May, 1835.] DUET--on wart.

209

of that inflexibility of character, which we call in oth NANNIE.

it,
ers obstinacy, when we don't like firmness when we Soldier laddie, lane and blighted
do in ourselves, always decision. Maun thy simple flow'ret be,

all
And my messmates, where are they? shall Gin the beam that lang has lighted

I
not quote the trite phrase and say, Echo answers, Nannie's bosom, fades frae me.
where, which, by-the-by, must have been

an
Irish
*

echo; but my echo shall, DoNALD.

sort of echoes usually do,

byas
repeat the last two syllables, and question, answer, Lowland lassie, take this token,

a
Pledge faithful love frae me:
Are they?"

o'
melancholy question and

is
It
must

a
Oh, my heart

I
answer, Alas! know not. 'tis but broken

a
Indeed, after the lapse

:
I

on
Now look my last
of

five-and-twenty years, we can put the question thee.

I
to
ourselves, only with heaviness upon our hearts. Yet, NANNIE.
some thore are, but how many more that are not? Soldier laddie, maun we sever,
Tempus edar rerum. deny the assertion. The That sae aft wi' joy ha'e met

I
continually

! !
old mumbler defrauded. How few are Oh that

j.
is

could fauld thee ever

I
of

there those gallant fellows who will fall ripe into Dinna dinname forget

!
his gumless jaws Food for Time: Alas they have

!
been food for almost everything else. Food for pow
der, food for powder, according honest Jack,

as
to
many of them have been Some have been food for ON WAR.
.

Jack, whose prefix yellow. More than one

is

have been food for sharks. Yes, Time has been de

Von Kiege. Hinterlassenos Werk des GENERAL
of

of

frauded them, and they time. How many have CARL von CLAusEwitz. Berlin. vols. 8vo.

2
been buried the sea
in

When the last trumpet they shall arise from the

at

of
To such

be
as
our readers may acquainted with
vast and blue depths, and they shake from them the
the German language, we cannot too strongly recom
of
salt wave, may wash away with one half their
it

it

Ge

of
mend the perusal

of
this posthumous production
of

sins and
in

the beneficence the Creator they may

fearlessly trust for the remission neral Won Clausewitz than which, few publications

;
of

the other; for who connected with the elementary principles

of
among them, through war were
wild life, has not suffered
of in
a

ever more deserving

of
attention none more essential
of

the performance hard, and died

in

the execution
a

ly

to
calculated the highest rank

to
sacred, duty elevate the author
For this numberless, this unuttered
a

dead, there have been but few tears, and there amongst strategists and philosophers.
is

no
trophy. No trophy To analyze work, where every superfluity has

a
yes, there one, the best, the
is

been avoided, and where there

so
great an abundance
:

is
most imperishable. The past and the present glory
to be of

no of

light undertaking. But

no
valuable matter,

as
is
that country for which they have died. This can

do
translation has hitherto appeared, we shall our
never taken from them. Even should England bend accomplish our task, begging the reader
to

best

to
the general law that destroys men and ruins empires, bear
mind, that such extracts we have given are con

as
in
by
or

fall pieces internal faction, still the glory

to

of

the

of
densed paraphiases, rather than literal versions the
past theirs irrevocably. May England ever foster
is

author's words.
and honor the race, and while she does, though her
prosperity may fluctuate, independence and superiority The first chapter opens with the following question
What war War
is

and thus is the

is
defined.
it
will never leave her ship-defended shores.
!
of

act compelling an opponent to"submit one's will.

to
be

(To continued.)
Thus force the medium, and submission the object,
is

by
be

and the latter can only attained the development

be of

effect this, the enemy must

In

the former.
to

order
DUET. This the grand aim

of
rendered powerless. all
is
of

Aberfeldy. hostilities. The basis this object, that submis is,

Ann. Birks
of

triple unity, that

is,
sion, founded upon the
is

in
a

By M. Montagu.
L.

M. the enemy's army, territory, and will.

of
J.

reduction
The first sit
of

these must be overcome, placed

or

be in

DoNALD.
a

uation completely innocuous. The second must sub

ye

Low LAND lassie, will gang dued, otherwise

of

would reproduce supplies men and

it

O'er the heath and through the heather; treasure, and thus revive the first. The third must be
Frae thy native shades among, vanquished else through the means
or

of

worn out,
or

Where sae aft we've roamed th'gether political connexions,

?

alliances
or

may
so

operate on
it
on

NANNIE.
of

distant points, the flanks and rear

as

the victor,
Soldier laddie, tempt name, distract him from his direct conquest, and thus leave
to

Frae the hame that nature treasures; the vanquished liberty reorganize his forces, and
at

of to

Wha could see mither's e'e again trust

to

the hazard collision.

a

Filled wi' grief, for The results the French revolutionary and imperial
of

their pleasures
a

DoNALD.
wars, fully verify these conclusions; for whenever Na
poleon discomfited his enemies battle, and overran
of in in in

Lowland lassie, maun gang their territory,

he

no

lost concluding treaties,

I

time
O'er the wild, and o'er the billow,
at by

which,
he

utterly crushing,
he
if

did not succeed

Where the arms foemen clang,
o'

least neutralised the will resistance. These

my pillow.
be

Where the grave may treaties secured him for time, and thus completed the
a

NANNIE. triple unity. This was exemplified

or

object, Italy
in

Soldier laddie, leal and brave, after the battle preceding the treaty Campo Formio;
of

Scotland, pride Prusia, after Jena

in

in

Pride Austria. after Austerlitz and

o'

me
;
o

Fain my foolish heart wad leave Walgram Poland, after the combat Fried
in in

of

and
;

Hame and a', follow thee. land. Whereas, Spain, although the French troops
to

DoNALD. General Clausewitz was preceptor the presentCrown Prince

to
of *

Prusia, Director the Military School Berlin, Inspector

is to al of

of

at

Lowland lassie, think me, Gener

to o'

