UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

C.M. RECTO AVENU, LAPASAN CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STEEL RELATED TO BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS & TESTING
PERFORMANCE INNOVATIVE TASK

SUBMITTED BY:

NATHANIEL G. CAÑASA
JANETH S. CARBONA

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. JONATHAN CALIBARA

Steel
is an alloy of iron and carbon, and sometimes other elements. Because of its high
tensile strength and low cost, it is a major component used in buildings, infrastructure,
tools, ships, trains, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base
metal of steel. Steel products one of the most widely used building materials in
construction today, mainly because they are versatile, durable, and affordable. No
matter what kind of project you are working on, chances are you will be using steel in
one form or another in order to complete the project. Steel use for construction of roads
and rails, building infrastructure such as bridges and buildings, construction of modern
architecture from skyscrapers and airports to residential homes and parks.

Common steels used in construction

Structural Steel
It is durable and strong. It can be transformed into any shape including but not limited
to I-Beam, H shape, T shape, and other forms. This type of steel can be constructed
in no time on the construction site. High-rise buildings and skyscrapers are constructed
using structural steel but it’s also used for garages and large agricultural buildings.
AASHTO M 183M/M 183 - Standard Specification for Structural Steel
ASTM A992/A992M-11(2015) - Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes
Benefits of Structural steel
 Fire resistant: Its reliable for protection against fires.
 Customizable: Useful for designers because it has the ability to take on so
many shapes. Practical for simple to complex designs.
 Affordable: Return of investment is closely associated with its strength and
reliability since it will last for decades.
 Strength and durability: It has the ability to withstand weather conditions wear
and tear. It’s stronger than most other materials including concrete.
 Environmentally safer: It has a low carbon effect and it’s recyclable. Makes it
a popular choice for green businesses.
Properties of Structural Steel
 Density
 Elastic Modulus
 Elastic Modulus
 Tensile Strength
 Yield Strength
 Melting Point
 Specific Heat
 Hardness
Test & Inspection for Structural Steel
I. High-Strength Bolting - Bolt calibrations and connections must be verified and
inspected in accordance with the project specifications.

ASTM F3125/F3125M-19 - Standard Specification for High Strength Structural

Bolts and Assemblies, Steel and Alloy Steel

II. Field Welding - Welder certifications and visual welding inspection must be
verified and performed on field welds.

AWS D1.1: Structural Wielding Code-Steel

III. Fabrication Shop Inspections - Welder certifications and visual welding

inspection must be verified and performed on shop welds.

AWS QC1:2007 Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors

IV. Non-Destructive Steel Testing - personnel must be certified for ultrasonic,

magnetic particle, dye penetrant, radiography, and visual inspection.

AWS B5.1:2013-AMD1 An American National Standard Specification for the

Qualification of Welding Inspectors

Steel Treatment

I. Annealing

 is a heat treatment process beyond critical temperature which alters the

microstructure of a material to change its mechanical or electrical properties.
It is used to reduce hardness, increase ductility and help eliminate internal
stresses

II. Quenching

 is most commonly used to harden steel, involves heating of temperature

greater than that of normal conditions then rapidly cooling of a metal to
adjust the mechanical properties of its original state.

III. Tempering

 process of improving the characteristics of a metal, especially steel, by

heating it below the critical temperature.
Main Types of Paint Used With Steel
Standard Primers
are usually grey but may also be available in red and white provided generally as alkyd
paints, it is applied to joists either by dipping or with a paint gun. This one-component
primers are easy to apply and economical but offer limited protection against rust.
They are designed to provide temporary protection during transportation and erection
and provide a uniform appearance.
Specialty paints
Compared with standard primers, these paints, which require much more care during
the application process, are more costly but provide enhanced protection against
corrosion.
Types specialty paints

 Zinc rich primers

Zinc are divided into two categories: organic and
inorganic. Both types offer cathodic protection
against rust since the zinc, which serves as a
"sacrificial metal", acts as an anode to protect the
steel from corrosion. When inorganic zinc primers
are used in one-coat applications, the resulting
rust protection is similar to that obtained with
galvanization. Organic zinc primers are generally
used in multiple coat systems. Note that zinc
primers must be applied

 Epoxy
Epoxy coatings are two-component paints that offer much
greater rust protection than standard primers, but less than
zinc primers. Epoxy paints, which create a protective
barrier that seal the metal surface, are very effective in
humid environments such as arenas and pools. Specific
epoxy paints are even used to coat the interior of fresh
water and saltwater tanks. These coatings cost twice as
much as standard primers due to their higher retail price
and the thicker coats required.

 Polyurethane
Polyurethane paints are usually applied as a finish coat
on the zinc primer or epoxy. Several types of
polyurethane paints can also be applied directly to steel
without the use of primers. These finishes, which are
characterized by their color retention and gloss, are
generally not required for interior environments.
Types of Structural Steel

Angle Beam Steel take an L shape, with two legs that

come together at a 90-degree angle, . It used for
various purposes in a number of industries. Framing is
one of the most common uses for steel angles, but
steel angles are also used for brackets, trim,
reinforcements, and also it can be use as rafter or strut
in truss. Angle bar shall conform to ASTM A36
Structural Steel Angle Section Properties Or
EN 10056-1:2017 - European Standard specifies
requirements for the nominal dimensions of hot-rolled
equal and unequal leg angles.

