xv ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv{Xam-bn-
cn-°p-w F-∂m-Wv A-Sp-Ø-bn-sS-bn-dßn-b "Pm-hm a-
\p-jy≥' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ c-N-bn-Xm-°ƒ ]-
d-bp-∂Xv. B ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚ H-t´sd t]-Pp-Iƒ
\o-°n-h-®n-´p≈-Xv Nn-e ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-
sS ]-cn-an-XnIsf \n¿Z-bw B-{I-an-°m-\m-sW∂-Xp
th-sd -Im-cyw. te-J-I-cp-sS k-l-{]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-
cp∂ sUm-Wmƒ-Uv tPm¨-kWpw Dƒ-s∏Spw B-
{I-a-W-hn-t[b-cp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬.
A-t∏mƒ, F-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw B-sc-¶nepw F-Xn¿-

∏p- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°m-Ø, a\pjy-s‚ k¿-h-k-Ω-X-amb
B-Zn-aN-cn{Xw C-s√-∂pX-s∂ ]-d-bmw. X¿-°ß-
sf√mw am-‰n-h-®v, \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ hn-h-c-ßƒ h-
®p ]-d-™m¬, \-Ωfm-sc∂pw F-hn-sS\n-∂p h-
s∂∂pw G-Xm-≠nß-s\ Np-cp-°n-∏-d-bmw.
Po-hn-I-sf-∂ \n-e-bn¬ \-Ωp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚

99.99999 i-X-am-\-°meØpw \-Ωp-sSbpw Nn-ºm≥-
kn-I-fp-sS-bpw ap≥-Km-an-I-fp-sS N-cn-{Xw H∂pX-s∂-
bmWv.26 Nn-ºm≥-kn-I-fp-sS ]q¿-hN-cn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-
®p \-ap-s°m-∂pa-dn-bn√. ]t£, A-h-cp-sS N-cn-{X-
sa¥mtWm A-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv \-ΩptSXv. ]n-s∂
G-Xm-≠v 7 aney¨ h¿-j-ßƒ-°pap-ºv hen-sbm-cp
kw-`-hap-≠mbn, B-{^n-°-bn-se Im-Sp-I-fn¬ ]pXn-
sbm-cp Po-h-Pm-Xn-bp-¤-hn®p. A-h Xp-d-∂ ]p¬-
ssa-Xm-\n-bn¬ k-©-cn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn.
A-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn-\pIƒ, ]n-

s∂-sbm-cp A-º-Xp e-£w h¿-j-°m-ew tlm-an-
\n-Up-I-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬ {]-_-e¿ A-h-cm-bncp-∂p
(sX-°v F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈ em-‰n≥hm-°n¬ \n-∂p
h∂Xm-Wv B-kv{Xtem. Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bp-am-bn A-
Xn-\p _-‘-sam-∂p-an√). ]-eX-c-Øn-ep-≠v
Bkv{Xtem-]n-tY-kn-\p-Iƒ. sd-bva-≠v Um¿-ń-s‚
tSmMv Ip-ńt]mse Ir-i-Km{Xcm-b Nn-e¿. sa-en-
™n-´m-bmepw X-Sn-®n-´m-bmepw \n-h¿-∂m-W-h¿
\S∂n-cp-∂-Xv. C-Xn¬ Nn-e Po-h-Pm-Xn-Iƒ G-Xm-
s≠m-cp ]-Øp e-£w h¿jw \n-e-\n∂p, a-‰p Nne-
Xv G-Xm\pw e-£w h¿jw. ]-t£, H-cp Imcy-
tam¿°Ww Cu `q-an-bn¬ hen-b hn-P-b-am-Im-
sXt]m-b Po-h-Pm-Xn-Iƒ°pt]mepw \-Ωƒ-°p-≈-
Xn-ep-sa{Xtbm hen-b N-cn{Xw A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm\p-
≠v.
temI-sØ G-‰hpw {]-i-kv-Xamb tlm-an-\n-Uv

A-h-in-„w 3.18 aney¨ h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap-≈ B-
kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn≥ A-ÿn-bmWv. sUmWmƒ-Uv
sPm-lm≥k-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ K-th-j-I¿ F-
tXym]ybn-se l-Zm-dn¬-\n∂v 1974˛em-Wn-Xp I-
s≠-Sp-Ø-Xv. F.F¬ 288˛1 (A^m¿ sem-°m-en-
‰n-bp-sS Np-cp-°-am-Wv F.F¬.) F-∂m-Wv B-Zy-
a-Xn-\p t]-cn-´sX-¶nepw eqkn F-∂ t]-cn-emW-
Xv {]-i-kv-X-am-b-Xv. "eq-kn C≥ Z kvssI hn-Øv
U-b-a-≠v-kv'‹F-∂ {]-i-kv-X-am-b _o-‰n¬ Km-\-
Øn¬\n-∂m-Wo t]-cn-s‚ DZv`hw. eq-kn-bp-sS {]m-
[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn-®v sPm-lm≥k-Wp kwibta-
bn√m-bn-cp∂p. "A-h-fm-Wp \-Ωp-sS G-‰hpw ap-Xn¿-
∂ ap≥-Kman, a-\pjy\pw Ip-c-ßn-\pan-S-bv-°p-≈ \-
„-s∏-´ IÆn.'27 A-t±-lw ]-d™p.
eq-kn sN-dp-Xm-bn-cp∂p, Db-cw aq-∂-cb-Sn am-

{Xw. A-hƒ \-S-°p-ambn-cp∂p, ]-t£, A-sX-ß-
s\-sb-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ X¿-°-ap≠v. \-∂m-bn acw-
I-b-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p eq-kn. th-sd Im-cy-ßƒ Gsd-
sbm-∂p-a-dn-bn√. eqknbp-sS X-e-tbm-Sn-s‚ an-°
`m-Khpw \-ap-°p In-ń-bn-ń√. AXp-sIm-≠p X-s∂
X-e-t®m-dn-s\∏-‰n Ir-Xyam-sbm-cq-l-an√. F-¶nepw
Inń-b X-e-tbmń≥I-j-W-ßƒh-®v ]-d-bm-hp∂-Xv
X-e-t®m-dn-\v hen-b h-en-∏-an-s√-∂-mWv. eq-kn-bp-
sS A-ÿn-Iq-Sw 40 i-X-am-\w ]q¿-W-am-bn-cp-s∂-
∂m-Wv Nn-e ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv, ]mXn-tbm-
fw ]q¿-W-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv a‰p Nn-e ]pkvX-I-
ß-fn¬. A-ta-cn-°≥ ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nz-d¬
ln-Ã-dn ]p-d-Øn-d°nb ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ ]-d-bp∂-
Xv A-Xv aq-∂n¬ c-≠p ]q¿-Wam-bn-cp-s∂-∂mWv.
"F-bv-]v am≥' F-∂ _n._n.kn. tUm-Iyp-sa‚-dn-
bn¬ ]d-bp∂-Xv A-sXmcp ]q¿-W A-ÿn-Iq-S-am-
sW-∂mWv, ]-t£, A-Xn¬ Im-Wn-® A-ÿn-Iq-Sw
]q¿-W-sam-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
a-\p-jyi-co-c-Øn¬ 206 A-ÿn-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. C-

Xn¬ Nn-e-sX√mw B-h¿-Ø-\-am-sW-∂p ]-d-bmw.
D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v C-S-tØ Xp-S-sb√p Inńbm¬
he-tØ Xp-S-sb√p In-ń-bn-s√-¶nepw A-Xn-s‚ cq-
]w a-\- n-em-°mw. Cß-s\ B-h-iy-an√m-Ø A-
ÿn-I-sfm-gn-hm-°n-bm¬ 120 A-ÿn-I-fp-≠mIpw,
A-Xn-s\ A¿-[ A-ÿn-Iq-Sw F-∂p ]-d-bpw. A-
°-W-°n-\p t\m-°n-bm¬ eq-kn A¿-[ A-ÿn-Iq-
S-Øn-s‚ 28 i-X-am\-ta h-cq (ap-gp-h≥ A-ÿnIq-S-
Øn-s‚ 20 i-X-am\w).
eq-kn-bp-sS A-ÿn-Iq-Sw 40 i-X-am-\w ]q¿-W-

am-sW-∂ I-W-°n-seØnb-Xv F-ß-s\-bm-sW-∂v
sPm-lm≥-k-tWm-Sp tNm-Zn-® Imcyw "hn-kvUw Hm-
^v t_m¨-kv'‹F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ A-e≥ hm-
°¿ hn-h-cn-®n-´p≠v. ssI-bn-s‚bpw Im-en-s‚-bpw
106 F√v Ip-d-®n-´m-Wp Xm≥ I-W-s°-SpØXv F-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p sPm-lm≥k-s‚ a-dp-]Sn;28 A-Xmb-Xv
]-Ip-Xn F√p-Iƒ Ipd-®n´v. B Ip-d-®-Xm-I-s´ {]-
[m-\-s∏-´ ]-Ip-Xn-bm-Wp-Xm-\pw. Im-cWw, B ssI-
bpw Im-epwsIm-≠m-Wv eqkn am-dp∂ temI-sØ
t\-cn-´Xv. GXmbm-epw s]m-Xp-th I-cp-Xp∂-{X Im-
cy-ß-sfm∂pw eq-kn-sb∏-‰n A-dn-bn√ F-∂-Xm-Wv
bm-Ym¿-Yyw. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v eq-kn s]-Æm-
sW∂p-t]mepw D-d-∏n√. h-en∏-w Ip-d-hm-bXp-sIm-
≠v kv-{Xo-bm-sW-∂p I-cp-Xps∂-t∂-bp≈q.
eq-kn-sb I-s≠-Øn c-≠p h¿-jw I-gn-™-

t∏mƒ Sm≥-km-\n-b-bn-se eotØm-fn-bn¬\n-∂v ta-
cn eo°n c-≠p-t]-cp-sS Im¬-∏mSpIƒ I-s≠Øn.
H-tc Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬-s∏-´ tlm-an-\n-Up-I-fp-tS-XmWv
B Im¬-∏m-Sp-I-sf∂mbn-cp-∂p \n-K-a\w. A-·n-
]¿-h-X kv-t^m-S-\-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂p-≈ Ip-gºpt]m-
ep≈ Nm-c-Øn-eq-sS c-≠v B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn-\p-
Iƒ \-S∂p, ]ns∂bm Nm-c-°pg-ºv Dd-®p I-ń-
bm-b-t∏mƒ A-h-cp-sS Im¬-∏m-Sp-Ifpw ÿn-c-ambp-
d®p. G-Xm-≠v 23 ao-‰¿ Zq-c-tØmfw sX-fn-™p \n-
∂n-cp∂p, B Im¬-∏m-Z-ßƒ.
\yq-tbm¿-°n-se A-ta-cn-°≥ \m-Nz-d¬ ln-kv‰-

dn ayq-kn-b-Øn¬ {]mNo-\ N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚ Zr-iym-hn-
jv-I-c-W-ß-f-S-ßn-b U-tbm-c-a-bp≠v. {]mNo-\ B-
{^n-°-bn-se sh-fn-{º-tZ-i-Øp-Iq-Sn \-S∂p-t]m-Ip-
∂ H-cp kv{Xo-bp-sSbpw ]p-cp-j-s‚bpw ]q¿-WIm-
bcq-]-hp-ap-≠v A-°q-´-Øn¬. Nn-ºm≥-kn-I-sf-t∏m-
se ta-em-kI-ew tcm-am-hr-X-cm-Wv C-cp-hcpw. F-
∂m¬ A-h-cp-sS \-S-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw F-Sp-∏n-s‚bp-
sam-s° co-Xn a-\p-jy-cp-tS-XmWv. ssI Np-a-en-en-
´v s]-Æn-s\ kv-t\-l-tØm-sS tN¿-Øp]n-Sn-®m-Wv
B-Wv \-S-°p-∂Xv. C-cp-hcpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ D-‰ _-
‘w B \-S-∏n¬ sX-fn-bp-∂p.
Xn-I®pw B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bm-Wm \n-›-eZriy-

sam-cp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. c-≠p Im¬-∏m-Sp-I-ƒ-°p ap-
I-fn-ep-≈-sX√mw `mh-\mkr-„n-bm-sW-∂v AXp
I-≠m¬ tXm-∂p-I-tb-bn√. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn-e-h-bp-sS
]p-dw-]q-s®√mw˛˛tcm-aØn-s‚ A-f-hv, ap-J-Øn-s‚
B-IrXn (aq-°n-\p kmayw a-\pjy-t\mSmtWm Nn-
ºm≥kn-tbmSmtWm), ap-J-`mhw, sXm-en-bp-sS
\ndw, kv-{Xo-bp-sS kvX\ß-fp-sS h-en-∏hpw B-Ir-
Xn-bpw F√mw˛˛Du-ln-®p-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. Ah¿ C-
W-I-fm-sW∂p-t]mepw D-d-∏n√, kv-{Xo-sb-∂p I-cp-
Xnb-Xv Nn-e-t∏mƒ Ip-™m-bn-cn-°pw. F-¥n-\v A-
h B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn-\p-I-ƒX-s∂-bmtWm F-
∂pt]m-epw Xo¿-®-bn√. th-sd-bm-cp-am-Im-\n-S-bn√m-
ØXp-sIm-≠v B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn-\p-I-fm-sW-
∂p-d-∏n-s®-t∂-bp≈q.
A-h-sb-bnß-s\ tXm-tfm-SptXmƒ tN¿-Øp\n¿-

Ønb-Xv \n¿-am-W-L´-Øn¬ kv-{Xocq-]w a-dn-
™pho-WXp-sIm-≠m-sW-s∂m-cp I-Y tI-ń-cp∂p.
F-∂m¬ A-°-Y sX-‰m-sW-∂v C-bm≥ Sm-‰¿-tk-
mƒ Xo¿-Øp ]d™p. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ B-Wn-s‚
ssI s]-Æn-s‚ Np-aenemtWm F-∂-dn-bn-s√∂v
A-t±-lw k-Ω-Xn®p. F-∂m¬ A-h¿ sXm-´p-cp-Ωp-
am-d-I-e-Øn-emWp k©cn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v Im¬-∏m-
Sp-I-fp-sS A-f-hn¬\n-∂v D-d-∏n-°m≥ ]-‰pw. sh-
fn{º-tZ-i-Øp-Iq-Sn-bm-W-h¿ \-S-∂Xv, AXp-sIm-
≠pX-s∂ Fhn-sS\n-s∂¶nepw B-{I-a-W-ap-≠m-
tb-°m-sa-∂ ò-Xn A-h¿-°p-≠m-bn-°m-WWw.
apJ-Øv sNdn-sbm-cp ]-cn-{`m-¥n kr-„n®-Xv AXp-
sIm-≠mWv, A-t±-lw ]-d™p.
B \n-›-e-Zr-iyw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-se-Sp-Ø
kzm-X-{¥y-sØ-°p-dn®p tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ, ]-g-b kw-
`-h-ßƒ ]p-\xkr-„n-°p-tºmƒ Aß-s\ th≠nh-
cp-sa-∂v A-t±-lw k-Ω-Xn-®p. ]-t£, CØ-cw Im-
cy-ßƒ Xo-cp-am-\n°pwapºv F-{X-am{Xw N¿-®-Iƒ
\-S-°p-sa-∂-Xn-s\∏-‰n \n-ßƒ-s°m-cq-lhp-ap-≠m-
In√. \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-\v ]p-cn-I-ß-fp-≠m-
bn-cpt∂m C√tbm F-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ F-{X-am{Xw
N¿-® \-S-∂n-cp-s∂-∂-dnbp-tam? eo-tØm-fn cq-]w
]p-\xkr-„n-°p-tºmgpw AXp-t]m-se N¿-®-Iƒ \-
S∂p. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ Ah-sc Im-Wm-s\-ß-s\-bm-
bn-cp-s∂-∂v \-ap-°p-d-∏n-°m\mhn√. F-∂m¬ A-
h-bp-sS h-en-∏-hpw F-Sp∏p-sam-s° \-ap-°p I-W-
°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-°m-\m-Ipw, A-Xp-sh®vv A-h-bp-sS cq-
]w Du-ln-°m-\m-Ipw. eotØmfn cq-]w H-∂p-Iq-
Sn kr-„n-°-m≥ A-hk-cw e-`n-®m¬ Rm-\-hbpsS
a\p-jy-cq-]w Ip-d-®v Ip-td-°q-Sn Ip-c-ßns‚ cq-]w
\¬-In-tb-°pw. b-Ym¿Y-Øneh a-\p-jy-cm-bn-cp-
∂n√, c-≠p Im-en¬ \-S-°p-∂ Ip-c-ßp-I-fm-
bncp∂p.‹Sm‰¿-tkmƒ ]-d™p.
eq-kn-bn¬\n∂pw eo-tØm-fn Po-hn-I-fn¬\n-∂p-

am-Wv \-Ω-fp-≠mbXv F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-Sp-Ø-Im-
ewh-sc-bp-≈ \n-K-a\w. F-∂m¬ A-°m-cy-w Aß-
s\-bp-d-∏n-°m-\m-hn√ F-∂m-Wv C-∂p ]-e hn-Z-Kv-
[-cpw I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. Nn-e im-cocn-IL-S-Iß-ƒ˛˛D-Zm-
l-c-W-Øn-\v ]√v˛˛\-ap-°-h-cp-am-bn _-‘ap-s≠-
∂-Xn-\p kq-N-\-tb-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw a-‰p ]-e L-
S-I-ßfpw B-ib°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂p≠v. a-\p-jy-
s‚ Xp-S-sb√n-s‚ ap-Iƒ-`m-K-Øn\v Bkv{X-tem-]n-
tY-kn-\p-I-fp-sS Xp-S-sb√ns\-°mƒ kmayw Bƒ-
°p-c-ßp-I-fp-sS Xp-S-sb√p-I-fp-am-bm-sW∂v "F-Iv-
kv-‰n-Mv-‰v lyq-a≥kv'‹F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ Sm-‰¿-
tkmfpw jzm¿-Svkpw ]-d-bp∂p. A-t∏mƒ B-
[p\nI a-\p-jy-\pw Ip-c-ßn-\p-an-S-bn-se I-Æn-bm-
Wv eq-kn-sb-¶n¬ G-Xm-s≠mcp ]-Øpe-£w h¿-
j-°m-ew B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn-≥ Xp-S-sb√p-am-bn
\-S-∂ a-\p-jy≥ ]n-s∂ hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sp-Ø
L-´-Øn¬ ho≠pw Bƒ-°pc-ßn-t‚Xp-t]m-ep-≈
Xp-S-sb√p kzo-I-cn-®p F-∂p I-cp-tX-≠n-h-cpw.
eqkn \-Ωp-sS ]q¿-hn-I-b-s√-∂p am-{X-a√, \-S-Ø-
Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Ønepw A-{X sa-®-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂m-
Wv A-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]mbw. B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-
t‚Xpt]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ eq-kn-bp-sSbpw Iq-´-cp-
sSbpw k-©mcw.29 a-c-ßfn-√mØ {]-tZ-i-Øp-Iq-Sn
k-©-cn-t°-≠nh-∂-t∏mƒ am-{X-amI-Ww Ah¿ c-
≠p Im-en¬ \-S-∂Xv.30 i-co-c-L-S-\-bp-sS k-hn-ti-
j-X -Imc-Ww At∏mƒ \n-h¿-∂p \-S-°m≥ A-h¿
\n¿-_-‘n-X-cm-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p, Sm‰¿-tkmƒ ]-d-
bp∂p. F-∂m¬ sPm-lm≥k-Wv Cu A-`n-{]m-b-
an√. eq-kn-bp-sS CSp∏pw h-kv-Xn-{]-tZi-sØ amw-
k-t]-in-I-fp-sS L-S-\bpw kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂Xv a-cw I-
b-dp-∂ Im-cyw B-[p\n-Ia-\p-jy-s\-t∏m-seX-s∂
A-h¿°pw hnjaam-bn-cp-∂p F-∂mWv,31 A-t±-lw
F-gpXn.
\mep ]pXn-b t^m-kn-ep-IƒIq-Sn I-s≠-Sp-Ø-

tXmsS 2001˛Dw 2002˛Dw B-b-t∏m-tg-°v B-i-b-
°pg-∏w H-∂p-Iq-Sn h¿-[n-®p. {]-ikvX t^m-
kn¬th-´ Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n-∂p-≈ ao-hv eo-°n-bm-
Wvv sI-\n-b-bn-se te°v S¿°m\-bn¬\n-∂v B-
Zy t^m-kn¬ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv.32 sI-\n-bm-t{¥m∏-
kv πm‰ntbm-]v-kv F-∂p t]-cn-´ C-Xp I-s≠-Øn-
b-tXm-sS CXm-Wv B-[p\nI a\p-jy-s‚ b-Ym¿-
Y ap≥-Km-an-sb∂pw eq-kn ap-t∂-dm≥ ]-‰m-sX-h-
∂ GtXm ]m¿-iz-hn-`m-K-Øn-te-Xm-sW∂pw h-∂p.
2001˛¬ c-≠p t^m-kn-epIƒ I-s≠-Øn. 5.2 an-
eytWm 5.8 aney¨ h¿jtam {]m-b-ap-s≠-∂p I-
cpXp∂ B¿-Un-]n-tY°-kv dm-anU-kv I-Um-∫-bpw
60 e-£w h¿-jw {]m-bap-s≠∂p I -tdm-∂H-Xp-cp-
dn≥ Syq-sP≥-kn-kpw. A-tXm-sS I-s≠-Øn-bXn¬-
h-®v G‰hpw ]-g-°-ap≈ tlm-an-\n-Uv A-Xm-sW-
∂m-bn \n-Ka\w.33 ]-t£, A-Xv A-[n-I-Im-ew \o-
≠p-\n-∂n√. Om-Un-se Pp-dm-_v a-cp-`q-anbn¬\n-∂v
2002˛se th-\¬-°me-Øv {^-©v ]-cy-th-£-Ikw-
Lw G-Xm≠v 7 aney¨ h¿-jw {]m-b-ap≈ tlm-
an-\n-Un-s\ I-s≠Øn34 (A-Xn-\p apsºm-cn-°epw
{]mNo\ A-ÿn-Iƒ I-≠p-In-ń-bn-ń√m-Ø {]-tZ-
i-Øp \n-∂m-bn-cp∂p Cu I-s≠-Ø¬.) k-tl-
em-t{¥m∏-kv Om-sU≥-kn-kv F∂mW-Xn-\v t]-cn-
´Xv (F∂m¬ Cu In-ń-b-Xv a-\p-jy-s‚ A-ÿn-
b-s√∂pw {]mNo-\ Bƒ-°p-c-ßn-t‚-Xm-W-sX∂pw
I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp≠v.35 AXp-sIm≠pX-s∂ A-Xn-s\
hn-fn-t°≠Xv k-tl¬-]n-tY°-kv F-∂m-sW-∂v
Ah¿ I-cp-Xp-∂p.) A-Xn-{]mNo-\ Pohn-I-fm-bn-cp-
∂p A-h, Xn-I®pw {]m-IrX¿. ]-t£, \n-h¿-∂m-
W-h \-S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. A-Xph-sc I-cp-Xn-b-Xnepw
F{Xtbm Im-ew ap-ºpX-s∂ A-h¿ \nh¿-∂p\-S-
°-m≥ Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂pXm\pw.
c-≠p Im-en¬ \-S-°p-I-sb∂-Xv \n m-cIm-cya√,

I-cpØpw {i-≤bpw h-f-sc-tb-sd th-W-a-Xn-\v. i-
co-c-`m-cw Xm-ßm-\m-hp-∂hn-[-Øn¬ C-Sp-∏ns\ am-
‰n-sb-Sp-°Ww. A-Xn-\v kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS K¿-`-\m-f-Øn-
s‚ hn-kv-Xm-cw XmcX-tay-\ Ip-d-™n-cn-°-Ww. K¿-
`m-i-b\m-f-Øn-s‚ hn-kv-Xm-cw Ip-d-bp-∂XpsIm-≠v
{]-iv-\-ßƒ ]-e-Xp-≠v, c≠p Xm¬-°men-I{]-iv-\-
ßfpw Hcp Zo¿LIm-e{]-iv-\-hpw. ITn-\am-b {]-k-
h-th-Z-\-bm-Wv H-∂ma-sØ {]-iv\w. {]-k-h-Øn¬
A-Ω-bv°pw Ip-™n\pw A-]-I-S-ßƒ kw-`-hn-°m-
\n-S-bps≠-∂-Xm-Wv a-s‰m-cp {]-iv\w. hn-kv-Xm-cw
\t∂ Ip-d-™ \m-f-Øn-eq-sS Ip-™n-s‚ X-e ]pd-
Øph-c-W-sa-¶n¬ X-e-t®m-dp i-cn-°p hn-I-kn°pw
ap-ºpX-s∂ {]k-hw \-S-°Ww. X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ hn-
Im-kw ]q¿-Øn-bm-hmØXp-sIm-≠v P-\n-®p ho-gp-
∂ Ip-ń \n- -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw. Gsd°m-
ew \o-fp-∂ in-ip-]-cn-Nc-Ww th-≠n-h-cp-sa-∂-Xm-
Wv C-Xn-s‚ êw. A-Xp-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂Xn-\v kp-Zr-
Vam-b B¨˛˛s]¨ _-‘w thWw.
a-\p-jy≥ Cu {]-]-©-Øn-s‚ _u≤n-I D-S-a-bm-

bn-cn-°p-∂ C-∂-sØ°m-eØpXs∂ C-sXm-cp {]-
iv-\-amWv. A-t∏mƒ ]-≠pIme-Øv Hm-d-©ns‚ h-
en-∏-ap-≈ X-e-t®m-dp-am-bn* G-Xp-\n-an-jhpw B-{I-
a-W-hn-t[-b-cm-Im-hp∂ sIm®v B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-
kn-\p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂ Ime-sØ ÿn-Xn ]-d-
bm\pt≠m? 36
* X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ tI-h-eh-en-∏w _p-≤n-i-‡n-bp-
sS A-fhp-tIm-em-sb-Sp-°m-\m-hn√.39 B-\-bp-
sSbpw Xn-anw-Kn-e-Øn-s‚bpw X-e-t®m-dv a-\p-jy-t‚-
Xn-s\-°mƒ F{Xtbm h-ep-XmWv. ]-t£, _p-≤n-
i‡nD-]-tbm-Kn-®v Ah-sb Io-gv-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ a-\p-
jy-\v H-cp {]-bm-k-hp-an√. Po-hn-bp-sS h-en-∏-hp-
am-bn X-e-t®m-dn-\p-≈ Xm-cX-ay h-en-∏-am-Wv Im-
cyw, ]-e-t∏mgpw \-Ωƒ {i-≤n-°m-sX hn-Sp-∂ Im-
cy-amWn-sX-∂v KqƒUvv Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. B-
kv{X-tem-]n-tY°-kv B-{^n-°m-\-kn-s‚ X-e-t®m-
dn-\v 450 L-\-sk‚o-ao-‰¿ hym-]v-X-ta-bp≈q. tKm-
dn√-bp-tS-Xn-s\-°mƒ sN-dp-Xm-WXv. F-∂m¬ B-
{^n°m-\-kn-s‚ km-[m-c-W `m-cw 45 In-tem-{Km-
amWv, kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS `m-cw A-Xnepw Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-
°pw. A-tX-ka-bw tKm-dn√-bv-°v 150 In-tem-{Kmwh-
sc `m-c-ap-≠m-Ipw.
]n-s∂-¥n-\m-Wv eq-knbpw Iq-ćpw a-c-Øn¬\n-

∂p Xm-sg-bn-d-ßn-bXpw Im-ń¬\n-∂p ]p-d-Øp-h-∂-
Xpw. A-X√m-sX th-sd h-gn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn°n√
A-h¿-°v. ]m-\-a I-c-bn-Sp-°v ]-Xp-s°-bp-b¿-∂p h-
∂-tXm-sS im¥kap-{Z-Øn¬\n-∂v A-‰v-em‚n-°n-
te-°p-≈ sh-≈-Øn-s‚ H-gp°p X-S -s∏´p, D-jv-W-
P-e-{]-hm-lw B¿-Œn-°n¬\n-∂-I∂p. A-tXm-sS h-
S-°≥ ta-J-e ITn-\am-b ln-a-bp-K-Øn-s‚ ]n-Sn-
bn¬-s∏´p. A-Xv B-{^n-°-bn¬ h-cƒ®bpw X-
Wp∏pw am-dn-am-dn-h-cm≥ h-gn-h-®p-Im-Wpw, Aß-s\
Im-Sp-Iƒ ]Xps° km-h-∂-I-sf-∂ ]p¬-ta-Sp-I-fm-
bn am-dn. A-t∏mƒ eq-knbpw Iqćpw ImSphn-ń-
d-ßn F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xns\-°mƒ, Im-Sv Ah-sc
hn´p-t]m-bn F-∂p ]d-bp-∂-XmIpw i-cn37 F-∂m-Wv
tPm¨ {Kn-∫¨ ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
Im-ń¬\n-∂nd-ßn Xp-d-∂ km-h-∂-bn-te-°n-d-