Artillery Coblentz, and finally,Chief theStatt Field Mar

at

of

to
fly

*
When frae love duty: shal Gueisenaw. Upon the death the latter Posen; reunoved
hº
of

at
I

Tell me, lassie, should Breslau, where hediedon the 16th November, 1831.The work
of

dee,
by
I

Wha will edited his widow; consists four books, divided into forty
of
it

my flower beauty six chapters. -

o'

721
4
210 on WAla. [Metropolitan,

occupied nearly the whole territory, and although the the primum mobile, the true essence

of
be

be
to
said
national armies were constanly defeated, still, the will resist remains un

as
So long the inclination

to
war.
of resistance remained intact. The unity was incom

or
conquered, the destruction any given force,

of
the
plete, and thus a flame burst forth which eventually territory, can but partially fulfil the ulti

of
reduction
produced that general reactive conflagration, which led mate design. Numerical strength fluctuating pow

is
a
all
to the destruction of the mighty spirit, whom Euro

of
be
The laws

its
er, diminution can but temporary.

by
as
pean nations then regarded their oppressor. nations, aided improving civilisation and science,
The position

of
almost all continental states was near render continually increasing agent. Let the mo

it
a
in
ly

Great Britain peculiar.

of
similar that For the

be
mentary drainage what may, brief space suffices

it

a
tegrity her territory was maintained inviolate, and,
of
replenish the void. Look Poland her, we

In
to

to

of .
although her brave troops were not always successful striking illustration

of
in
have the force will. There

a
the field, until the genius Wellington pointed out the

of

an
constant, and forms inherent portion indivi

of
is
it
of

certain path victory, her valiant seamen were inva

dual organization. enters the world with the new

It
riably triumphant
on
the waters. Besides, her will born, and even survives the grave, for bequeathed

is
it
Augmenting with the per
ilsto

resist was imperishable. child. Extermination,

or
as
legacy from father

to
a
on
every side,

of to
that menanced her seemed derive what General Clausewitz terms the utmost applica

it
nourishment and intensity from the defalcation friends tion force, can alone extirpate this will. Without

of
of

and the agglomeration Like pure steel,

be
enemies. extermination, Poland may enchained, but not sub

it
acquired temper and nerve from heat and contact. dued; repose, revolts will

of
and after short intervals
With her, the will held the first rank, and was

in
burst forth, rivers blood will flow, and, alas! borne

of
by
fact the grand stimulant. was that which upheld her down her gigantic

of
It

the overwhelming strength

courage, animated and united her people, and impºrt. master she must again succumb.
at ed

them that concentrated, wedgelike power, which

to

We will not follow the author through his profound

length succeeded riving asunder the mighty mass philosophical researches into the theory
in

of
causes and
against was this will, objects, but go with him

is of
that had coalesced her.
It

the development

at

to
once
comparable ingenious engines, the the medium, that

is,
to

those mechanical The object

of
battle. war
her industry, which after rending pieces the rather
of

politics than tactics

to

boast

or
question strategy,

of
a
opposing block, detached parts from the whole, wrought and more fitted for the study

of
the statesman than

is
thern again together, and propelled them forward;
so

the soldier. To the latter, the ultimate design

is
a
that France, which had previously constituted the nu secondary consideration. Causation with him no

is
almost irresistible power, became weakened; thing immediate effect
an
of

cleus all. He moves mechani

is
inits

core was laid bare, and length fell, enveloped cally, and the object the instant de

he
at

in
it

is
has view
its own toils. Frederic the Great the seven years feat Resis
in

the foe, not his ultimate subjugation.

is of

Moscow, and the Cor-ſtance

he
his element, his existence: reaps from
of

war Alexander after the fall

in in it
Madrid, gave proofs that with-glory, advancement and honours.

or
tes after the capture Submission,
of of

the will, the loss

or

out the subjugation

of of

battles |other words peace, moral death, for arrests him

is

it
even portions territory, not fulfilment the grand his career, lops off his hopes, puts flight his visions
of

to
is

|of

object fame, and fact, converts him into

of

mere liveried
in

war.

a
of all
General Clausewitz classes the will the third stipendiary, shackled with milita

of
in

the restraints

its
ry'discipline, without any soul-stirring excite
as

rank we are inclined the pivot,

or
to

consider
it
be

key-stone may objected how

of

war. the ments.

It

is

Admitting the submission

be

will

be
an
subjugated without the development
of

enemy the of
to

to
the
two other agents constituting the medium To this grand object war We see, says General Clause
of
?

de witz,
be
no

we reply, that without the will there could that various paths conduct the goal. Not
that each case absolutely depends upon the eactinction of to
be
on

velopment either side. There must the will

to

commence, and that continue, nei

opponent; for, defeat, conquest, occupation, inva
an
or
to

there could be
be

ther outset nor endurance. There must the will sion, and expeditions, based upon political relations, and
to

numer finally, the passive waiting for

a no

an

provide the sinews war, for without them, enemy's attack are
of

cir
all
be

to be

as
ical strength can avail, and there must general means that may according
to

had recourse
national impulse will, that shall unite the people with cumstances lead me anticipate greater success from
or

We might add whole catalogue

of
or

the government, and the government with the cause. one the other.
a

either fail, the whole must languish.

as

projects and means the object, and

to
If

shorter roads
of

be

ad
as

There never was period the history nations, which may designated arguments
in

hominen
a

that more fully illustrated the force will, than the but To attempt
of

only necessary
to

to
is

allude them.
it

all

England
be

specification pedantry.
of

the last war.

