Professional Documents
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© Ambulatory Curriculum/Uzma Haque MD
Learning objectives:
Objective 1: At the completion of this module, internal medicine residents will be able to
distinguish between articular (joint) vs periarticular (around a joint) pain
Objective 2: At the completion of this module, internal medicine residents will be able to
differentiate arthralgia from arthritis
Objective 3: At the completion of this module, internal medicine residents will be able to
distinguish between inflammatory and non‐inflammatory joint complaints
Objective 4: At the completion of this module, internal medicine residents will be able to
develop broad differential diagnoses of inflammatory and non‐inflammatory arthritides
Objective 5: At the completion of this module, internal medicine residents will be able to
list differential diagnosis of acute monoarthritis and polyarthritis
Cases
Objective 1: Introduction and vocabulary
A 28‐year‐old male presents to your clinic with right shoulder pain. You diagnosed him
with rotator cuff tendonitis. A tendon:
A. Connects bone to bone
B. Connects muscle to bone
C. Is a fluid filled sac between bone and muscle
D. Is cartilaginous lining of the joint
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Pop Up Answers
A. Incorrect. A ligament connects one bone to another.
B. Correct. A tendon connects muscle to bone.
C. Incorrect. A bursa is a fluid‐filled sac between bone and muscle.
D. Incorrect. Articular cartilage lines the apposing ends of two bones in a joint.
Summary answer
The correct answer is B: A tendon connects muscle to bone.
Introduction
Joint complaints are commonly seen in the ambulatory setting. In this module we will lay
out a simple, structured approach to assess a patient with ‘joint pain’. You will see that
when evaluating a patient with a joint complaint, you start by answering three simple
questions:
1. Is the process articular or periarticular?
2. Does the patient have arthralgia or arthritis?
3. Does the patient have inflammatory or non‐inflammatory joint symptoms?
As we go through this module, we will review these three questions and their significance.
Vocabulary
Before getting to these questions, however, let’s first review the vocabulary of the
musculoskeletal system and commonly used terms you will come across while using this
module. These are defined in Table 1.
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Table 1: Common terms used in this module
In the next section, we are going to learn about the three questions and use them to
evaluate and diagnose a patient with a joint complaint. In review, these questions are
shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1: The three questions to evaluate a joint complaint
SECTION 2: THE THREE QUESTIONS
A 65‐year‐old female comes to the clinic for evaluation of right elbow pain. On
examination, there is no swelling or tenderness of the elbow joint, but the olecranon
bursa is noted to be swollen and tender. This is an example of:
A. Articular Pain
B. Periarticular Pain
C. Referred Pain
D. Neuropathic Pain
Pop Up Answers
A. Incorrect. The true elbow joint is not tender or swollen; thus, this is not articular
pain
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B. Correct. Olecranon bursa is a periarticular structure and pain is originating from
the bursa itself; this is an example of periarticular pain
C. Incorrect. Tenderness is elicited at the olecranon bursa directly and not originating
at a distant location; thus, this is not referred pain
D. Incorrect. Olecranon bursa pain and swelling is related to inflammation in the
bursa and not related to nerve damage
Summary answer
The correct answer is B: Olecranon bursitis is an example of periarticular pain.
The three questions
Now that we have defined some of the common terms we will be using in this module,
let's go through the three questions important in evaluating a patient with a joint
complaint.
As we saw in the last section, those 3 questions are:
1. Is the process articular or periarticular?
2. Does the patient have arthralgia or arthritis?
3. Does the patient have inflammatory or non‐inflammatory joint symptoms?
The three questions: Question # 1: Is the process articular or periarticular?
When seeing a patient with 'joint pain', you want to first make sure that the patient has
true joint (i.e., articular) pain. This is because patients with pain in structures around a
joint, (i.e., periarticular pain), can also present to you with the chief complaint of 'joint
pain'. This is important to establish because the differential diagnosis of true articular
process is very different from that of a periarticular process.
Before we discuss this further, let us review the basic anatomy of a joint (Figure 2a).