Steel Bearing piles are H-shape mainly used to

effectively transfer the load of the building through
a layer of soil, acting as a deep foundation system
because it works in dense soils. . It is also use for
road bridges and marine structures where their high
axial, lateral and tensile load capacities are
required. Compared to I-Beam it has much more
weight It, thicker center web, top and bottom
flanges that stick out further from the web than the
flanges and span up to 330 feet. Steel bearing piles
shall be structural steel H-piles conforming to the
requirements of ASTM A36. Or
EN 10034- European Standard for I and H beams of
steel for structural use. Dimensional and shape
tolerances.

l-Beam is shaped like an I, the beam consists of

two horizontal planes, known as flanges, connected
by one vertical component, or the web. I-beam has
tapered edges , thinner center web and less heavier
compared to H-beam. It has a span between 33 to
100 feet, the top and bottom flanges are shorter and
not as wide as H-Beams. I-Beams used as critical
support trusses, or the main framework, ensuring
the structuring integrity with relentless strength and
support in buildings. Conforms to
EN 10034- European Standard for I and H beams
of steel for structural use. Dimensional and shape
tolerances.
Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) are often used
in construction and industrial applications, as well as
home handyman uses like fence posts or gate
frames. Typically it has a shape of circular,
rectangular, or square cross-section. Conforms to
ASTM A1085/A1085M-15 - Standard Specification
for Cold-Formed Welded Carbon Steel Hollow
Structural Sections (HSS)

Structural C channels also known as C beams are

structural beams with C shaped cross section. The
Top and bottom plates of a C channel are named as
flanges and the vertical plate which connects the
flanges is named as web. It’s commonly used for
walls, pole barn walls, roofs, window, door frames
wood beam supports, vehicle frames, trailers and
metal buildings. Conforms to
ASTM A6 - C Channels - Imperial Units American
standard dimensions and static parameters C
channels

Structural Tee is a T-shaped cross-section made

by cutting a beam down the middle, along or
through the web, to leave a flange and a stem in
the shape of a capital letter T. Tees are usually
used as reinforcing elements for shipbuilding,
tanks, and canopies. The stainless steel are used
in commerce and industry but also in machinery
and equipment building. Conforms to
EN 10055:1995 - Standard specification for Hot
rolled steel equal flange tees with radiused root
and toes - Dimensions and tolerances on shape
and dimensions

Reinforcement Bars
This steel is also known as reinforcing steel. Rebar is made from different alloys and
grades of steel. Stainless steel rebar is rust resistant and used in poured concrete
driveways and construction of buildings. It’s commonly used as a tension device for
reinforced concrete structures. Rebar steel is made from carbon steel. It’s also used
as a tensioning device to reinforce other masonry structures. This type of steel is
durable, resistant and stiff. Rebar is very useful because of its recyclable tendencies.
Benefits of Reinforcement Bars
 Easy to set into place before pouring the concrete
 Help reduce cracking and breaking common in concrete
 Gives strength to concrete
 Saves money for purchaser because whatever it’s used in will last longer

Physical Properties of Reinforcement Bars

 Expansion
 Rusting
 Grounding
 Low Magnetic Permeability

Stability of Steel as Reinforcement

 Steel is very strong in compression, tension, shear, and torsion
 Concrete develops very good bond with steel
 Steel is ductile in behavior (more ductility means more elongation of steel
before failure)
 The steel bars can be cut, lifted, and welded easily with common available tools
and machines
 Steel has longer life
 Steel is easily available

Steel Reinforcement Disadvantages
 Rusting, If concrete is porous or its cover to the reinforcement is not sufficient,
steel gets rusted and losses strength.
 Steel losses its strength at high temperatures.

Types of Reinforcement Bars

Hot Rolled Deformed Steel Bars are most

commonly used steel reinforcement for R.C.C
structures. Hot rolling of the reinforcement is
undergone leaving certain deformations on its
surface in the form of ribs. These ribs help to form a
bond with the concrete. It has a tensile yield strength
of 60,000 psi. Use to reinforce concrete structures
such as beams, foundations, walls and slabs.
Conforms to
ASTM A6/A6M-19 - Standard Specification for
General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel
Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling
Cold Worked Steel Reinforcement A cold
worked rebar is obtained by letting the hot rolled
steel bars to undergo cold working. In the cold
working process involves twisting or drawing the
bars at room temperature, eliminating the Plastic
Stage in the Stress-Strain curve, which gives
more control over the size and tolerances of bars
but due to removal of plastic stage it has lower
ductility than Hot Rolled bars. Its use in projects
where low tolerances and straightness are a
major concern. Conforms to
BS 4461:1978- Specification for cold worked steel
bars for the reinforcement of concrete