If
to

occurrences almost man would these collateral

a

No sacrifices were too great for her means are included, the paths
is of

the
to

was unanimous. the attainment

generous people no projects too vast for her enlight object are countless. After all, however, there but
disparity medium, However di
of

one absolute and that battle.

is

ened statesmen no numbers disheartened

force checked the ar versely constituted,
no

or

her soldiers, and superiority

of

however far removed from the

personal animosity; how great soever the
of

her gallant mariners. She may

be

have barbarism
of to
of

dour said
be

intervening circumstances that may

of

the highest degree the genius con number said

in

demonstrated
actual collision, indespensa
be

stancy, whilst other nations only showed the instinct

of

independent
of
to

is
it

true, she ruled the floods; the ocean ble that military operations emanate directly from,
all

resistance.
It
is

to,

be

quailed beneath her glorious banner, and Napoleon and tend immediately battle. That must the
it
no
be

found, his cost, the verity the maxim, that case, matter how divergent the accessories,
of

is

shown
to

to

...;
by

monarchy. But, the following fact. Every occurrence

be
an

of

abridgment
of

of

war must
is

master the sea

by
to

proceed farther, she might effected

of

unless she had the will the aid armies and where armed men
;

have contented herself with this supremacy, which Ba- are employed, the ground-work every operation inust
of
to be

con admirably terms her national dowry. She had predisposition for battle. Every thing
the war; nay, she
no

armies resolves itself into warlike efficiency,

in
to

need have taken other share whic

in

might have gone hand hand with the spoiler, and have are compressed, production, maintenance, and applica
in

an

al-tion. Production and maintenance are the means, and

or

purchased either his co-operation neutrality

at

most boundless premium. But such proceeding was application the object.
a

incontestable, for the failing

of

the genius free and magnanimous na- This maxim any one
of
no to

is

unsuited
a

tion, and
to noIf

minister would have dared propose such

of

those three essentials must entail inevitable failure.

a

Machiavºlian source of grandeur

no

the representatives the ranks are not replenished, physical efforts,

to

§"
the people.
an
of

genius, however transcendent, can enable army

44
its

passive active, may therefore maintain ground its powers reproduction being
of
or

whether
 May, on WAR. 21i
1835.]

its
creators, whilst the germs rapid portant two kinds, viz. the

of

of
the province of Valour

to in

is
soldiers.
decay are immediately within itself. Again, even courage confront personal danger, and that sup

of
if
up
in be its
given standard, unless porting moral responsibility.

be
kept Our business with the

goto

is
numbers

it
to a
two kinds firstly,

of
as
well provided, must pieces, did the French former. Personal courage

is
it

it
or

all
contempt for peril, arising from individual

be
But the most important con- may

of
Russia 1812.

in

a
the application, for, however efficient ganization, indifference life,

of
In
either these

or
to
is
siderations habit.
permanent quali

be

be

as
and well provided, unless the employment oppor- three cases must considered

it

a
ty.
Secondly, courage may emanate from fluctuating

an
tune and sagaciously conducted, idle waste

is
but

it
Walcheren, motives, such
in of

The expedition

as
ambition, love

of to
blood and treasure. country,

of

or
excitement

of
an
as

so
1809, may serve the latter cases, valour

of
illustration the error various kinds.

an In
not

is
application, the sage distribution the British troops' much fugitive passion. Of

of

as
quality,

or
emotion

a
the Peninsula, proof enlighten- course, both kinds operate differently.

as

of

of
The first are
ed in

the effects

a
combination. When the three requisites are united more certain, since, from having become second na

a
the direct du-lture, they never abandon The second are im
as

as
(their union well their impulsion,

is is
man.

a
Firm
ty

governments,) then the art 'pulsions, that may however urge him farther.
of

to of
war

to
reduced

| of a
much narrower basis, that

is,
the knowledge the offspring the one, temerity

of

of
mess the other.

is
giving battle right The first leaves the mind more composed,
at

the moment. the second

This again brings me
to
still more circumscribed
a sometimes excites, but often intoxicates. Both united
spe- compose the most perfect kind

of
sphere. The matter then becomes business

of
valour.

a
ciality

be
or

individual capacity, for may said, that The elements necessary the composition

weof
this

to
it
the just application force entirely depends upon the invaluable unity are graphically defined ful
of

if
but

;
be

an
This may life,

as

ly
of

selection comprehend the meaning

of
commander. taken indifference

to
a

be

invariable rule. superfluous adduce ex we should be inclined from the first cate

to
remove
to
would
It

it
amples. The names Gustavus, Turenne, Frederick, gory, and replace

by
of

love country, which can

beof
it
Marlborough, Napoleon, and Wellington, are sufficient not, under any circumstance,

or
deemed ephemeral
illustrations. But here again, the question individua fugitive. Notwithstanding the lucidity with which the
of

lity extreme precariousness and hazard, and author has treated this point, we shall venture upon
of
is

one

a
comes beneath the circle of what Clausewitz intitles still further physiological analysis, and strive

to
reduce
the Frictions of war. Of all circumstances connect

as

as
an approximative scale, the portions well
to
sum
ed

be

or
with the art, the most important are the three essen- total valour, which appears the heritage

of

to
tials above mentioned, and the last includes the choice characteristic the principal nations composing the

of
The first duty government produce, great European family.
of

of

to

chief.
is
a

the second maintain for without reserves and ma- We shall doubtless subject ourselves
to

to
accusations
gazines, take the field, and these of overweening boldness and invidiousness, for at
in
to

were useless
it

be

matters misplaced economy may armies and attemping reduce moral qualities numerical stan
to

to

to
fatal

a
kingdoms. penury battering artillery, engineers, dard, and for venturing apply
of

of to

to
each nation fixed
A

a
cavalry, and other requisites, had like have paralyz- position courage. not pretended
in
to

the scale

It
is
all
the pro

at
lay down we aim
ed

an

is
absolute rule,
of

all the combinations the British commander

in
to

the Peninsula, and would have done so, had not his own duction philosophical theory.
of
a
by

by
genius, aided the invincible constancy his sol- The component parts Clause
of

of
valour are divided
diers, and other fortuitous circumstances, counterbal- witz into six fractions: let us, therefore, take these in
only

of
be

deficiency. But this could gredients compose Barometer National

to

anced the effected our

trea- Courage.
at

great expense blood, and consequently accomplish this more easily,

of

of

to In

to

order
a

sure; we say consequently, for experience shows, that let give is,
us

whole, perfect valour,

a to
the that

a
infinitely less expensive maintain two old sol-supposed maximum, represented number, say 120 of by
to
is
it

diers, during campaign, than produce one recruit. and then let 20 stand for each the six component
to
a