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Figure 2 a: Diagrammatic illustration of a joint
Figure 2b: Diagrammatic illustration of a joint and periarticular structures
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A joint is where two bones meet to create a hinge, thus allowing for motion. The basic
components of a joint include the apposing ends of the two bones, enclosed in a fibrous
joint capsule, which gives it stability and structural strength. The joint capsule is lined on
the inner side by a thin layer (the synovium). This synovial lining is vascular, and is
responsible for secreting synovial fluid, which acts as a joint lubricant. The two apposing
ends of the bones are lined by joint cartilage, which ensures smooth movement at the
joint, free of bony friction or grinding. Muscles, tendons and ligaments insert around the
joint and form the mechanical apparatus that allows this hinge‐ structure to go through
its range of motion.
In rheumatology/musculoskeletal medicine, when we talk about articular processes, we
are referring to the structures within the joint capsule. And when we refer to periarticular
processes, we are referring to the structures outside or around the joint capsule, such as
ligaments, tendons and bursae. Common disorders of these periarticular structures are
detailed in Table 2.
Table 2: Examples of Common Periarticular Diagnoses
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Referred Pain
Referred pain is defined as pain that is referred to a location distant from the site of origin
of inflammation or injury. As we learned, periarticular processes may present as 'joint
pain'. In addition, a patient with 'joint pain' may have pain that is actually referred from
another location. An example is hip joint pain being referred to the ipsilateral knee or
thigh. Similarly, spine arthritis pain can be referred to the buttock, and can be
misdiagnosed as buttock pain.
In sum, when evaluating a patient with 'joint pain', we want to first establish the exact
origin of musculoskeletal pain and distinguish whether it is articular, periarticular or
referred from or referred to another anatomical location.
Figure 3: Articular, periarticular and referred pain
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SECTION 3: ARTHRALGIA VS ARTHRITIS
A 25‐year‐old female is seen in your clinic for evaluation of fatigue and diffuse joint pains.
She reports pain in bilateral wrists, shoulders, MCPs and PIP joints. To diagnose this
patient with arthralgia, she must have:
A. Heat in the joints
B. Swelling in the joints
C. Tenderness in the joints
D. Redness in the joints
Pop Up Answers
A. Incorrect. Heat or warmth in a joint is not a defining feature of arthralgia
B. Incorrect. Joint swelling is never present in arthralgia
C. Correct. Joint tenderness, in the absence of joint swelling, is the defining clinical
feature of arthralgia
D. Incorrect. Redness in the joint is not a defining feature of arthralgia
Summary answer
The correct answer is C : Joint tenderness is the defining clinical feature of arthralgia.
Question 2: Arthralgia vs. arthritis
Having learned the importance of differentiating articular from periarticular processes,
we now dig deeper to further evaluate those patients who have articular pain. Our next
question at this point becomes, 'Does the patient have arthralgia or arthritis'?
Once you have established that the patient has true joint pain, you will next want to
differentiate 'arthralgia' (joint pain) from 'arthritis' (joint inflammation/damage).
Differentiation of arthralgia from arthritis is a very important step, as evidence of
inflammation/damage in the joint (arthritis) establishes true joint disease, while joint pain
(arthralgia) is a symptom of a process that may not necessarily imply joint disease.
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Arthralgia, in fact, can be caused by either articular or extra‐articular processes. So when
evaluating a patient with arthralgia, it is important to determine if the joint pain is due to
an articular or a systemic process
Several systemic diseases can cause arthralgia, such as hypothyroidism and depression.
This is an important for primary care providers to recognize, as in such instances,
treatment of the underlying systemic disease will typically resolve the joint pain.
Arthralgia can also be caused by articular processes, such as trauma or injury to a joint. In
early rheumatic diseases, such as early rheumatoid arthritis, patients can present with
joint pain only, i.e., arthralgia, as they have not yet developed true joint or clinical
inflammation/arthritis.
Table 3: Causes of arthralgia
Arthritis
Having discussed arthralgia, let’s discuss arthritis as differentiated from arthralgia. As
mentioned, arthritis signifies true inflammation or damage in a joint, i.e., true joint
disease. Distinguishing joint pain from joint inflammation is critical, as it has implications
on how you will further approach your patient. Like arthralgia, there are several causes
of arthritis, and this will be further addressed in the next section.