Mild Steel Plain Bars The mild steel plain

reinforcement bars do not have ribs on their
surface. They have a plain surface thus cannot
bind very well with concrete hence hooks have
to be provided at the ends. These bars are
used for small projects where the major
concern is the economy. The tensile yield
strength of these bars has a value of
40,000psi. Conforms to
ASTM A615/A615M-18e1 - Standard
Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

Pre-stressing Steel Bars The pre-stressing

steel reinforcement are steel bars used in the
form of strands or tendons. Multiple strands are
employed in concrete in order to perform the
pre-stressing action. The strands are made of
multiple wires either 2 or 3 or 7 wire strands. The
wires used are cold formed and have a high
tensile strength ranging from 250,000 – 270,000
psi. This high strength helps to effectively pre-
stress the concrete even after undergoing short
term and long term losses. Conforms to
ASTM A722/A722M-18 Standard Specification
for High-Strength Steel Bars for Prestressed
Concrete
Mild Steel
This type of steel is also known as plain carbon steel with a relatively low carbon
content up to 2.1% by weight. It is incalculably strong and durable, and ensures a
sturdy built. It does not crack when bent, it is immensely flexible, and it is ductile and
has great plasticity, it can endure calamities like earthquakes without causing cracks
in the steel which make it an ideal choice for building construction. Conforms to ASTM
A36 / A36M - 19 Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

Benifits of Mild Steel

 Recyclable: No different than most metals,

scrapped mild steel is vital in the production of more
of the same.
 Carburised: due to its low tensile strength it
undergone process of heat treatment enhancing
strength.
 Ductile: It can be plastically deformed by
elongation, without fracture.
 Weldable: Unlike high-carbon steel, mild
steel can be coalesced with far greater ease
 Cost-Effective: The least expensive of all
steel types

Properties of Mild Steel

 Solid strength
 Rust free
 Abrasion resistance
 Melting point 1400˚C
 Specific gravity 7.80

Uses of Mild Steel

 Steel frame buildings
 Machinery Parts
 Cookware
 According to the UK Technology Education Centre mild steel can form into
girders, nuts, bolts, screws and replaced wrought iron for railings and
decorative gates.
Alloy Steel
This type of steel has had small amounts of one or more alloying elements such as
manganese, silicon, nickel, copper, chromium, titanium, and aluminum added to it.
This mix gives out properties that aren’t found in regular carbon steel. Alloy steel is
usually more responsive to heat and mechanical treatments than carbon steel. Alloy
steel is pretty popular because of their ease of processing, good mechanical
properties, and availability. Alloy steel are used for airports, bridges, skyscrapers and
stadiums, girders, structural sections, bars, rails, rods and wires. Conforms to
ASTM A194/A194M-18 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and
Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both

Benefits of Alloy Steel

 Strong
 Hard
 Tough
 Wear resistant
 Corrosion resistant
 Hot hardness

Properties of Alloy Steel

 Density
 Elastic Modulus
 Poisson’s Ratio
 Thermal Expansion
 Thermal Conductivity
 Specific Heat
 Electrical Resistivity
 Tensile Strength
 Yield Strength
 Percent Elongation

Test & Inspection for Mild Steel

Tensile Strength also known as tension testing, is a fundamental materials science
and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure.
It is conducted to determine the properties like Young's modulus, ultimate strength,
and the percentage elongation.
ASTM A283/A283M-18 - Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile
Strength Carbon Steel Plates
Impact Strength Test is a method for evaluating the toughness, impact strength and
notch sensitivity of engineering materials. Also known as Charpy impact test is used
to Measures the amount of Energy Absorbed during fracture of a specimen in a
standardized test.
ASTM E2298-18 - Standard Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of Metallic
Materials
Hardness Test is a test to determine the resistance a material exhibits to permanent
deformation by penetration of another harder material. Typically performed by
pressing a specifically dimensioned and loaded object (indenter) into the surface of
the material you are testing.
ASTM A833-19 Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials
by Comparison Hardness Testers

Metal furring channel

refers to a non-structural metal attachment that is used to hold a finish material. In
metal-framed construction, the furring pieces are long, light gauge materials of various
shapes. Builders commonly use metal furring as a method of supporting one layer of
material over another, or holding insulation or other construction items between
materials. They also use it in order to meet fire codes or provide sound barriers.
All metal furring channel options are built to comply with ASTM C645 Standard
Specification for Nonstructural Steel Framing Members

Types of Metal Furring

 Hat- Furring Channel
It is a corrosion-resistant framing piece, which is
used to fur out walls in masonry and ceiling projects.
Also It used to secure the outer layer of material
where inserting screws and nails would otherwise
be difficult. Hat channel is applied over another
surface, such as concrete, concrete block, or a
deteriorating plaster wall, making it easy to apply
other surface materials.

 Z- Furring Channel
It is used to fur out interior masonry or poured
concrete wall substrates and to support rigid
polystyrene, mineral, or fiberglass batt insulation
while providing a uniform plane for gypsum panel
attachment. Z-furring must be installed vertically
with the 3/4" flange against the substrate.