were better, therefore, for government parts. Then, adding together the various fractions pos
to

make
It

by
of of

sacri sessed
us

greater outfit cannon and stores, nay, even each nation, let the aggregate,
to

to

turn
portion them, than
of

risk the loss seasoned which will designate the comparative degree

of
to

fice the
a

by
as by

compelling highest grade

is,

of

troops for the want

of

them. That valour exhibited each. would It

the bayonets substitutes have been possible
of

have carried the research still

to
to

veteran soldiers act

as

for such appurtenances, Badajos further, and graduated numerical va

at

of to

was the case have affixed

a

and Burgos. This peculiarly applicable Great lue the component parts, and that case we
to

to

F.
is

each
in

Britain, whose mode recruiting and geographical greater specific gravity

of

to

should have attributed some

a

enhances the costs attendant upon replenishing qualities than

us

cthers, but this would have plunged

to

The following ta
of
a on
er

armies, when employed foreign service. too deeply theory.

in

the mazes
its

Supposing, however, that government fulfils ble will better illustrate our meaning.
by

duty organizing and sending forth effective ar

an

Barometer of National Courage.

by

my, and the original standard,

a an

maintaining
at

*>
it

immense difficulty still remains

of

the selection
in

QUALITIES
be

commander. may replied, that production, orga-

It

---- Froi rive.

.
PER MANENT.
J.

nization, and maintenance, are mechanical processes, Indivi. Indif

NATIONs, dual cºn ºf
be

for which rulers may responsible,

º:
held but that
is
it

Patri-Ambi Exciteſ
their power genius, controul intel- |*.*
in

to

to

not create Disci-lôtisin. iiºn, ment.

lect, impart superior ability for war. pline. Life. ...
or
to

to

officers
a

True but they indisputably select the most| |Austria.T. GT ITITO T5 |TF TH-
I5

can most

...
. ;
no

; #||

party interest, pa-

no

capable, and take heed that

8 #3#
.

|
|

|| |

| |

|| | |
.

|| |

3| |
.

. .

court intrigue, shall in.

".
no

or

tronage, parliamentary state.

||
3

fluence their choice, involving the dearest in- ||Italy 12 13 48

in

7
5

matter
-
a

-
-

|| .] -

..."
of

13 };

their country. The history

of

British milita-
# 8§

terests
;

ºn
||

iſ |
16|
|
|| |

| |

|
.
ry

15

expeditions not exempt from this flagitious blemish. |Prussia 674

is

|
|
|
-

war, whether
of

of

One the first elements

in

*#

success
genius. ||Š.
.';*

| .
| |
|

}}|
| |
||
| |
|

taken collectively individually, military

or

||
as is

|
.
.

|
.

Much subtle argument may arise the true defini

to
be

this quality, but admitted that amongst

of

tion will
by
it

Now supposing, way hypothesis, that this scale

of

the component parts, courage, holds first rank. Let tolerably correct we see that the French, and Poles
* be
a

War, says he, is the empire

:

our author speak.

o

The Ottomans are omitted, their reckless courage being the

things most im offspring of fatalism
all

peril; consequently, valour

is

above
723
 -o12 on wart. [JMetropolitan,
stand highest ; that

is,
they lay claim larger total advancement, reward,

to

or
notice. There are exceptions,

a
than the English

on
but examining the component but extreme rarity. The mention

of
;

of
parts, non-commis
results that the latter possesses preponder-sioned officers'

ofit
privates' names

or
a

in
despatch would

a
ance those qualities constituting pros

be
permanent courage,

an
anomaly.

no
2nd. Subaltern officers have
consequently, though they may have less ardour, they ſpect

of
distinctions, public praise. Indeed,
honorary

or
of
more firmness. The enduring constancy the baneful influence

or of
can boast
of patronage, interest, and wealth,
the British infantry

is
not less proverbial than the whether the army generally

in
navy,

so
is
daring temerity exclusive

of
the French. Experience has pro-

as
render merit, let

to

in
inferior ranks, mere dead

a
ved that the fiery impetuosity the one has been re |ter, and often

of
stifle all feelings legitimate ambi

to

of
by
peatedly extinguished the cold impassability

is,
of
the tion.* Thence that Englishmen execute their

it
do be
other. may invidious
It

to
draw comparisons, but duty with that cold-blooded stoicism,
for which they
nevertheless we not hesitate give the preference

to
They go

so
are proverbial. they would to

as
to
battle
to

those who possess what Clausewitz indicates in

as

no

an
church, for they have other stimulant than
herent qualities. innate

of
principle

of
sense duty and national honour, which
We must request the reader's indulgence, whilst we being handed down them from

to
their forefathers, and

By
attempt further research into these qualities. as

of
in: intimately connected with love

be
a

country, may
dividual organization, not only meant that physical, similated
is

to
patriotism.
vigour and inflexibility natural, higher

or
in
lesser This latter virtue does not alone consist defending

as a

in
degree,
in
to

man his crude state, exemplified sa- one's native hearth against aggression, but

byin
sustain

in
vages, but more exalted organization fortified cli-ing the honour one's country, though, the scene

of
a

of
mate, food, education,
national traditions, and various action

be
thousand leagues distant. Clausewitz has

a
accessories, tending develope the germ, and thus placed patriotism amongst
it,to

the fugitive portions va

of
gradually
of to

mature until permanent jour. This grievous error, for

it

becomes a

is

if
ever

a
sentiment

a
condition the highest order. Some portion

of
these was firmly implanted

of
in
man's breast,

is
it
the love
be

qualities may
be
to

or

said hereditary, indigenous, country.

in

of It
connected with parents, children, home,

is
every country
so

but nowhere more Great Bri- the abodes

in

than our early friends, the graves our an

of
;

tain. Take, for example, English pa: cestors, and with

of

child born

all
most cherished, most per
a

that

is
on let

be

rents him alienated from them, and educated manent

a in
the human mind. not the casual senti
:

is
It
entirely
In

the Continent. proportion the facul: ment

as

cirmustance, but forms an

of

or
day,

of
the birth
of

ties his mind receive devlopment,

he

be

integral part

is,
of
to exhibit will found man's being, and generally speak
of

several those characteristics, that are the ſing, the most durable The

all
of
type moral sentiments.
of

the British islands.