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SECTION 4: INFLAMMATORY VS NON‐INFLAMMATORY JOINT COMPLAINTS
A 65‐year‐old female presents to your clinic with 5 month history of joint pain, stiffness
and swelling. Examination reveals several tender and swollen MCPs, PIPs and bilateral
wrists and ankles. You suspect inflammatory arthritis in this patient. Inflammatory
arthritis may be caused by:
A. Aging
B. Autoimmune diseases
C. Mechanical injury
D. Hemarthroses
Pop‐up Answers
Summary answer
The correct answer is B: Several autoimmune diseases can cause inflammatory arthritis,
such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and lupus.
Question # 3: Inflammatory vs. non‐inflammatory joint complaints
Thus far, we have learned that we need to determine whether or not a patient has
articular or periarticular symptoms and arthralgia or arthritis. We have learned that with
arthralgia, there is no discernable evidence of joint inflammation or damage. We now
turn our attention to the patient who has true arthritis. The question becomes ‐ does this
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patient have inflammatory or non‐inflammatory arthritis? This section walks us through
this.
By inflammatory arthritis, we mean that the joint inflammation or damage is driven
primarily by the immune system (because of either autoimmune, crystalline or infectious
causes). On the other hand, non‐inflammatory arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, is primarily
caused by cartilage damage due to aging, repetitive injury, or trauma to the structures in
the joint. Distinguishing inflammatory from non‐inflammatory arthritis is a key branching
point in evaluation of any patient with arthritis because it helps us
Formulate a differential diagnosis
Define further diagnostic workup
Decide whether your patient needs to be referred to rheumatology, orthopedics
or can be managed in the primary care setting.
Tables 4: Causes of inflammatory arthritis
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Table 5: Causes of non‐ inflammatory arthritis
Thus far, we have defined for you the 3 important questions to answer in a patient with
a joint complaint. Before we move to the next section, you may want to recap these
questions, by reviewing Figure 1, which we show again here.
Figure 1: The three questions
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SECTION 5: HISTORY TAKING IN A PATIENT WITH JOINT COMPLAINT ‐1
A 25‐year‐old male presents to your clinic for further evaluation of left elbow pain. Which
of the following historical details is consistent with the diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis:
A. Elbow pain that is worse with playing golf
B. Elbow pain that is worse with opening doors
C. Elbow pain that is worse with bending elbow
D. Elbow pain that is better with lifting objects
Pop‐up Answers
A. Incorrect. Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis do not get worse with golf swings.
Symptoms of medial epicondylitis do.
B. Correct. Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis get worse with repetitive, rotatory
movement at the elbow, such as opening door knobs and using the screw driver
C. Incorrect. Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis get worse with elbow extension,
rather than flexion
D. Incorrect. Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis get worse with lifting objects
Summary answer
The correct answer is B: Symptoms of lateral epicondylitis get worse with repetitive,
rotatory movement at the elbow, such as opening door knobs and using the screw
driver.
Taking a history in a patient with a joint complaint
Now that we know the three important questions to ask in a patient with a joint
complaint, we apply these questions to taking a history in a patient with joint pain.
Using the history to determine if the process is articular or periarticular
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The first goal in history taking is to determine the exact location of the pain. We will use
this to decide if the process is articular or periarticular. For this, ask your patient to
describe the exact location of the pain. Listen carefully for clues that point to articular vs.
periarticular involvement. Let’s take the example of a patient who presents to your clinic
with 'hip pain'. Before even starting, we know that many articular and periarticular
processes may present with 'hip pain'. Patients with groin, lateral thigh or buttock pain
often report having 'hip pain', even though each of these locations implicate a different
diagnostic possibility. So pay close attention to whether the patient with 'hip pain' is
anatomically describing pain in the groin, lateral thigh or buttock.
Once you have some sense of the anatomical location of the pain, we can ask specific
questions about physical activities that make the symptoms worse. With these questions
on physical activity, we can often determine which joint, tendon, or ligament is most likely
to be the source of symptoms. Table 6 gives examples of specific joint related questions.