ßp∂-Xn-\v A-Xn-t‚Xmb A-]-I-S-ß-fp-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. \n-h¿-∂p \n¬-°p∂ tlm-an-\n-Un-\v Iq-Sp-
X¬ Zq-tc-°p Im-Wm-sa∂-Xp i-cn-bmWv, ]-t£,
i-{Xp-°ƒ-°v Zq-sc\n-t∂ Ahscbpw Im-Wmw. C-
t∏mƒ-t]mepw H-cp kv-]o-jo-kv F-∂ \n-e-bn¬ a-
\pjy¿ im-co-cn-I-am-bn Zp¿-_-e-cmWv. \-sΩ-°mƒ
h-en-b G-sXm-cp ar-Khpw \-sΩ-°mƒ i-‡-cm-Wv,
\-Ω-sf-°mƒ th-K-ap-≠-h¿°v, \-Ωsf-°mƒ
aq¿®bp-≠v A-hcp-sS ]√p-Iƒ-°v. H-cm-{Ia-Ww t\-
cn-tS-≠nh-∂m¬ c-≠p Imcy-Øn-em-Wv B-[p\n-Ia-
\p-jy-\p ap≥-ssI-bp-≈-Xv. X-e-t®m-dp-≈Xp-
sIm≠p c-£m-am¿-Kw B-kq-{X-Ww sN-ømw. ssI-
Iƒ kz-X-{¥-am-bXp-sIm-≠v AXp-]-tbm-Kn-®v F-
s¥-¶nepw aq¿-®-bp-≈ km-[-\-ß-sf-Sp-Øp {]-tb-
mKn°mw. Zq-sc\n-∂pX-s∂ i-{Xp-hn-s\ t\-cn-Sm≥
I-gn-bp-∂ Htc-sbm-cp Pohn-bm-Wv a-\p-jy≥. C-
sXm-s°-h-®m-Wp \mw im-co-cn-I Zu¿-_eyw a-dn-I-
S°p-∂Xv.
X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ hn-Im-k-Øn-eq-∂n-bp-≈ A-
XnthK ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\v ]‰nb km-l-N-cy-ß-fm-Wn-
h-sb√mw, ]-t£, A-X√ kw-`-hn-®Xv. G-Xm-≠p
aq∂p aney¨ h¿-j-tØ-°v eq-kn-bpw B-kv{X-
tem-]n-tY-kn≥ Iq-ćpw Im-cy-ambn am-dn-bn-s´m-∂p-
an-s√-∂m-Wv kqN-\.38 A-h-cp-sS X-e-t®m-dv Im-cy-
am-bn hf¿∂n√. A-tßb-‰w e-fn-Xam-b D-]-I-c-W-
ßƒt]mepw A-h-cp-]-tbm-Kn-®ncp-s∂-∂-Xn-\p sX-
fn-hn√. D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂ BZna
tlm-an\n-Up-Iƒ-s°m-∏-am-Wv G-Xm-≠v ]-Øpe-
£w h¿-j-°m-ew A-h¿ I-gn™n
cp∂-sX-∂v C-t∏mƒ \-ap-°dn-bmw. F-∂n-´pw Np-

‰p-]mSpw I-≠ {]tbmP\{]-Zam-b Cu km-t¶Xn-
Ihn-Zy A-h¿ kzo-I-cn-®n√ F-∂-Xm-Wp hn-
Nn{Xw.40
aq∂p aney¨ h¿-j-Øn\pw c≠p aney¨ h¿-
j-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ GtXm H-cp L-´-Øn¬ B-dv
tlm-an-\n-Uv C-\-ß-sf-¶nepw H-tc ka-bw B-{^n-
°-bn¬ k-l-h-kn-®n-cp-∂p. AXn-sem-∂n-\p am-{X-
ta \n-e-\n¬-°m\m-bp≈p. A-Xm-Wv tlm-tam.
c≠p aney¨ h¿-jw ap-ºm-Wv A-h-bp-sS D-Zbw.
B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn-\p-Ifpw tlm-tambpw X-Ωn-
ep-≈ _‘-sa¥msW-∂m¿-°p-a-dn-bn√. ]-t£, H-
∂-dn-bmw, G-Xm-≠v Hcp aney¨ h¿j°m-ew A-
h¿ H-cp-an-®p I-gn-™p. I-cp-Øcm-b B-
kv{Xtem]n-tY-kn-\p-Iƒ ]n-s∂ G-d-°p-sd s]m-
Sp∂t\ Zpcq-lkm-l-N-cy-Øn¬ G-Xm≠v Hcp an-
ey¨ h¿-jwap-ºv A-{]-Xy-£-cmbn. A-h-bp-sS Xn-
tcm-[m-\-Øn-\p Im-c-W-sa-s¥-∂v B-¿-°p-a-dn-
bn√,41 H-cp]-t£ \m-ah-sb Xn-∂-XmImw F-∂m-
Wv am-‰v dn-Uven ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. - tlmtamirw-J-e-bp-
sS XpS-°w tlmtam lm-_n-en-kn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂m-
Wv I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. A-h-km-\w \-Ω-ƒ tlmtam
km-∏n-b≥-kn-epw. (Nn-¥n-°p-∂ a-\p-jy≥ F-∂m-
Wv tlm-tamkm-∏n-b≥ F-∂ hm-°n-\¿-Yw). c-≠n-
\p-an-S-bn¬ G-Xm-≠v A-cU-k≥ tlmtam kv-]o-
jo-kp-I-ƒ thsdbp≠m-bn-´p≠v: tlm-tam F¿-Km-
kv-‰¿, tlmtam \n-bm-≠¿-Xm-se≥-knkv, tlmtam
dq-tUmƒ-s^≥-knkv, tlmtam lo-sU¬-_¿-P≥-
knkv, tlmtam C-d-Œkv, tlmtam B‚n-sk- ¿ F-
∂n-ßs\.
tlmtam lm-_nenkn-\v (ssI-bp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂

a-\p-jy-s\-∂¿Yw) B t]-cn´-Xv 1964-˛¬ eq-bn eo-
°nbpw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-amWv. D-]-I-cWß-fp-]-
tbm-Kn-°m≥ (Xn-I®pw e-fn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p B D-]-I-
c-Wßƒ) XpSßn-b B-Zy tlm-an-\n-Up-I-fm-bXp-
sIm-≠m-Wv B t]-cp \¬-In-b-Xv. XnI®pw {]mIr-
XPo-hn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-h, a-\p-jys\-°mƒ Nn-
ºm≥-kn-I-tfm-Sm-bncp-∂p A-h-bv-°p km-ayw. ]-
t£, A-h-bp-sS X-e-t®m-dn-\v eqkn-bp-sS Xet®m-
dn-s\-°mƒ 50 i-X-am-\w h-en-∏-°q-Sp-X-ep-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. Xmc-Xay h-en∏w t\m-°n-bmepw A{X -tam-
i-am-bn-cp-∂n√ X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ h-en∏w. AXmb-Xv
A∂sØ sF≥-ssÃ-\m-bn-cp-∂p lm-_n-en-kv F-
∂p ]-d-bmw. 2 aney¨ h¿-jw ap-ºv tlm-an-\n-
Up-I-fp-sS X-e-t®m¿ s]-s´-∂p hf-cm≥ Xp-S-ßn-
b-sX¥p-sIm-s≠-∂-Xn-\v kzo-Im-cyam-b hn-i-Zo-Ic-
W-sam∂pw \¬Im-\n√. X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ h-en-∏hpw
\n-h¿-∂p-≈ \-S∏pw X-Ωn¬ t\cn´p _‘-ap-s≠-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p G-sd-°me-sØ [m-c-W. Im-ń-\p ]pd-
sØ k©mcw Po-hn-°m≥ Iq-Sp-X¬ X-{¥-ß-fm-hn-
jv-Icn-t°≠-Xv A-\n-hm-cy-am-°n-sb∂pw A-Xv X-
e-t®m-dp h-f-cm≥ Im-c-W-am-bn F-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p \n-
Ka\w. B \nKa-\w i-cn-b-s√-∂v _p-≤n-bn√m-Ø
C-cp-Im-en-I-sf ]-e-t∏m-gm-bn Is≠Øn-b-t∏mƒ
sR-´-tem-sS im-kv-{X-⁄¿ a-\- n-em-°n.
"a-\p-jy-\p hen-b X-e-t®m-dp In-ń-b-sX-ß-s\-

bm-sW-∂-Xn-\v Ir-Xyamb hn-i-Zo-Ic-W-sam∂pw
\¬-Im≥ I-gn-bn√', F-∂m-Wv Sm-‰¿-tkmƒ ]d-bp-
∂-Xv. hen-b X-e-t®m-dp-≠m-hp-I-sb∂-Xp \n mc
Im-cya√. i-co-c`m-c-Øn-s‚ c-≠p i-X-am\-ta h-cq
X-e-t®m¿, ]-t£, i-co-c-Øn-s‚ samØw Du¿-÷-
Øn-s‚ C-cp]-Xp i-X-am-\hpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xv
A-Xm-Wv.42 Du¿÷-Øn-\p-≈ C‘-\w Xn-c-s™-
Sp°p-∂ Im-cy-Ønepw A-Xn-{i-≤-bp-≠Xn-\v. \n-
ßƒ sIm-gp-∏p-≈ `£-Ww A-I-Øm-°n-bn-s√-
¶n¬ X-e-t®m-dn\v H-cp ]-cm-Xn-bp-ap-≠m-In√. Imc-
Ww, X-e-t®m-dv sIm-gp-∏p sXm´p-t\m-°n√. A-Xn-
\pth-≠-Xv •q-t°m-km-Wv, AXpw [m-cm-fw th-Ww.
a-‰v A-h-b-h ß-ƒ°p In-ń-s√¶n¬-t∏m-epw X-
et®m-dv •q-t°m-kv A-I-Øm-°pw. "Xet®mdn-s‚-
Cu B¿-Øn i-co-c-Øn-s\ ]-e-t∏mgpw ]-ń-Wn-
bn-em-°pw.43 F-∂ph®p X-e-t®m-dn-s\ ]-ń-Wn-°n-
Sm\pw ]-‰n√. Imc-Ww,X-e-t®m-dn-\p th≠Xp In-ń-
bn-s√-¶n¬ ac-Ww F-∂m-W¿-Yw' K-bv {_u¨ ]-d-
bp-∂p. hen-b Xe-t®m-dn-\v Iq-Sp-X¬ `£-Ww th-
Ww, `£-Ww Iq-Sp-X¬ th-W-sa-∂p ]-d-™m¬
A]-I-Skm[y-X Iq-Sp-∂p-sh-∂m-W¿-Yw.
X-e-t®m-dn-\p h-en-∏w Iq-Snb-Xv ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\n-

S-bn-se B-I-kvan-Ikw`-h-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv
Sm‰¿-tkmƒ I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ kv‰o^≥
tP. Kqƒ-Un-s\m-∏-am-Wv A-t±lw. Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚
tS-∏v tlm-an-\nUp-I-fp-sS Im-e-Øp\n-∂v ho≠pw
]m-Sn-®m¬ ho≠pw F√mw CXp-t]mse kw-`-hn-
°m\pw B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy≥ C-∂-tØXp-t]m-se-
bn-cn-°m\pw km[y-X Xo-sc-°p-d-hm-sW-∂m-Wv A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-`n-{]mbw.
Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ hn-j-a-am-Ip-sa-¶nepw \-Ωƒ H-

∂n-s‚bpw ]-cn-W-Xê-a√, F-∂-Xm-Wv bm-Ym¿-
Yyw. a-\p-jy≥ C-hn-sS-bp-≠m-I-W-sa∂sXmcp A-
\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. a-\p-jy-\n¬ h-∂-h-km-\n-
°m≥th-≠n X-ømdm°nb {]-{In-b-bm-Wv ]-cn-Wm-
aw F-∂p \n-ßƒ°p tXm-∂p-∂p-s≠-¶neXv a-\p-
jy≥ F-∂ \n-e-bn-ep-≈ an-Yym-`n-am-\w H∂psIm-
≠p am-{X-amWv. \Ωƒ am-{Xa√, \-c-hw-iim-kv-
{X-⁄¿t]mepw 1970Iƒh-sc I-cp-Xn-bn-cp∂-Xv A-
ß-s\-bmWv. A-Sp-Ø ImeØv 1991˛¬ h-∂ kv-
t‰Pkv Hm-^v C-h-eqj≥ F-∂ P-\-{]n-b ]mT-]p-
kv-X-I-Øn¬-t∏mepw kn. tem-dn-Mv s{_-bvkv Cu
hm-Zw B-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.44 t\¿-tc-J-bn¬ ap-
t∂dn-b H-∂m-Wv ]-cnWm-aw F-∂m-Wv A-t±-l-a-
Xn¬ ]-d-bp-∂Xv, B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn-\p-IfpsS
Im-cy-Øn¬ am-{X-am-Wv A-Xv C-S-bv-°ph-®p ap-
dn™p-t]m-bn-´p-≈-sX-∂v A-t±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p. _m-°n-sb√mw H-cp dn-tet]m-se
A\pkyqXw ap-t∂dn. tlm-an-\n-Up-I-fnse Hmtcm
kv-]o-jokpw A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sS
_m-‰≥ ]pXn-b Ip-td-°q-Sn sN-dp-∏amb Hm-´-°m¿-
°p ssIamdn. A-ß-s\b-Xp \-Ω-fn-seØn. F-
∂m¬ B-Zy-ImesØ Hm-´°m-¿-°v Nne ]m¿-iz-
IXm-hgn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw A-h¿ F-hn-sS-bp-
sa-Øm-sX -t]m-sb∂pw C-∂p \-ap-°-dn-bmw.
\-Ωp-sS `m-Ky-Øn-\v D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂ H-cp hn-`m-Kw FhnsS \n-s∂-∂n√m-sX {]-Xy-£-
s∏´p, F-∂n-´v tlm-tam lm-_n-en-kn-s\ a-dnIS-∂p
h-f¿-∂p. A-Xm-Wv tlmtam C-d-Œkv, bq-Po≥ Uyq-
t_m-bv-kv 1891˛¬ Pm-h-bn¬h-®p I-s≠Øn-b kv-
]o-jokv. G-Xm-≠v 1.8 aney¨ h¿-jw apºp-h-sc-
tbm Ip-td-°q-Sn-b-Sp-Øv 20,000 h¿-jw ap-ºphsct-
bm A-h \ne\n∂p F-∂v ]-e ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ ]-
e co-Xn-bn¬ Im-Wmw."Pm-hmam≥' F∂ ]p-kv-X-I-
Øn-s‚ c-N-bn-Xm-°ƒ ]-d-bp∂-Xv a-\p-jy\pw Ip-c-
ßn-\pan-S-bnse A-Xn¿h-c-ºm-Wv tlmtam C-dŒ-kv
F-∂mWv.45 A-Xn-\pap-ºp≈-sX√mw Bƒ-°p-c-ßp-
I-sf-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p, A-Xn-\pti-j-ap≈Xv a\p-
jy-sc-t∏m-se-bpw. B-Zy-am-bn th-´-bm-Sm≥ Xp-S-
ßnb-Xv tlmtam C-dŒkmWv; BZyw Xo-bp-]-tbm-
Kn-®-Xp-a-h¿X-s∂. k-¶o¿-W D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ B-
Zy-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®Xpw Xm-a-ktI-{μ-ß-sf-∏-‰n- sX-
fn-hp-Iƒ _m-°nhbv°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xpw, Zp¿-_e-
sc ]-cn-N-cn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xpw A-h¿Xs∂. A-
Xn-\pap-ºp-≈ kv-]o-jo-kpI-sf A-t]-£n-®v cq-]-
Ønepw s]cpam-‰-Ønepw a-\pjy-tcm-Sv G-‰-hp-a-Sp-
∏w A-h¿-°m-bn-cp∂p. \o≠ ssIIm-ep-Iƒ, I-
cp-Øp-‰ i-co-cw (B-[p\n-I a-\p-jys\-°mƒ
F{Xtbm Icp-Øp‰-Xv), henb {]tZ-ißƒ ap-gp-
h≥ ta¬ss° t\-Sm-\p-≈ _p-≤nbpw Xm¬-]-cy-
hpw. a-‰p tlm-an-\n-UpI-sf A-t]-£n-®v ò-am-Im-
c∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p C-d-Œkv. i-‡n-bp≈, Iq-´-tØm-sS
\-S-°p-∂ A-hcp-sS X-e-t®m-dv temIØv A-Xp-h-
sc-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≈ G-sXm-cp Po-hn-tb-bp-a-t]-£n-®v
F{X-tbm k¶o¿W-am-bn-cp-∂p.
"A-°me-sØ tI-a-\m-bn-cp∂p C-d-Œkv', F-∂m-

Wv Cu cwK-sØ hn-Z-Kv-[-\mb s]≥ tÃ-‰v bq-Wn-
th-gv-kn-‰n-bn-se A-e≥ hm-°¿ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. A-Xn-
s‚ I-Æn¬ t\m-°n-bm¬ \n-ßƒ-°-sXm-cp a-\p-
jy-\m-sW-∂pX-s∂ tXm-∂pw, F-∂m¬ F-hnsSt-
bm H-cp hnS-hv A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-IbpwsNøpw. ap-Xn¿-
∂ a-\p-jy-s‚ i-co-chpw Ip-ń-bp-sS X-e-t®m-dp-
amWv A-Xn-\p-≈-sX-∂m-Wv hm-°-dp-sS A-`n-
{]mbw.
tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn-s\∏-‰n \-Ωƒ a-\- n-em-°m≥

Xp-S-ßn-bn-´v G-Xms≠m-cp \q-‰m-≠mbn. ]-t£, Xn-
I®pw A-]q¿-W-am-bn-cp-∂p Inń-b sX-fnhpIƒ, H-
cp A-ÿn-Iq-Sw kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-Sp-sØm-∂p-
sa-Øn-bn√ B A-h-in-„ßƒ. AXp-sIm-≠p-X-
s∂ 1980-I-fn¬ B-{^n-°-bn-ep≠m-b Hc-km-[m-c-
W I-s≠-Ø-en-eqsSbmWv, B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s‚
ap≥-Km-anbm-sb-∂ \n-e-bn¬ A-Xn-\p-≈ {]m-[m-
\yw˛˛AY-hm {]m-[m-\y-ap-≠m-Im\p-≈ km-
[yX˛˛Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv. sI-\n-b-bn-se te-
°v Sp¿°m-\ (t\-ctØ, te-°v dp-tUmƒ-^v) BZn-
aa-\p-jym-h-in-„-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ tem-I-tØ-
‰hpw k-ºp-„-am-b {]-tZ-i-ßfn-sem-∂m-Wn-t∏mƒ.
F-∂m¬ F{Xtbm Im-e-tØ-°v A-hn-sS-bm-cpw a-
\p-jym-h-in-„-ßƒ tX-Sn-sb-Ønbn-cp-∂n√. H-cn-
°¬ bm-Zr-—n-Iam-bn hn-am-\w h-gn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-´Xp-
sIm-≠v A-Xph-gn t]m-b dn-®m¿-Uv eo-°n-bm-Wv
B {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚ km-[y-X-Iƒ a-\- n-em-°n-bXv.
A-hn-tS-s°m-cp A-t\zj-WkwL-sØ A-b-s®-
¶nepw BZyw H-∂p I-≠p-In-ń-bn√. F∂m-sem-
cp Znh-kw eo-°n-bp-sS kw-L-Ønse hn-JymX
t^m-kn¬th-´-°m-c≥ I-tam-b In-ayq-hn-\v X-Sm-I-
Øn¬ \n-∂I-se H-cp Ip-∂n≥-]p-d-Øp-\n-∂v sNdn-
sbm-sc√n≥Ij-Ww Inń. slman-\n-Un-s‚ s\-‰n-
bp-sS `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. Iq-Sp-X¬ F-s¥-¶nepw
In´m≥ km-[y-X-bn√m-Ø `q-{]-Ir-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p
A-sX-¶n-epw In-ayq-hn-ep-≈ hnizmkw Imc-Ww A-
h-c-hn-sS Ip-gn-®p ]cn-tim-[n®p. F√m-h-scbpw A-
º-c-∏n®psIm-≠v G-Xm-≠p ]q¿-Wcq-]-Øn-ep≈
tlmtam C-dŒ-kv A-ÿn-Iq-Sw A-hn-sS-\n-∂p In-
´p-IbpwsN-bvXp. H-º-Xn\pw ]-{¥-≠n-\p-an-Sbv-°p
{]mbap-≈ B¨-Ip-ń-bp-sS A-ÿn-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-
Xv.46 1.54 aney¨ h¿-jw apºm-bn-cn°-Ww A-h≥
a-cn-®Xv. G-d-°p-sd B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s‚
icocL-S-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn\v. "Sp¿-°m-\ Ip-ń'
i-cn°pw \-Ωfn-sem-cm-fm-bncp-∂p,47 Sm-‰¿-tkmƒ ]-
d™p.
Sp¿-°m-\m te-°n¬ h-®p-X-s∂ th-sdm-cp A-

ÿn-Iq-SwIq-Sn Inń˛˛sI. F≥. Fw˛C. B¿. 1808
F-∂m-W-Xn-\p t]-cv. 1.7 aney¨ h¿-jw ]-g-°-
ap≈ B A-ÿn-Iq-Sw H-cp kv-{Xo-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂p.
A-Xph-sc I-cpXn-b-Xnepw k-¶o¿-Whpw Xm¬-]-cy-
ap-W¿-Øp-∂-Xp-am-Wv tlm-tam C-dŒkv F-∂v A-
t∏m-gm-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ a-\- n-em-°p-∂Xv. ]-cp-]-
cp-Øv hn-I-eam-b co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p B A-ÿn-
Iƒ. ITn-\amb ssl-∏¿-ssh‰man-t\m-kn-kv F,
F-∂ A-h-ÿ- -Im-c-W-ap-≠m-Ip∂ ssh-I-ey-w. amw-
k`p-°p-I-fp-sS I-cƒ Xn-∂p-∂-XpsIm-≠m-Wo-b-h-
ÿ h-cp-∂Xv. Aß-s\ tlmtam C-dŒ-kv amw-k-
t`m-Pn-I-fm-bn-cps∂∂pw A-tXm-sS sh-fn-s∏´p. B
tcm-Kw h-∂v B-gvN-I-tfm-ftam amk-ß-tfm-ftam I-
„-s∏-ń-cp-∂p Ahsf∂pw A-ÿn-I-fn-se ssh-I-
ey-Øn-s‚ h-f¿-®-bn¬\n-∂p a-\- n-embn. A-Xn-\¿-
Yw tcm-Kw h-∂p In-S-∏nem-b kv-{Xo-sb Btcm ]-
cn-N-cn-®n-cp-∂p F-∂mWv.48 tlm-an-\n-Uv ]-cn-Wm-aN-
cn{X-Øn¬ A-\p-I-º-sb-∂ hn-Im-cØn-s‚ B-Zy
sX-fn-hm-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn-s‚ X-e-tbm-ńbn¬ t{_m-°m-

kv ta-J-e-sb-∂ `mKap-s≠-∂pw A-tXm-sSm-∏w I-
s≠Øn (D-s≠-∂p Xo¿-Øp ]-d-bm-\m hn√, D-≠m-
bn-cn-°m≥ km-[y-X-bp-s≠-t∂ ]-d-bm-\m-hq F-∂p
I-cp-Xp-∂h-cp-ap≠v). X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ ap≥-`m-K-Øp-≈
t{_m-°m-kv ta-J-e-bm-Wv kwkm-c-hp-am-bn _-‘-
s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. Nn-ºm≥-kn-Iƒ-°v A-Xn√.
AXpsIm≠p-X-s∂ tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn-\v kw-km-
c-ti-jn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂m-Wv dn-®m¿Uv eo-°n-sb-
t∏m-ep-≈-h¿ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬ A-h-bp-sS
kpjpav\m\m-f-Øn-\p hym-kw \-s∂ Ip-d-hm-
sW∂pw kw-km-cti-jn-°p th≠ k-¶o¿-WLS-
\tbm h-en-∏-tam A-Xn-\n-s√-∂p-am-Wv A-e≥
hm°-dp-sS A-`n-{]mbw. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ C-d-
Œ-kn-s‚ B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bco-Xn C∂sØ Nn-ºm≥-
kn-bp-tS-Xn-\p k-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv
At±l-Øn-s‚ ]£w.
G-Xm-bmepw tlmtam C-dŒ-kv B-bn-cp-∂n-cn°-
Ww G-sd-°m-e-tØ°v `q-an-bn-se GI tlm-an-\n-
Uv kv-]o-jokv. A-`q-X-]q¿-h km-l-kn-I-X {]ISn-
∏n-® C-dŒ-kv A-Xn-i-bn-∏n-°p-∂ th-K-Øn¬ tem-
I-saßpw ]-c∂p.49 t^mkn¬ sX-fn-hp-Iƒh-®v,
B-{^n-° hn-´ k-a-b-ØpX-s∂ A-°q-´-Øn¬ Nn-
e¿ G-jy-bn¬ F-Øn-sb-∂v ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. B-
[p\n-I a-\p-jy≥ D-¤-hn®-Xv B-{^n-°-bne√, G-
jy-bn¬-Ø-s∂-bm-Im-sa-∂v Nn-e im-kv{X⁄¿
B-iz-kn-°p∂-Xv C-Xp-h-®mWv. ]-t£, B-[p\n-
Ia-\p-jy-s‚ ap≥Km-an-I-sf-bm-scbpw B-{^n-°-bv-
°p ]pd-Øp I-s≠-Øn-bn-ń√. A-t∏mƒ ]n-s∂
B-[p\n-Ia-\p-jy≥ G-jy-bn-em-Wp-≠m-b-sX-¶n¬
F-hn-sS\n-s∂∂n√m-sX s]m-Sp∂t\ {]-Xy-£-s∏-
´-Xm-I-W-a-h¿. A-Xv A-Xn-i-b-am-Imt\ X-c-ap≈p.
C-\n G-jy-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p D-¤-h-sa-¶n¬ Ah tem-
I-sa-ßpw hym-]n®-Xv hn-]co-XZn-i-bn-em-IWw. A-
t∏mƒ G-jy-bn-ep-¤-hn-®-h¿ s]mSp∂t\-sbß-
s\ B-{^n-°-bn-se-Øn-sb-∂-Xn-\p ]pXn-b hn-i-Zo-
Ic-Ww I-s≠-Øp-Ibpw thWw.
B-{^n-°-bn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´ D-S≥X-s∂

tlmtam C-dŒ-kv Fßs\ G-jy-bn-se-Øn-sb-∂-
Xn-\v hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fp≠v. {]mNo-\Po-hn-I-fp-sS
Ime-\n¿W-bw H-scm-‰ kw-Jy-bm-bn-´√, ap-I-fn-epw
Xm-sg-bp-ap-≈ ]-cn-[nI-fm-bn-´m-Wv sN-øp-∂Xv. A-
t∏mƒ B-{^n-°-bn-se D¤-hw A-Xn-s‚ ta-te ]-
cn-[n-bn-epw G-jy-bn-se-Ønb-Xv Xm-tg ]-cn-[n-bn-ep-
am-sW-¶n¬ c≠n-\p-an-S-bv-°p≈ C-S-th-f Zo¿-L-
am-bn-cn-°pw. ]n-s∂ C-Xnepw ]-g-°-ap≈ C-dŒ-kv
A-ÿn-Iƒ B-{^n-°-bn¬ C-\nbpw I-s≠-Ø-s∏-
Sm≥ In-S-°p∂p-≠m-Imw, A-Xp-a-s√-¶n¬ Pm-h-bn-
se A-ÿn-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ Im-e-∏g-°w \n¿-W-bn-®-
Xn¬ sX-‰p-]-‰n-b-Xp-am-Imw.
\-ap-°v G-d-°p-sd D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm-hp∂-Xv C-{X-

bp-am-Wv˛˛Hcp aneyWnte-sd h¿-jwap-ºv \n-h¿-
∂p\n¬-°p-∂ Xm-c-X-tay-\ B-[p-\n-I-sa-∂p
hnfn°m-hp-∂ ]pXnb Po-hn-Iƒ B-{^n-° hn´p,
F-∂n-´v G-d-°p-sd temIw ap-gp-h≥ hym-]n-®p. a-
e-\n-c-Ifpw ]p-g-Ifpw a-cp-`q-an-Ifpw a-‰p {]-Xn-_-
‘ß-fpw Xm-≠n h¿-j-Øn¬ G-Xm-≠v 40 In-tem-
ao-‰¿ F∂ tXm-Xn¬ AXnth-K-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p
B hym-]-\w. A-h-scß-s\ sN-¶-S-en-s‚ ]-Sn-
™mdp h-iw Xm-≠n F-∂-Xv Zp-cq-l-amWv. C-
t∏mƒØ-s∂ h-c-≠p-In-S-°p-∂ B {]-tZ-iw A-
°me-Øv Ip-td-°q-Sn h-c-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. h-
cƒ-® ImcWw B-{^n-° hn-´-h¿-°v A-Xnepw h-
c-≠ {]-tZ-iw Xm-≠n-t∏m-hp-I-sb∂-Xv i-cn°pw Zp-
jv-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn°-Ww F-∂p-d-∏v. ]-t£,
Fßs\tbm A-h¿ F√m {]-Xn-_-‘-ßfpw
Xm≠n, F-∂n-´v hn-im-e-tem-ItØ°p ap-t∂-dn.
C-{Xbpw Im-cy-Øn-te-bp-≈q tbm-Pn∏v. a-\p-

jy]-cnWmaN-cn-{X-Øn¬ ]n-s∂-sb-¥p kw-`-hn-®p
F-∂-Xv kp-Zo¿-Lam-b I-Sp-Ø X¿-°-ß-fp-sSbpw
hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw hn-j-b-amWv. A-tX-∏-‰n-
bm-Wv A-Sp-Ø A-[ymbw.
A-Xn-te-°p I-S-°pw-ap-ºv H-cp Imcyw Hm¿-°p∂-

Xp \√-Xm-Wv˛˛-AßIse kw-{`-an-®p\n¬-°p-∂
B-kv{Xtem ]n-tY-kn-\p-I-fn¬\n-∂v ]q¿-W
B[p\nIa-\p-jy-\n-te-°p-≈ {]-bm-W-Øn¬,
Aº-Xp e-£w h¿-jw \o≠ ]cn-Wm-a{]-{In-b-
bvs°m-Sp-hn¬ kr-„n-°-s∏-´ Cu Po-hn P-\n-X-
IL-S-\bn¬ 98.4 i-X-am-\hpw Nn-ºm≥-kn-°p Xp-
ey-\mWv. Ip-Xn-cbpw h-c-b≥ Ip-Xn-cbpw XΩn-tem
tUmƒ-^n\pw I-S¬-∏-∂nbpw XΩntem D-≈
hyXymkw-t]mepw a-\p-jy\pw Nn-ºm≥-knbpw X-
Ωn-en√ F-∂¿Yw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 1887-˛se {In-kv-a-kn-\p sXm-´p-ap-ºv: \m-j-W¬

tPym-{K-^n-Iv, 1997 sabv, t]-Pv 87.
2 {^m≥-kn¬ se F-bv-kn-sb-kn-se t{Im˛am-

·-Wn¬ H-cp a-e-bn-se Kp-l-bn¬ \n-∂v sd-bn¬-
th sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ A-Sp-Ø-bn-sS I-s≠Øn-b A-
c U-k≥ a-\pjym-h-in-„-ßƒ: Sm-‰¿-tkmƒ B≥-
Uv jzm¿-Svkv, F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mv-Sv lyq-a≥kv, t]Pv 149.
3 1907 h-sc AXn-s\m-cp hn-hc-Wwt]mepw \¬-

In-bn-cp-∂n√: {Sn-t¶mkv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-
bm-≠¿-Xm¬kv, t]-Pv 173.
4 A-ß-s\ G‰hpw BZn-a a-\p-jy-s\ I-s≠-