be

He will less vivacious, English are scoffed carrying their customs, pre

at
for
more concentrated, resolute, and independent, than the judices, and eccentricities,
the most distant portions

to
youth
he
he of

the land where

for
be

may brought up in
of

the globe; and, although domiciled for years

in
short, will soon betray various physiological peculi: eign parts, for still adhering many national practi

3 of to
arities clearly denoting his origin. The same typical ses, other people.
at

variance with those

be

distinctions may Foreigners assert from

in

remarked other nations: but Whence does this proceed

with them, the symptoms individuality are much less pride, and often from obstinacy. But, we
of

Be so.

it
prominent, and for this reason that we have attri-) would have Englishmen never abandon these nation
it
is

large portion individual or- alities, for we are inclined

so
to

of

buted the British an inhe

to

to
attribute thom
a

ganization.
all of

rent love
to

country, holy veneration and attach

of a
Habit,
in or

second nature, must emanate from early ed-ment for

of
those usages that remind them the below
of

ucation,
be

ed

of

which must included the pastimes land their birth, their families and predeces
youth, and their mode settling personal disputes.|sors. This then,
of

and true patriotism

is

patriotism,
be

may honour of
It

said (however faulty the system

in of

upholding the customs

in

education consits as

as
well
England) that they stand pre-eminent
in

all

those one's country, whatever clime fortune may guide our

in

virile exercises, that are calculated give energy and steps.

to
to

as

robustness the frame their manner

of

even per- Hoc opus, hoc studim parvi properrimus

;

ampli
et
sonal combat tends inspire them with contempt for patriae volumus,
to

Si

nobil wivere cari.

si
a

danger. The point

of

honour, and what may

be

called Indifference life ought scarcely

be
to

to

is in
nationality included
of

courage, more intimately connected our barometer; for, taking

is

its

abstract sense,
in
a it

it
with the latter than might first sight;
be

imagined
at

dangerous and fortunately rare emotion, more cal

a

but the instantaneous

by

and direct manner with which culated produce evil than good, ex
to

generating
boys resent any imputation
on

or

their veracity honour, cessive rashness, and destroying

discretion. may
It

and the horror they entertain yielding, without

be
to

glossed over with the specious varnish

heof
be a

struggle, even self-aban

to

more powerful adversaries, may donment, but unless man desire death, cannot be
a
of
as

taken the basis that tendency resistance, that indifferent

to

however para
to

life. The object

of

battle,
of

independence spirit, that characterises the people. may appear, preserve life, that in
to

is,

doxical
is
it

at to

They are accustomed from earliest boyhood avenge flict the utmost possible loss upon
to

an

enemy, the
up

insult, against oppression, and

to

rise
to to

meet their least possible cost

to
of

blood one's self. Indifference

opponents face face, eye
to

eye, hand
to

hand, and only

a to

be

life can morbid sentiment, emanating from

or a

only yield when their physical strength

to

exhaust diseased mind,

is

from some other cause, that renders

ed, and their blood has flowed
and this habit
of

youth life burthensome. The man that courts death bat

;

in
of
is

the forerunner that inflexible courage which up. tle, does so, because, whilst
in
he

an
to

desires cast off

holds Englishmen upon the deck,
or
in

the square,
he

and supportable existence, eager

in

disguise suicide
is

to

which propels them steadily, but irresistibly, forward, the glorious garb
of

self-devotion. He may also desire

of in

boarding and The severe discipline

in

charge.
to

the compound with his conscience, and thus hope

es
to

the British system, being grafted upon these tenden cape that penalty
which religion and morality tell
us

cles, constitute the whole secret

of

that remarkable en will

be

the consequence our wilfully throwing away

of
its

durance for which infantry we that being with which God has vouchsafed
so
is

celebrated.
to

have, therefore, attributed endow us.

to

of

her people the maximum life,

in its
to

Indifference producing extinction, noth

if

is

custom and discipline.

ing else than suicide tricked out
of

the brilliant halo

Under the head
of

ambition, must
be

of included hopes extreme valour.

of Promotion and honours. Taking the vast majority
be

Were
to

the English whole army animated with such sen

a

army, indisputable that they pos timent, they

is
it

maniacs, rushing
be

like host
of

would
a
of

sess less this quality than almost any other Europe blindfold upon They
destruction. would hurl them
ºn

nation, and the reasons are obvious.

*#y 1st. The sol selves upon
the enemy's bayonets with heedless temeri
be

be

all

said
of
to

excluded from prospect

do

We not identify ourselveswith the aboveremarks.-Editor:

May, DUET--THE Oxon LAN. no. XI. 213
1835.1

ty,
will the glance his ee,_

A
the whisp

all
and, losing

or

o'

is
self-possession controul over their

o'
Oh tempt me not, Donald,

in is,
ssions, would defeat the sagest combinations.

to
wander wi'thee.

It
owever, the French and Polish ranks, more than Donald.

in
any other, that we find instances of this reckless, un Gang wi' me, dear lassie there's naething fear,

to
;
ye
reflecting valour, bordering almost upon mental aberra

ye
I ve loved sae lang, and love sae dear:

in I
tion. Indeed, closely

so

to
Gang wi' me, dear lassie,

to
is
indifference life allied the worldwide,

a'
hallucination, that may

be
There's name but thysel Iwad hae for my bride.

it.
it
confounded with How:
ever, when we come analise this emotion amongst I ll build thee bower

to
wi' hawthorn entwined,

a
the French, will often

be
My flocks are roving

by
be
the offspring

to

of
mountain and glen;
it
found

a'
.
extreme temporary excitement, grafted heart that loves better ye never shall find,-

on

A
ambition.

be
of
Under the category excitement must Oh! talk not to me the falsehood

o'
classed men.

o
that feverish ardour

of
the moment, that indescribable Lucy.