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Table 6a and 6b: Using the history to diagnose a patient with a joint complaint
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Now, let’s go back to our patient with 'hip pain'. We want to determine if this might be
hip arthritis, trochanteric or ischial bursitis or lumbosacral spine disease. If we asked and
if the patient had difficulty raising his/her leg to get into the bathtub, getting into the car
or bending over to tie his/her shoes, it would suggest true hip pathology. On the other
hand, if the patient said that it hurt at night to lie with that side down, it would be
suggestive of trochanteric bursitis. Similarly, other questions can point to spinal pathology
in this patient, as reviewed in the Table 6 above.
Using the history to determine arthralgia vs. arthritis
As we have learned, arthralgia (joint pain only) and arthritis (joint pain with
inflammation/damage) can be caused by several diseases. The question we address here
is how to use the history to distinguish arthralgia from arthritis.
Recall that patients with both arthralgia and arthritis have joint pain. The questions used
to distinguish arthralgia from arthritis include:
1. Do you have swelling in the affected joint? If 'yes', it is arthritis
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2. Do you have warmth or redness in the joint? If 'yes', it suggests arthritis
If neither of the above is present, the patient has arthralgia (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Distinguishing arthralgia from arthritis
SECTION 6:
HISTORY TAKING IN A PATIENT WITH A JOINT COMPLAINT ‐ 2
A 42‐year‐old female presents to your clinic for evaluation of joint pain and stiffness in
both hands and feet. On the basis of your initial history, you suspect inflammatory
arthritis in this patient. This is because her joint symptoms:
A. Are better in the morning
B. Are worse with activity
C. Are better with activity
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D. Are not affected by activity
Pop‐Up Answers
A. Incorrect. Inflammatory joint symptoms are worse in the mornings
B. Incorrect. Inflammatory joint symptoms improve with activity
C. Correct. Inflammatory joint symptoms improve with activity
D. Incorrect. Inflammatory joint symptoms are better with activity
Summary Answer
The correct answer is C: Inflammatory joint symptoms improve with activity.
Using the history to differentiate inflammatory from non‐inflammatory arthritis
Now that you have clarified articular vs periarticular processes and arthralgia vs arthritis
by taking a history, let’s focus of the final question: does the patient have inflammatory
or non‐inflammatory arthritis. What is exciting is that, on the basis of just the history, we
can confidently diagnose inflammatory joint symptoms, even in the absence of other
diagnostic data, such as x‐rays and blood work. This section tells us how to do that.
The following historical questions will help you discriminate inflammatory from non‐
inflammatory joint symptoms, while taking a history.
Q1: When is the pain/ swelling/ stiffness in the joints worst?
If joint symptoms are worse in the mornings, arthritis is inflammatory
If joint symptoms are worse in evenings, arthritis is non‐inflammatory
Q2: Do the joint symptoms improve with activity?
If joint symptoms improve with activity, arthritis is inflammatory
If joint symptoms get worse with activity, arthritis is non‐inflammatory
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Q3: Do you have morning stiffness (i.e., joints are stiff in the mornings)? Does it last for
less than or greater than 60 minutes?
If morning stiffness in the joints > 60 minutes, arthritis is inflammatory
If morning stiffness in the joints < 30 minutes, arthritis is non‐inflammatory
Morning stiffness
Morning stiffness and 'gelling' merit more discussion. Morning stiffness is defined as a
sense of stiffness and difficulty in moving the joints that is totally unrelated to joint pain.
Morning stiffness lasting for greater than 60 minutes is a hallmark of inflammatory
arthritis. This stiffness gradually improves with activity and as the day goes on. For
example, a patient with osteoarthritis may experience morning stiffness for 10 ‐15
minutes. On the other hand, a patient with rheumatoid arthritis may be stiff for several
hours after waking up. Gelling is a similar process, where patients feel stiff in their joints
after prolonged immobility, which improves with movement.