Øn-b-Xns‚ _-lpa-Xn t{Im˛am·Wp ]Icw P¿-
a-\n-bn-se \n-bm-≥U¿-Xm¬ Xm-gvh-c I-c-ÿ-am-°n:
{Sn-t¶m-kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬kv,
t]-Pv 3˛6.
5 A-Xp hen-b A-¤p-X-am-Wt√m F-∂m-bn-
cp∂p C-Xp- tI-´ Sn.F®v. l-Ivk-ven Cw-•-≠n¬ {]-
Xn-I-cn-®-Xv: {Sn-t¶m-kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \nbm-
≠¿-Xm¬kv, t]-Pv 59.
6 A-ÿn I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ip-gn-sb-Sp°m-

s\m∂pw A-t±-lw sa-\-s°-ń√: KqƒUv, F-bv-‰v
en-‰v¬ ]n-§okv, t]-Pv 126˛7.
7 b-Ym¿-Y-Øne-Xv Pm-hm a-\p-jy-t‚-X√m-bn-cp-

s∂∂pw B-[p\n-I a\p-jy-t‚-XpX-s∂-bm-bn-cp-
s∂-∂pw ]-e-cpw I-cp-Xp-∂p-ap-≠v: thm-°¿ B≥Uv
jn-]v-am≥, Z hn-kvUw Hm-^v Z t_m¨-kv, t]-Pv 39.
8 tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn-t‚-XpX-s∂bm-bn-cp∂p A-
sX-¶n¬ A-Xn-\papºp I-≠-hbn¬\n-s∂√mw hy-
Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂p ]-d-tb-≠n-h-cpw: {Sn-
t¶m-kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬kv,
t]-Pv 144.
9 X-e-tbm-Sn-s‚ H-cp I-j-Whpw H-cp ]√pw

am{Xw sh-®v A-t±-lw X-e-tbm-ń-s‚ ]q¿-W am-Xr-
I-bp-≠m-°n: {Sn-t¶m-kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \nbm-
≠¿-Xm¬kv, t]-Pv 154.
10 jzm¬-t_ A-Xp-sh-®v H-cp sN-dp -{]-_-‘-ap-

≠m-°n: hm-°¿ B≥-Uv jn-]vam≥, Z hn-kvUw Hm-
^v Z t_m¨-kv, t]-Pv 42.
11 Pm-hm a-\p-jy-s\-t∏m-se tlmtam C-d-Œ-k√

tSm-Mv X-e-tbm-sS-∂v Um¿-ń-\v H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬Ø-
s∂ a-\- n-em-bn: thm-°¿ B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z hn-
kvUw Hm-^v Z t_m¨-kv, t]-Pv 74.
12 A-Xn-\n-sS tcm-Kn a-cn-®m¬ ho-ń-s‚ ]n-∂m-

ºpd-Øp tXm-´-Øn¬X-s∂ a-d-hp sN-øpw: {Sn-t¶m-
kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬kv, t]-Pv
233.
13 A-©p-h¿-jw ]-Wn-s∏-´v Um¿-´v H-cp e-Lp

{]_-‘w X-øm-dm°n, ]t£ {] kn ≤o-I-cn-
°m≥ B-sf-°n-ń-bn√: se-hn≥, t_m¨kv Hm-^v
I‚≥j≥, t]-Pv 82.
14 tSm-Mv X-e-tbm-ń Ip-td-°m-ew H-cp k-l-{]-
h¿-ØI-s‚ ta-i-∏pd-Øv t]-∏¿sh-bn-‰m-bn I-gn-
™p: hm-°¿ B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z hn-kvUw Hm-^v
Z t_m¨kv, t]-Pv 93.
15 A-Xp am{Xw sh-®v A-t±-lw km-l-kn-Iam-

sbm-cp {]-Jym]-\w \SØn—ssk\mt{¥m∏-kv
]o-°n-s\≥-kn-kv F-∂ kv-]o-jo-kv I-s≠-Øn-°-
gn-™p F-∂v: kznjdpw a‰pw Pm-hm am≥, t]-Pv 75.
16 tI-Sp-Iq-Sm-sX Inń-b hen-b F√p-Iƒ ]-Ww

Iq-Sp-X¬ In-´m≥ th≠n s]mń®p \p-dp-°n-bm-Wv
\m-´p-Im¿ sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv: kzn-jdpw a‰pw, Pm-hm
am≥, t]-Pv 77.
17 tkmtfm a-\p-jy-¿X-s∂ tlmtam tkm-sf≥-

knkv, tltam ss{]an-Po-\n-bkv Gjym-‰n-Iv-kv,
tlmtam \nbm-≠¿Xm-se≥knkv tkmsf≥knkv,
tlmtam km]n-sb≥-kv tkm-sf≥-knkv, tlmtam
C-dŒ-kv C-dŒ-kv F-∂nß-s\ ]-e t]-cp-I-fn-e-dn-
bs∏-´v H-Sp-hn¬ shdpw tlmtam C-dŒ-kv B-bn:
kzn-jdpw a‰pw Pm-hm am≥, t]-Pv 211.
18 I-gn-™ Z-i-I-Øn¬ G¨-Ãv sa-bdpw a-‰pw
ap-t∂m-´p-sh-® \n¿-tZ-i-ßƒ kzoIcn-®p≈ B hy-
h-ÿ-{]-Im-cw Po-\-kp-I-fp-sS F-Æw c-≠mbn Ip-
d-®pw: {Snt¶mkv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-≠¿-
Xm¬kv, t]-Pv 267˛8.
19 Cu tIm-Sm\p-tIm-Sn a-\p-jy-sc-∏-‰n ]Tn-°m≥

\-Ωp-sS ap-∂n-ep-≈ sXfnthm G-Xm-s≠m-c-øm-bn-
cw t]-cp-sS A-ÿn-°-j-W-ßƒ am-{Xw: hmjn-Mv-
S¨ t]mkv‰v, kv-Iƒ ssdk-kv Uu-´v-kv F-_u-´v
A-h¿ B≥-kn-kv-{Sn, 2001 am¿-®v 22.
20 Iq-Sn-°-e-cp-∂-Xn¬ {]-iv-\-an-s√-¶n¬ \n-ßƒ-

°-h-sb√mwIq-Sn H-cp ]n-Iv A-]v {S-°n¬ I-b-‰mw:
C-bm≥ Sm-‰¿-km-fp-am-bp-≈ A-`n-apJw, A-ta-cn-
°≥ ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ãdn, \yq-tbm¿-
°v, 2002 sabv 6. -a\-K-B-Zy-Ime-sØ ]-Wn-bm-bp-
[-ß-f-[n-I-hp-ap-≠m-°nbXv am-\p-I-fm-sW∂ \n
Øn-se-tØ-≠n-h-cpw: hm-°¿ B≥-Uv jn-]v-

am≥, Z hn-kvUw Hm^v Z t_m¨kv, t]-Pv 66.
22 In-ń-b-h {I-a-Øn-e-Sp-°n-h-®m¬ \-Ω-sf-Øp-
∂ \n-Ka-\w l-_n-en-kn-s‚ BWp-ßfpw s]-Æp-
ßfpw hn-]co-X \n-c-°n¬, hn-]co-XZn-i-I-fn-te-
°m-Wv ]cn-W-an-®-sX-∂m-Wv: hm-°¿ B≥-Uv jn-
]v-am≥, Z hn-kvUw Hm-^v Z t_m¨kv, t]-Pv 194.
23 th-sdsbhn-sSbpw sIm-≈n-°m-\m-hmØ
t^m-kn-ep-IƒsIm-≠p- X-≈m-\p-≈ N-h-‰p-Ip-´-bm-
W-sX-∂v: Sm-‰¿-tkmƒ B≥-Uv jzm¿-Svkv, F-Iv-kv-
‰n-Mv-Sv lyq-a≥kv, t]-Pv 111.
24 I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-bm-fp-sS ap≥-[m-c-W-Iƒ ]n-∂o-

Sp In-´p-∂ sX-fn-hp-I-fn-eq-sS F-{X-am{Xw i-cn-hbv-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv {i-t≤-bam-b Imcyw: {Kn-
_n≥ B≥-Uv sj¿-^mkv, Z ^-Ãv Nn-ºm≥kn,
t]-Pv 60.
25 hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ ]p-cm-Po-

hn-im-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sSb-{X an-Sp-°¿ B-cp-ap-≠m-
In√Xm-\pw: kzn-jdpw a‰pw, Pm-hm am≥, t]-Pv 17.
26 Po-hn-I-sf-∂ \n-e-bn¬ \-Ωp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn-

s‚ 99.99999 i-X-am-\-°m-eØpw \Ωp-sSbpw Nn-
ºm≥-kn-I-fp-sS-bpw ap≥-Km-an-I-fp-sS N-cn-{Xw H∂p-
X-s∂-bm-Wv: Sm-‰¿-tkmƒ, Z lyq-a≥ H-Uokn, t]-
Pv 60.
27 A-h-fm-Wp \-Ωp-sS G-‰hpw ap-Xn¿-∂ ap≥-

Kman, a-\p-jy\pw Ip-c-ßn-\p-an-S-bv°p-≈ \-„-s∏-´
I-Æn: ]n._n.F-kv t\m-h, C≥ Z sk¿®v Hm-^v
lyq-a≥ H-dnPn≥-kv, 1999 Hm-K-kv‰v.
28 ssI-bpsSbpw Im-en-s‚-bpw 106 F√v Ip-d-®n-

´m-Wp Xm≥ I-W-s°-SpØ-Xv F∂mbn-cp-∂p sPm-
lm≥k-s‚ a-dp-]-Sn: hm-°¿ B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z
hn-kvUw Hm-^v Z t_m¨-kv, t]-Pv 147.
29 B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-t‚-Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-∂n√
eq-kn-bp-sSbpw Iq-´-cp-sSbpw k©mcw: Sm-‰¿tk-
mƒ, Z a-¶n C≥ Z and¿, t]-Pv 88.
30 acßfn√m-Ø {]-tZ-i-Øp-Iq-Sn k-©-cn-t°-

≠n h-∂-t∏mƒ am-{X-amI-Ww Ah¿ c-≠p Im-en¬
\-S-∂-Xv: Sm-‰¿-tkmƒ B≥-Uv jzm¿-Svkv, F-Iv-kv-‰n-
Mv-Sv lyqa≥kv, t]-Pv 91.
31 eq-kn-bp-sS C-Sp∏pw h-kv-Xn-{]-tZi-sØ amw-
k-t]-in-I-fp-sS L-S-\bpw kq-Nn∏n-°p∂-Xv a-cw I-
b-dp-∂ Im-cyw B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s\-t∏m-seXs∂
Ah¿°pw hn-j-a-am-bn-cp-∂p F-∂mWv: \m-j-W¬
tPym-{K-^nIv, s^-bv-kv Sp s^-bv-kv hnXv eq-ko-kv
^m-an-en, 1996 am¿®v, t]Pv 114.
32 {]-ikvX t^m-kn¬-th-´ Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬\n-

∂p-≈ ao-hv eo-°n-bm-Wv sI-\n-bbn-se te°v S¿-
°m-\-bn¬\n-∂v B-Zy t^m-kn¬ I-s≠-Øn-bXv:
\yq kb‚nÃv, 2001 am¿-®v 24, t]Pv 5.
33 A-tXm-sS I-s≠-Øn-b-Xn¬-sh-®v G-‰hpw ]-

g-°-ap≈ tlm-an-\n-Uv A-Xm-sW∂m-bn \n-Ka-\w:
t\®¿, dn-t´¨ Hm-^v Z ]v-fm-s\‰v Hm-^v Z F-bv-]v-
kv, 2001 Pqsse 12, t]-Pv131.
34 Om-Un-se Pp-dm-_v a-cp`q-an-bn¬\n-∂v

2002˛se th-\¬-°me-Øv {^©v ]-cy-th-£-Ikw-
Lw G-Xm-≠v 7 aney¨ h¿-jw {]m-b-ap≈ tlm-
an-\n-Un-s\ Is≠Øn: k-b‚n-^n-Iv A-ta-cn-°≥,
G≥ B≥-kn-Ã¿ Sp tImƒ Ah¿ Hm¨, 2003 P-
\p-hcn, t]-Pv 54˛63.
35 F-∂m¬ Cu In-ń-b-Xv a-\p-jy-s‚ A-ÿn-
b-s√∂pw {]mNo-\ Bƒ-°p-c-ßnt‚-Xm-W-sX∂pw
I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v: t\-®¿, s^-bv-kv- Sp s^-bv-kv hn-
Xv A-h¿ ]m-Ãv, 2002 Un-kw-_¿ 19˛26, t]-Pv 735.
36 A-t∏mƒ ]-≠pIme-Øv Hm-d-©n-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-

≈ X-e-t®m-dp-am-bn G-Xp- \n-anjhpw B-{I-a-W-hn-
t[-b-cm-Im-hp-∂ sIm®v B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn-\p-I-
fm-bn-cp∂ Ime-sØ ÿn-Xn ]-d-bm-\p-t≠m? : Ão-
h≥kv, Z sN-bv©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]Pv 3, {Uqdn,
sÃ-∏n-Mv tÃm¨kv, t]-Pv 335˛6.
37 A-t∏mƒ eq-knbpw Iq-ćpw Im-Sp-hn-ń-d-ßn

F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xns\-°mƒ, Im-Sv Ah-sc hn´p-t]m-
bn F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-XmIpw i-cn: {Kn-_n≥ B≥-Uv
{Kn-_n≥, _o-bn-Mv lyqa≥, t]-Pv 135.
38 G-Xm-≠p aq∂p aney¨ h¿-j-tØ-°v eq-kn-

bpw B-kv{X-tem-]n-tY-kn≥ Iqćpw Im-cy-am-bn am-
dn-bn-s´m-∂p-an-s√-∂m-Wv kqN-\: ]n._n.F-kv t\m-
h, C≥ Z sk¿®v Hm-^v lyq-a≥ H-dn-Pn≥-kv, 1999
Hm-K-kv‰v.
39 X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ tI-h-e h-en-∏w _p-≤n-i-‡n-
bp-sS A-fhp-tIm-em-sb-Sp-°m-\mhn√: KqƒUv, F-
h¿ kn≥-kv Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 181˛3.
40 F-∂n-´pw Np-‰p-]mSpw I-≠ {]-tbm-P-\-{]-Zam-

b Cu km-t¶Xn-IhnZy A-h¿ kzo-I-cn-®n√ F-∂-
Xm-Wp hn-Nn-{Xw: {Uqdn, sÃ-∏n-Mv tÃm¨kv, t]-Pv
338.
41 A-h-bp-sS Xn-tcm-[m-\-Øn-\p Im-c-W-sa-s¥-

∂v B-¿-°p-a-dn-bn√, H-cp]-t£ \m-ah-sb Xn-∂-
XmImw F-∂m-Wv am-‰v dn-Uven ]-d-bp-∂-Xv: dn-Uven,
Pn-t\mw, t]-Pv 33.
42 i-co-c`m-c-Øn-s‚ c-≠p i-X-am\-ta h-cq X-e-

t®m¿, ]-t£, i-co-c-Øn-s‚ samØw Du¿-÷-Øn-
s‚ C-cp]-Xp i-X-am-\hpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv A-
Xm-Wv: {Uqdn, sÃ∏nMv tÃm¨kv, t]-Pv 345.
43 X-e-t®m-dn-s‚- Cu B¿-Øn i-co-c-Øn-s\ ]-

e-t∏mgpw ]-ń-Wn-bn-em-°pw: {_u¨, Z F-\¿Pn
Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 216.
44 kn. tem-dn-Mv s{_-bvkv Cu hm-Zw B-h¿-Øn-
°p-∂p-≠v: KqƒUv, enbm-\m¿tUm-kv au≠≥ Hm-
^v ¢mw-kv B≥-Uv Z Ub‰v Hm-^v thmwkv, t]-Pv
204.
45 a-\p-jy\pw Ip-c-ßn-\p-an-S-bn-se A-Xn¿h-c-

ºm-Wv tlmtam C-dŒ-kv F-∂m-Wv: kzo-jdpw a-
‰pw, Pm-hm am≥, t]-Pv 131.
46 H-º-Xn\pw ]-{¥-≠n-\p-an-Sbv-°p {]m-b-ap-≈

B¨-Ip-ń-bp-sS A-ÿn-bm-bn-cp∂p A-Xv: \m-j-
W¬ tPym-{K-^n-Iv, 1997 sabv, t]-Pv 90.
Sp¿-°m-\ Ip-ń i-cn°pw \-Ωfn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-

∂p: Sm-‰¿-tkmƒ, Z a¶n C≥ Z and¿, t]-Pv 132.
48 A-Xn-\¿-Yw tcm-Kw h-∂p In-S-∏nem-b kv-

{Xo-sb Btcm ]-cn-N-cn-®n-cp∂p F-∂mWv: hm-°¿
B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z hn-kvUw Hm-^v Z t_m¨-kv,
t]Pv 165.
49 A-`q-X-]q¿-h km-l-kn-I-X -{]-I-Sn-∏n® C-dŒ-

kv A-Xn-i-bn-∏n-°p-∂ thK-Øn¬ tem-I-saßpw
]-c∂p: k-b‚n-^n-Iv A-ta-cn-°≥, "^p-Uv t^m¿
tXm-´v', 2002 Unkw_¿, t]-Pv 108˛15.
A[ym-bw 29
A-im-¥-\m-b Bƒ-°pcßv
-∂c aney¨ h¿-jw ap-sº-t∏m-tgm tlm-an-\n-

Up-I-fp-sS Iq-´-ØnseHB¿-°p-a-dn-bm-Ø GtXm
{]Xn-` H-cp A-km-[m-c-W IrXyw \n¿-hln®p.
Ah≥ (A-s√-¶n¬ Ahƒ) H-cp I-s√-Sp-Øv AXp-
sIm-≠v {i≤m]q¿hw th-sdm-cp I√v aq¿-® Iq-ń-
sb-Sp-Øp. A-ß-s\-bp-≠mbXv AXn e-fn-Xam-sbm-
cp ssI-t°m-Sm-en-bm-Wv. ]t£, \q-X-\ km-t¶Xn-
IhnZy-bpsS B-Zy{]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv.
A-∂p-≈ F√m B-bp-[-ßsf-°mfpw an-I-®-Xm-

bn-cp-∂p Cu ssIt°m-Smen. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂
a-‰p-≈-hcpw A-Xp-t]m-ep-≈ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿-
Ωn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. {I-ta-W F√m-h¿°pw tIm-Sm-
en \n¿-am-WwX-s∂bmWp ]-Wn-sb-∂ph∂p. "A-
ß-s\-b-h¿ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p ssI-t°mSmen-Iƒ
\n¿-an-®pIq-ń.'1 Sm‰¿-tkmƒ ]-d-bp-∂p. B-{^n-°-
bn¬ Nn-e-bn-Sß-fn¬ sN-∂m¬ A-∂h¿ I√p-
sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-b a-gp-hn¬ N-hn-´m-sX \S-°m≥ ]-
‰n√. C-{Xbpw {i-a-I-cam-b ]-Wn°p th-≠n A-
h¿ k-a-b-apgn-™p-h-®p F∂-Xv hn-Nn-{X-am-Wv. H-
cp]-t£ tIm-Sm-en\n¿-Ωm-Ww \¬Ip-∂ B-\-μ-
sam-∂n-\p-th-≠n am-{X-ambn-cn°mw A-h-c-Xp sN-bv-
X-Xv.‹
A-e-am-c-bn¬\n-∂v Sm‰¿-tkmƒ AØ-c-sam-cp-]-

I-c-W-Øn-s‚ am-XrI-sb-Sp-Øv F-s‚ ssI-bn¬
X∂p. Ip-¥-ap-\-bp-sS B-Ir-Xn-bm-bn-cp-s∂¶nepw
A-Xn-s\m-cp N-hn-´p-]-Sn-bp-sS h-en-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
Acao-‰¿ \ofw, hn-kv-Xm-c-ap-≈ `m-K-Øn\v 20
sk‚o-ao-‰¿ hoXn. ss^-_¿ •mkvsIm≠p≈ B
am-Xr-I-bv-°v G-Xm-\pw Hu¨-kv `m-c-ta-bp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p≈q, ]-t£, I√p-sIm-≠p≈ b-Ym¿-Y h-kv-
Xp-hn\v 11 In-tem-{Kmw `m-cw h-cpw. "hm-kvXhØn¬
D-]-tbm-K-iq-\yam-sbm-cp D-]-I-c-W-am-WXv. F-Sp-
Øps]m-°-Wsa¶n¬ c-≠pt]¿ th-Ww, hen-b
A-[zm-\-amWv A-sX-Sp-Øp {]-tbm-Kn-°pI-sb-
∂ph-®m¬.'
"]n-s∂-¥m-bn-cp-∂n-cn°pw A-Xn-s‚ D-]-tbm-Kw?'
"H-cq-l-hp-an√.' A-Xn-s‚ \n-Kq-V-X B-kz-Zn-s®-

∂-t]mse, Sm‰¿-tkmƒ Np-a-en-f°n. Nn-e-t∏mƒ
F-s¥-¶nepw {]-Xo-Im-fl-I {]m-[m-\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-cn°-Ww A-Xn\v. sh-dp-samcq-lw am-{X-am-Wn-
Xv.‹
Cu D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ A-Nyq-en-b≥ (acheulean)

D-]-I-c-Wßƒ F∂mWv A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv. ]-sØm-
ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ A-Ø-c-Øn-em-Zy-tØ-Xp
Is≠Øn-b h-S-°≥ {^m≥-kn¬ G-an-b≥-kn-ep-
≈ sk-bn‚ v A-Nyq¬ F-∂ ÿ-e-Øp\n-∂m-
Wv B t]-cp In-ń-bXv. A-Xn-\p apº-sØ Ip-td-
°q-Sn efn-Xam-b D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ°v Hmƒ-Up-hm≥
Sqƒ-kv F-∂m-Wp t]cv. Sm≥km-\n-b-bnse Hmƒ-
Up-hm≥ tKm¿-Pn¬\n-∂p I-s≠-Øn-bXp-sIm-≠m-
Wv - Cu t]cv. ]-g-b ]mT-]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ Hmƒ-
Up-hm-≥ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS Nn{X-ambn sIm-Sp-Øn-
cn-°p∂-Xv D-cp-≠p aq¿-®-bn√m-Ø ap-„n-h-en-∏-ap-
≈ I√p-I-fm-Wv. Cu D-cp-≠ I√n¬\n-∂p sNØn-
sbm-gn-hm°n-b No-fp-I-fmbn-cp∂p b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬
A-h-cp-sS D-]-I-c-W-ß-sf-∂m-Wv ]p-cm-Po-hnim-kv-
{X-⁄¿ C-t∏mƒ I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. ap-dn-°m-\p-≈ B-
bp-[-am-bn-´mbncn°pw A-h D-]tbm-Kn-®-sX-∂m-Wp
kqN-\.
C-\n-bm-Wv \n-Kq-V-X h-cp∂Xv. ]n¬-°me-Øv

\-Ω-fm-bn amdn-b BZna B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy¿ G-
Xm-s≠m-cp e-£w h¿-jwap-ºv B-{^n-°-
bn¬\n∂p ]p-d-tØ-°p \oßn. A-t∏mƒ A-Nyq-en-
b≥ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p Ahcp-sS B-bp[w.
A-h¿°-Xv G-sd {]n-bhp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-hc-Xv G-
sdZq-cw H-∏w sIm≠p-t]m-hp-IbpwsN-bv-Xp. h-gn-
bn¬h-®v B-bp-[-ap-≠m-°m≥ Nn-e¿ I√p-Iƒ
ssI-I-fn¬ I-cp-Xp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. A-{X-bv-°n-jv-
Sam-bncp∂p A-h¿-°m km-t¶Xn-IhnZy. ]t£,
Cu A-Nyq-enb≥ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ B{^n-°-bnepw
bq-tdm-∏n-epw a-t[y-jy-bnepw ]-›n-ta-jy-bnepw F-
ºmSpw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw hnZq-c]q¿-htZ-i-
ß-fn¬ A-h I-s≠-Øn-bn-t´bn√. Xn-I®pw B-i-
b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂ Im-cy-am-WnXv.
lm¿-hm-Un-se ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ lm-ew

tam-hn-b-kv 1940 I-fn¬ tam-hnb-kv tc-J F-s∂m-
∂p h-c®p. A-Nyq-enb≥ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ
Is≠Øn-b ÿ-eß-sf A-h Im-Wm-Ø ÿ-e-
ß-fn¬\n-∂p th¿-Xn-cn°p-∂- A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-
∂p AXv. bq-tdm-∏n¬\n-∂v ]-›n-ta-jy-bn-te°v
C∂-sØ sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-eq-sSbpw _w-•m-tZ-in-eq-
sSbpw IS-∂pt]m-Ip∂-XmWv Cu tc-J. AXn\-
∏pd-Øv Z£n-W ]q¿-th-jy≥ cm-Py-ß-fnepw ssN-
\-bnepw ]g-b Hmƒ-Up-hm≥ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ am-{X-
am-Wv I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. F-∂m¬ tlm-tam-km-
∏n-b-\p-Iƒ B tc-J-bv-°-∏p-d-tØ°pw I-S-∂n-cp-
s∂-∂p \-ap-°-dn-bmw. A-aq-ey\n[n-t]m-se A-h¿
I-cpXn-b D-]I-c-W-ßƒ A-{X-bpw Zq-cwh-sc sIm-
≠p-h-∂n-´v A-hn-sS-bp-t]-£n-°m≥ Ah-sc t{]-cn-
∏n-®-sX-¥mImw?
"Gsd-°m-ew F-s∂ Ip-g°n-b {]-iv-\-amWXv.'

Im≥-_dbnse Hmkvt{Sen-b≥ \mj-W¬ k¿-h-I-
em-im-e-bn-se A-e≥ tXm¨ ]-d-™p. a\pjy¿ c-
≠p L-´-ß-fn-em-bn B-{^n-°-bn¬\n-∂p ]p-d-tØ-
°p ]-c-∂p-sh∂ B-i-b-Ønt∑em-Wv B-[p\n-I
\-chw-iim-kv{Xw sI-ń-∏-Sp-Øn-cn-
°p∂Xv˛˛tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p B-Zy-
sØ H-gp°v. A-Xm-Wv Pmhm a-\p-jy\pw ]o-°n-
Mv a-\p-jy\pw a-‰p-am-bXv. ]n-s∂ Ip-td-°q-Sn hn-I-
kn® tlm-tam-km-∏n-b≥-kn-s‚ H-gp-°ph-∂p. B-
Zy-sØ-°q´-sc A-Xp ]p-d-¥≈n. ]t£, Cu tlm-
tam-km-∏n-b≥-kv A-h-cp-sS B-[p\n-I km-t¶Xn-
Ihn-Zybp-am-bn C-{Xbpw Zq-cw h-cn-Ibpw F-∂n-´v
A-Xv A-hn-sS D-t]-£n-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-sX-∂p ]-d-
bp-tºmƒ, i-cn°pw B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂ Im-
cy-amW-Xv.‹
Iq-SpX¬ B-i-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂ kw-K-Xn-

Iƒ th-sdbpw h-cm-\ncn-°p-t∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q.
tXm-Wn-s‚ kz-¥w \mSm-b Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬\n-
∂m-Wv 1968-˛¬ A-°q-´-Øn-te-‰hpw h-en-b A-Xn-
i-b-ap-≠m-b-Xv. A-hn-sS G-sd-°m-ew ap-ºp h-‰n-h-
c-≠ apwtKm X-SmI-°-c-bn-eq-sS \-S°m- \n-d-ßn-
b-Xm-bn-cp∂p Pnw _u-f¿ F-∂ Pn-tbm-f-Pn-kv‰v.
N-{μ-°-e-bm-IrXnbn-ep-≈ a-W¬-Ø-ń¬ H-c-]q¿-h-
°mgv-N I-≠p A-t±lw˛˛a-\p-jy-s‚ Aÿn-°-j-
W-ßƒ. a-\p-jy≥ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se-Øn-bn-´v F-
Æm-bn-cw h¿-j-Øn-te-sd-bm-bn-ń√ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p
A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈ [mc-W. ]-t£, apwtKm h-‰n-h-c-
≠n-´v 12,000 h¿-j-sa-¶n-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. AØ-c-sam-
cp `q-{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ Fß-s\ a-\p-jy-s‚ A-ÿn
h∂p?
Im¿-_¨ Im-e-\n¿-W-b-am-W-Xn-\p-≈ DØ-cw
\¬-In-bXv. B Aÿn-bp-sS D-S-a A-hn-sS h-∂-
Xv apwtKm h-‰n-h-c-fpw-ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p. 20 In-tem-ao-
‰¿ ssZ¿-Ly-Øn¬ \nd-sb sh-≈hpw a-’y-ß-
fp-ap-≈ Im-kzmcn\ a-c-ßƒ X-W¬ hn-cn-® Xm-a-
kn-°m≥ ]‰n-b ÿ-e-am-bn-cp-∂p A-t∏mgXv. B
F√p-Iƒ-°v 23,000 h¿-jw ]-g-°-ap-s≠-∂ hnh-
cw sR-´-tem-sS-bm-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ a-\- n-em-°n-
b-Xv. A-Sp-Øp\n-∂p Inń-b th-sd Nne F√p-Iƒ-
°v 60,000 h¿-jwh-sc {]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A-{]-
Xo-£n-X-am-bncp-∂p AXv, {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn G-d-
°p-sd A-km-[y-sa-∂p tXm-∂n-°p-∂ Im-cyw. `q-
an-bn¬ tlm-an-\n-Up-Iƒ D-¤-hn-®-Xn-\pti-j-sam-
cn-°epw Hmkvt{Sen-b Zzo-]√m-Xn-cp-∂n-ń√. I-S¬
IS-t∂ A-hn-sS a-\p-jy-s\-Øm≥ ]‰p-Ibp≈q.
A-°-sc-bp≈-Xv ]‰n-b ÿ-e-am-sW-∂v H-cp-d-∏p-
an√m-sX 100 Intemao-‰-tdm-fw ssZ¿Lyw h-cp-∂
Xp-d-∂ I-S¬- Xm-≠n s]-‰p-s]-cp-In H-cp kaq-l-
am-Im≥ am-{Xw B-fp-Iƒ F-Øp-I. Aß-s\ F-
Øn-s∏-Sm≥ C-Sbp≈ h-S-°≥ Xo-c-Øp-\n-∂v aq-hm-
bn-cw In-tem-ao-‰¿ I-c Xm-≠n-bmte t\c-tØ ]-
d-™ apw-tKm-bn-se-Øm-\mhq. A-Xn-\¿-Yw 60,000
h¿-j-Øn\pw F{Xtbm ap-ºv A-h¿ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-
bn¬ F-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-I-W-sa-∂msW∂v2 "s{]m-ko-
Un-Mvkv Hm-^v \m-j-W¬ A-°mZan Hm-^v k-
b≥kkv'‹A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
F-ß-s\-b-h¿ FØn? F-¥n-\-h¿ h-∂p? F-