-
-
-
of

intoxication the soul, which propel men

to
the most

ye

a',
desperate exertions, and urge them
Oh! Donald, fear can match wi' them

"
confront peril

to

.
To talk young lassie's poor senses awa ;

a
with contempt

to
inconceivable those who have new
a

Your looks are sae fair, and your speech sae kind,
er

or

is
as of
witnessed experienced the influence these
You'd but persuade me
It,

alter my mind.

or to
stimulants. fact, baffles description,
in

a
much
When I've metye kirk,

on
the green,

at
we danced
as

all
many instances
in

overcomes

It
it

resistance. thought read love thaebonnie brighteen

in
national spirit, hatred,
its

may have

I
in

;
source
But ye spake

na
word, sae

as

as
or

by
from the nerves being acted upon the tumult, the fleet the wind

a
The thought fled awa frae young lassie's mind.
or

movement, the various indefinable emotions that

a
rush DoNALD.
to

as
men's hearts and elevate them, were,

a
it
during the heat Dear Lucy, aye was devoted
of
bove themselves thee,

to
battle. When

ye
by

tempered But thought that

an

prudence admirable quality sol loved the laird better than me,
is

in
it

diers, but dangerous the highest degree when unre Sae turned frae the bloom my ain bonnie rose,

o'
in

I
strained. And said, for another than Donald blows.

it
Individuals liable excitement should never com I'll gang thymither, and tell her

to
to

of
,

a
mand chief. As seconds, under the guidance I'll make thy auld auntie look kindly
in

to of

on
me,
others, they may well, for And soon frae the kirk will bear thee awa
in do

in

council good
is

I
it

see dangers, and execution not Ex My winsome young bride, o'er the moorlands sae free:
to

see them.
of

citement skilful general

in

an

the hands admi Lucy.

is
a

rable lever; but even then Oh! Donald, what lassie your suit wad deny
is

sometimes detrimental.
it

?
Thus, the impetuosity the British horse has frequent In truth mair hard-hearted lassie than
of

I.
ly

caused much mischief, and the public despatches The lairdie had wooed me wi' speeches sae fine,
us

tell that the guards Talavera compromised them But

at

his fine speeches were naething thine.

to
a

fair
by

be

selves similar excess... Excitement may likened He talked my beauty, and promised me
a

o'
of
to

shocks electricity, which decrease intensity

to at
in

gay silken plaidie, wi' gowd for my hair;

A

each successive application. too much allied But I'd rather won by that bonnie brightee,
be
It
is
be

passion durable, and

to

in

soldiers endurance and And gang o'er the moorlands, dear laddie,
wi'thee.
all

self-possession are the most desirable

of

qualifications.
in
It

certain that passion and self-command are two

is

compatible elements. Excitement fever, that in

is
a

fluences the mind, and hurries man headlong onward;

THE OXONIAN. No. XI.
he

but likely
if

encounter determined opposition,

it
is
to

or

its

evaporate,
of

elasticity.
at

to

least lose much

Ingenui vultús pueringenuique pudoris.
The result depression, and thence repulse. Excite
is

by
be

ment can only called into life extraneous means, was inquiring last week

li
at

Dewe's excellent
I

whereas, self-possession being permanent either from

brary after Washington Irving's new book, when
was
or

no

habit organization, requires support;

it
of

I
is
it

somewhat surprised see Timothy make his entrance.

to

self sufficient
all

sustain man's mind through

to

the Mr. Joy

a

had done his best fitting him out with new

in
of

vicissitudes The French possess

an

battle. emi clothes, after his uncle's

to

nent degree the fever order but there was still

;
of

action, the British are masters a

of the more constant virtue. his gait, that even
in

certain awkwardness tailor had

a

get rid
of.

not been able He came up

to

to

at

me
be

(To continued.) once, calling me Sir and then with slight blush,
;

a
to

gave me
he

understand that hoped should not con

to I
he

had done wrong coming

in

sider
in

ask for novel.

a

For, sir, said he, you must know, that very par
a

DUET.
of

ticular friend yours, belonging different college

to
a
by

from mine, name Mr. Cad, has been calling upon

BY MRS. CRAW For D,
or

of

me two three times, out friendship for you and

;

this gentleman told me yesterday that was regular

bya
I

DoNALD. Peter Simple.

do

Now what want coming

to
I
is,

CoME roam wi' me, lassie, the moorlands sae free,

to

here find out who was this famous Peter Simple,

"Mid heather sae blooming come wander wi' me; about whom, seems, novel has been written. un
it

I
by

a by

he

Come roam wi' me, lassie, bank and stream, derstand, indeed, that was great warrior; and you
a

Sin' youth sae fleeting, and fades like know my father was lieutenant; but am not quite
o' is

dream.
a

I
on

The roses spring they maun soon decay, certain this point besides, should like
to

discover
a

I
:

I'll weave them sae gaily garlands for thee;

he

lived, since have always been taught

to in

what age
in

1
In

the lang year there's but one bonnie May,+ read chronology and history together, being the
as
a

of

Come roam o'er the moorlands, dear lassie, wi' me. best method studying. He had got thus far, when
Lucy. wanted into his hands, up
he

the boy put the book that

on

Oh! tempt me not, Donald, which Timothy whispered my ear. What

in

wander wi' thee,

to

clever boy that must be. Didn't you see how pounc
he

right for lassie like me;

be
It

wadna
a

ed

on

upon the book the instant Then hiding the

Oh! tempt me not, Donald, the roses
"

spring
o'

Mair thorns than contentment, three volumes under his gown, lest any one should see
trow me, wad bring.
I

he

them, walked out with me into the street, saying

no

be

Man's trusted, my auld auntie says,

is to

His heart sae faithless, his smile betrays;

p.
it

Continued from 168.

725
 "THE

MI E T R O P O L IT A. N.
JUNE, 1835.