Differentiating inflammatory from non‐inflammatory arthritis is reviewed here:
Figure 7: Differentiating inflammatory from non‐inflammatory arthritis
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SECTION 7: EXAMINATION OF A PATIENT WITH A JOINT COMPLAINT ‐1
A 55‐year‐old woman presents to your clinic for evaluation of right sided back pain. When
asked, she actually points to the right groin as the area of maximal discomfort. During
examination, you elicit a positive FABER (hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation)
test, with tenderness in the right groin. This patient most likely has:
A. Hip arthritis
B. Sacroiliac joint arthritis
C. Spinal stenosis
D. Trochanteric bursitis
Pop‐Up Answers
A. Correct. Tenderness in the groin is suggestive of hip pathology and tenderness in
the groin on FABER’s test confirms it.
B. Incorrect. Tenderness in the groin on FABER testing suggests hip joint pathology,
not SI joint disease.
C. Incorrect. Tenderness in the groin on FABER testing suggests hip joint pathology
and not spinal disease.
D. Incorrect. Tenderness in the groin on FABER testing suggests hip joint pathology
and not trochanteric bursitis.
Summary Answer
The correct answer is A: Tenderness in the groin is suggestive of hip pathology and
eliciting groin tenderness on FABER’s test confirms it.
The physical exam in a patient with a joint complaint
Having reviewed how to use the history to evaluate a patient with a joint complaint, this
section will walk you through the steps of physical examination to answer the three
questions used to evaluate a patient with a joint complaint.
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The physical exam: Articular vs. periarticular processes
We start our examination by trying to locate the symptoms anatomically (see Table).
Begin by asking the patient to point with 'one finger' the exact location of the pain. We
do this because the exact location of the pain has diagnostic implications.
Table 7: Physical location of pain and corresponding anatomic structures
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Let’s again use the example of the patient who presents to your clinic with 'hip pain'. If
this patient points to the lateral thigh, the pain is likely related to trochanteric bursitis.
On the other hand, if the patient points to the groin area, the pain is most likely originating
from the hip joint. And if the patient points to the buttock area, the pain is likely coming
from the ischial bursa or referred from the back.
Once you have defined the exact location of the pain, palpate and move the area of
interest/joint through its range of motion to reproduce tenderness and to confirm the
exact location of pain. While doing so, pay close attention to whether this ‘painful area’
is the true joint or around the joint (i.e., articular or periarticular).
Some physical examination maneuvers can be diagnostic of a specific joint/tendon
involvement. Below is a list of videos of diagnostic maneuvers for evaluating a patient
with a specific joint complaint.
Shoulder Pain: Rotator cuff tendonitis/impingement
Hawkins test: https://youtu.be/OYK5qL2om‐c
Neer test: https://youtu.be/BxRyD‐Ey26E
Elbow Pain: Resisted wrist flexion – medial epicondylitis
Resisted wrist extension – lateral epicondylitis
Wrist Pain: Finklestein test – DeQuervain tenosynovitis
https://youtu.be/Q‐nx6PIFv8Y
Knee Pain: Valgus Stress – Medial Collateral Ligament
https://youtu.be/6dQS0A9QQpc
Varus Stress – Lateral Collateral Ligament
https://youtu.be/vFPsnWhjh6E
Lachman Test – Anterior Cruciate Ligament tear
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https://youtu.be/gfN‐p‐xZx24
Anterior Drawer Sign – Anterior Cruciate Ligament integrity
Posterior Drawer Sign – Posterior Cruciate Ligament integrity
https://youtu.be/nFgzUMrb8lo
McMurray Sign – Medial or lateral meniscal tear
https://youtu.be/Irg3Cb4JaE8
Hip Pain: FABER (flexion abduction external rotation)
https://youtu.be/p1jo3puFDAU
The physical exam: arthralgia vs. arthritis
The next step is to use the physical exam to determine if your patient has arthralgia or
arthritis. Steps during examination of the joint include:
LOOK – For redness, swelling or deformity
TOUCH ‐ For heat or warmth
PALPATE ‐ For tenderness or effusion/swelling
MOVE – To assess tenderness and limitation of range of motion in the joint
With both arthralgia and arthritis, palpation/ movement of the joint will elicit tenderness.
To differentiate arthralgia from arthritis, we look for any one of the following to diagnose
arthritis: swelling, warmth or erythema. The presence of any one of these is diagnostic of
arthritis, but the absence of all of these is diagnostic of arthralgia.