∂o tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°v DØcw \¬Ip-I F-fp-∏-a√.
60,000 h¿-jw ap-ºv a-\p-jy≥ kw-km-cn°m≥
]Tn®n-´p-Iq-Sn-bn-s√-∂mWv \-c-hw-i-im-kv{X{K-Ÿ-
ßƒ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. A-Xmb-Xv IS-ep-I-S-°m≥ th-
≠ bm-\-ß-fp-≠m°mt\m H-cp Zzo-]v tIm-f\n-
bm°mt\m th-≠ Iq´m-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ°pw
A-Xn-\p -th-≠ Bibhn-\n-a-b-Øn\pw A-h¿-°p
ti-jn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F-∂p th-Ww a-\ nem-
°m≥.
"N-cn-{XmXo-XIme-sØ a-\p-jy-s‚ k-©m-c-

sØ∏-‰n C-\n-bp-ta-sd a-\- n-em-°m-\p-≠v.'3 Im≥-_-
d-bn¬h-®p I-≠-t∏mƒ A-e≥ tXm¨ ]d™p.
"\n-ßƒ-°-dnbm-tam, ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n¬ \-
c-hw-iim-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]m∏p-h \yq-Kn-\n-bn-se-Øn-b-
t∏mƒ A-hn-sS Dƒ-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ a-\p-jy-\v F-
Øn-t®-cm≥ A-tßb-‰w {]-bm-kam-b ÿ-e-Øv a-
[p-c-°ng-ßpIr-jn sN-øp-∂ \m-´p-Im-sc-bm-W-h¿
I-≠Xv. sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bm-Wv a-[p-c°ng-ßn-s‚
P-∑-tZiw. A-hn-sS\n-∂-h Fß-s\ ]m∏p-h \yq-Kn-
\n-bn-seØn? \-ap-°-dn-bn√ F-∂p -]-d-™m¬-t]m-
c, H-cq-l-hp-an√ F-∂pXs∂ ]-d-bWw. ]-t£, H-
∂p-d-∏m-Wv, \-Ω-sf√mw I-cp-Xn-b-Xnepw F{Xtbm
ap-ºv a-\pjy¿ tem-I-k-©m-cw Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p,
B bm-{X-bn¬ A-h¿ Po-\p-Ifpw hn-h-cß-fpw ]-
¶p-sh-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.'‹
C-hn-sSbpw {]-iv-\w t^m-kn¬tc-J-I-fp-sS A-

]-cym-]v-X-Xbm-Wv. "a\pjym-h-in-„-ßƒ G-sd-°m-
ew kq-£n-°m≥X-° {]-tZ-i-ßƒ `q-an-bn¬ Ip-d-
hm-Wv.' tXm¨ ]-d-bp-∂p. \-c-® XmSn-tcm-a-ßfpw
Xo-£v-W-am-b IÆp-Ifpw ku-lr-Z`m-h-hp-ap-≈-bm-
fm-Wv tXm¨. "Ing-t° B-{^n-°-bn-se lZmdpw
Hmƒ-Up-hm\pw C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \-Ωp-sS A-dn-
hv A-Xnepw ]cnan-X-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Np‰p-sam-∂p
I-tÆm-Sn-®m¬ aXn, \-Ωp-sS A-dn-hns‚ ]-cn-an-Xn
t_m-[y-am-Ipw. C-¥y-bn¬\n-∂v B-sI In-ń-bn-
´p≈-Xv H-scm-‰ {]mNo-\ a-\p-jy-s‚ A-ÿn-bm-Wv,
aq-∂pe-£w h¿-jw {]m-b-ap-≈-Xm-bncp-∂p AXv.
C-dm-Jn\pw hn-b-‰v-\m-an-\p-an-S-bn¬\n-∂v˛˛G-Xm-≠v
A-øm-bncw In-tem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≠v A-
Xn\v˛˛B-sI In-ń-bn-´p≈-Xv c-≠v Aÿn-I-ƒ. H-
∂v C-¥y-bn¬\n∂v, c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv D-kv-s_-°n-kv-
Xm-\n¬\n-∂p-≈ \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy≥.' A-t±-
lw H-∂p Nn-cn-®p. C-{Xbpw Ipd-®p tcJIƒ-h-®v
\n-ßƒ-°v A-[n-I-sam∂pw sN-øm≥ ]-‰n√. B-{^n-
°-bn-se t{K‰v dn-^v-‰v hm-enbpw Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-
se apw-tKmbpwt]m-se k-ar-≤-am-bn a-\pjym-h-in-
„-ß-fp-≈ Np-cp-°w Nn-e ÿ-e-ß-tf \-ap-°p≈q,
A-h-bv-°n-Sbn¬ Im-cyam-sbm-∂p-an√ F-∂-Xm-Wv
h-kv-Xp-X. th-dn-´p-In-S-°p-∂ Cu Ip-Øp-Iƒ tbm-
Pn-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂ {i-a-I-c-am-b Zu-Xy-am-Wv \-chw-i
imkv{X-⁄¿-°p \n¿-h-ln-°m-\p-≈Xv.‹
{]mNo-\ a-\p-jy-s‚ hym-]-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-≈ ]-c-

º-cm-K-X kn-≤m-¥w˛˛C∂pw `q-cn]-£wt]cpw Aw-
Ko-I-cn-°p-∂ kn-≤m¥w˛˛C-ß-s\-bm-Wv: c≠p L-
´-ß-fn-em-bm-Wv bq-td-jy-bn¬ a-\p-jy≥ hym-]n-
®Xv. kv-]o-jo-km-bn D-Zv-`-hn-®-bp-S≥X-s∂ B-{^n-
° hn´ tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn-s‚ hym-]-\-am-Wv B-Zy-
tØXv. G-Xm-≠v C-cp]-Xp e-£w h¿-jwap-ºm-bn-
cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚ Xp-S°w. Im-e-{I-ta-W A-h¿ hnhn-
[ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Xm-h-f-ap-d-∏n®p. Ah ]n-s∂ hy-
Xykv-X hn-`m-K-ß-fm-bp-cp-Øn-cn™p˛˛G-jy-bn-se
Pm-hma-\pjy\pw ]o-°n-Mv a-\p-jy\pw bq-tdm-∏n-
se tlm-tam sl-bv-U¬-_¿-P≥knkpw ]n-s∂
tlmtam \n-bm-≠¿-X-m¬-knkpw A-ß-s\ D-cp-Øn-
cn-™p h-∂-XmWv.
]n-s∂, G-Xm-≠v H-cp e-£w h¿-jwap-ºv Ip-

td-°q-Sn k-a¿-∞cm-b Po-h-Pm-Xn B-{^n-°≥ Xm-
gvh-c-I-fn¬ D-S-se-Sp-Øp, a-\p-jy-{]-hm-l-Øns‚
c≠mwL-´-Øne-Xv tem-I-saßpw hym-]n®p. sN-
∂n-S-sØ√mw Cu ]pXnb tlm-tam-km-∏n-b≥-kv
A-{X k-a¿-∞-c√m-Ø, km-l-N-cy-ß-tfm-Sn-W-
ßm≥ a-Sn-Im-Wn-®, ap≥-Km-anI-sf a-dn-IS-∂v B-
[n-]Xyw ÿm-]n®p. F-ß-s\-bm-W-h-cn-Xv sN-bv-X-
sX-∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ A-`n-{]m-ssb-Iy-an√. Iq-´-s°m-
eI-fp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂-Xn-\v sXfn-shm-∂p-an√.
AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ Cu ]pXpap-d-°m¿ ]-g-bh-sc
Np-Ωm-Xß-s\ a-dn-IS-∂p F-∂m-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿
I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. a-‰p km-l-N-cy-ßƒ A-Xn-\v k-lm-
b-ta-In-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. "Nnet∏mƒ \m-a-h-bv-°v h-kq-
cn \¬-In-bn-´p-≠mIpw.' Sm‰¿-tkmƒ ]-d-bp-∂p.
"H∂pw D-d-∏n-®p ]-d-bm-\m-hn√. D-d-∏p≈-Xv H-cp Im-
cy-Øn¬ am-{Xw˛˛\-Ωfn-hn-sS-bp-≠v, A-h-cn-√.'
C-∏-d-™ B-ZyIm-e B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy¿ i-
cn°pw \n-Kq-VPo-hn-Ifm-bn-cp∂p. \-ap-°p \-sΩ∏-
‰n Im-cyam-sbm-∂p-a-dn-bn√ F-∂-Xm-Wv hkvXpX.
a-‰p tlm-an-\n-Up-I-sf∏-‰n A-dn-bp-∂-{Xt]m-epw \-
sΩ∏-‰n Adn-bn√. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ hn-Nn-{X-am-W-
Xv. ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-se G-‰hp-sam-Sphn-se G‰hpw {]-
[m-\-s∏-´ kw-`-h-am-Wv B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s‚ h-
chv.4 ]t£, A-tX-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-dnhv G-‰hpw Ip-
dhpw. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v t^m-kn¬ tc-J-I-fn¬ B-
[p\n-I a-\p-jy≥ BZyw {]-Xy-£-s∏´-Xv F-hn-
sS-bm-sW∂ Im-cy-Øn¬-t∏mepw A-`n-{]m-ssb-Iy-
an√. 1,2000 h¿-jwap-ºv Z-£n-Wm{^n°-bn-se ¢m-
ko-kv \-Zo-ap-J-Øm-bn-cp-∂p A-sX-∂m-Wv ]-e hn-
Z-Kv-[cpw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F-∂m¬ A-Xp b-
Ym¿-Y B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cps∂∂v F√m-h-
cpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n√. A-h-, A-s√-¶n¬ A-h-bn-
te-sX¶nepw icn°pw \-Ωp-sS kv-]o-jo-kn¬-s∏-
Sp∂-XpX-s∂bmtWm F-∂ Imcyw C-\nbpw ÿn-
co-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-ń-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-∂m-Wv5
Sm‰¿tkmfpw jzm¿-Svkpw ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
X¿-°hn-j-b-a√msX, B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s\ B-

Zy-am-bn I-s≠-Øp∂-Xv In-g-°≥ sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-
\n¬, C∂-sØ C-{km-tb-en-\-Sp-Øm-Wv. G-Xm-≠v
H-cp e-£w h¿-jw ap-ºm-W-h¿ A-hn-sS {]-Xy-£-
s∏-´-sX-∂p I-cp-Xp∂p. F-∂m¬ A-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp-≈
hn-h-c-ßƒ A-hy-‡hpw hn-Nn-{Xhpam-sW∂pw A-
Xp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ Ahsc X-cw-Xn-cn-°m≥ hn-j-a-
hp-am-sW∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp≠v6 ({Sn-t¶mkpw jn-]v-
am\pw B A-`n-{]m-b-°m-cmWv). Cu ta-J-e-bn¬
\n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-cp-s≠-∂ Imcyw t\c-
tØXs∂ ÿncoI-cn-®-XmWv. A-h-cp-sS ssI-h-
iw tam-kv-{Sn-b≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp-∂ ]Wnbmbp-
[k-©n-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
Xn-I®pw D]-Imc{]-Zamb B ]-Wn-bm-bp-[-ßƒ
B-[p\n-Ia-\p-jy≥ A-h-cn¬\n-∂p ISwsIm-≠n-´p-
ap≠v. hS-t° B-{^n-°-bn-se-hn-sS\n∂pw \n-bm-
≠¿-Xm¬ Ah-in-„-ßƒ I-≠p-In-ń-bn-ń√,7 ]-
t£, A-h-cp-sS ]Wn-bmbp-[k-©n ]-ebnS-
Øp\n∂pw In-ń. A-t∏mƒ th-sd-bm-sc-¶n-ep-am-
Ipa-Xv A-hn-sS-sb-Øn®Xv, A-Xv B-[p\n-Ia-\p-
jy-\√m-sX th-sd-bm-cp-am-Im-\n-S-bn√.
a[y]q¿thjy-bn¬ \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jycpw
B-[p\n-Ia-\p-jycpw ]Xn-\m-bnc°-W-°n-\p h¿-
jw k-l-h-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xm-bn A-dn-bmw. F-ß-s\-bm-
bn-cp∂p B k-l-hm-kw F-∂-dn-bn√, H-tc ÿ-e-
Øv hy-Xykv-XIm-e-ß-fn¬ amdnam-dn Xm-a-kn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-t∂m, A-tXm H-tckabw H-tc ÿe-Øv
A-SpØ-Sp-Øp I-gn-bp-I-bm-bn-cpt∂m F-∂p hy-
‡a√.‹Sm‰¿-tkmƒ ]-d-bp∂p. F-¥m-bmepw B-
[p\n-Ia-\p-jy¿ \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-cp-sS D-]-
I-cW-ßƒ k-k-t¥m-jw Xp-S¿∂pw D-]-tbm-Kn®p-
t]m-∂p. F√m ta-J-e-bnepw G-sd ap-∂n-´p \n-∂n-
cp-∂-h¿ ap≥-Km-an-I-fp-sS B-bp-[-ß-ƒ ISw-sIm-
≠p F∂-Xp hn-Nn-{X-am-bn-tØm-∂mw. a-[y-]q¿-th-
jy-bn¬ G-Xm-≠v ]Øp e£w h¿-jw apº-sØ
A-Nyq-enb≥ D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p≠v,
F-∂m¬ A-h bq-tdm-∏n-se-Øn-b-n-´v aq-∂p e£w
h¿j-Øn-te-sd-bm-bnń√. D-]-I-c-W-ßfpw km-t¶-
Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-ap-≈-h¿ A-Xv H-∏w Iq-´m-Xn-cp∂Xv
F¥p-sIm-s≠∂-Xp \n-Kq-V-amWv.
bq-tdm-∏n-seØn-b t{Im-am-·¨ a-\p-jy≥ (bq-

tdm-∏n-se B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy¿ A-ß-s\-bm-W-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv) A-hn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ \n-bm-≠¿Xm-en-
s\ Bń-tbm-Sn-s®-∂pw A-hcp-sS ap-t∂-‰Øn-s\m-
Øv ]n-¥n-cn™v ]-Sn-™m-d≥Xoc-Øv H-Xp-tß-≠n-
h-∂ \n-bm-≠¿Xm-ep-Iƒ-°v HSp-hn¬ I-S-en¬ Nm-
Sp-Itbm \-in-°p-Itbm A√m-sX h-gn-bn√m-bn-cp-
s∂-∂p-amWv G-sd-°m-ew I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂Xv. F-
∂m¬ bq-tdm-∏n-s‚ In-g-°≥`mK-Øv {]-Xy-£-s∏-
´ Im-e-ØpX-s∂ t{Im-am-·¨ a-\p-jy¿ ]-Sn-™m-
dpw FØnbn-cp-∂-Xm-bn C-t∏m-g-dn-bmw. G-d-°p-sd
H-gn-™p-In-S-°p-∂ {]-tZ-i-am-bncp-∂p bq-tdm-∏v
A∂v. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ H-cm-sf A-Sn-t®m-Sn-°m-
sXXs∂ ]p-Xn-b-h¿-°-hn-sS I-gn-bm-\m-Ip-am-bn-
cp∂p. {]mNo-\ Im-emh-ÿm imkv{X-Øn¬ _u-
´-en-b¿ C-Sth-f F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ k-a-b-Øm-Wv
B-[p\nI a-\p-jy≥ bq-tdm-∏n-se-Øn-bXv.8 Xm-c-X-
tay-\ ImTn\yw Ip-d-™ Im-emh-ÿ-bn¬\n-∂v bq-
tdm-∏v sImSpwssi-Xy-Øn-te-°v Iq-∏p-Ip-Øn-s°m-
≠ncn-°p-∂ k-a-bw. bq-tdm-∏n-te-°h-sc B-I¿-
jn®-Xv F-¥m-bmepw A-hsc-b-hn-sS kzmK-Xw sN-
bvX-Xv A-{X \√ Im-em-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂n√.
]pXn-b t{Im-am-·-Wp-am-bp-≈ a-’-c-Øn¬ \n-

bm-≠¿-Xm-ep-Iƒ XI¿∂-Sn-s™-∂p I-cp-Xm-\m-hn-
s√-∂p ]-d-bm≥ th-sdbpw Im-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. th-
sd-s¥m-s° Ip-d-hp-s≠-¶nepw I-cp-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-
Øn¬ H´pw tam-iambn-cp-∂n√ Ah¿. ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-
°-W-°n-\p h¿-jw A-h-c-\p-`-hn-® {]-IrXnt£m-`-
ßƒ C∂-sØ tem-I-Øv {[p-h-]-cy-th-£-I¿-°p
am-{X-ta ]-d™m¬ a-\- n-emIq. ln-a-bp-K-Øn-s‚
Xo-£v-W-Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv, Np-g-en-°m‰p-t]m-
em-bn-cp-∂p A∂-sØ km-[m-c-W Im-‰pXs∂. Xm-
]\ne an-°-hmdpw ]q-Py-Øn-\pw 45 Un-{Kn Xm-sg-
bm-bn-cn-°pw. sX-°≥ Cw-•≠nse a-™n-eq-sS {[p-
h-°-c-Sn-Iƒ D-emØn-b Imew. I-Sp-Ø Im-em-
hÿ-bn¬\n-∂-h¿ ]-emb-\w sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠m-Im-
sa-¶nepw G-Xm-≠v C∂sØ ssk-_o-cn-b-bn-se
Im-em-h-ÿ A-h¿ A-\p-`-hn-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-d-∏v. B
kmlN-cy-Øn¬ ap∏-Xp h-b- n-\-∏pdw Po-hn-® \n-
bm-≠¿-Xm-ep-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ `mKyw F-∂p ]-d-tb-
≠n-h-cpw. ]-t£, H-cp kv-]o-jo-kv F-∂ \n-e-bn¬
Ah¿ Cu Im-em-h-ÿ-sb- {]Xn-tcm-[n®p, Xß-
sf Aß-s\ \-in-∏n-°m\m-hn-s√-∂p sX-fn-bn-®p.
Np-cp-ßnb-Xv H-cp e-£w h¿jw, Nn-e-t∏mƒ c≠p
e-£w h¿-jwh-sc A-h¿ \n-e\n∂p.9 Pn-{_mƒ-
´¿ap-X¬ D-kv-s_-°n-kvXm≥h-sc- hn-im-eam-b ta-
J-e-bn¬ hym-]n®p. G-sXm-cp Po-h-Pm-Xn-sb kw-
_-‘n®pw h≥hn-P-b-am-WXv.
]-t£, i-cn°pw B-cm-bn-cp-∂p A-h¿ A-s√-

¶n¬ F-¥m-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿ Xp-Sßn-b Im-cy-ß-
fn¬ A-`n-{]m-b`n-∂-X-Ifpw A-\n-›n-X-Xzhpw Xp-
S-cp-I-bmWv. C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠n-s‚ a-[y-Im-ewh-
sc-bp-≈ \-chw-iimkv-{X[m-c-W \n-bm-≠¿-Xm-ep-
Iƒ \n-jv-{]-`-cm-b, Iq-\n C-g-™p-hen™p \-S-°p-
∂ hm-\-c-kam-\Po-hn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂m-Wv˛˛Xn-
I®pw Kp-lm-a-\pjy¿. th-Z-\m-P-\-Iam-sbm-cp A-]-
I-S-am-Wv im-kv-{X⁄-sc B Nn-¥mKXn am-‰m≥
t{]-cn-∏n-®Xv. Im-an-te A-cmw-t_m¿-Kv F-∂p t]-
cp-≈ {^-©v˛˛AƒPo-cn-b≥ ]p-cm-Po-hn-im-kv-{X-
⁄≥ 1947-˛¬ H-cn-°¬ k-lm-d-bn¬ ]-cy-th£-
Ww \-S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.10 D-®-bv°v Xn-f-bv-°p-∂
sh-bn-en¬\n-∂p c-£-s∏-Sm≥ A-t±-lw X-s‚ sN-
dp-hn-am-\-Øn-s‚ Nn-d-In-\-Sn-bn-se X-Wen¬ h-∂n-
cp∂p. s]-s´-∂v hn-am-\-Øn-s‚ H-cp S-b¿ s]m-ń-
sØ-dn®p, At±l-Øn-s‚ ap-Xp-In¬ I-\-Ø B-
Lm-X-ta¬-∏n®p-sIm-≠v hn-am-\w aq-°p-Ip-Øn. ]m-
co-kn-se-Øn F-Iv-kv˛td-sb-Sp-Øp t\m-°n-b-t∏m-
gm-Wv A-t±lØn-\p a-\- n-emb-Xv, X-s‚ I-ti-cp-
°-fpw Iq-\n-\-S-°p-∂ \n-bm-≠¿Xm-en-s‚ I-ti-cp-
°fpw H-tc co-Xn-bn-em-Wv tN¿-Øp-h-®n-cn-°p-
∂sX∂v. H-∂p-In¬ X-m≥ im-co-cn-I-am-bn {]m-Ir-X-
\mWv, A-s√-¶n¬ \n-bm-≠¿-Xmens‚ \ne\nev]n-
s\∏-‰n A-Xp-h-sc-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ [m-c-W-Iƒ
sX‰mWv. c-≠ma-tØ-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Im-cyw. \n-bm-
≠¿-Xm¬ hm-\-c-hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp∂-Xm-bn-cp-
∂n√. \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-sc∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂ Im-gvN-∏m-Sv BsI am-‰n-a-dn®p, Cu kw-
`hw.
]p-Xp-Xm-bn h-∂ Ir-i-Km-{Xcm-b F-∂m¬ _p-

≤n-bp≈ tlm-tam -km-∏n-b≥-kn-s\ t\-cn-Sm≥-th-
≠ _p-≤n-i‡ntbm Ignthm \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-
jy-\n√m-bn-cp-s∂-∂ Nn-¥mK-Xn C-t∏mgpw {]-_-e-
amWv.11 A-Sp-Ø-bnsSbn-dßn-b H-cp ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-
se A-`n-{]m-b-{]-IS-\w t\m-°p-I: "\n-bm≠¿-Xm-
en-s‚ im-co-cn-I-ti-jnsb B-[p\n-Ia-\p-jy≥ a-dn-
I-S∂-Xv12 anI® h-kv-{X-[m-c-Wco-Xnbpw Xo-bn-s‚
anI® D-]-tbm-Khpw an-I-® A-`-btI-{μ-ßfpw D-
]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv. `£-Ww Iq-Sp-X¬ th-W-sa-∂Xp-
sIm-≠v Aan-X-h-en-∏-ap-≈ i-co-cw \n-bm-≠¿-Xm-
en\p _m-[y-X-bm-bn am-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp.'‹A-
Xmb-Xv e-£w h¿-j-tØm-fw A-Xn-Po-h-\-Øn-\p
k-lm-bn® A-tX im-cocn-IL-S\ s]m-Sp∂t\ A-
h-bv-°p hn-\-bm-bn am-dn-sb-∂¿Yw.
\n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-s‚ X-e-t®m-dv B-[p\n-
I a-\p-jy-t‚-Xn-s\°mƒ h-ep-Xm-bn-cp-s∂-∂ Im-
cyhpw th≠-{X hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-ń-ń√. B[p\n-I
a-\p-jy-s‚ X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ i-cmi-cn hym-]vXw 1.4
en-‰-dmWv, \nbm-≠¿-Xm-en-t‚Xv 1.8 en-‰-dm-sW-∂m-
Wv H-cp I-W°v.13 \-Ωƒ a-\p-jy -cm-bn-t∏mepw
]-cn-K-Wn-°m-Ø {]mNo\ tlmtam C-d-Œkpw C-
t∏mg-sØ tlm-tamkm-∏n-b≥kpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-
Xym-k-sØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-emWv Cu hy-Xym-kw. \-
Ωp-sS X-e-t®m-dv sN-dp-Xm-sW-¶nepw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-
cy£-a-am-sW-∂ hm-ZwsIm-≠m-Wv C-Xn-s\ t\-cn-
Smdv. F-∂m¬ a-\p-jy-]-cn-Wm-a-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ a-s‰-
hn-sSbpw CØ-c-sam-cp hm-Z-ap-b¿-∂n-ń-s√-∂-m-Wv
F-s‚ hn-izm-kw.
A-t∏mƒ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-sbm-cp kw-i-b-ap-b-cpw.

A-{X I-cpØpw _p≤nbpw km-l-N-cy-ß-tfm-Sn-W-
ßm-\p-≈ ti-jn-bp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬
a\pjy-sc-t¥ C-t∏mƒ \-tΩm-sSm-∏-an√m-ØXv.
km-[y-am-b (F-∂m¬ X¿-°hn-t[-b-am-b) H-cpØ-
cw A-h-cn-t∏mgpw \-tΩm-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cn°mw
F∂Xm-Wv. _-lp-taJ-em k-¶ev]-\w F-∂p hn-
fn-°m-hp∂ B B-i-b-Øns‚ G-‰hpw hen-b {]-
Nm-c-I-cn¬ H-cm-fm-Wv A-e≥ tXm¨. a-\p-jy-]-cn-
Wmaw H-cp ss\-c¥-cy{]-{In-b-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂mWv
Cu _-Z¬kn-≤m-¥w ]-d-bp∂Xv. B-kv{X-tem-]n-
tY-kn-\p-Iƒ tlmtam l-m_n-enkpw tlmtam
slbvU¬-_¿-P≥-kn-kpw Im-e-{ItaW tlmtam
\n-bm-≠¿-Xm-se≥-knkpw Bbt]m-se tlmtam
km-∏n-b≥-kv a-‰p {]mNo\ tlmtamcq-]-ß-fn¬
\n∂p-cp-Øn-cn-™p h-∂-Xm-Im-sa-∂m-Wv A-h¿ ]-
d-bp-∂Xv. C-X-\p-k-cn®v tlmtam C-dŒ-kv {]-tXy-
I hn-`m-Ka√, ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚ C-S-bv-°p-≈ L´w
am-{X-amWv. A-Xmb-Xv B-[p\nI ssN-\-°m¿
{]mNo\ ssN-\okv tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn¬\n-∂p-cp-
Øn-cn-™p h-∂-XmWv; B-[p\n-I bq-tdm-]y-∑m¿
{]mNo\ bq-tdm-]y≥ tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn¬\n-∂pw.
""F-s∂ kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw tlmtam C-dŒ-kv
F-∂ H-∂n√, D-]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-bn-°-gn-s™m-cp ]-
Z {]-tbm-K-am-W-Xv. \-Ωp-sSX-s∂ {]m-No-\-Z-i-bm-
bn-cp-∂p tlmtam C-dŒkv F∂m-Wp Rm≥ I-cp-
Xp-∂Xv. A-Xmb-Xv H-scm-‰- kv-]o-jo-kv a-\p-jytc
B-{^n-°-bn¬\n-∂p h-∂n-´p≈q, A-Xv tlm-tam
km-∏n-b≥-kmWv.''
F-∂m¬ Cu hm-Zw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-s√-∂m-
Wv F-Xn-cm-fn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv. H-∂ma-Xv C-Xp k-
Ω-Xn®p-sIm-Sp-Øm¬ {]mNo\tem-I-Øv B-{^n-°-
bnepw ssN-\-bnepw bq-tdm-∏nepw C≥-sUm-\o-jy-
bn-se hn-Zqc Zzo-]p-I-fn-ep-sa√mw a-\p-jy-]-cn-Wm-
aw k-am-¥-c-am-bn kw-`-hn®p-sIm-≠ncps∂-∂p k-
Ω-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. h-f-sc-°me-sØ {i-a-Øn-\pti-
jw \-chwi im-kv-{X-⁄¿ im-kv-{Xkn-≤m-¥-ß-
fn¬\n-∂p \o°n-b hw-io-b-hm-Zw Xn-cn®p-sIm-≠p-
h-cm≥ Cu \n-e-]mSv Im-c-W-am-Ip-sa-∂-Xm-Wv A-
h-cp-sS F-Xn¿-∏n-s‚ a-s‰m-cp Im-c-Ww. C∂sØ
B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-cn¬ Nn-e-cpsS-sb-¶nepw D-Zv`-hw
hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-°m-sa∂ hm-Zw s]≥-kn¬-
hm\nb k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se {]-ikv-X \-chw-i
im-kv-{X-⁄≥ Imƒ-´¨ Iq≥ 1960I-fp-sS Xp-S-
°-Øn¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n®p. A-Xmb-Xv \-Ω-fn¬ Nn-e-
cp-sS ]m-c-ºcyw a-‰p-≈-h-sc-°mƒ tI-a-am-sW∂v.
B-{^n-°-bn-se _p-jv-sa-\pw (i-cnbm-b t]-cv I-
e-lm-cnkm≥) Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se BZn-a\n-hm-kn-
Ifpw a-‰p-≈h-sc A-t]-£n-®v {]m-Ir-X-cm-sW-∂
A-{X kp-J-I-c-a√m-Ø hnizmk-Øn\p Xn-cn-®p-h-
cm≥ A-hk-c-sam-cp-°p-I-bmWv Cu Bi-bw sN-
bv-XXv.
Iq-\n-s‚ hy-‡n-]-cam-b A-`n-{]m-bw F-¥m-bn-
cp-∂m-epw ]-ecpw Cu B-ib-sØ hym-Jym-\n®-
Xv Nn-e hw-i-ßƒ ]m-c-º-cy-am-bnØ-s∂ a-‰p hw-
iß-sf A-t]-£n-®v ap-∂n-em-sW∂pw Nn-e hw-
i-ßƒ th-td kv-]ojo-kp-I-fn¬\n-∂p h-∂-Xm-Im-
sa-∂p-ap-≈ B-i-b-Øn-\v A-Xv ]n≥-_-e-ta-Ip-∂p-
s≠-∂m-Wv. C-∂v Xn-I®pw A-[n-t£-]m¿-l-am-bn-
tXm-∂p-∂ Cu B-i-b-Øn-\v _-lp-am-\ycm-b Nn-
e¿X-s∂ A-Sp-Ø Im-ewh-sc \√ {]Nm c-Ww
\¬-In-bn-cp-∂p. sse-^v am-K-kn-\n¬ h-∂ hnhn-
[ te-J-\ß-sf B-kv-]-Z-am-°n ssSw˛˛sse-^v ]-
ªn-t°-j≥-kv 1967˛¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn® "Z F-∏nIv
Hm-^v am≥' F-∂ ]p-kvX-Iw F-s‚ ta-i-∏p-d-
Øp≠v.‹25,000 h¿jw ap-ºph-sc Po-hn-®n-cp∂
sdm-tU-jy≥ a-\p-jy-\mImw B-{^n-°bn-se
\ot{Km-I-fp-sS ap≥-Km-an.14 B a-\p-jy-s‚ X-e-t®m-
dn-\v G-Xm≠v tlm-tam-km-∏n-b≥-kn-s‚ X-e-t®m-dn-
s‚ A-{X-tØmfw h-en-∏-ap-≠m-bncp∂p F∂ hm-
Zw A-Xn¬ Im-Wmw. A-Xmb-Xv tlm-tam-km-∏n-
b≥knt\m-Sv kmayw am-{X-ap-≈ Po-hn-I-fn¬\n-∂v
A-Sp-Ø Ime-Øv ]-cn-W-an-®p≠m-b-Xm-Wv B-{^n-
°-bn-se \o-t{Km-Iƒ F-∂¿Yw.
F-∂m¬ X-s‚ B-i-b-Øn-\v F-s¥-¶nepw hw-
io-b-hm-Z-Øn-s‚ Nphbp-s≠-∂ B-tcm]-Ww
tXm¨ i-‡-ambn (B-flm¿-Y-am-bn-Ø-s∂-sb∂v
Rm≥ I-cp-Xp-∂p) \n-tj-[n-°p∂p. hy-Xykv-X {]-
tZ-i-ßfpw kw-kv-Im-cßfpw X-Ωn¬ sIm-Sp-
°¬hm-ß-ep-Iƒ [m-cm-fw \-S-∂n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv a-
\pjy-cpsS sF-I-cq-]y-Øn-\p Im-c-W-sa∂vv A-t±-
lw hy-‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. a-\p-jy-cp-sS k-
©m-cw H-scm-‰ Zn-i-bn¬ am-{X-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p I-cp-
Xp-∂-Xn-¬ \ym-b-an√. a-\p-jy¿ F√m Zn-i-I-fnepw
k-©-cn-®n-´p≠v, sN√p-∂n-S-sØ√mw A-h¿ a-‰p -
hn-`m-K-ß-fp-am-bp-≈ kw-tbm-K-Øn-eq-sS P-\n-X-I-
]-Zm¿-Y-ßƒ ]-¶p-h-®n-´p-ap-≠v, A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂p.
]p-Xp-Xm-bn h-∂-h¿ X-t±-iob-sc ]p-dw-X-≈p-I-b√
sN-bv-XXv, A-h-scm-sSm-∏w tN-cpI-bm-bn-cp∂p.
AY-hm A-h-cm-bn am-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.‹Iym-]v-‰≥
Ipt°m aK√t\m hn-Zq-c-ß-fn-ep-≈ a-\p-jy-sc B-
Zy-am-bn Im-Wp-∂ cw-Kw A-t±lw D-Zm-l-cW-am-
bn Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. hy-Xykv-X kv-]o-jo-kp-
Iƒ X-Ωnep-≈ Iq-Sn-°m-gv-N-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv. H-
tc kv-]o-jo-kn¬-s∏-´, im-co-cn-Iambn sNdn-b hy-
Xym-k-ß-fp-≈ B-fp-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ Iq-Sn-°m-gv-N-
bm-bncp∂p.‹
t^m-kn¬tc-J-I-fn¬ \-Ωƒ Im-Wp∂-Xv Xp-S¿-
®bm-b \n¿-hnLv-\ ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-amWv. {Ko-kn-se
s]{S-tem-\-bn¬\n-∂p Inń-b X-e-tbm-ń-s‚ Im-
cyw {]-i-kv-X-amWv. Nn-e- Im-cy-ß-fn¬ A-Xv
tlmtam C-d-Œ-kn-s\t∏msebpw a-‰p Nn-e Im-cy-
ß-fn¬ tlm-tam -km-∏n-b-s\-t∏m-se-bp-am-sW ∂-
Xv ]m-c-º-cy-hm-Zn-Iƒ-°v G-sd-°mew A-kz-ÿ-X-
bp-≠m°n-b Im-cyamWv. H-∂p a-s‰m-∂n-s\ ]p-dw-
X-≈m-sX H-∂p a-s‰m-∂mbn ]-cn-W-an-°ptºmƒ C-
Xm-Wp Im-WpI, tXm¨ ]-d-bp∂p.
Cu X¿-°w ]-cn-l-cn-°m-\p-≈ \√ h-gn kv-]o-

