Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF

SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
C.M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan
Cagayan de Oro City, 9000 Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

(BS CIVIL ENGINEERING)

“SEAPORTS”

In partial fulfilment of the requirements

Of Construction Materials and Testing (CE23)

Submitted By:
Group 1

Acosta, Aileen
Baulo, Mohamad
Dahilog, Fritz Vann Mariel
Gonhay, Ian Jay
Jimenez, Hanna May

BSCE – 4D_B4

Submitted To:
Engr. Jonathan Calibara
WHICH CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TO USE

The basic construction materials required for marine work are: cement; aggregates (sand and
stones); reinforcing steel; rubble; timber or steel piles; fastenings; timber wales or sections; and
some other minor items.

Cement is a green-grey powder that sets hard within a few hours

after the addition of water. It therefore acquires strength with time. There
are many types of cement available on the market, the most common type
is known as ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The most suitable type of
cement for marine works, however, is sulphate-
resisting cement (SRC).

Aggregates. Pieces of crushed aggregate are angular

in shape whereas river or beach gravel is rounded.
Aggregate obtained from the sea will contain salt which is
harmful to concrete. Sea aggregate must, therefore, be
washed repeatedly with fresh water before being used in
concrete. The aggregate (both the sand and the stone) has
to be hard for the concrete to be durable. Good aggregate is
so hard that it can only just be scratched by a steel penknife.
The most reliable source of stone rubble for construction is the quarry. A quarry is usually worked for a
whole range of sizes of stone and the yield of the right sizes depends on the capability of the person
carrying out the blasting as well as on the geological composition of the ground

Reinforcing steel is used inside a concrete section to make

the section stronger. In marine work, the steel should have a
minimum concrete cover of 50 mm to prevent sea-water corrosion.
Steel bars for reinforcing concrete come in a range of diameters,
from as little as 6 mm up to 32 mm. Steel bars are usually supplied
by weight, in kilograms per length of bar.

Piles are necessary when the ground is very

soft (as in a marsh or swamp or on a muddy river-
bed). In these cases a number of piles are driven
into the ground to form a stable foundation.
To avoid deterioration, all piles must be
protected; steel piles should be painted with special
epoxy paints, timber piles should be treated with creosote oil and
concrete piles should be made with sulphate-resisting cement
(SRC).
In marine construction frequent use is made of piles in
steel, timber or reinforced concrete.
 Fastenings are required for holding timber sections
together. Depending on the size of the timber sections, the
fastenings used can be either bolts or screws. Nails should not be
used, because when they corrode they snap suddenly without
warning.

Timber is cut from trees, which are the products of

nature and time. Humans have found timber to be a cheap
and useful material and continue to use it in vast quantities.
Durability is defined here as timber's ability to resist attack
from salt-water, corrosion of metal fastenings, fungi and
insect attack. A tree trunk consists of two distinct sections;
the inner section, or heartwood, and the outer section, or
sapwood. In the heartwood, the pore diameter is
considerably smaller and the bulk of the tissue comprises
fibres. Therefore, only heartwood, with its low porosity, is
suitable for marine work.
PARTS OF SEAPORTS

Quay Wall – a marine structure for the mooring or tying-up of vessels

and for loading and unloading of goods and passengers

Wharf is the oldest term in English referring to port structures. It

denotes any structure of timber, masonry, cement, or other material
built along or at an angle to the navigable waterway, with sufficient
depth of water to accommodate vessels and receive and discharge
cargo or passengers. The term can be substituted for quay when applied to
great solid structures in large ports.

Materials Used: Quay Wall in ASRY, Bahrain

- Reinforced Concrete Blocks or

- Concrete-filled Jute Bags
- Granular Materials (No Silt, Mud or Clay) – used as backfill

Jetties - A finger jetty is a structure that projects out into the

water and is generally suitable for mooring on both sides.

A jetty is a small pier, usually made of timbers for boats, yachts or

fishing boats (fisherman jetty), but it also refers to large ships
(tanker jetty, T-jetty).

Jetty in Sohar Port, Oman

Materials Used:

- Can be made out of Timber, Steel or Reinforced Concrete

Breakwater - a breakwater is a structure constructed for the

purpose of forming an artificial harbour with a basin so
protected from the effect of waves as to provide safe berthing
for fishing vessels.

Unfinished Fujairah Breakwater

Materials Used:

- Core Rocks
- Rock Armour
- Precast Armour Unit
- Geotextile
References:

https://www.slideshare.net/DavidHMoloney/sea-port-construction-project-execution-plan

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_Aco_GPO8I

http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1883e/i1883e08.pdf

https://www.britannica.com/technology/harbor#ref592915

http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5270e/v5270e04.htm