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Figure 7: The physical exam of arthralgia and arthritis
With both arthralgia and arthritis, palpation/movement of the joint will elicit tenderness,
so we use swelling, warmth or erythema to differentiate arthritis from arthralgia.
While a swollen joint confirms the diagnosis of arthritis, warmth and redness in joints are
related to acuity of arthritis. For example, a patient with acute gouty attack will likely have
a red, hot, swollen joint. But a patient with chronic arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis,
may have swollen joints with minimal or no warmth/redness.
SECTION 8: EXAMINATION OF A PATIENT WITH A JOINT COMPLAINT – 2
A 35‐year‐old woman presents to your clinic with a six month history of progressive
fatigue, joint pain and swelling in both hands. She reports morning stiffness lasting for
several hours. Her joint symptoms improve as the day goes on and with activity. She gives
a history of photosensitivity, and reports intermittent painless oral ulcers as well as recent
hair loss. Examination is remarkable for tenderness and swelling in several MCPs and PIPs
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in both hands. Skin examination reveals a faint erythematous palpable rash across the
malar area. A few shallow ulcers are noted on the right inner cheek. Hair loss and thinning
is noted along the temporal hairline. This clinical presentation is most concerning for:
A. Lyme disease
B. Psoriatic arthritis
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Systemic lupus erythematosus
Pop‐Up Answers
A. Incorrect. Lyme arthritis classically presents with knee monoarthritis; moreover,
presence of oral ulcers, malar rash and hair loss is not suggestive of Lyme disease.
B. Incorrect. There are no skin or nail changes of psoriasis; no dactylitis or enthesitis;
moreover, oral ulcers, malar rash and hair loss is not associated with psoriatic
arthritis.
C. Incorrect. RA is not the likely diagnosis as oral ulcers, hair loss and malar rash are
not typically seen in RA.
D. Correct. Findings of oral ulcers, malar rash and hair loss in a patient with
inflammatory arthritis is highly suspicious for lupus.
Summary answer
The correct answer is D: Findings of oral ulcers, malar rash and hair loss in a patient with
inflammatory arthritis is highly suspicious for lupus.
The physical exam: Inflammatory vs. non‐inflammatory arthritis
We now turn our attention to the final question in the physical exam: is this process
inflammatory or non‐inflammatory? We have already established whether our patient
has inflammatory or non‐inflammatory joint symptoms on the basis of history, and then
diagnosed arthritis on examination. This final step will help confirm inflammatory vs. non‐
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inflammatory arthritis, and look for possible causes of arthritis. This step entails looking
at the joints and periarticular structures, and looking for extra‐articular manifestations of
the underlying disease (see Table below). It is also important to be familiar with the causes
of inflammatory and non‐inflammatory arthritis. We do this in two steps:
Step 1: Examine the joint and periarticular structures for features of acute inflammation
(i.e., erythema; warmth; tenderness) or joint deformities.
Step 2: Look for systemic and extra‐articular clues to an underlying disease. For example,
look for subcutaneous tophi of gout, or subcutaneous nodules in rheumatoid arthritis, or
malar rash in lupus arthritis.
Examining the joint for acute inflammation/deformities
In a patient with inflammatory arthritis, features of acute inflammation, such as erythema
or warmth, is highly suspicious for septic arthritis, crystalline arthritis or trauma. Other
joint deformities, such as swan‐neck deformities, are suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis,
while dactylitis is suggestive of psoriatic arthritis. Similarly, in a patient with non‐
inflammatory arthritis, bony enlargement/ crepitus on motion is a hallmark of
osteoarthritis.
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Table 8a: Likely diagnosis by physical exam of joints
Table 8b: Likely diagnosis based on systemic examination
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Thus, using elements of the history and physical examination, you have been able to
answer the three key questions in a patient presenting to your clinic with a joint
complaint. In the next section, we will next focus on further steps in generating and
narrowing a differential diagnosis in your patient with joint pain.