jo-kp-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ k¶c-Ww \-S-∂n-´p-s≠-∂p k-
Ω-Xn-°p-I-bmWv. F-∂m¬ A-Xp- i-cn-bmsWt∂m
A-s√t∂m t^m-kn¬ sX-fn-hp-Iƒh-®p sX-fn-
bn°p-I F-fp-∏a√. 1999˛¬ t]m¿-®p-K-en-se K-th-
j-I¿ 24,500 h¿-jw apº-sØ H-cp Ipń-bp-sS A-
ÿn-Iq-Sw I-s≠-SpØp. \m-ep hb- p {]m-bw tXm-
∂n-°p∂ B Ip-ń°v G-d-°p-sd B-[p\n-I a-\p-
jy-s‚ im-cocn-IL-S-\X-s∂-bmbn-cp∂p. ]-t£,
Nn-e Im-cy-ß-fn¬ {]mIr-XLS-\˛˛th-W-sa-¶n¬
\n-bm≠¿-Xm¬ L-S-\ F-∂p ]-d-bmw˛˛D-≠m-bn-cp-
∂pXm-\pw. Im-en-s‚ A-ÿn-I-fp-sS A[n-I D-d-
∏n-s‚ Im-cy-Ønepw ]√n-s‚ aq¿-®-bp-≈ L-S-\-
bpsS Im-cy-Øn-epw X-e-tbm-ń-s‚ ]n≥-`mK-Øv \n-
bm-≠¿-Xm-ep-I-fp-sS k-hnti-j-X-bmb kp-ss{]-
\n-bm-Iv t^m-k F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ sh-ń-s‚
(C°mcy-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw tbm-Pn-°p-∂n√) Im-cy-
Øn-epw B Ip-ń-°v \n-bm≠¿-Xm-en-s‚ kz-`m-h-
am-bn-cp∂p. sk-bn‚ v eq-bn-kn-se hm-jn-Mv-S¨
k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse \n-bm-≠¿Xm¬ hn-Z-Kv-[≥
F-dn-Iv {Sn-t¶m-kv ]-d™-Xv A-sXm-cp k-¶-ck-
¥-Xn-bm-sW-∂mWv. B-[p\n-Ia-\p-jy-cp-sSbpw \n-
bm≠¿-Xm-ep-I-fp-sSbpw kw-tbm-K-Øn-\p sX-fn-hm-
bpw Cu X-e-tbm-Sv \n-cØ-s∏´p. F-∂m¬- \n-bm-
≠¿-Xm-en-s‚bpw B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s‚bpw
KpWßƒ i-cn-°n-W-ßn-t®-cm-Ø-sX¥p-sIm-s≠-
∂ Im-cy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p Nne¿°v B-i-b-°p-g-∏w.
tIm-h¿I-gpX-sb t\m-°p-I. A-Xn-s‚ ap≥-`mKw
Igp-X-sb-t∏m-sebpw ]n≥-`m-Kw Ip-Xn-c-sb-t∏m-ep-
a√ C-cn-°p-∂Xv.15
F-∂m¬ B I≠-Xv X-Sn®p-sIm-gp-sØm-cp B-

[p\n-I Ip-™√m-sX H-∂pa√‹F-∂m-Wv C-bm≥
Sm‰¿-tkmƒ ]-d-bp-∂Xv. \n-bm-≠¿-Xm-ep-Ifpw
t{Im-am·-Wpw X-Ωn¬ Nn√-d C-S-]m-Sp-I-sfm-s°
\-S-∂n-cn-°m-sa-¶n-epw hnP-b-I-camb k-¶-ck¥-
Xn-bpsS P-\-\-tØm-fw A-Xv FØn-bn-´p≠mhns√-
∂m-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]£w.* H-tc kv-]o-jo-
kn¬-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ∗ \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-s‚bpw
t{Im-am-·¨ a-\p-jy-s‚bpw t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fp-sS
F-Æw hy-Xykv-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°m≥ km-[y-X-bp-
≠v. hf-sc A-Sp-∏-ap-≈, F-∂m¬ H-s∂-∂p ]-d-
bm≥ ]-‰m-Ø c-≠p kv-]o-jo-kp-I-fp-sS Im-cy-
Øn¬ Aß-s\ kw-`-hn-°m-dp-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-
\v Ip-Xn-c-Iƒ-°v 64 t{Im-a-tkm-ap-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv, I-
gp-X-Iƒ-°v 62. Ip-Xn-cbpw I-gp-Xbpw X-Ωn-ep-≈
kw-tbm-K-Øn¬ \n-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂ Ip-ń-bp-sS t{Im-a-
tkmw {]-Xyp¬-]m-Z-\-]-cam-b D-]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-b
63 BWv. Aßs\-bm-Wv \-ap-°v h-‘ycmb tIm-
h¿ I-gpX-sb In-´p-∂Xv.
F∂m¬ hy-Xy-kv-X-hpam-b c-≠p Po-hnI-sf Po-

h-im-kv-{Xa-fi-e-Øn¬ Xm-\n-t∂mfw I-≠n-ń√
F-∂m-Wv A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂Xv.
Cu {]-iv-\-ßƒ-°v t^m-kn¬]T-\-Øn¬\n-
∂pØ-cw In-ń-s√-∂p a-\ - n-em-b-t∏mƒ im-kv-{X-
⁄¿ P-\n-X-I]T-\-ß-fn-te-°p Xn-cn-™p;
{]tXyIn®pw ssa-t‰m-tIm¨-{Sn-b¬ Un.F≥.F.-
]T\w. ssa-t‰m-tIm¨-{Sn-b¬ Un.F≥.F. I-s≠-
Øp-∂-Xv 1964˛¬ am-{X-amWv. ]-t£,
1980Ifn¬Øs∂ s_¿-°v-en- Imen-t^m¿Wn-b
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se Nn-e {]-Xn-`-Iƒ Hcp X-cw X-
∑m{Xm L-Sn-Im-c-am-bp-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂ k-hn-ti-
j-X-Iƒ A-Xn\ps≠-∂p I-s≠Øn. A-Ωh-gn am-
{X-am-Wv A-Xv A-Sp-Ø X-e-ap-d-bn-te°p ssI-am-
d-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fp-
sS P-\n-X-I hn-h-c-ßƒ Iq-Sn-°-e-cp-∂n√ A-Xn¬.
]n-s∂ km-[m-c-W Un.F≥.F. X∑m{X-sb A-t]-
£n-®v C-cp-]-Xnc-ń th-K-Øn-em-W-Xn-\v {]-Im-cm-
¥-coWw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠v A-Xn-s\
a-\- n-em-°m-\pw Im-e-{Ita-W P-\nXI-hn-\ym-k-
Øn¬ h-cp-∂ am-‰w ]n-¥p-S¿-∂p a-\- n-em-°m\pw
F-fp-∏-amWv. A-h-bp-sS cq-]-am-‰-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xp hn-
e-bn-cp-Øn-bm¬ H-cp kw-L-Øn-s‚ sam-Øw P-\n-
X-I-N-cn{Xw IW-°pIq-ń-sb-Sp-°mw.
]-tc-X\m-b A-e≥ hn¬k-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-

≈ _¿-Iv-en K-th-jIkw-Lw 1987˛¬ 147 t]-cp-
sS ssa-t‰mtIm-{≠n-b¬ Un.F≥.F. hn-iIe\w
sN-bvXp. F-∂n-´p {]-Jym-]n®p˛˛B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-
s‚ D-Z-bw 140,000 h¿-jw ap-ºv B-{^n-°-bn-em-
bn-cp∂p. C-∂-sØ F√m a-\p-jycpw A-hcpsS
]n≥-Km-an-I-fm-Wv.16 _-lp-taJ-emhm-Zn-Iƒ-°v I-\-
Ø B-Lm-X-ambn-cp∂p Cu {]-Jym-]\w. A-tXm-
sS B ]T-\^-ew kq£v-ahn-i-I-e-\Øn\p hn-t[-
b-am-°-s∏´p.17 A-t∏m-gm-Wv a-\- n-emb-Xv ]T-\-Øn-
ep-]-tbm-Kn-® B{^n-°-°m¿ b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ B-
{^n-°≥˛˛A-ta-cn-°-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. A-h-cp-sS P-
\n-X-IL-S-\-bn¬ I-gn-™ G-Xm\pw \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ-
°n-sS [mcmfw I-e¿-∏p-Iƒ h-∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
C-∏-d-™ cq-]m-¥-c-W-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xp kw-_-
‘n®pw kw-i-b-ap-b¿∂p.
Aßs\ Cu ]T-\-Øn-s‚ hn-izm-ky-X 1992

B-b-t∏m-tg-°pw G-d°p-sd \-„-ambn. ]-t£, P-
\n-X-I hn-iI-e-\ km-t¶Xn-Ihn-Zy ]n-s∂bpw ]n-
s∂bpw sa-®-s∏-´p. b-Ym¿-Y \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-
\p-jy-s‚ ssI-sb-√n¬\n∂pw Un.F≥.F. th¿-
Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m\pw hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øm-\pw 1997˛¬
ayq-Wn-Iv k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bnse im-kv-{X-⁄¿-
°mbn.18 C-Ø-hW-sØ sXfn-hv A-\n-tj-[y-a-m-bn-
cp∂p. \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-cp-sS Un.F≥.Fbv-
°v C∂v `q-ap-J-Øp-≈ G-sXm-cp
Un.F≥.F.bn¬\n∂pw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-sW∂v A-
h¿ sXfn-bn®p. \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy\pw B-
[p\n-I a-\pjy\pw X-Ωn¬ P-\n-X-I_-‘-sam-∂p-
an√ F-∂m-W-Xn-\¿Yw. C-Xm-bn-cp∂p _-lp-tZio-
bhm-Zn-Iƒ-t°-‰ b-Ym¿-∞ B-LmXw.
]n-s∂ 2000˛¬ t\-®¿ am-K-kn-\n¬ H-cp kzo-

Un-jv ]T-\-Øn-s‚ dnt∏m¿´v h-∂p. 53 t]-cp-sS
ssa-t‰m-tIm¨-{Snb¬ Un.F≥.F. ]cn-tim[-\ \-
S-Øn-b-Xn¬\n-∂v A-h¿ I-s≠-Ønb-Xv B-[p\n-
I a-\p-jy≥ Ign™ Hcp e-£w h¿-j-Øn-\n-S-
bn¬ B-{^n-°-bn¬\n-∂p-¤-hn-®-XmWv F-∂m-bn-
cp∂p.19 A-Xp-am-{Xa√, A∂-sØ G-Xm-≠v ]-Xn-
\m-bn-c-am-fp-Iƒ s]-‰p-s]-cp-In-bp-≠m-b-Xm-Wv C-
∂p-≈-h-sc√mw F-∂p-a-h¿ I-s≠-Øn. AXn-\p-
]n∂mse a-km-®p-sk-‰v-kv C≥-Ãn-‰yq´v Hm-^v sSIv-
t\mf-Pn sk‚¿ t^m¿ Pn-t\mw dn-k¿-®n-s‚ U-
b-d-Œ¿ F-dn-Iv em≥-U-dn-s‚-sbm-cp {]Jym]\w
h∂p. sh-dpw 25,000 h¿-jwap-ºv \m-Sp-hn-´ G-
Xm\pw i-Xw B-{^n°°m-cn¬\n-∂p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv
C∂-sØ bq-tdm-]y∑m¿ ap-gp-h≥ F-∂m-bn-cp∂p
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-s≠-Ø¬.
\-Ωƒ t\c-tØ ]-d-™-t]mse, a-\p-jy-\n¬ P-
\n-XIssh-hn-[yw \-s∂ Ip-d-hmWv. A-ºØ-©v
Nn-ºm≥-kn-I-fp-sS H-cp k-aq-l-sa-Sp-Øm¬ Ah¿
X-Ωn-ep-≈ P-\n-X-Issh-hn[ywt]mepw sam-Øw a-
\p-jy¿ X-Ωnen√20 F-∂mWv Cu ta-J-e-bn-se H-
cp hn-Z-Kv-[≥ A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv. AXn\p-≈ Im-c-W-
am-Wv C-t∏mƒ ]-d-™Xv. sNdn-sbm-cp P-\-hn-`m-K-
Øn¬\n∂v A-Sp-Ø-Ime-Øv D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂-h-
cm-Wv \Ωƒ. P-\n-XIssh-hn[yw h-cm-\p-≈ ka-
bw \-ap-°p In-ń-bn-ń√. _-lp-taJemhm-Z-Øn-\v
I-\-Ø B-Lm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. C-Xn-\p-ti-jw
Bcpw B hm-Z-w ap-dp-sI-∏n-Sn-®nd-ßm-dn√ F-∂m-Wv
s]≥tÃ-‰n-se H-cp ]-fin-X≥ hm-jn-Mv-S¨ t]m-
kv‰nt\m-Sp ]-d-™-Xv. hm-Zw k-a¿-Yn-°m≥ th-≠
sX-fn-hn√ F∂-XpX-s∂ Im-cWw.
]t£, Cu ]T-\-ß-sf√mw ]-Sn-™m-d≥ \yq-

ku-Øv sh-bn¬-knse apw-tKm a-\p-jy-cp-sS
Un.F≥.F. ]-c-n-tim[-\m^-e-Øn-se I-s≠-Øep-
Isf A-h-K-Wn-®p. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ sR-ń-°p-∂-Xm-
bn-cp-∂p 2001-˛s‚ XpS°Øn-ep-≠mb B I-
s≠Ø¬. G-‰-hpw {]m-b-tadn-b apw-tKm A-h-in-
„ß-fn¬ (62,000 h¿-j-am-W-Xn-s‚ {]m-b-sa-∂v C-
∂p I-W-°m-°n-bn-´p≠v) Un.F≥.F. th¿-Xn-cn-s®-
Sp-°m≥ I-gn-™-Xm-bn tXmWpw Iq-ćpw A-
dnbn®p.21 A-h-cp-sS Un.F≥.F. a-‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n-
∂p hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv F∂mbn-cp-∂p I-s≠Ø¬.
im-co-cn-I-am-bn F-s∂bpw \n-ß-sfbpwt]m-se

B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy\mWv apwtKm a-\p-jy\pw. ]-
t£, Xn-I®pw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b P-\n-X-I Xm-h-gn-
bn¬\n-∂m-W-h¿ h-cp-∂-sX-∂m-Wv tXmWpw Iq-
´-cpw I-s≠-ØnbXv. ""as‰√m-h-scbpwt]m-se A-
Sp-Ø Ime-Øv B-{^n-°- hn-´-h-cp-sS ]n≥-Km-an-I-
fm-sW-¶n¬ a-‰p-≈-cp-sS Un.F≥.F. L-S-\X-s∂-
bm-bn-cn°-Ww apwtKm a-\p-jy\pw. F-∂m¬ apw-
tKm-I-fp-sS ssa-t‰m-tIm¨-{Sn-b¬ Un.F≥.F. B-
[p\n-I a-\p-jy-cn¬ Im-Wm-\n√, A-h-cp-sS ]T-\-
^-e-a\pk-cn®v F√mw X-In-Sw a-dn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-
cp∂p Cu I-s≠-Ø¬''. kt¥mjw a-d-®p-h®p-
sIm≠v tXm¨ ]-d™p.
kam-\ hy-Xn-N-e-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ dn-t∏m¿-´p-

Iƒ th-sdbpw h∂psIm-≠n-cp∂p. Hm-Iv-kv-^-Un¬
C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq´v Hm-^v _-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ B{¥t∏m-f-
Pn-bn¬ P-\-kwJym P-\n-X-I-im-kv-{Xhn-Z-Kv-[bmb
tdm-k-en≥Uv lm¿-Un-ßn-s‚ I-s≠-Ø-em-bn-cp-
∂p AXn-sem∂v. B-[p\n-I a-\p-jys‚ _o-‰m-t•m-
_n≥ Po-\p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p ]Tn® tdm-k-en≥-Un-s‚
I-s≠-Ø¬ G-jy-°m-cnepw Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se
X-t±-io-b-cnepw Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ c-≠p-Xcw Po-\p-Iƒ
B-{^n-°-°m-cn¬ Im-Wp-∂n√ F-∂-Xm-Wv. c-≠p
e-£w h¿-jwapºv Cu hy-Xykv-X Po-\p-Iƒ h∂-
Xv B-{^n-°-bne√, In-g-°t\-jy-bn-em-Wv F-∂m-
bn-cp-∂p A-h-cp-sS \n-K-a-\w. A-Xmb-Xv B-[p\nI
tlmtam-km-∏n-b-\p-Iƒ A-hn-sS-sb-Øp-∂-Xn\pw
F{Xtbm ap-ºv. A-t∏mƒ C-∂-sØ G-jy-°m-cp-
sS ]q¿-h]n-Xm-a-l-∑m-cn¬ Pm-hm a-\p-jy-sc-
t∏mep≈ {]mNo\ tlm-an-\n-Up-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-
cn-°-Ww. th-sdm-cp IuXpIw Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p,
G-jy-°m-cn¬ I-≠ Cu k-hnti-j Po≥˛˛A-
Xns\ Pm-hm a-\p-jyPo≥ F-∂p hn-fn-°mw˛˛Hm-Iv-
k-v^-Uv-sj-b-dn-se B-[p\nI a-\p-jy-cn-ep-ap-≠m-
bn-cp∂p.
B-sI B-i-b-°p-g-∏-Ønem-b Rm≥ C≥-kv-‰n-

‰yq-ń¬ t]m-bn lm¿Un-ßn-s\ I≠p. Hm-Iv-k-v^-
Un-se _m≥_-dn tdm-Un¬ ]-g-sbm-cp C-„nI-s°-
ń-S-am-Wv C≥-Ãn-‰yq´v. D√m-k-`-cn-Xbm-sbm-cp X\n
Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-°m-cn-bm-Wv lm¿-Un-Mv. {_n-kv-s_-bv-
\n¬\n-∂p-≈ A-h-cn¬ Zr-V-\n-›-bhpw c-kn-I-Xz-
hpw H-tcka-bw {]-I-S-am-bn-cp∂p.
Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv-sj-b-dn-se P-\-ß-fn¬ A-hn-sS-bp-

≠m-Im≥ km-[y-Xbn√m-Ø _o-‰m-t•m-_n≥ t{i-
Wn h-cp-∂-sX¥p-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p tNm-Zn®t∏mƒ
"A-dn-bn√'‹F-∂ A-S-®p-≈ a-dp-]-Sn-bm-Wv F-\n-
°p In-ń-bXv. ]ns∂b-h¿ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Xp-S-
ßn, ""s]m-Xp-th ]-d-™m¬ B-[p-\n-I a-\pjy≥
B-{^n-°-bn¬\n-∂p-Zv-`-hn-®v a-‰n-S-ß-fne-°p hym-]n-
®p F-∂ kn≤m¥-sØ P-\n-X-IsX-fn-hp-Iƒ i-
cnhbv°p-∂p≠v.22 ]-t£, A-Xn-\p ]n∂mse CØ-
cw ssh-Nn-{Xy-ßƒ I-s≠-Øp-∂p-ap≠v. s]m-Xp[m-
c-Wbv-°p hn-cp-≤am-b CØ-cw I-s≠-Ø-ep-I-
sf∏-‰n au-\w ]m-en-°m-\m-Wv im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]-
e-t∏m-gpw Xp-\n-bmdv. a-\- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bp-sa-¶n¬
hnhcßƒ [m-cm-fw h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p≠v. ]-
t£, ]-eXpw \-ap-°p a-\ n-em-bn-ń√, a-\- n-em-
°m≥ \-Ωƒ Xp-S-ßn-bn-t´-bp-≈q F-∂-Xm-Wv hk-
vXpX.‹Gjy≥ Po-\pIƒ Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv-sj-b-dn¬
I-≠-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p≈ hn-iZo-I-cWw Im-cy-ßƒ
Xn-I®pw k-¶o¿-W-am-sW-∂ {]-kv-Xm-h\bn-sem-
Xp°n, Ah¿. B-sI Ip-g-™p-a-dn-™pIn-S-°p-I-
bm-Wp Im-cyßƒ F-t∂ C-t∏mƒ ]-dbm-s\m°q,
A-sX¥p-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p \-ap-°dn-bp-I-bp-an√.
2002˛s‚ Xp-S-°-Øn¬ Cu Iq-Sn-°mgv-N \-S-°p-

∂-Xn-\p sXm-´p-ap-ºmWv {_-bm≥ ssk-Ivkv F-
∂ Hm-Iv-kv^-Uv im-kv-{X⁄≥ "sk-h≥ tUm-
t´gvkv Hm-^v Cu-hv'‹F-∂ P-\-{]n-b ]p-kvX-Iw
]p-d-Øn-d-°n-bXv. bq-tdm-∏nse ap-gp-h≥ P-\-ß-fp-
sSbpw ]q¿-h-am-Xm-°ƒ sh-dpw G-gp-t]-cm-sW-∂v
ssat‰mtIm¨-{Sn-b¬ Un.F≥.F. ]T-\-Øn-eq-sS
I-s≠-Øn-sb-∂m-Wv ]pkv-XI-Øn¬ A-t±-lw A-
h-Im-i-s∏-´Xv. A-ß-s\-bm-Wv ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-\v
lΔbp-sS G-gp s]¨-a-°ƒ F-∂p t]-cn-´Xv. ]-Xn-
\m-bn-cw h¿-j-Øn\pw \m¬∏-Ø-øm-bn-cw h¿-j-
Øn-\p-anS-bn¬ im-kv-{X-⁄¿ ]men-tbm-enØnIv
F∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ Im-eØmW-h¿ Po-hn-®Xv. Cu
G-gp-t]¿°pw D¿kpe, ko\nb, Pm-kv-an≥ F-∂n-
ß-s\ A-t±-lw t]-cp-an´p. Xo¿-∂n√, Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-
cp-sSbpw hy-‡nNn-{X-ßfpw \¬In (A-Ω-bp-sS c-
≠ma-sØ Ip-ń-bm-bn-cp∂p D¿-kp-e. B-Zy-sØ Ip-
ń-sb Ah-\v c-≠p h-b- p-≈-t∏mƒ ]p≈n-∏p-en ]n-
Sn®p-sIm≠p-t]m-bn....).
Cu ]p-kv-X-I-sØ∏-‰n tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ F-¥pØ-
cw ]-d-bp-sa-∂p kwib-ap≈t]mse lm¿-Un-Mv H-
∂p Nn-cn-®p. ""hnj-aw]n-Sn-s®m-cp hnj-bw P\{]n-b-
am-°m≥ {i-an-®-Xn-\v A-t±-lw A\p-tam-Z-\-a¿-ln-
°p-∂p-≠v.''‹Aev]t\c-sØ \n-»–-Xbv-°pti-
jw A-h¿ Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp, "A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂Xv i-
cn-bm-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈ hnZq-ckm-[y-X-bp-≠p-Xm-\pw.'
A-h¿ H-∂p-Iq-Sn Nncn®p, F-∂n-´p Ip-d-®p-Iq-Sn Ku-
c-h-Øn¬ ]-d-™p: "]-t£, H-scm-‰ Po\n¬\n-
∂p≈ hn-h-c-ßƒh-®v \n-ßƒ-s°m∂pw Xo¿-Øp
]-d-bm≥ ]‰n√. H-cp ssa-t‰mtIm¨-{Sn-b¬
Un.F≥.F. ]n-¥p-S¿-∂p ]n-∂m-°w k-©-cn-®m¬
\n-ßƒ H-cn-S-sØ-Øn-tb-°pw, H-cp Xm-cbntem D¿-
kp-ebntem at‰m. ]t£, \nßƒ th-sdm-cp
Un.F≥.F-.bp-sS I-j-W-am-sW-Sp-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬,
thsd-tb-sX¶nepw Po-\m-Wv F-Sp-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬
sN-∂p-tNcp-I thsd-hn-sS-sb-¶n-epam-bn-cn-°pw.'
e-≠-\n-se G-sX-¶nep-sam-cp tdm-Un-eq-sS Xn-cn-

®p k-©-cn-°p-∂-Xpt]mse-bm-W-sX-∂v F-\n-°p
a-\- n-embn. A-Xn-eq-sS-bß-s\ t]m-bm¬ \nß-sf-
Øn-t®-cp∂-Xv tPm¨ Hm t{Km-Sv-kn-emWv. A-Xp-
h-®v e-≠-\n-ep-≈ F√mhcpw h∂-Xv h-S-°≥ kv-
tIm-Sv-e‚n¬\n-∂m-sW-∂ \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-Øn-
bmse-ß-s\-bn-cn-°pw? H-cp]-t£, A-h¿ h∂-Xv
A-hn-sS\n-∂p-X-s∂-bmhmw. ]-t£, a-‰p \q-dp-\q-
dp ÿ-e-ß-fn¬\n-∂m-bn-cn-°m-\p-≈ km-[y-Xbpw
A{XX-s∂-bp≠v. Cu-b¿-Y-Øn¬ Hmtcm Po\pw
Hmtcm ssl-th-bm-sW-∂mWv lm¿-Un-Mv ]-d-bp-∂-
Xv. A-h-sb-tßm-s´m-s° t]m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂v \-Ωƒ
ASbm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønh-cp-t∂-bp≈q. H-scm-‰ Po≥h-®v
\-ap-°v ap-gp-h≥ I-Ybpw ]-d-bm≥ ]-‰n√.'
"A-t∏mƒ P-\n-X-I]T-\ß-sf hn-iz-kn-°m≥ ]-

‰n√ F∂mtWm?'
"]T-\ß-sf A-hn-iz-kn-t°-≠-Xn√. ]-t£,

AØ-cw ]T-\-ß-ƒh-®v H-‰-b-Sn-°p-≈ \n-K-a-\-ß-
fn-se-Øp-tºmƒ A-Xp hn-iz-kn-°m-s\-fp-∏-a√.'
B-[p\nI a-\p-jy≥ B-{^n-°-bn¬\n-∂p-¤-hn-