E
BENEVOLENT INSTI TUTIONS IN BEL creatures pining indigence. Especially when this indi

in
G1UM. gence arises from unmerited misfortune,

or
is
the result

of
or
infirmity age. But acts

of of

be
benevolence ought spon

to
|
Amongst the various subjects connected ºneºus, and not the fruit compulsion.-

or
importunity
with the Mendicity then bccomes, misdemeanor, not only
because

a
moral and political economy of foreign nations, there is the law places beneath this category, but because

it
trou.

it
none more calculated to interest the legislator and phi |bles the repose

of
citizens, and compromises the general
welfare.
infor

Ianthropist, than their institutions

of
indigent classes. the relief the
More especially states, where the These observations

be
may applied

to
England,
no

by
necessitous have arbitrary claim upon the commu where, direct parochial taxation, the burdens

of
the
nity no resources, save those arising from testamenta citizens are arbitrarily inflated

an
to
amount nearly
ry

and voluntary gifts;

to
equal

of
from some pecu
or

donations one-fourth the whole revenue extracted

liar municipal duties (octroi) appropriated this pur from the country for national purposes, and this, inde
to
e;

and where,

of
as

the country whose pendent sums annually disbursed

in
is

of

the case the enormous

in
institutions we propose private charities and schools. -
to

treat, the workhouses (de

be
de

pôts mendicité) may Prior

as

Belgium, the amount

to
the revolution

in
considered receptacles for

to of
vagrancy, rather than as havens poor receiving succour bore
of

the repression
of

formidable proportion

a
refuge for infirmity and misfortune.
If,

ofof
upon examin the mass the population, although the commerce and
ing the authentic details which we are about lay be industry
to

the Netherlands were affirmed

be
in
to

a
fore the public, the reader
of of of

surprised
be

at

the amount state unrivalled prosperity, and although the govern

of

pauperism Belgium, his astonishment will aug ment earnestly devoted its solicitude
in

to
the ameliorn
he

ment, when the labouring classes.

the acknow tion
of

discovers that,
in

despite For we find the gross

ledged defects
of
of

many total
the benevolent institutions, the inhabitants the nineteen provinces,
of in
this extensive pauperism comparative cluding the Grand Duchy
of
so

have ex
is

at

relieved Luxembourg,

to
#.
ly

trifling 6,200,000,
an

ceeded
of to

expense the community. and

of
is

with
It

number registered poor

a

view not only

of

attracting general attention receiving

all
this re relief 690,000,
of

ages
to

and denominations,

...
markable feature, but rendering our labours more including 10,000 delinquents, confined
different pri

in
le
to

useful
to

those whose duty

is

watch over and

it

the
That nearly one-tenth
or

sons.

of
popu
is

gislate upon this important question, that sºooooo

we have en lation living wholly
partially
or

tered into the following minute investigation

of
the expense
at
of

the the
remainder:f This large body
in of

subject, which we propose render more comprehen

indigent persons was
to

of,
by

sible, drawing disposed and provided for, the following manner.

comparison between the relative
ofin a

expenses incurred England and Belgium for the

Number and Denominations Average An
same object, and, course, for in
an

of

equal number of Establishments. Individuals. nual Cost for

digent persons. each person.
Many philanthropists and men
of

in

science Holland
Houses Refuge 716 31,600
of

and Belgium have not only made laborious researches 124°0florins

- -

Foundlings 19 12,400 7-0.

into the causes chiefly conducive
-
-

pauperism, but
to

Succoured Home 5,336

at

637,500 8-0
tº tº tº

have exerted themselves

:
8 39

the most effica Shops

to

discover Charitable Work 6,000 64-40

Workhouses - - 2,400 97.69
cious method
of

of

ameliorating the condition the low

er

of

orders, and providing for the necessities

of

those
|

who depend upon others for their support evils un Total receiving Alms 600,000
fortunately inseparable from increasing population,
and
|

which augment rather than diminish, with the progress The gross sum annnally expended the above men
in
of

civilisation and the diffusion luxury among the tioned charities, amounted
of

of to

about 10,600,000 florins,

higher orders. their benevolent intentions have been equal
at as If

to

one-eighth the general budget

of

about the
frustrated,
as

far regards the diminution

of

pauper Netherlands' government, which averaged eighty-five

all

ism, they have, events, succeeded

in

devising An imperial decree,dated Bayonne,5th July, 1808,forbidsmen

a

administering dicity throughoutthe French empire,

of

wholesome and economical system

garsand vagabonds.Another decree,and ordersthe arrest all beg
of

the funds devoted this object. By which system, all persons dated27thOctober,1808,directs
to

be

this description
of

imprisoned jails reservedfor this

to

in

whilst encouragement purpose. The Code Napoleon declares mendicity vagrancy

is to

idleness and mendicity

is

or

to

avoided, misdemeanor,punishablewith imprisonment. be

fair provision
of

made for the mass

a

those,
a

who, Professor Quetelet gives the populationof the Netherlands, on

be of

contributing
in

lieu
of

the general health

as to

the the 1st January, 1826, 5,992,666,and both he and

as
of

state, may looked upon Baron de

inevitable cancers that Keverbergcalculatothe mean annual increase 1 77 124-100000,
at

or
14
its

which aboutequal per cent. Admitting thesecalculations

to
is

consume most nutricious juices sinecurists

of

in to
be

the accurate,the amount population for Holland and Belgium

of

most unprofitable kind.

be

1833,would 6,536,000,
is,

that 2,414,000 for Hollaad, and 4,122,000

It the indispensable duty every man easy circum execution, for Belgium. Supposingthe treaty
of
of

15thNovember
to to
is

receiveits
in

be

stances, says Professor Quetelet, will necessary deduct 174,000

to

for Limbourg, and

it
to

succour his fellow 153,000 for Luxembourg making 327,000

be
to

Recherchessur population,naissances,deces,&c. dans roy This will increaseits population added Holland.--
la
*

la le

2,745,000,and reduce that of

to

numedes Pays bas. Par pos Belgium 3,791,000;but upon addingthe increase 1834and 1835,
A.

to

Quetelet. 8vo. Brussels Sur

of
de

sibilite
be

mesurerl'influence descausesqui modifientles elemens the remaindermay taken nearly four millions.
at

sociatux. Idem.
In

Professor Quetelet the Royal this number are jucluded 53,000children, educated 316
of

director
is

in
i

Observatory Brussels,and Secretary

of

an

the Royal Academy. schools,

to

54

annual expense
at

of

florins centseach.
4

748
252 THE PASHA of MANY TALEs [.Metropolitan,

all
it.
coffee, for there shall be death in Be smiles and |duced another- firman, and presented Mustapha.**

to

It
-

it
-

-
the pashalik.

|
was raise him

to

to
good humour, and leave me manage the rest.

to
The Pasha smoothed his brow and returned Barik Allah, praise

be
to
to
the God for all things,
length observed Mustapha. What am but the

as
divan. Business proceeded usual, and humbly

at

I
be
The Pasha appeared slave, and execute his orders On my head

to
in
to
the audience was closed.