SECTION 9
You are evaluating a 24‐year‐old male in your clinic for 4 months history of intermittent
right ankle pain, stiffness and swelling. On examination, you elicit tenderness and swelling
in right wrist, left knee and right ankle. You characterize his arthritis as:
A. Asymmetric oligoarthritis
B. Asymmetric polyarthritis
C. Symmetric oligoarthritis
D. Symmetric polyarthritis
Pop Up Answers
A. Correct. This patient has 3 swollen joints in an asymmetric distribution. This meets
criteria for oligoarthritis, i.e., 2‐4 involved joints.
B. Incorrect. This patient has only 3 swollen/tender joints. Polyarthritis is defined as
involvement of 5 or more joints
C. Incorrect. This patient has asymmetric joint distribution
D. Incorrect. This patient has 3 swollen/tender joints in an asymmetric distribution.
Polyarthritis is defined as involvement of 5 or more joints
Summary answer
The correct answer is A: Oligoarthritis is defined as arthritis of 2‐4 joints.
Arthritis timing and patterns
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By now you have decided whether a patient's 'joint' complaints are articular or
periarticular, arthralgia or arthritis and inflammatory or non‐inflammatory. While there
are several causes of both inflammatory and non‐inflammatory arthritis, we review a few
more steps to help diagnose the most common ones.
Patterns of joint complaints
Patterns to consider when evaluating a patient with a joint complaint include timing,
distribution of involved joints, the number of joints involved, and the types of joints
involved. Each pattern helps us to narrow the differential diagnosis.
Pattern 1: Timing
Acute/rapid onset of arthritis, over hours and days, is considered acute arthritis. The three
most important differential to consider include septic arthritis, crystalline arthritis (i.e.,
gout; pseudogout) and trauma/injury/fracture of a joint.
Joint aspiration should be performed in every patient with acute monoarthritis, unless
the cause is clear. This is to rule out septic arthritis and to confirm the underlying
diagnosis. Synovial fluid should be evaluated for WBC count, type of inflammatory cells,
crystals, Gram stain and culture to rule out both septic and crystalline arthritis. Typical
WBC counts along with the percentage of PMNs typically seen in different causes of
arthritis are reviewed in the table below.
Table 9: Cell counts in synovial fluid
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Sub‐acute onset of arthritis, over weeks and months, is the most common presentation
of most chronic causes of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Table 10: Timing and differential diagnosis
Pattern 2: Physical distribution
Symmetric arthritis (i.e., involving similar sets of joints bilaterally) is classically
seen in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and viral arthritis.
Asymmetric arthritis (i.e., involving different sets of joints on two sides, e.g., wrist
on the right and elbow on the left) is commonly seen in osteoarthritis, psoriatic
arthritis and reactive arthritis/spondyloarthritis.
Table 11: Physical distribution and differential diagnosis
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While it is important to be familiar with the classic joint pattern of specific arthritic
conditions, it is also essential to recognize that there are exceptions to the rule,
particularly early on in disease presentation. For example, while symmetric arthritis is the
classic joint involvement in established rheumatoid arthritis, in early rheumatoid arthritis,
joint involvement is often asymmetric.
Pattern 3: Types of joints
Large joints: (e.g., shoulders; knees; ankles). Commonly seen in osteoarthritis,
polymyalgia rheumatica and spondyloarthritis.
Small joints: (e.g., MCPs, PIPs). Commonly involved in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus
and viral arthritis.
Table 12: Differential diagnosis using large vs. small joint involvement
Pattern 4: Number of joints
Monoarthritis – involvement of a single joint. Osteoarthritis, Lyme arthritis and
crystal arthritis often present as monoarthritis.
Oligoarthritis – involvement of 2‐4 joints. Commonly seen in
psoriatic/spondyloarthritis and sarcoidosis.
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Polyarthritis – involvement of 5 or more joints. Commonly seen in rheumatoid
arthritis, lupus, and viral arthritis. Any inflammatory arthritis can present with
polyarticular involvement.
Table 13: Differential diagnosis based on number of joints involved
Thus, the details of timing, distribution, number and type of joints involved can help us
narrow the differential diagnosis and direct further diagnostic workup of arthritis. These
patterns of joint involvement are reviewed in the figure below.
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Figure 9: Summary of diagnosis by pattern of presentation
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