®v ]p-d-tØ-°p hym]ns®-∂ kn-≤m-¥w 95 i-X-am-
\w i-cn-bm-sW-∂m-Wv lm¿-Un-ßn-s‚ A-`n{]mbw.
]-t£, X-ß-fp-tS-Xp-am-{X-am-Wv i-cn-sb-∂v iTn-
°p∂-Xph-gn Ccp]-£hpw im-kv-{Xap-t∂-‰-Øn-\p
k-lm-b-Iam-b \n-e-]m-S√ kzo-I-cn-°p∂Xv. C-cp]-
£hpw I-cp-Xp-∂Xp-t]m-se A-{X-bv-°v kp-K-a-a√
Im-cy-ßƒ. F{Xtbm tZ-im-S-\-ßƒ \-S-∂n-´p≠v,
a-\p-jy¿ ]-e ta-J-e-I-fn-te-°p hym-]n-®n-´p≠v, A-
Xn-\n-sS P-\n-X-IL-S-I-ßƒ Iq-Sn-°-e¿∂p. A-Xv
C-g]n-cn-s®-Sp-°p-I-sb∂-Xv H´pw F-fp-∏-ap-≈ Im-
cy-a√.
{]m-No-\m-h-in-„-ß-fn¬\n-∂v Un.F≥.F. th¿-

Xn-cn-s®-Sp-sØ-∂ AhIm-i-hm-Z-ßfpw tNmZyw
sN-ø-s∏-ń-´p≠v. H-cp \-c-hw-iim-kv-{X⁄-s‚ ta-
i-∏p-d-Øn-cn-°p-∂ {]mNo-\ X-e-tbm-Sv hm¿-Wo-jv
]p-c-ń-bXmtWm F∂p tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ A-t±-la-Xp
\-°n t\m-°n-bn-´m-Wv A-s√-∂p ]-d-™-sX∂v t\-
®¿ am-K-kn-\n-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn¬ H-cp K-th-
j-I≥ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn®p.23 Aß-s\ t\m°p-tºmƒ
{]mNo-\ X-e-tbm-ń-bn-se Un.F≥.F.bn-te-°v B-
[p\n-I a-\p-jys‚ Un.F≥.F. I-e-cp-I-bm-
Wv.‹AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ B X-e-tbm-Sv `m-hn]T-
\-ßƒ-°p ]-‰n√. C-tX-°p-dn-®p Rm≥ lm¿-
Unßnt\m-Sp tNm-Zn®p. Hm A-Xn-\p ap-ºpX-s∂
A-Xv a-en-\-am-bn-°-gn-™n-´p≠m-Ip-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p
lm¿-Un-ßn-s‚ a-dp-]Sn. A-ÿn-°j-Ww ssI-
sIms≠-Sp-Øm¬X-s∂ A-Xp a-en-\-am-Ipw. \-Ωp-
sS D-—zm-khm-bp A-Xn-s\ a-en-\-am-°pw. e-t_m-
d-´-dn-bn-se sh≈w A-Xn-s\ a-en-\-am-°pw. Ip-f-
Øn¬ Ip-fn-°p-tºmƒ \-Ωƒ \o-¥p∂-Xv a-‰p ]-
e-cp-sSbpw Un.F≥.F.-bn-emWv. I-e¿-∏n√m-Ø am-
Xr-I-Iƒ In-´-W-sa-¶n¬ A-Wp-hn-ap-‡ km-l-N-cy-
Øn¬ D¬-J-\-\w \-S-ØWw. F-∂n-´v A-hn-sS h-
®pX-s∂ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \-S-ØWw. a-en-\-am-Im-
Ø {]m-No-\m-h-in-„w In-´p-I-sb∂-Xv hen-b hn-j-
aap-≈ Im-cy-am-Wv.‹
"A-t∏mƒ CØ-cw A-h-Im-i-hm-Zß-sf kw-i-b-

Zr„n-tbm-sS-tb ImWm-\m-hq F∂mtWm?'
lm¿-Un-Mv Nn-cn®p, F-∂n-´v- Du∂n-∏-d-™p:

"Xo¿-®-bm-bpw.'
a-\p-tjym¬-]-Øn-sb-°p-dn-®p \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂
Im-cy-ßƒ C-{X Ip-d-™pt]m-b-sX-s¥-∂-dn-b-W-
sa-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ ]‰n-sbm-cp ÿ-ew ]-d-™p-X-cmw.
sI-\n-b-bn¬ s\bv-tdm-_n-°p sX°pw ]-Sn-™m-d-p-
am-bn F≥-tKmMvv ln¬kv F-∂ \o-e-°p-∂p-Iƒ-°-
∏p-d-Øm-W-Xv. tZio-b]m-X-bn¬ bp-Km-≠-bn-te°p-
≈ Zn-i-bn¬ \o-ßp-tºmƒ s]-s´-s∂m-cn-S-Øv `q-an
Xpd∂v hgn-am-dn B-{^n-°≥ Xm-gvh-c-bp-sS hn-im-
eam-b \-c-® ]-®-bp-sS BIm-iZr-iy-Øns‚ A-Xn-
ibw ap-∂n-se-Øp-w.
A-Xm-Wv {]-i-kv-Xam-b t{K-‰v dn-^v-‰v hmen. In-g-

°≥ B-{^n-°-bn¬ aq-hm-bn-cw ssa¬ Np-‰-f-hn¬
IsÆØmZq-c-tØm-fw ]c-∂p In-S-°p-∂ Cu Xm-
gvhc B-{^n-°- G-jy-bn¬\n-∂p hn´p-t]m∂ ^-e-
Ihn-t—Z-\-Øns‚ Hm¿-a-s∏-SpØ¬Iq-Sn-bmWv. C-
hn-sS Np-´p-]-gp-Øp In-S-°p-∂ \neßƒ-°-∏pd-Øv
s\bv-tdm-_n-bn¬\n-∂v G-Xms≠m-cp 65 In-tem-ao-
‰¿ AIse H-cp {]mNo-\ D¬J-\-\tI-{μ-ap≠v, H-
tem¿-K-ssken. hn-im-eam-sbm-cp XSm-I-Øn-s‚ I-
c-bm-bn-cp-∂p H-cp- Ime-Øv C-Xv. X-Sm-Iw h-‰n-h-c-
≠v Imeßƒ-°p-ti-jw H-cn-°¬ 1919˛¬ sP.U-
ªyp. {KnK-dn F-∂ ù-a-im-kv-{X⁄≥ A-hn-Sw
k-μ¿-in®p. [m-Xp-°ƒ h√-Xp-ap-≠mIptam F-∂-
dn-bm\p-≈ A-t\z-j-W-Øn-\n-sS hn-Nn-{Xam-sbm-cp
]m-d-°j-Ww A-t±-l-Øns‚ {i-≤-bn¬-s∏´p. C-
cp≠ B ]md ssI-sIm-≠p sIm-Øn cq-]-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bXm-sW-∂v A-t±-l-Øn-\p a-\- n-embn.
t\ctØ C-bm≥ Sm‰¿-tkmƒ ]d™ A-Nyq-en-
b≥ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS D÷z-eti-J-c-Øn-s‚ I-
s≠-Ø-em-bncp-∂p A-Xv.
Cu hn-Nn-{XtI-{μ-Øn¬ 2002˛¬ A-{]-Xo-£n-X-

am-bn Rm\pw FØns∏´p. a-s‰m-cm-h-iy-Øn-\p sI-
\n-b-bn-se-Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p Rm≥. sI-b¿ C‚¿-
\m-j-W-en-s‚ Nn-e Po-h-Im-cp-Wy {]-h¿-Ø-\ta-
J-e-Iƒ k-μ¿-in°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p D-t±-iyw. a-\p-
tjym-¤-h-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-t\z-j-W-Øn¬ F-
\n-°p-≈ Xm¬-]cyw a-\- n-em°n-b B-Xn-tYb≥
H-tem¿-K-ssken k-μ¿i-\wIq-Sn ]-ń-I-bn¬
tN¿Øp. 24
{Kn-K-dn-bp-sS I-s≠-Ø-en-\pti-jw ]n-s∂bp-

sam-cp c-≠p ]-Xn-‰m-≠pIm-ew i-ey-s∏-Sp-Øm-sX
InS∂ H-tem¿-K-ssk-en ]n-s∂-bp-W¿∂-Xv
{]ikv-X Z-º-Xn-Ifm-b eq-bn eo-°n-bp-sS-bpw ta-
cn eo-°n-bp-sSbpw kμ¿i-\-tØm-sS-bmWv. A-hc-
∂p Xp-Sßn-b D-¬J\-\w C-t∏mgpw Xp-S-cp-Ibm-
W-hn-sS. ]-tØ-°-tdm-fw hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂ H-cp
ta-J-e ap-gp-h≥ hym]n®pIn-S-°p∂, G-Xm-≠p ]-
Øp -e-£w h¿jw-sIm-≠p-≠m°nb {]mNo-t\m]-
I-c-W-ß-fp-sS A-kw-Jyti-J-c-am-W-h¿ I-s≠-Sp-
Ø-Xv. 12 e-£w h¿jw apX¬ c-≠p e-£w h¿-
jwh-sc- ]-g-°-ap-≈ B-bp-[-ßƒ A-hn-sS-\n-∂p
I-s≠-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. I-ºn-th-en sI-ńbpw Sn≥-jo-‰v
]m-Inbpw kw-c-£n-®n´p-s≠-∂-sXm-gn-®m¬ B
{]m-No-\ Bbp-[tiJ-cw A-Xn-s‚ {k-„m-°ƒ h-
®-t]m-setbm eo-°n-am¿ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xn¬\n-t∂m
am-‰-an√m-sX kq-£n®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.
Cu ]-Wn-bm-bp-[-ßƒ \n¿-an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®
]m-d°√v Cu Xm-gvhc-bn-se-hn-sS-bp-ap-≈-X-s√-∂v
F-\n-°p h-gn-Im-ń-bm-bn h-∂ sI-\n-b≥ \m-j-
W¬ ayq-kn-b-Øn-se Pn-em\n F≥-Km-en F-∂
sN-dp-∏-°m-c≥ ]d™p X∂p. "A-h¿ C-Xn-\p-≈
I√p-Iƒ sIm-≠p-h∂-Xv A-hn-sS\n∂m-IWw.' A-
ßp Zqsc H-tem¿-K-ssk-en-°pw Hm¬ F-km-°p-ń-
\p-an-S-bn-em-bn ImWp∂ c-≠p a-eIƒ Nq-≠n-s°m-
≠v A-t±-lw ]-d-™p. G-Xm-≠p ]Øp- In-tem-ao-
‰¿ Zq-cw hcpw c-≠p a-e-I-fn-te-°pw. ssI-I-fn¬
]m-d°√p-Iƒ sIms≠-Øn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hf-
sc hen-b Zq-cwX-s∂-bm-WXv.
C-{Xbpw km-l-k-s∏-´v F-¥n-\m-W-h¿ `m-c-tad-

nb I√p Npa-∂v C-hnsS-sb-Øn-®v ]-Wn-bm-bp-[-
ß-fp-≠m-°n-b-sX-∂v \-ap-°-dn-bn√. B-bp-[-ßfp-
≠m°p-I am-{Xa√, B-bp-[-\n¿-am-W-ime-sb i-
cn°pw cq-]-Iev]-\ sN-bv-sX-Sp-°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp
A-h¿. Cu tI-{μ-Øn-s‚ Nn-e `m-K-ß-fn¬ ]p-
Xnb tIm-Sm-en-I-fp-≠m°n, a-s‰m-cp `mK-Øv ]-gb-
Xp aq¿-®Iq-ń-sb-SpØp. H-tem¿-K-ssk-en hm-kv-X-
hØn-sem-cp ^m-Œ-dn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-∂¿-Yw.
]Øpe£w h¿-j-°m-ew {]-h¿-Øn-® ^m-Œdn.
]m-d IS-™v a-gp-hp-≠m-°p-I-sb∂-Xv F-fp-∏-ap-

≈ ]-Wn-b√. ]-cnNbk-º-∂¿-°pt]m-epw a-Wn-
°q-dp-Iƒ ]-Wn-Xm-te a-gp Xo¿-°m≥ ]‰q. C-\n
C-ß-s\-bp-≠m-°p-∂ a-gp-hmI-s´ A-{X {]-tbm-P-
\-{]-Z-am-bn-cp-∂pan√. ap-dn-°m\pw No-¥m\pw ]‰n-b
aq¿-®-sbm∂pw A-Xn-\n√m-bn-cp∂p. A-Xmb-Xv B-
[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s‚ D-Zv-`-h-Øn\pw F{X-tbm ap-ºv,
Iq´m-b {]-h¿-Ø-\co-Xn-Iƒ B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\pwap-
ºv {]mNo-\ a-\p-jy¿ C-hn-sS-sb-Øn {]-tXy-In-®p-
]-tbm-K-sam-∂p-an√m-Ø A-kwJyw D-]-I-c-W-ßƒ
\n¿-an-®pX≈n.
B-cm-bn-cp-∂p Ah¿? \-ap-°-dnbn√. \-ap-°-dn-

bm-hp-∂n-S-tØmfw thsdbm-cp-am-Im≥ km-[y-X-
bn√m-ØXp-sIm-≠v AXv tlmtam C-d-Œ-kv B-
bncp-s∂-∂p th-Ww I-cp-Xm≥. A-ß-s\-bm-sW-
¶n¬ G-‰hpw an-I-® ImeØv H-tem¿-K-ssk-en-
bn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v C∂-sØ a-\p-jy-in-ip-
hn-s‚ _p-≤ni-‡n D-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂p th-Ww A-
\p-am-\n-°m≥. ]-t£, C-Xn\pw Xo¿-∏n-se-Øm≥
th≠ sXfn-shm-∂p-an√. A-dp]-Xp h¿-jw Xn-c-
®n¬ \S-Øn-bn´pw Cu \n¿-am-W-im-e-bn¬\nt∂m
kao-]{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\nt∂m H-scm-‰ a-\p-jymÿn-
t]mepw In-ń-bn-´p-an√. ]m-d sN-Øn a-gp-hp-≠m-
°m≥ k-a-b-ta-sd sN-e-hn-s´-¶n-epw A-h¿ a-cn-
°m≥ th-sd-sb-hnsStbm t]mbn F-∂p-th-Ww a-
\- n-em-°m≥.
"\n-Kq-V-am-WXv.'‹F≥-Km-en ]-d™p.
X-Sm-Iw h-‰n-h-c-fp-Ibpw Xm-gv-h-c Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-®v hm-

k-tbm-Ky-a√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ G-Xm-≠v
c-≠p e-£w h¿-jwapºv H-tem¿-K-ssken a-\p-
jy¿ A-hn-Sw-hn´p-t]mbn. kv-]o-jo-kv F-∂ \n-e-
bn¬ A-h-cp-sS Zn-\ßƒ A-t∏m-tg°pw F-Æ-s∏-
´pXp-S-ßn-bn-cp∂p. Cu ]-¥-b-Øn-se bYm¿Y hn-
P-bn-bp-sS cw-K-{]-th-i-Øn-\p k-a-b-am-bn-cp∂p.
tlmtam km-∏n-b≥kns‚ h-c-hn-s‚ k-a-bw. tem-
IwX-s∂ am-dp-∂-Xn-s‚ Xp-S-°-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1 A-ß-s\-b-h¿ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p ssI-t°m-

Sm-en-Iƒ \n¿-an-®pIq-ń: Sm‰¿tkm-fp-am-bp-≈ A-
`n-apJw, A-ta-cn-°≥ ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nz-d¬
lnÃdn, \yq-tbm¿-°v, 2002 sa-bv 6.
2 A-Xn-\¿-Yw 60,000 h¿-j-Øn\pw F{Xtbm ap-

ºv A-h¿ Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬ FØnbn-´p-≠m-I-W-
sa-∂m-sW-∂v : s{]m-ko-Un-Mvkv Hm-^v Z \m-j-
W¬ A-°mZan Hm^v k-b≥-k-kv, 2001 P-\-ph-cn
16.
3 N-cn-{XmXo-XIme-sØ a-\p-jy-s‚ k-©m-c-

sØ∏-‰n C-\n-bp-ta-sd a-\- n-em°m-\p-≠v: A-e≥
tXm-Wp-am-bp-≈ A-`n-apJw, Im≥-_-d, 2001 Hm-K-kv-
‰v 20.
4 ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-se G-‰hp-sam-Sp-hn-se G-‰hpw

{]-[m-\-s∏-´ kw-`-h-amWv B-[p\nI a-\p-jy-s‚ h-
chv. ]-t£, A-tX-°p-dn-®p-≈ A-dnhv G-‰hpw Ip-
dhpw: Sm-‰¿tkmƒ, Z lyq-a≥ H-Uokn, t]-Pv 150.
5 A-h-bn-te-sX-¶nepw i-cn°pw \-Ωp-sS kv-]o-

jo-kn¬-s∏-Sp∂-XpXs∂bmtWm F-∂ Imcyw C-
\nbpw ÿn-co-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-bn-ń-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-
∂m-Wv: Sm-‰¿-tkmƒ B≥-Uv jzm¿-Svkv, F-Iv-kv-‰n-
Mv-Sv lyq-a≥kv, t]-Pv 226.
6 F-∂m¬ A-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp-≈ hn-h-c-ßƒ A-hy-

‡hpw hn-Nn-{X-hp-am-sW∂pw AXpsIm-≠pX-s∂
Ahsc X-cw-Xn-cn-°m≥ hn-j-a-hp-am-sW∂p I-cp-Xp-
∂-h-cp-≠v: {Sn-t¶m-kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z \n-bm-
≠¿-Xm¬kv, t]Pv 412.
7 hS-t° B-{^n-°-bn-se-hn-sS\n∂pw \n-bm-

≠¿-Xm¬ A-h-in-„-ßƒ I-≠p-In-ńbn-ń√: Sm-‰¿-
tkmƒ B≥-Uv jzm¿-Svkv, F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mv-Sv
lyqa≥kv, t]-Pv 209.
8 {]mNo-\ Im-emh-ÿmim-kv-{X-Øn¬ _u-´-en-

b¿ C-Sth-f F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂ k-a-b-Øm-Wv B-
[p\n-I a-\p-jy≥ bq-tdm-∏n-se-Øn-b-Xv: ^mK≥, Z
t{K-‰v tPWn, t]-Pv 105.
Np-cp-ßnb-Xv H-cp e-£w h¿jw, Nn-e-t∏mƒ c-

≠p e-£w h¿-jwhsc A h¿ \n-e\n-∂p: Sm-
‰¿-tkmƒ B≥-Uv jzm¿-Svkv, F-Iv-kv-‰n-Mv-Sv lypa-
≥kv, t]-Pv 204.
10 Im-an-te A-cmw-t_m¿-Kv F-∂p t]-cp-≈ {^-

©v˛Aƒ-Po-cn-b≥ ]p-cm-Po-hnim-kv{X-⁄≥
1947˛¬ H-cn-°¬ k-lm-d-bn¬ ]-cy-th£-Ww \-S-
Øp-I-bm-bncp-∂p: {Sn-t¶m-kv B≥-Uv jn-]v-am≥, Z
\n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬kv, t]-Pv 300.
11 ]p-Xp-Xm-bn h-∂ Ir-i-Km-{Xcm-b F-∂m¬ _p-

≤n-bp≈ tlm-tam-km-∏n-b≥-kns\ t\-cn-Sm≥-th-
≠ _p-≤n-i‡ntbm Ignthm \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-
jy-\n√m-bn-cps∂-∂ Nn-¥mK-Xn C-t∏mgpw {]-_-e-
am-Wv: t\®¿, tZmkv F-eq-ko-hv \n-bm≠¿-Xm¬-
kv, 2001 H-tŒm-_¿ 25, t]-Pv 791.
12 \n-bm-≠¿-Xm-en-s‚ im-co-cn-I-ti-jnsb B-
[p\n-I a-\p-jy≥ a-dn-IS-∂Xv: Ãoh≥kv, Z sN-bv-
©v C≥ Z shX¿, t]-Pv 30.
13 B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s‚ X-e-t®m-dn-s‚ i-cmi-cn

hym-]vXw 1.4 en-‰-dmWv, \n-bm≠¿-Xm-en-t‚Xv 1.8 en-
‰-dm-sW-∂m-Wv H-cp I-W-°v: ^v-fm-s\dn, Z ^yq®¿
Cu-t‰-gvkv, t]-Pv 301.
14 25,000 h¿-jw ap-ºph-sc Po-hn-®n-cp∂ sdm-tU-

jy≥ a-\p-jy-\mImw B-{^n-°bn-se \o-t{Km-I-fp-
sS ap≥-Km-an: Im≥_n, Z F-∏nIv Hm-^v am≥.
15 tIm-h¿ I-gpX-sb t\m-°p-I. A-Xn-s‚ ap≥-

`m-Kw I-gp-X-sb-t∏m-sebpw ]n≥`mKw Ip-Xn-c-sb-
t∏m-ep-a√ C-cn-°p-∂-Xv: k-b≥kv, hm´v Hm¿ lp
Un-Uv C≥ Z \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬-kv, 2001 sk-]v-‰w-_¿
14, t]-Pv 1981.
16 C-∂-sØ F√m a-\p-jycpw A-h-cp-sS ]n≥-Km-

an-I-fm-Wv: kzo-jdpw a‰pw Pmhm a-\p-jy≥, t]-Pv
189.
A-tXm-sS B ]T-\^-ew kq£v-ahn-i-I-e-\-
Øn-\p hn-t[-b-am-°-s∏-´p: kb‚n^n-Iv A-ta-
cn°≥, Cukv HuSv Hm-^v B-{^n-° tKm-bn-Mv Hu-
Sv Z tUm¿, 1999 Hm-K-kv‰v.
18 b-Ym¿-Y \n-bm-≠¿-Xm¬ a-\p-jy-s‚ ssI-

sb√n¬\n∂pw Un.F≥.F. th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m\pw
hn-i-Ie-\w sN-øm-\pw 1997˛¬ ayq-Wn-Iv k¿-h-
Iem-im-ebnse im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°m-bn: s{]m-ko-Un-
Mvkv Hm-^v Z \m-j-W¬ A°m-Zan Hm^v k-b≥-
k-kv, 2001 P-\-ph-cn 16.
19 B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy≥ I-gn-™ H-cp e-£w h¿-

j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ B-{^n-°-bn¬ \n-∂p-¤-hn-®-Xm-Wv
F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p: t\®¿, F kv-‰m¿-´v t^m¿ t]m-∏p-
te-j≥ Pn-t\m-an-Iv-kv, 2000 Un-kw-_¿ 7, t]-Pv 65;
\m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ãdn, hm´v Cu-kv \yq C≥ {]o-ln-Ã-
dn, 2000 sabv, t]-Pv 90˛1.
20 A-ºØ-©v Nn-ºm≥-kn-I-fp-sS H-cp k-aq-l-

sa-Sp-Øm¬ Ah¿ X-Ωn-ep-≈ P\n-X-I ssh-
hn[ywt]mepw sam-Øw a-\p-jy¿ X-Ωn-en√ F-
∂mWv: k-b≥-kv, F
•nw-]vkv Hm-^v lyq-a≥-kv ^-Ãv tP-Wn Hu´v Hm-
^v B-{^n°, 2000 sa-bv 12, t]-Pv 950.
21 G-‰-hpw {]m-b-tadn-b apw-tKm A-h-in-„-ß-

fn¬ Un.F≥.F. th¿-Xn-cn-s®-Sp°m≥ I-gn-™-Xm-
bn tXmWpw Iq-ćpw A-dn-bn®p: s{]m-ko-Un-Mvkv
Hm-^v Z \m-j-W¬ A-°mZan Hm-^v k-b≥-k-kv,
2001 P-\-ph-cn 16.
22 s]m-Xp-th ]-d-™m¬ B-[p-\n-I a-\p-jy≥

B-{^n-°-bn¬\n-∂p-Zv-`-hn-®v a-‰n-Sß-fne-°p hym-]n-
®p F-∂ kn-≤m¥-sØ P-\n-X-IsX-fn-hp-Iƒ i-cn-
hbv-°p∂p≠v: Hm-Iv-kv-^-Un¬ C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq´v Hm-^v
_-tbm-f-Pn-°¬ B-{¥-t∏m-f-Pn-bn¬ P-\-kwJym
P-\n-X-I-im-kv-{X hn-Z-Kv-[bmb tdm-k-en≥-Uv lm¿-
Un-ßp-am-bp-≈ A-`n-ap-Jw, 2002 s^-{_p-h-cn 28.
23 H-cp \-c-hw-iim-kv-{X⁄-s‚ ta-i-∏p-d-Øn-

cn-°p-∂ {]mNo-\ X-e-tbm-Sv hm¿-Wojp ]p-c-ń-
bXmtWm F∂p tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ A-t±-la-Xp \-
°n t\m-°n-bn-´m-Wv As√∂p ]-d-™-sX∂v t\-
®¿ am-K-kn-\n-se-gpXn-b te-J-\-Øn¬ Hcp K-th-
j-I≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p. t\®¿, 27 sk]v‰w-_¿
2001, t]Pv 359.
24 a\p-tjym¬]-Øn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-
Øn¬ F\n-°p≈ Xm¬]cyw a\ n-em°n
Htem¿K-ssk-en- (Olorgesailie)bn-te-°p≈
kμ¿i-\w-IqSn ]ń-I-bn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øn. Nne
sI\n-b≥ HutZym-KnI tcJ-I-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈
tcJ-Iƒ°pth≠n Olorgasailie F∂ kvs]√n-
ßmWp km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. kμ¿i-
\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v sIb¿ (CARE) \pth≠n
Rms\-gp-Xnb Hcp sNdp-]p-kvX-I-Øn-ep-]-tbm-
Kn® kvs]√nMv CXm-bn-cp-∂p. icn-bmb
kvs]√nMv \Sp°v "e' D≈-Xm-sW∂v Cbm≥
Sm‰¿ sk¬ Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
A[ym-bw 30
hnS
1680-I-fp-sS Xp-S-°-w. F-Uva-≠v lm-enbpw kp-
lr-Øp-°fm-b k¿ {InÃ^¿ sd\pw tdm-_¿-´v
lp-°pw e-≠-\nse tIm-ô lu-kn-en-cp-∂v
sFkIv \yq´-s‚ {]n≥-kn-∏n-b-bv-°p hgn-sbm-
cp°n-b ]-¥-b-Øn-\v H-cp-°w Iq´p∂p; sl≥-dn-
Im-h≥-Un-jv `q-an-bp-sS `m-cw I-W-°p-Iq-ń-sb-Sp-
°p∂p; ]n-∂n-´ A™q-dn-tesd t]-Pp-I-fn-em-bn \-
Ωƒ hm-bn-® th-sdbpw ]e \n¿-Wm-b-I K-th-j-
W-ßfpw A-t\z-j-W-ßfpw \-S-°p∂p, G-Xm≠-
tX k-a-bØpX-s∂-bm-Wv A-{X B-im-ky-a√mØ
a-s‰m-cp \m-gn-I-°√p-Iq-Sn \mw ]n-∂n-´-Xv.
C-¥y≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ hn-Zq-c-Xbn-sem-cn-S-

Øv, a-U-Km-kv-I-dn-s‚ In-g-°≥ Xo-c-Øp\n∂v 1,300
In-tem-ao-‰¿ am-dn au-do-jy-kv Zzo-]n¬ A⁄m-X-
\m-b GtXm \m-hn-It\m \m-hnI-s‚ h-f¿-Øp-ar-K-
tam Ahkm\sØ tUm-tUm∏-£n-sb C-©n-©m-
bn sIm√p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p At∏mƒ. a-μ-K-Xn-°m-cm-
b, B-scbpw hn-iz-kn-°p∂ B hen-b ]-£n-I-
sf I-s√-dn-™m-Wv A-°me-Øv A-hnS-sØ hn-Ir-
Xn-∏n-t≈¿ t\-cwt]m-°n-bn-cp∂-Xv. B-cp-sSbpw i-
ey-an√m-sX e-£-°-W-°n-\p h¿-jw im-¥-am-bn
Pohn®p-t]m∂ tUm-tUm-Iƒ°v a-\p-jy-s‚ {Iq-c-
XI-sf t\-cn-Sm-\-dn-bn√m-bncp∂p.
A-h-km\-sØ tUm-tUm hn-S ]-d-™ km-l-

Ncyw Ir-Xy-am-bn \-ap°dn-bn√, h¿-j-ta-sX∂p-
t]mepw Xo¿-®-bn√. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂
tUmtUmbn√mØ tem-IamtWm {]n≥-kn-∏n-b-
bm¬ k-º-∂-amb tem-Iam-tWm B-Zyw- h-∂-sX-
∂padn-bn√. ]-t£, H-∂p-d-∏mWv, G-Xm-s≠m-tc
Ime-ØmWv c≠pw kw-`-hn-®Xv. a-\p-jy-\v H-cph-
i-Øp ssZ-hn-I-Xzhpw a-dph-i-Øp ss]-im-Nn-I-Xz-
hp-am-Wp-≈-sX-∂ hm-Z-Øn-\v C-Xnepw \-s√m-cpZm-
lc-Ww I-s≠-Øm≥ hn-j-a-am-Wv. {]-]-©c-l-ky-
ßƒ A-\m-hc-Ww sN-øm-\p-≈ A-Xpeyti-jn-
bm¬ A-\p-Kr-lo-Xcmb Po-hn-h¿-KwXs∂, X-ß-
sf H-cp X-c-Ønepw D-]-{Z-hn-®n-ń√m-Ø, F-¥m-Wp
\-S-°p-∂-sX-∂p a-\- n-em-°m≥t]mepw I-gn-
hn√mØ H-cp ]m-hw ]-£n-bp-sS hwisØ H-cp
Im-c-W-hp-an√m-sX \-in-∏n-°p-I. b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬
hn-ti-j-_p-≤n Xosc-Ip-d-hmWv tUm-tUm-Iƒ°v.
\m-ń-se ap-gp-h≥ tUm-tUm-I-sfbpw ImWW-sa-
∂p-s≠-¶n¬ H-∂n-s\ ]n-Sn-®p-h-®m¬ a-Xn-bm-bn-cp-
s∂-∂m-Wv ]-d-bp∂Xv. A-Xp t]-Sn-®p I-c-bp-∂ i-
–w tI-´m¬ F-¥m-Wp Im-cy-sa-∂-dnbm≥ _m-°n
]-£n-I-sf√mw h-cpw.
]mhw tUm-tUm-I-tfmSp-≈ A-\mZ-cw A-hnSw-

sIm-≠v A-h-km-\n-®n√. 1755-˛¬ A-h-km\-sØ
tUm-tUmbpw hn-S-]d-™v F-gp]-Xp h¿-jw I-gn-
™-t∏mƒ, Hm-Iv-kv-^-Un-se Bjv-sam-fn-b≥ ayq-
kn-b-Øn-s‚ UbdŒ¿-°p tXm-∂n A-hn-S-sØ
kv‰-^v sNbvX tUm-tUm A-gp-In \in°m≥ Xp-S-
ßn-sb-∂v. A-sX-Sp-Øv I-Øn-®p-I-f-bm≥ A-bmƒ
D-Ø-c-hn-Sp-IbpwsN-bvXp. Po-h-t\msStbm
A√msX-tbm `q-ap-J-Ø-h-ti-jn-® G-I tUm-tUm-
sb-bm-Wv Xo-bn-se-dn-bp-∂-Xv. A-Xp-I-≠-º-c-∂ Po-
h-\-°m-cn-semcmƒ Hm-Sn-s®-∂v Xo-b-W-s®-¶nepw
X-e-bp-sSbpw Im-en-s‚bpw H-cp `mKta _m-°n-bm-
bp≈q.
hnth-Iiq-\yam-b CØ-cw {]-hr-Øn-I-ƒ Im-

cWw tUm-tUm-bp-sS b-Ym¿-Y cq-]-sa-¥m-bn-cp-s∂-
s∂∂p-t]mepw C∂p \-ap-°-p Xo¿-®-bn√. an-°-
hcpw I-cp-Xp-∂-Xnepw F{Xtbm Ipd-®p hn-h-c-ta-
bp-≈q, b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ tUm-tUm-sb∏-‰n \-ap-°v.
"im-kv{X-t_m-[-an√m-Ø k-©m-cn-I-ƒ \¬-In-b
{]mIr-Xhn-h-cßƒ, aqt∂m \mtem F-Æ-®m-bm-
Nn-{Xßƒ, Ipd®v F√n≥I-j-W-ßƒ',1 ]-sØm-
ºXmw \q-‰m-≠n-se Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ F®v. C.
kv-{Sn-Iv-e‚ v thZ-\-tbm-sS Cu-b-h-ÿ hn-h-cn-°p-
∂-Xnß-s\bmWv. \-Ωp-sS C-S-s]-S¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-s√-¶n¬ C-∂p-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂ Cu B-[p\n-
IPo-hn-sb-∏-‰n-b-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xnepw Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-
cyßƒ {]mNo\ IS¬-ò-a∑m-sc-∏-‰nbpw h-en-
™ng-™p \-S-∂n-cp-∂ D-c-K-ò-a-∑m-sc-∏-‰nbpw \-ap-
°-dnbmw F-∂m-Wv kv-{Sn-Ive‚ v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.
A-t∏mƒ tUm-tUm-sb∏-‰n \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp∂-Xv

C-{X-bp-amWv: au-do-jy-kn-emW-Xp Po-hn-®n-cp-∂Xv.
kzm-Zn-√m-Ø-sX-¶nepw amw-k-f-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xn-s‚
i-cocw. {]m-hn-s‚ Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se G-‰hpw hen-b
]-£n-bm-bncp-∂p AXv. ]-t£, A-Xn-s‚ b-Ym¿-
Y h-en-∏-sa-{X-sb-∂v \-ap-°-dn-bn√, A-Xn-s‚ `m-
cw Ir-Xy-am-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-an√. kv-{Sn-Iv-e‚n-
s‚ ]cyth-£-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Bjv-sam-fn-b-\n-
se A-h-in-„-ß-fn¬\n-∂pw a\
n-em-°m-hp∂-Xv c-≠-c A-Sn-bnepw Aev-]w Iq-Sp-

X¬ D-b-c-a-Xn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂mWv, sIm-°n¬\n-
∂p hm-en-te-°p-≈ \o-fhpw G-Xm-≠-{XXs∂ h-
cpw. ]-d-°m≥ ]-‰m-ØXp-sIm-≠v a-Æn¬-Ø-s∂-
bm-W-h Iq-Sp-sh-®Xv. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ ]p-
dta\n-∂p- a-\p-jy¿-s°m-∏-saØn-b \mbv°-fp-w ]-
∂n-I-fp-w Ip-c-ßp-I-fp-w A-Xn-s‚ ap-´bpw Ip-™p-
ß-sfbpw Ffp∏w A-I-Øm°n. A-ß-s\ 1683˛Hm-
sSXs∂ A-h-bv-°p hw-i-\m-iw kw-`-hn-®p-I-gn-
s™-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. G-Xm-bm-epw 1693˛Hm-sS
tUmtUm-Iƒ `q-ap-J-Øp-\n-∂v A-{]-Xy-£-am-bn
F-∂p-d-∏m-Wv. C-{X-tb \-ap-°-dnbmhq. H-∂p-Iq-Sn-
b-dn-bmw, tUm-tUmI-sf C-\n \-ap-°p Im-Wm-\m-
In√. F-hn-sS-bm-W-h tN-t°dm-sd-∂v \-ap-°-dn-
bn√, A-h-bp-sS `-£-Wco-Xnbpw {]-Xyp¬-]m-Z-\co-
Xn-bpa-dn-bn√. A-Xn-s‚ i-–-sa-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp-s∂-
∂-dnbn√. \-Ωp-sS ssI-h-i-an-t∏m-ƒ BsIbp≈-
Xv H-scm‰ tUmtUm ap´bmWv.
hw-i-\m-iw kw-`-hn® tUm-tUm-bp-am-bn shdpw

F-gp-]-Xp -h¿j-sØ A-Sp-∏-ta-bp-≈q \-ap°v. Xn-
I-®pw {l-kz-am-Wo Im-e-b-f-sh∂-Xp i-cnXs∂.
]t£, a-‰p Po-hnI-sf hw-i-\m-i-Øn-te-°p \-bn-
® {]-hr-Øn-Ifp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ B-bn-c-°-W-°n-
\p h¿j-sØ N-cn-{X-ap-≠v \-ap°v. F-{X-am-{Xw
hn-\m-i-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv a-\p-jy-s\-∂v B¿°pw Ir-
Xy-am-b-dnbn√, ]-t£, H-∂-dnbmw—I-gn-™ A-º-
Xn-\m-bn-cw h¿-j-am-bn a-\p-jy≥ sN-∂n-S-sØ√mw
Po-hn-Iƒ A-{]-Xy-£-am-bn-´p≠v, AXpw \-Sp-°-ap-
fhm°pwhn[w h≥-tXm-Xn¬.
A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-s\Øn-b-Xn-

\pti-j-ap-≈ ]-Xn-\mbn-ctam Ccp]-Xn-\m-bn-ctam
h¿jw-sIm-≠v ap∏-Xp Po-\- p-I-fn¬-s∏-´h-en-b Po-
hnIƒ˛˛i-cn°pw h-ep-Xm-bn-cp-∂p A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-
Xv˛˛A-{]-Xy£-ambn. Ip-¥-hp-ta¥n th-´-°m-c\m-
b a-\p-jy≥ kw-L-Sn-s®Ønb -tXm-sS hS-t° A-
ta-cn-°-bv°pw sX-t° A-ta-cn-°-bv°pw hen-b P-
¥p°-fp-sS ap-°m¬`m-K-sØbpw \„am-bn. a-\p-
jy-s‚ B-{I-a-W-Øn¬\n∂p c-£-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ Pm-
{K-X-bp-am-bn ]-cn-W-an-®p h-f-cm≥ A-hk-cw In-ń-
b bq-tdm-∏n-sebpw G-jy-bnsebpw henb ar-K-ß-
fp-sS aq∂n-sem-t∂m ]IpXn Xs∂tbm A-{]-Xy-
£-am-bn. A-Xn-s‚ hn-]-co-X- km-l-Ncyw \ne\n-
∂ Hm-kv-t{S-en-bbv-°v 95 i-X-am-\w Po-hnI-sf \-„-
am-bn.2 B-Zy-ImeØv th´-°m-cp-sS F-Æw Xm-c-X-
tay-\ Ip-d-hpw ]-£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fp-sS-sb-Æw IqSpX-
ep-w˛˛h-S°≥ ssk-_o-cn-b-bn-se a-c-hn-®p-In-S-°p-
∂ Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ am{Xw H-cp tIm-Sn-tbm-fw ama-
Øv ar-X-tZ-l-ßƒ In-S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂m-Wv
IW°v˛˛B-bn-cp-∂Xp-sIm-≠v A-°me-sØ hw-i-
\m-i-ßƒ-°p Im-c-Wßƒ th-sd-bp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-
∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂-Xv. Im-em-h-ÿmhy-Xn-bm-\tam
alm-amcntbm a-t‰m B-bn-cn°Ww A-∂-Xn-\p Im-
c-W-am-bXv. A-]-I-S Im-cn-Ifm-b Po-hnI-sf B-h-
iy-an√m-sX sIm-s∂m-Sp-°m≥ A-°m-e-Øp≈h¿-
ap-Xn¿-∂n-´p-≠m-hp-sa-∂p I-cp-Xm-\m-hn-s√-∂mWv3
A-ta-cn-°≥ ayq-knbw Hm-^v \m-Nz-d¬ ln-Ã-dn-bn-
se tdm-kv a-Iv-ô-bp-sS A-`n-{]mbw. C-{X-b[nIw
am-a-ØpI-sf sIm-∂n-ń-s´¥m, Xn-∂m-\m-hn-s√-
¶n¬. A∂-sØ arKß-sf ]n-Sn-°p∂Xv ò-I-
camwhn-[w A-\m-bm-k-am-bn-cp-s∂-∂p I-cpXp∂-h-
cpap≠v. "Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-epw c-≠v A-ta-cn-°-bn-ep-
ap-≈ ar-K-ßƒ°v i-cn°v Hm-Sn c-£-s∏-Sm≥t]m-ep-
a-dn-bn√m-bn-cp-∂p' F-∂m-Wv Snw ^v-fm-s\-dn ]-d-bp-
∂-Xv.
Aß-s\ \-„am-b Po-hn-I-fn¬ NneXv i-cn°pw

{i-t≤-b-cm-bn-cp∂p, C-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
ssI-Imcyw sN-øm≥-t]mepw ]-‰mØ-{X ò-a∑m¿.
_-lp\n-e a-μn-c-Øn-s‚ ap-I-fn-se P-\-en-eq-sS-
sbØn-t\m-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂ kvtem-ØpIƒ, sNdn-
sbm-cp Im-dn-s‚ h-en-∏-ap-≈ B-aIƒ, ]›n-a Hm-
kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se a-cp-∏m-X-I-fn-eq-sS k-©-cn-°p∂
B-dp ao-‰¿ \o-f-ap-≈ No-¶-Æn-Iƒ... F√mw
t]mbn. F{Xtbm sNdnb tem-I-ØmWv \m-an-
t∏mƒ Po-hn-°p-∂Xv. C-∂v tem-Iw ap-gp-h-\p-≈ Po-
hn-I-sf-sb-Sp-Øm¬ i-cn°pw ò-a-∑m-sc-∂p ]-d-bm-
hp-∂-Xmbn˛˛H-cp StÆm A-Xn-e-[n-Itam `mcap-≈-
Xmbn4˛˛I-c-bn¬ \m-te \m-ep Po-hn-I-tf-bp-≈q:
B-\, Im-≠m-ar-Kw, ln-t∏m, Pn-dm^v. tIm-Sm\p-
tIm-Sn h¿-j-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ `q-an C-{X-bpw CW°-
ap-≈, C-{Xbpw sNdn-b ar-K-ß-ƒ-am-{X-ap-≈-Xm-bn-
cp∂ Im-ew D-≠mbnńs√-∂p ]-d-bmw.
C-hn-sS- Db-cp∂ tNm-Zy-an-XmWv: in-em-bp-K-Øn-

em-bmepw B-[p\n-I Im-e-Øm-bmepw Po-hn-I-fp-
sS hw-i-\m-i-Øn-\p Imc-Ww a-\p-jy-\m-sW∂p
]-d-bm-\mIp-tam? A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bnØ-s∂ a-\p-
jy≥ a-‰p Pohn-Iƒ-°p ò-j-Wnbm-tWm? A-tX-
sb-∂pX-s∂ DØ-cw \¬-tI≠n-h-cpw. \m-ep-
h¿jw Iq-Sp-tºmƒ i-cmicn H-cp kv-]o-jo-kv
F∂ tXm-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p `q-an-bp-sS ssP-h-N-cn-{X-
Øn¬ Po-hn-I-fp-sS hw-i-\m-i-Øn-s‚ \nc°v F-
∂m-Wv Nn°mtKm k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn-se ]p-cm-Po-
hn-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ tUhn-Uv tdm∏n-s‚ I-W°v. F-
∂m¬ C-∂p a-\p-jy-s‚ C-S-s]-S¬ Im-c-W-ap-
≠mIp-∂ hw-i-\m-iw A-Xn-s‚ 1,20,000 a-S-ßm-sW-
∂m-Wv dn-®m¿-Uv eo-°nbpw tdm-P¿ se-hn\pw ]-d-
bp-∂-Xv.5
CØcw hw-i-\m-i-ß-sf∏-‰n \-ap-°p-≈ A-dn-hv

F-{X-tØm-fw ]-cn-an-Xam-sW-∂ Imcyw Hm-kv-t{S-en-
b≥ Po-h-im-kv-{X-⁄≥ Snw ^v-fm-\-dn-sb Nn-¥n-
∏n-®p. C-t∏mƒ AUn-sse-Un-se kuØv Hm-kv-t{S-
en-b≥ ayq-knbw U-b-d-Œ-dm-bn {]-h¿-Øn-°p∂ A-
t±lw 1990I-fn¬ Cu cw-K-tØ-°p I-S-∂p. "\-Ωp-
sS tc-J-I-fn¬ H-cp-]m-Sv hn-S-hp-I-fp≠v. tUm-tUm-
bp-sS ImcyØn-se∂t]m-se ]-eXpw hn´p-t]m-bn-
´p≠v, Nne-Xv tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-t´bn√.' 2002˛s‚
Xp-S-°-Øn¬ sa¬-_-Wn¬-h-®p I-≠-t∏mƒ A-t±-
lw ]d™p.
I-em-Im-c\m-b kp-lr-Øv ]o-‰¿ ju-´-\p-am-bn-

t®¿-∂v ^v-fm-s\-dn {iaI-cam-sbm-cp Zu-Xy-ta-s‰-
SpØp. temI-sØ {][m-\ Po-h-im-kv-{Xti-J-cß-
sf√mw ]cn-tim-[n-®v F-s¥m-s°-bm-Wp \-ap-s°m-
∏-ap-≈Xv, F-s¥ms°-bm-Wv \-„-s∏-´-Xv, G-sXm-
s°-bm-Wv \-ap-°-dn-bpI-tb sN-ømØ-Xv F-s∂m-
s° a-\- n-em-°m-\p≈ A-t\z-jWw. ]g-In ]q-∏p-
]n-Sn-® Po-him-kv-{Xam-Xr-I-Ifpw sXm-en-Ifpw e-
`yamb Nn-{X-ß-fpw F-gp-X-s∏-ń-´p≈ hn-h-c-W-
ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n-®p-≈ B ZuXyw \m-ep h¿-jw
\o-≠p. Inńb hn-h-c-ßƒh-®v ju-´≥ Po-hn-I-fp-
sS ap-gp-h-en∏ Nn-{X-ßƒ h-c®p, ^v-fms\-dn A-h-
bp-sS hn-hc-Ww X-øm-dm-°n. A-sXm-cp A-km-[m-
c-W {K-ŸØn-te-°p \-bn®p˛˛"{]-Ir-Xn-bn-se H-
cp hnShv . I-gn™ ap-∂q-dp h¿-j-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-¬
Po-hn-Iƒ-°p≠mb hw-i-\m-i-ß-fp-sS G‰hpw k-a-
{Kam-b lr-Z-b-kv-]¿-inbm-b A-\p-{I-a-Wn-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p B ]p-kv-XIw.
Nn-e ar-K-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ tc-J-I-fn√m-Ø-

sXm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ {]iv\w. Im-cy-ßƒ hy-‡-am-
b-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw Bcpw H∂pw sN-bv-Xn√. sÃ-
t√¿kv I-S¬-∏-ip°ƒ D-Zm-l-c-Ww. Up-tKm-ßp-am-
bn km-ayap-≈ Cu I-S¬-∏-ip-hm-Wv k-ao-]-Ime-
Øv Ip-‰n-b‰p-t]m-b G-‰hpw hen-b Po-hn. i-cn°pw
ò-a-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p A-h. ap-Xn¿-∂-Xn\v Hº-Xp ao-
‰¿h-sc \o-f-ap≠m-Ipw, ]-Øp S¨ `m-c-hpw. ]-
t£, C-{X-bpw h-en-∏ap-s≠-¶nepw A-ßs\ Nn-e
Po-hn-Iƒ I-S-en-ep-s≠-∂v \m-a-dn-™-Xv 1741˛¬ H-
cp d-jy≥ ]-cy-th£-Wkw-Lw I-∏¬-t®-X-Øn¬-
s∏-´v s_-dn-Mv I-S-en-se a-™p-aq-Sn°nS-°p-∂ I-
am≥-U¿ Zzo-]n¬ sN-∂p-s]-´Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{X-amWv.
B I-S¬∏-ip-°ƒ Ip-d-s®-Æ-sa-¶nepw Po-h-t\m-
sS-b-h-ti-jn-® G-I ÿ-e-am-bncp∂p A-Xv.
B ]-cy-th-£-Wkw-L-Øn¬ H-cp {]-Ir-Xnim-

kv-{X-⁄-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p˛˛tPm¿-Kv kv-s‰√¿. A-
t±-l-Øn-\v B Po-hnI-sf i-cn-°n-„-s∏´p, A-Xn-
s‚ hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-sf√mw [m-cm-f-am-bn tc-J-s∏-Sp-
Øp-IbpwsN-bvXp. "A-h-bp-sS ao-i-tcm-a-ß-fp-sS
h-en-∏wt]m-ep-a-t±-lw A-f-s∂-gp-Xn. tc-Js∏-Sp-
Øm-sX hn´-Xv H-cp Im-cyw am-{X-am-Wv, B-Wn-s‚
{]-Xyp¬-]m-Z-\m-h-b-h-ß-fp-sS Im-cyw. F-∂m¬
s]-Æn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn-e-t±-la-Xv k-kt¥mjw F-gp-
Xn-®p. sXm-en-bp-sS H-cp I-j-W-a-t±-lw kq-£n-®p-
hbv-°p-IbpwsN-bvXp. AXp-sIm-≠v A-Xn-s‚ N¿-
aw G-Xp X-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-s∂∂-dn-bm≥ \-ap-°p
]‰n. Cu `mKyw F-t∏m-gp-ap-≠m-Im-dn√.' ^v-fm-s\-
dn ]d-bp∂p.
C{X-sbm-s° sN-øm≥ I-gn-s™-¶nepw Cu I-
S¬-∏-ip°-sf c-£n°m≥ sÃ√¿-°p I-gn-™n√.
A-Xn\-IwX-s∂ hw-i-\m-i-Øn-s‚ h-°nse-Øn-bn-
cp∂ B Po-hn-Iƒ, sÃ√¿ Ah-sb I-s≠-Øn 27
h¿-jw I-gnbp-tºm-tg-°pw, `q-ap-J-Øp-\n-∂v A-{]-
Xy-£-am-bn. hw-i-\m-iw kw-`-hn® a-‰p ]-e- Po-hn-
I-sf-∏-‰nbpw \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-∂ hn-h-c-ßƒ \-t∂
Ip-d-hmWv. Um¿-en-Mv Uu-¨kv NmSpw Fen, Nm-
Y≥ Zzo-]n-se A-c-b∂w, Ak≥j≥ Zzo-]n-se ]d-
°m_-en°m-°, hen-b I-S-em-a-I-fp-sS A-©n-\-
ßƒ XpS-ßn hw-i-\m-iw kw-`-hn-® AØcw Po-hn-
I-fp-sS ]ń-I \o≠-Xm-Wv. A-h-cp-sS t]-cp-am-{X-ta
C-∂p \-Ωp-sS ssI-h-i-ap≈q.
]-e hw-i-\m-i-ßƒ°pw Imc-Ww a-\p-jy-s‚

{Iqc-Xtbm Xm-t¥m∂n-Øtam A√, ò-a≥ A-_-
≤-ß-fm-sW-∂-XmWv Iu-Xp-I-I-cam-b Imcyw. \yq-
kn-e‚n-se ku-Øv sF-e‚n\pw t\m¿Øv sF-
e‚n-\p-an-S-bnep-≈ kv-‰o-^≥kv sF-e‚ v F-∂ H-
‰-s∏´ ]m-d-bn¬ 1894˛¬ Hcp sse-‰v lu-kv ]-
WnXp. sse-‰v lu-kn-s‚ Im-h¬-°mc-s‚ ]q-®
Zzo-]n-se hnNn{X]-£nI-sf ]n-Sn-Iq-Spw. F-∂n-´-Xn-
s\ Im-h¬-°m-c\p -sIm-≠p-s°mSp-°pw. A-t±-l-
a-Xn¬ Nn-e-Xv sh√n-Mv-S-Wn-se Im-gv-N-_w-•m-hn\v
A-b®psIm-Sp-Øp. ayq-kn-b-Øn-se Iyq-td-‰¿ A-
¤p-X-s∏´p, A-Xy-]q¿h ]-d-°m-°p-cp-hn-I-fm-bn-cp-
∂p A-h. a-c-s°m-ºp-I-fn¬ tN-t°-dp-∂ ]d-
°m]£nI-sf tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn I-s≠-Øp-I-bm-
bn-cp∂p. A-t±-lw D-S≥Xs∂ Zzo-]n-te-°p Xn-
cn®p. ]-t£, A-hn-sS-sb-Øp-tºm-tg-°v sse-‰v-
lukv Im-h¬-°mc-s‚ ]q® B Ip-™p-In-fnI-
sf sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n-bn-cp∂p.6 Ão^≥kv sF-e‚n-
se ]d-°mIp-cp-hn-I-fn¬ C-∂p \-tΩm-sSm-∏-ap-≈-
Xv Ã-^v sN-bv-X 12 In-fn-Iƒ am-{X-am-Wv.
A-sX-¶n-ep-ap-≠t√m F-∂m-iz-kn-°mw. A-{]-Xy-

£-am-bn-°-gn-™-Xn\pti-j-am-Wv ]-e kv-]o-jo-
kp-I-fp-w s]m-bv-t∏m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-w
\-Ωƒ A-dn-bp∂-XpX-s∂. hm-ep \o-≠v a-t\m-l-
cam-b I-tcmen\ X-Ø-bp-sS Im-cy-sa-Sp-°p-I.
kph¿-W in-c pw a-c-X-I-∏-® i-co-c-hp-ap≈ I-
tcmen-\ X-Ø-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p hS-t° A-ta-cn-° I-
≠ G-‰-hpw `w-Kn-bp≈ ]-£n˛˛(h-S-t°m-´v X-Ø-
Iƒ A-[n-I-ap-≠m-Im-dn√). H-cpIm-e-Øv b-tY-„ap-
≠m-bn-cp∂p Cu X-Ø-Iƒ, k-©m-cn-{]m-hp-Iƒ am-
{X-am-bn-cp-∂p F-Æ-Øn¬ A-Xnepw ap-∂n¬. ]-
t£, hn-f \-in-∏n-°p-∂ i-{Xp-hm-bm-Wv I¿j-I¿
I-tcmen-\ X-Ø-sb I-≠-Xv. Ahsb th-´-bm-Sm≥
hfsc F-fp-∏hp-am-bn-cp∂p. H-sØm-cp-an-®m-bn-cp-∂p
A-h-bp-sS k-©mcw. ]n-s∂ hn-Nn{X am-sbm-cp io-
e-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p A-h-bv-°v. shSn-sbm-® tI-
´m¬ A-h apIfn-te-°p Ip-Xn-®p-b-cpw, A-Sp-Ø
\n-an-jwX-s∂ Xm-sg-sb-Øpw, Iq-´-Ønem-sc-¶nepw
sh-Sn-tb-‰p ho-Wn-´pt≠m F-∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥.
I-tcm-en-\X-Ø-Iƒ tN-t°dn-b a-c-®n√-bn-te-°v

\n-d-sbm-gn®psIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂ Imcyw ]-sØm-
ºXmw \q-‰m-≠nse "t_¿-Uvkv Hm-^v A-ta-cn-°'
F-∂ hn-Jym-X{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ Nmƒ-kv hn¬-k¨
]o¬ hn-h-cn°p-∂p≠v.
Hm-tcm X-h-W \n-d-sbm-gn-°p-tºmgpw Xm-sg ho-

gp-∂ ]-£n-I-fp-sS- F-Æw Iq-Sn-h∂p,7 c-£-s∏-´-
h¿-°v \n-ew-]-Xn®-h-tcm-Sp-≈ kv-t\-lhpw A-Xn-
\\p-k-cn-®v Iq-Sn-°q-Sn-h∂p. ap-I-fn-te-s°m-∂p ]d-
∂p Np-‰n-b-Sn-®-ti-jw A-h¿ ho≠pw F-s‚-b-Sp-
Øp h-∂n-d-ßpw. A-h-cpS-bm Zo-\m-\p-I-ºbpw kv-
t\-lhpw F-s∂ Xo¿Øpw \n-cm-bp-[-\m°n.
C-cp-]Xmw \q-‰m-≠v c-≠p ]-Xn-‰m-≠p ]n-∂n-´-
t∏m-tg°pw \n¿±-bam-b th´bm-S¬ Imc-Ww B
]-£n-I-fp-sS F-Æw Xo-sc-Ip-d™p. ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn Iq-
ń
-e-S-® G-Xm-\p-sa-Æw am-{X-ta Po-h-t\m-sS _m-

°n-bp-≈q F-∂ph∂p. A°q´
Øn¬ A-h-km\-sØ In-fn, C≥-I F-∂p t]-

cn´ B Infn, kn≥-kn-\m‰n-bn-se ar-K-im-e-bn¬h-
®v 1918˛¬ a-c-W-a-S-™p (A-tX ar-K-im-e-bn¬ A-
h-km\-sØ k-©m-cn-{]m-hv a-c-W-aS-™v \m-ep
h¿-jw Xn-Ibpw apºmbn-cp-∂p A-Xv). C≥I-sb
ar-K-im-em-[n-Ir-X¿ B-Z-c-]q¿-hw Ã-^v sNbvXp
sh-®p. C-\n-b-Xn-s\ Im-W-W-sa-¶n¬ F-hn-sS-
s®√-W-sa-∂p tNm-Zn-®m¬ F-hn-sS-t∏m-bmepw
ImWm-s\m-°n√ F-∂m-Wp a-dp-]-Sn. kv‰-^v sN-bv-
X C≥-I-tbbpw ar-K-im-e-bv°p \-„-s∏´p.8
ap-I-fn¬]d-™ D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn¬ sR-ń-°p-

s∂m-cp sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-ap≠v. \-s√m-cp ]-£n-kv-
t\-ln-bm-bn-cp-∂p ]o¬, F-∂n-´pw {]-tXy-In®p
Imc-Wsam-∂p-an√m-sX sh-dp-sX c-k-Øn-\v Ah-
sb Iq-´-tØmsS sIm∂n-Sm≥ A-t±-lØn-s\m-cp
a-Snbpw tXm-∂n-bn√. `q-an-bn-se Po-h-Pm-e-ß-fpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ A-tß-b-‰w Xm¬-]cyw Im-Wn-®n-cp-∂-
h¿X-s∂-bm-Wv apsºms°]et∏mgpw A-h-bp-sS
hw-i-\m-i-Øn-\p h-gn-h-®-Xpw.
Cu _-lp-a-Xn-°v A¿-l-cm-b-h-cp-sS I-W-s°-

Sp-Øm¬ e-tbm-W¬ hmƒ-´¿ tdm-Øvkv-ssN¬-Uv
ap≥-\n-c-bn-ep-≠m-Ipw. tdm-Øvkv-ssN¬-Unse C-S-
{]-`phpw hen-sbm-cp _m-¶n-Mv Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se A-
\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-bpam-bn-cp-∂ A-t±-lw G-Im-Inbm-
sbm-cp hn-Nn-{Xa-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 1868 apX¬ 1937
h-sc-bp-≈ Po-hn-X-Im-ew ap-gp-h≥ _-°n-Mv-lmw-
sj-b-dn-se {Sn-ßn¬ Ip-Spw-_-ho-ń-se \-gv-k-dn-s°-
ń-S-Øn-em-W-t±-lw I-gn-™Xv. `mcw 135 Intem-
{Km-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ip-ń-°me-sØ km-[-\-
ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®v Ip-ń-°me-sØ In-S-°-bn¬-Ø-
s∂-bm-W-t±-lw In-S-∂Xv.
Po-h-im-kv-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Po-h≥.

Po-h-im-kv-{Xti-Jcap-≠m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p {]n-
bhn-t\m-Zw. ]-dh-I-tfm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p Iq-Sp-X¬
{]nbw. ImSpw a-ebpw Ib-dn Po-h-im-kv-{Xam-Xr-
I-Iƒ ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xn\mb-t±lw ]-cn-ioe-\w e-
`n-®-bm-fpI-sf tem-I-Øn-s‚ \m\m-tIm-Wp-I-
fnte°p-a-b-®p. H-cp k-ab-Øv \m-\q-dm-fp-Iƒh-sc
A-t±-l-Øn-\pth-≠n tPmen sNbv-X k-a-b-ap-≠m-
bn-´p-≠v. ]n-Sn-IqSn-b Po-hnI-sf Iq-S-I-fn-eS®v
tdmØvkvssN¬-Un-s‚ F-tÃ-‰n-se-Øn-°pw. A-hn-
sS A-t±-lhpw Iq-´m-fn-Ifpw tN¿∂v Ah-sb hn-i-
Z-]cn-tim-[-\-bv-°p hn-t[-b-am-°pw, Inń-b hn-h-c-
ßƒh-®v ]p-kv-X-I-ßfpw {]-_-‘-ßfpw ]p-d-Øn-
d-°pw. A-ßs\ 1,200 c-N-\-Ifp≠v A-t±-l-Øn-t‚-
Xmbn. sam-Øw C-cp]-Xp e-£-tØm-fw Po-hnIƒ
tdm-Øvkv-ssN¬-Un-s‚ Po-h-im-kv-{X-im-e-bn¬ hn-
i-Ie-\w sN-ø-s∏´p. im-kv{X-tem-I-Øn-s‚ ti-J-
c-Øn-te-°-t±-lw A-øm-bn-cw kv-]o-jo-kpIƒ kw-
`m-h-\ sN-bvXp.
]-t£, ]-sØm-ºXmw \q-‰m-≠nse G-‰hpw k-

a-{Khpw k-ar-≤-hpamb Po-h-im-kv-{Xti-J-c-w tdm-
Øvvkv-ssN¬-Un-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. lyq Iyq-anMv F-
∂ {_n-ó-jp-Im-c-\m-Wv B _-lp-a-Xn-°¿l≥. A-
Xn-k-º-∂-\m-bn-cp∂ Iyq-an-ßn-\v k¿-h-k-÷o-I-
cW-ß-tfm-Spw-IqSn-b hen-sbm-cp I-∏¬ kz¥am-
bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.9 ap-gp-h≥k-a-b Po-h-\-°m-scbpwh-
®v A-t±-la-Xv temIw Np-‰m-\-bbv-°pw. I-Æn¬-°-
≠ G-Xp Po-hnsb-bpw˛˛]-£n-I-fm-bm-epw sNSnI-
fm-bmepw ar-K-ß-fm-bmepw icn. I°-I-tfm-Sm-bn-cp-
∂p At±-l-Øn-\v Iq-Sp-X¬ {]nbw˛˛]n-Sn-Iq-Sm-\m-
Wv A-h¿-°p-≈ \n¿-t±iw. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ssI-
h-i-ap-≈ A-Xp-ey _m¿-\°nƒ ti-J-c-am-Wv Um¿-
hn\v ssI-am-dnbXv. B cwK-sØ D-÷z-e {K-Ÿ-
Øn-\v h-gn-h-®Xpw A-XpXs∂.
]-t£, im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn ti-Jc-Ww \-S-Øp-∂

G-‰hpw an-I-®-bmƒ F-∂ _-lpa-Xn A-°meØv
tdm-Øvkv-ssN¬-Un-\pX-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. A{X X-
s∂ am-c-I-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ co-Xn-Iƒ.
1890I-fn¬ A-t±lØn-s‚ {i-≤ l-hm-bn-bn-te-°p
Xn-cn-™p. tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰hpw A-\mbm-kw t`-Zn-
°m-hp-∂ {]-tem-`-\o-bam-b Bhm-khy-h-ÿ-sb-
∂ _-lpaXn°¿-l-am-Wv l-hmbn. e-£-°-W-°n-
\p h¿-jw H-‰-s∏-´p I-gn-™ AhnsS P-¥p-°fpw
k-ky-ß-fp-ambn 8,800 k-hnti-j Po-h-Pm-Xn-I-fm-
Wv D-cp-Øncn-™p-h-∂Xv.10 A-hnS-sØ \n-d-∏-In-
´m¿-∂ hy-Xykv-X ]-£nIfm-Wv tdm-Øvkv-ssN¬-
Un-s‚ k-hn-ti-j{i≤- B-I¿-jn-®-Xv. A-Xn¬ ]-
e-Xns‚bpw Aw-K-kw-Jy Xo-sc- Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂p,
Nn-e {]-tXy-I ta-J-e-I-fn¬ am-{X-am-W-h-bp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂-Xpw.
Zpc-¥w £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øp-∂ k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

]-e-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p lhmbn-bn-se ]-£n-
Iƒ°v˛˛A-]q¿-h-hpw hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂
A-h Bcpw kz-¥-am-°m≥ sIm-Xn®p-t]m-Ipw-hn-[w
a-t\m-l-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahsb kz¥am-°m≥ \-
s∂ F-fp-∏-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. henb tIm-h Ip-cp-hn-
Ifp-sS IY t\m-°p-I. tX≥-Ip-cp-hn-I-fp-sS Iq-´-
Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ \n-cp-]-{Z-h-Im-cn-I-fmb B ]-£n-
Iƒ tIm-ha-c-Øn-s‚ D-b¿-∂ Nn√-I-fn-em-Wv km-
[m-c-W-bp≠m-hp-I.11 ]t£, B-sc-¶nepw A-Xn-s‚
i-–-a-\p-I-cn-®m¬ A-Xv a-dsb√map-t]-£n-®v
kzmK-X-tam-Xn-s°m≠p ]d-∂p Xm-sg-bn-d-ßpw.
Cu kv-]o-jokn¬-s∏-´ A-hkm-\ In-fn 1896˛¬
A-{]-Xy-£-ambn. tdm-Øvkv-ssN¬Un-\p-th-≠n
Po-hnI-sf ti-J-cn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ {]-ap-J-\m-bn-cp-∂
lm-cn ]ma-dm-W-v AXn-s\ sh-Sn-h-®n-´Xv. A-Xn-\v
A-©p h¿-jwap-ºm-Wv A-h-bp-sS ASpØ _-‘p-
hm-bn-cp-∂ sNdnb tIm-h Ip-cp-hn-Iƒ hn-S ]-d-
™Xv. XnI®pw A]q¿-h-am-bn-cp-∂p B Infn. A-
°q-´Øn-sem-∂n-s\ am-{X-ta \ap-°p Im-Wm-\m-bn-
´p≈p,12 sh-Sn-h-®n-´v A-Xn-s\bpw tdm-Øvk-
vssN¬Uns‚ ti-J-c-Øn-se-Øn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-
bXv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ H-cp ]-Xn-‰mt≠m at‰m \o≠
Po-h-im-kv-{X-ti-Jc-Wwaq-ew l-hm-bn-bn-se ]-£n-
I-fp-sS Hº-Xp kv-]o-jo-sk-¶nepw A-{]-Xy-£-am-
bn-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv I-cp-Xp-∂Xv. H-cp]-t£, AXv A-
Xnepw Iq-Sm-\p-an-S-bp≠v.
F-¥p- hn-e-sIm-SpØpw ]-£nI-sf kz-¥-am-°m-

\p-≈ Xo-{h-{i-a-Øn¬ tdm-Øvkv-ssN¬-Uv X-\n-®m-
bn-cp-∂n√. {Iq-c-X F{X-tbm- D≈ ]-cy-th£-I¿
th-sdbpw [m-cm-f-ap≠v. ªm-Iv am-tam-kv F-s∂m-
cp Im-´p]-£n-bp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1907˛¬ Xm≥ sh-
Sn-sh-®n-´ aq-∂p ]-£nIƒ H-cp -]-Xn-‰m-≠p ap-ºp-
am{Xw I-s≠Øn-b ªm-Iv am-tam-kn-se A-h-km\-
sØ aq-∂v AwKß-fm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ
k-t¥m-jwsIm-≠p Xp-≈n-®m-Sn-t∏m-sb∂p ]-d-™-
bm-fm-Wv an-I-s®m-cp Po-h-im-kv-{Xti-J-c-Øn-\p-S-
abm-b A-e≥k¨ {_b≥.
hnj-aw]n-Sn-s®m-cp Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. A-]-

I-S-Im-cn-bm-sW-s∂mcp kq-N-\ e-`n-®m¬ a-Xn G-
sXm-cp Po-hn-sbbpw sIm-s∂m-Sp-°m≥. Cu-
kvt‰¨ au-≠-bv≥ knw-lß-sf sIm-∂-h¿°v
\yq-tbm¿-°v kv-td-‰v 1890-˛¬ \q-dn-te-sd ]mcn-tXm-
jn-I-ß-fm-Wp \¬-In-b-Xv. B knw-l-ßƒ hw-
i\mi-Øn-s‚ h-°n-em-sW-∂v \-∂m-b-dn™p-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu t{]m-’m-l\w. lnw-{k-
P-¥p°-sf sIm√p-∂-hsc A-°m-e-Øv an-°
`cWIq-S-ßfpw D-]-lm-c-ßƒ \¬-In B-Z-cn-®n-
cp∂p. i-ey-°mcm-b ar-Kßsf sIm-∂p sIm-≠p-
h-cp∂ tIm-f-Pv hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°m-bn sh-kv-‰v sh¿-
Po\nb k¿-°m¿ hm¿jn-I kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏vX-s∂
G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-fntem ho-Sp-I-fn-tem h-
f¿-Øm-Ø G-Xp Po-hnbpw A-h-cp-sS \n¿-h-N-\-{]-
Im-cw i-ey-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p.
A-°me-sØ co-Xn-Iƒ F-{X-am{Xw hn-Nn-{X-am-

bn-cp-s∂-∂-Xn-\v G‰hpw \√ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv _m-
Iv-am≥-kv hm¿-_v-f-dn-s‚ I-Y. bp-ssW‰-Uv kvt‰‰v-
kn-s‚ sX-°≥ `m-K-ß-fn¬ I-≠n-cp-∂ Cu ]-
£n A-Xn-a-t\m-l-c-ambn ]m-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p. H-cp- Im-
eØpw A-{X sa-®-am-bn-cp-∂n√, A-h-bp-sS
AwKkwJy. A-Xp Ip-d-™p-Ip-d-™ph-∂v 1930
B-b-t∏m-tg-°pw A-Xn-s\ Xosc Im-Wm-Xmbn. h¿-
j-ßƒ-°pti-jw 1939˛¬ c-≠p ]-£n\n-co-£-I¿
c≠nS-Øm-bn c-≠p Zn-hk-sØ C-S-th-f-bn¬ Xn-
I®pw B-I-kv-an-I-ambn ]m-´pIm-c≥ ]-£n-sb I-
s≠Øn. A-°q-´-Øn¬ A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂ c-t≠
c≠p ]-£n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p A-h. c-≠pt]cpw B-th-
i-]q¿-hw Ah-sb sh-Sn-h-®p ho-gv-Øp-IbpwsN-
bvXp.
{Iq-c-am-b Cu \m-bm-´pXz-c A-ta-cn-°-°m-cp-sS

Ip-Ø-I-bm-bn-cp-s∂∂p I-cp-X-cpXv. Sm-kv-am-\n-b≥
I-Sph-sb sh-Sn-h®p-sIm√p-∂-h¿°v Hm-kv-t{Sen-b-
bn-se `-c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ k-Ωm-\-ßƒ \¬-In. \m-b-
sb-t∏m-sem-cp Pohn-bm-Wv Sm-kv-am-\n-b≥ I-Sp-h.
B-[p\n-IIm-e-Øp Po-hn-® Xm-c-X-tay-\ hen∏-ap-
≈ amw-k-`p-°m-b Htc-sbm-cp k-©n-arKw. ssX-em-
kn≥ F-∂m-Wv bYm¿-Y t]cv. ]pd-Øv I-Sp-h-sb-
t∏m-se h-c-I-fp-≈Xp-sIm-≠mW-Xv Smkvam-\n-b≥
I-Sp-h-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv. Cu D-]-lm-c-ß-fp-sS _-
e-Øn¬ B Po-hn A-Xn-th-Kw N-sØm-Spßn. A-
h-km\-sØ Sm-kv-am-\n-b≥ I-Sp-h 1936˛¬ slm-
_m¿-´v ar-K-im-e-bn-em-Wv N-Øp-ho-W-Xv. Sm-kv-am-\n-
b≥ ayqknbw B≥-Uv B¿-Sv Km-e-dn-bn¬-s®∂v
Cu A-]q¿-hPo-hn-sb ImWW-sa-∂p ]-d-™m¬
Ipd-®p t^m-t´m-{Km-^p-I-fpw 61 an-\n-‰v ssZ¿-Ly-
aps≈m-cp Ne-®n-{Xi-I-e-hp-am-Wv A-h¿ Im-Wn-®p-
X-cn-I. ayq-kn-b-Øn¬ N-ØphoW A-h-km\-sØ
ssX-em-kn-s\ A-h¿ ]m-gvh-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS Iq´-
Øn¬ ]pdw-X≈n.
C-{Xbpw ]-d™-Xv H-cp Imcyw hy-‡-am-°m-\m-

Wv. `q-an-sb-∂ Cu GIm¥tKm-f-Øn-se Po-hnI-
sf t\m-°m\pw A-h-bp-sS N-cn{Xw A-S-bm-f-s∏Sp-
Øm\pw C-\n-b-h-sb-tßm-s´m-s°-t∏m-Ip-sa-∂p \n-
co-£n-°m-\p-ap-s≈mcp kw-hn-[m-\w B-hn-jv-I-cn-
°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v \n-ßƒ F-¶n¬ B ]Wn
Gev]n-°m≥ ]‰n-b Po-hn a-\p-jy-\m-sW-∂p tXm-
∂p-∂n√ F-∂p t_m[ys∏-Sp-Øm≥.
]-t£, {]-kv-]-„am-sbm-cp Im-cy-ap≠v. hn-[n-\n-

›-bwsIm-t≠m ssZh\n›-bwsIm-t≠m G-Xp
t]-sc-Sp-Øp hn-fn-®mepw AXp-sIm≠v B
]Wn°p Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h¿ \-Ω-fmWv. C-Xp-h-
sc-bp-≈ hnh-cwh-®p ]-d-™m¬ \-ΩƒX-s∂-bm-
Wv A-Xn-\v G-‰hpw tbm-Ky-cpw. H-cp]-t£ A-Xn-
\p I-gnbp-∂-h-cm-bn \-Ωƒ am-{X-ta-bp≈q. H-tc
kabw Po-h-tem-I-Øn-s‚ G‰hpw hen-b t\-´hpw
G-‰hpw hen-b t]-Sn-kz-]v-\hpw \-Ωƒ a-\p-jy cm-
sW-∂p h-cp∂-Xv A-{X kp-J-I-c-am-b Im-cy-a√.
Po-h-t\m-sS-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-bmepw N-Ø-Xn-
\pti-j-am-bmepw k-lPo-hnI-sf kw-c-£n-°p-∂
Im-cy-Øn¬ Xn-I-™ A-e-k-X ]p-e¿-Øp∂h\m-
Wp a-\p-jy≥ F-∂Xp-sIm-≠v G-sXm-s° Po-hn-
I-fm-Wv A-Im-e-Øn¬ \-sΩ hn´p-t]m-b-sX-∂v \-
ap-°-dn-bn√, Aß-s\ t]mIm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-Xmscm-
s°-bm-sW-∂-dn-bn√, H-cn-°epw t]m-Im-\n-S-bn√m-
Ø-Xm-scm-s°-sb∂p-a-dn-bn√, Cu {]-{In-b-bn¬ \-
Ωƒ h-ln-® ]-s¶-s¥-∂p-a-dn-bn√. A-dnbn-s√-∂p
]-d-™m¬ H-´p-a-dn-bn√ F-∂pX-s∂-bm-W¿Yw. a-
\p-jy-s‚ \-S]-Sn-Iƒ Imc-Ww tem-I-Øv B-gv-N-
bn¬ c-s≠∂ tXm-Xn¬ Po-h-Pm-XnIƒ-°p hw-i-
\m-iw kw-`-hn-°p-∂p-s≠-∂m-Wv 1979˛en-dßn-b "Z
kn-¶n-Mv B¿-Iv' F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ t\m¿-a≥
sa-tb-gv-kv ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. 1990-Iƒ B-b-t∏m-tg°pw
A-t±-lw B I-W-s°m-∂p ]-cn-jv-I-cn®p˛˛B-gv-N-
bn¬ A-dp-\q-dp hw-i-\m-i-ßƒ F-
13
∂m°n (F√mØ-cw hw-i-\m-i-ßfpw AXn¬s∏-
Spw, k-ky-ßfpw Io-S-ß-fpw hen-b P-¥p°fp-
sa√mw). a-‰p Nn-e-cp-sS I-W-°-\p-k-cn-®v A-Xv B-
gv-N-bn¬ B-bn-cwh-sc-bmWv. F-∂m¬ sF-Iycm-
{„k-` 1995˛¬ X-øm-dm°n-b dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ ]-d-bp-
∂ IW-°v F{Xtbm sN-dp-XmWv. \-ap-°-dn-bm-hp-
∂ hn-h-c-ßƒh®v I-gn-™ \m-\q-dp h¿-jw sIm-
≠v sam-Øw A-™q-dp P-¥p-°fpw A-dp-\q-‰º-Xv
k-ky-ßfpw A{]-Xy-£-am-sb-∂m-Wv A-Xn¬ ]-
d-bp-∂Xv. F-∂m-en-Xv Aev]w Ip-d-™ IW°m-
sW-∂v A-h¿X-s∂ k-Ω-Xn-°p∂p≠v.14 F-¶nepw
hw-i-\m-iw kw_‘n-®v km-[m-c-W ]-d-™p-tIƒ-
°m-dp≈-Xv h≥-tXm-Xn¬ s]-cp-∏n-s®-SpØ I-W-
°p-I-fm-sW-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp≠v.
i-cn-°p-≈ IW°v \-ap-°-dn-bn√. A-dn-bn-s√-∂p

am-{Xa√, H-cq-l-hpan√. \-Ωƒ sN-bv-Xp-Iqń-b ]-
eXpw F-∂m-Wv sN-øm≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-sX-∂p \-ap-
°-dn-bn√. C-t∏mƒ \-Ω-sf-s¥m-s°-bm-Wp sN-øp-
∂-sXt∂m \-ΩpsS C-t∏mg-sØ sN-bv-Xn-Iƒ `m-
hn-sb F-ßs\-sbm-s° _m-[n-°p-sat∂m \-ap-°-
dn-bn√. A-dn-bm-hp-∂-Xn-{X-tb-bp≈q, C-ßs\-sbm-
s° sN-øm≥ ]‰n-b H-scm-‰ {K-lta Cu tem-
I-Øp≈q, B {K-l-Øn¬ {i-t≤-bam-b am-
‰ßfp≠m-°m≥ ti-jn-bp-≈ Po-h-Pm-Xn H-scm‰-
sb-Æta-bp-≈q. ssPhssh-hn-[yw F-∂ ]p-kv-X-
I-Øn¬ F-tUz¿-Uv H. hn¬-k¨ Akm-[yambn
B-‰n-°p-dp-°n A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v Cu B-i-b-
sØ˛˛"H-cp {Klw, Hcp ]-co-£-Ww.'15
Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-\v H-cp k-tμ-i-ap-s≠-¶n¬ A-

Xn-XmWv˛˛C-hn-sSbnß-s\ I-gn-bm≥ ]-‰n-b-Xv \-
Ωp-sS a-lm-`m-Ky-amWv. \-Ωƒ F-∂p ]-d™m¬ a-
\p-jy¿ am-{Xa√, F√m Po-hn-h¿-K-ßfpw A-Xn¬-
s∏-Spw. Cu {]-]-©-Øn¬ G-sX-¶nepw X-c-Øn-
ep-≈ Po-h-\m¿-Pn-°m≥ I-gn-™m¬ A-XpXs∂
hen-sbmcp t\-ámWv. At∏mƒ \-Ωƒ a-\p-jy-cp-
tS-Xv C-c-´ ku-`m-KyamWv. Po-hn-Xw B-kz-Zn-°m-
\m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-\p ]pd-ta A-Xns‚ {]m-[m\yw
a\- n-em-°m\pw \-ap-°p I-gn-bp∂p, t]m-cm-Ø-Xn\v
]e-]-e co-Xn-I-fn¬ AXp sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ]-
‰p∂p. Cu hn-Zy \-Ωƒ kzm-bØam-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-
bn-´v A-[n-I-am-bn-ń√.
C-ßs\-sbm-cp {]ap-Jÿm\-Øv \-Ω-sf-Øn-

s∏-ń-´v C-Øn-cn k-a-bam-b-tX-bp≈q. ]-cn-jvIr-Xa-
\p-jy-s‚ N-cn-{X-Øn-\v `q-an-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øns‚
0.0001 i-X-am-\w {]m-b-ta-bp≈q. AK-Wyamwhn-[w
\n- m-c-am-Wv B Im-e-]-cn[n. ]-t£, C-{X Im-e-
tØ-s°-¶nepw C-ßs\-sbm-s°-bmIm≥ I-gn™-
Xv A-\-¥-amw-hn-[w kp-Zo¿-Lam-b B-I-kvan-It\-
´-ß-fneqsS-bp-≈ ap-t∂-‰w Im-c-W-amWv.
\-Ωƒ Xp-S-ßn-bn-t´-bp-≈q F-∂¿Yw. A-t∏mƒ

\Ωƒ {i-≤n-t°≠Xv Cu bm{X A-h-km-\-Øn-
te°√ F-∂v- Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\mWv. A-Xn-\p
]t£, B-I-kvan-Iku-`m-Kyß-sf am-{X-am-{i-bn-
®m¬ a-Xn-bm-In√.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1 im-kv{X-t_m-[-an√m-Ø k-©m-cn-

I-ƒ \¬-In-b {]mIr-Xhn-h-cßƒ, aqt∂m \mtem
F-Æ®m-bm-Nn-{Xßƒ, Ipd-®v F√n≥I-j-W-ßƒ:
KqƒUv, en-bm-\m¿
tUm-kv au≠≥ Hm-^v ¢mw-kv B≥-Uv Z Ub‰v

Hm-^v thmwkv, t]-Pv 237. 2 A-Xn-s‚ hn-]-co-X- km-
l-Ncyw \n-e-\n-∂ Hm-kv-t{S-en-bbv-°v 95 i-X-am\w
Pohn-
Isf \-„-am-bn: ^v-fm-s\dn B‚ v ju´¨, F

Kym]v C≥ t\®¿, t]Pv XV. 3 A-]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifm-
b Po-hnI-sf B-h-iy-an√m-sX sIm-s∂m-Sp-°m≥
A-°m-e-Øp
≈-h¿- ap-Xn¿-∂n-´p-≠m-hp-sa-∂p I-cp-Xm-\m-hn-s√-

∂mWv: \yq -k-b‚n-Ãv, amaØv
an-Ã-dn, 2001 sabv 5, t]-Pv 34. 4 H-cp StÆm A-

Xn-e-[n-Itam `m-c-ap-≈-Xmbn˛I-c-bn¬ \m-te \m-ep
Po-hn-I-tf
bp-≈q: ^v-fm-s\dn, Z F-t‰-W¬ {^-‚n-b¿, t]-Pv

195. 5 F-∂m¬ C-∂p a-\p-jy-s‚ C-S-s]-S¬ Im-c-
W-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ hw-i-\miw A-Xn-s‚
1,20,000 a-S-ßm-sW-∂m-Wv dn-®m¿-Uv eo-°n-bpw

tdm-P¿ sehn\pw ]-d-bp-∂-Xv:
eo-°n B≥-Uv se-hn≥, Z kn-Iv-kv-Øv F-Iv-Ãn-

Mv-j≥, t]-Pv 241.
6 ]-t£, A-hn-sS-sb-Øp-tºm-tg-°v sse-‰v-lu-

kv Im-h¬-°mc-s‚ ]q® B Ip™p-In-fnI-sf
sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n-bn-cp-∂p: ^v-fm-s\dn, Z ^yq®¿ Cu-
t‰-gv-kv, t]-Pv 62˛3.
7 Hm-tcm X-h-W \n-d-sbm-gn-°p-tºmgpw Xm-sg
ho-gp-∂ ]-£n-I-fp-sS-sbÆw Iq-Snh∂p: am-‰nk¨,
ssh¬Uv-sse-^v C≥ A-ta-cn-°, t]-Pv 114˛15.
8 kv‰-^v sN-bv-X C≥-I-sbbpw ar-K-im-e-bv°p

\-„-s∏-´p: ^v-fm-s\-dn B≥-Uv ju´≥, F Km-]v
C≥ t\®¿, t]-Pv 125.
9 A-Xn-k-º-∂-\m-bn-cp-∂ Iyq-an-ßn-\v k¿-h-k-

÷o-I-cW-ß-tfm-Spw-IqSnb hensbmcp I-∏¬ kz-
¥-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p: sU-kva-≠v B≥-Uv aq¿,
Um¿-hn≥, t]-Pv 342.
10 e-£-°-W-°n-\p h¿-jw H-‰-s∏-´p I-gn-™

A-hn-sS P-¥p-°fpw kky-ß-fpambn 8,800 k-
hnti-jPo-h-Pm-Xn-I-fm-Wv D-cp-Øn-cn-™p-h-∂-Xv:
\mj-W¬ tPym-{K-^nIv, Hm¨ Z {_n¶v, l-hm-bn-
kv hm-\n-jn-Mv kv-]o-jo-kkv, 1995 sk-]v-Xw_¿,
t]Pv 2˛37.
11 tX≥-Ip-cp-hn-I-fp-sS Iq-´-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂ \n-cp-

]-{Z-h-Im-cn-I-fmb B ]£n-Iƒ tIm-h a-c-Øn-s‚
D-b¿-∂ Nn√-I-fn-em-Wv km-[m-c-W-bp-≠m-hp-I: ^v-
fm-s\-dn B‚ v ju´≥, F Km-]v C≥ t\®¿, t]-Pv
84.
12 Xn-I®pw A-]q¿-h-am-bn-cp-∂p B Infn. A-

°q-´Øn-sem-∂n-s\ am-{Xta \-ap°p Im-Wm-\m-bn-
´p-≈p: ^v-fm-s\-dn B≥-Uv ju´≥, F Km-]v C≥
t\®¿, t]-Pv 76.
13 1990Iƒ B-b-t∏m-tg°pw A-t±-lw B I-

W-s°m-∂p ]-cn-jv-I-cn®p˛ B-gv-Nbn¬ A-dp-\q-dp
hw-i-\m-i-ßƒ F-∂m-°n: Cu-kv-‰¿-{_q°v, F
sama‚ v Hm¨ Z F¿Øv, t]-Pv 558.
14 F-∂m-en-Xv Aev-]w Ip-d-™ I-W-°m-sW-∂v

A-h¿X-s∂ k-Ω-Xn-°p-≠v: hm-jn-Mv-S¨ t]m-kv-‰v,
hm-en \yq-kv, 1995 \-hw-_¿ 27, dn-t∏m¿´v ss^≥-
Uv-kv t{Km-bn-Mv _-tbm-ssU-th-gv-kn-‰n s{X-‰v.
15 H-cp {Klw, H-cp ]-co-£-Ww,‹hn¬k¨,

ssU-th-gv-kn‰n Hm-^v sse^v, t]-Pv 182.
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_n¬ ss{_-k¨

A-ta-cn-°-bn¬ A-b-h-bn-se sU tam-bn≥-kn¬

a-e-∏p-dw Pn√-bn-se h-≈n-°p-∂n¬ P-\n®p. tIm-

No part of this publication may be reproduced,

D C BOOKS - The First Indian Book Publish-

taKWpw {Inkn\pw kzmKXw

`u-Xn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥ entbm kn-em¿-Uv kp-

"A-t∏mƒ ssZ-h-Øn-\v h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ A-dn-

"Xo¿-®-bm-bpw, ssZ-h-Øn-\v h-kv-Xp-X-I-f-dn-bmw',

lm≥-kv {In-Ãy≥ shm¨ s_b¿,

h-enb tem-Iw, sNdnb a-\p-jy-¿

H-∂v: {]-]-©-Øn¬ h-gn-b-dn-bm-sX

c-≠v: `q-an-bp-sS h-en-∏w

aq-∂v: ]p-Xp-bp-Kw ]n-d-°p-∂p

B-dv: \-Ω-fn-te-°p-≈ ]m-X

h-enb tem-Iw, sNdnb a-\p-jy-¿

`q-an-bp-sS ]n-ﬁ-sa-{X-sb-∂p Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-d-

`q-an-bp-sS Np-‰-f-sh-{X-sb-∂p ]-d™p-t]m-hp-

Cu-sbm-cp Zu-Xy-Øn¬ im-kv-{Xm-t\z-jn-I-sf-

im-kv-{X-⁄-\√ _n¬ ss{_k¨; im-kv-

°m≥ I-gn-bn√. ]t£, F√m hn-h-c-ßfpw ]p-

hn-hn-[ ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬\n∂pw tP-¿W-ep-I-

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hn. Sn. k-t¥m-jv-Ip-am¿

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A-ta-cn-°-bn¬: \yq-tbm-¿-°n-se A-ta-cn-°≥

Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn¬: \yq-ku-Øv sh-bn¬knse

a-‰p cm-Py-ß-fn¬: sh√n-Mv-S¨ aq-knbw Hm-^v

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F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn, Fs‚ {]n-b-s∏-´ £-am-io-

-KXw; H-∏w A-`n-\-μ-\-ßfpw.

H-∂m-a-Xm-bn, \n-ß-ƒ°nß-s\ \n-ß-fmbn \n¬-

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]-t£, H-cp Ip-g-∏-ap≠v. ]-c-am-Wp-°ƒ-°p \n-

F-¶nepw C-ßs\-sbm-s° \-S-°p-∂p-ht√m F-

{]-]-©-Øn-s‚ a-‰p tIm-Wp-I-fn¬ Po-h-\p-≠m-

`q-an-bn-se H-cp kv-]o-jo-kn-s‚ i-cmi-cn B-bp- v

A-\m-Zn-Im-e-ØpXs∂ sIm-≈m-hp-s∂m-cp ]-cn-

C-sXm-s° kw-`-hn®-Xv F-ß-s\-bm-sW∂mWv

Cu ]p-kv-X-Ic-N-\-bn-te-°v F-s∂ \-bn®Xv H-

A-Xn-\p ap-sºm-cn-°epw AØ-c-sam-cp Nn{Xw

B Nn-{X-Øn-¬]d-™ Im-cy-ß-fpsS B-[n-Im-

B-sbm-cp A-¤p-Xm-th-i-Øn¬ Rm≥ B ]p-

A-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p Ip-g∏w. H´pw c-k-I-c-am-bn-

- B ]p-kv-XI-Øn-s‚ I¿-Ømhv Cuh-I Im-

c-k-I-c-am-bn, sX-fn-™ `m-j-bn-se-gp-Xp-∂ H-t´-

A-ß-s\-bn-cnt°, G-sd-°m-ew I-gn-

I-S-en-s‚ D-∏p-c-k-Øn-s‚ Imcyw F-s‚ A-⁄-

]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚-bp-≈n¬ F-¥m-Wp \-S-°p-∂-sX-

A-ß-s\-bm-Wv Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ H-cp `m-Kw—C-

Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ t]-Pp-I-fn¬ \n-ßƒ hm-bn-°m≥

{X {i-an-®mepw icn, F-{X-am{Xw sN-dpXm-

\n- m-ch-en-∏w am-{X-ap≈ ]-c-am-Wp-hn-s‚ \-s∂

C-\n ]-‰p-sa-¶n-¬ a-s‰m-cp Imcyw k-¶ev-]n-®p

A-\-¥am-b C-cp-´n¬ H-∂p-an-√m-bv-a-bn-¬ ho¿-

Aß-s\ H∂p-an-√m-bv-a-bn-¬\n-∂v \-Ωp-sS Cu

I-Æ-©n-∏n-°p-s∂m-cp an-Sn-∏n-¬, D-÷z-eam-sbm-

B¿tWm s]≥-kn-bm-kv, tdm-_¿-´v hn¬-k¨

A-t∏mƒ, sh-dpw 50 In-temao-‰¿ am-{X-aI-se

Kmtam-hv ]d™ A-tX H-®-bm-Wv s]≥-kn-

]t£, Xß-fo I-s≠-Øn-b-sX-s¥-∂v hn¬-k-

ssh-Im-sX, B-kv-t{Sm-^n-kn-°¬ tP-W-en-¬ c-