?
high good humour, Sultan's
be !

so
was the vizier.

it
|
Surely, said Mustapha, when the pipes were Mustapha gave the gn, and the mutes seized the

si
brought, his Imperial Highness, the Sultan, wil, have unfortunate Pasha,
sent you some mark his distinguished favour.

of
There but one God, and Mahomet his proph

is

is
God great, and the Sultan wise, replied the et, said the Pasha. Mustapha,

he
continued turn
Iis

is
have been thinking too, Mustapha. sardonic smile, may your

to so
Pasha. ing round him with

to

a
the territory un shadow never
he
Who knows but that may add

be
less but you have swallowed the
as by

der my sway another pashalik coffee.

1"
I much, replied Mustapha, The mutes tightened the string.

In
dreamt and am minute

a
I
shore; but

on
anxious that the Renegade should come cloak was thrown over the body

of
the Pasha.
now dark, and he will not leave his vessel.
it

The Coffee, muttered Mustapha,

is

he
a as
heard the
I

by
We must drive away the mists suspense

of
the Pasha's last words. thought had taste. Now

it
of

What am he's sent

all
Sunbeams hope, replied the Pasha. Jehanum for his treachery. And the

of to
I
we
but the Sultan's slave Shall not indulge this eve visions power and grandeur, which had filled the

| |-

by
he

nino the water cf: Giaour.

in

of
mind the new Pasha, were absorbed fear and
"What saith Hafiz for wine exalt men, dismay. to
It
is

and raise them beyond uncertainty and doubt. over The Capidji Bachi, having performed his duty, with
of It
with courage, and imparts visions And now, exclaimed the Renegade,
us

floweth bliss. drew. let

Wallah Thaib, well said, Mustapha, said the me have my promised reward.
is
it

by

Pasha, taking cup had forgotten,

of

coffee, presented the Greek Your reward true. replied

a

I
My heart Mustapha, the pain, occasioned

by
Mustapha also received his cup. the working

of
as
slave.
light this evening, said the Pasha, laying down his the poison, distorted his face. Yes, had forgotten,
is

I
the forbidden juice. Where continued Mustapha,
of

let who, certain that his own end

us

ipe, drink deep

it,

was approaching, was furious wild beast with pain

as
Mustapha
is

a
4

It here, replied the vizier, drinking off his cof. and baffled ambition. Yes, had forgotten. Guards,
is

I
fee; while the Pasha watched him from the corner
of

seize the Renegade

l
They must quicker than you think for, replied

be
his small grey eye. And Mustapha produced the
spirits, which were behind the low ottoman upon which Huckaback, darting from the guards and drawing his
scimetar, while, with his fingers gave

he
he was seated. his mouth,

in

of
In
The Pasha put aside his coffee, and drank large shrill whistle. rushed large body the soldiers
a

a
draught. God great drink, Mustapha, said he, and sailors the fleet, and the guards were disarmed.
of
is

Now, Pasha, one hour old, what sayest thou

of

handing him the bottle.

on ?
Mustapha followed the example the Pasha. May It my destiny, replied Mustapha, rolling the
of

in is

please your Highness, said Mustapha, have with floor, agony.I There but one God, and Mahomet
it

is
out, man, who, they say, hath stories his prophet. And Mustapha expired.
to

is

recount more
a

delightful than those Menouni. Hearing that he The old fool has saved me some trouble, observed
cf.

passed through this city, Take away these carcases, and pro
he

have detained him, that the Renegade.

I

might afford amusement your Highness, whose slave claim Ali,

as

the new Pasha.

to

your pleasure that Thus perished the two Barbers, and thus did Huck
he
be
it Is

am. admitted
be it

4
I

Ali, reign
of

Let so, replied the Pasha. aback, under the name their stead. in
Mustapha gave the sign, and the surprise the But his reign, and how long
of
lasted, the ma
of
to

is

one
it
ny

Pasha, came the Renegade, commander the fleet,

of

posterity.
in

to

tales not handed down

by

of

accompanied guards and the well-known officer

up

the caliph, the Capidji Bachi, who held

to

firman
a

his forehead.
The Pasha turned pale, for he knew that his hour ON WAR.
Bismillah
of

was come.
In

the name the Most

:

High, officer whom seekest thou exclaimed the Von Kiege. Hinterlassenes Werk des GENERAL CARL
O

Pasha, with emotion. von CLAusewitz. Berlin. vols. 8vo.

2

The Sultan, the Lord life, has sent this you,

of

to

OUR former article terminated with some develope

as

proof his indulgence and great mercy.

of
O

Pasha
a
:

And the Capidji Bachi produced silkenbowstring, and ments and explanations the component parts va
of

of
a

the same time he handed the fatal scroll

at

to

of

the lour, upon which we founded our hypothesis the ba

let

Pasha. courage;
us
of

to

rometer now return the author and

Mustapha, War, says General
to

whispered the Pasha, while read follow him another sphere.

I

this, collect my guards, fear not the Clausewitz, is the empire corporeal struggles and
of

will resist.
I

pre steel him

by

Sultan this distance, and sufferings, and

in
at

to

to

can soften him order enable man

a

physical and mo
I

sents. self against them, certain degree

of
a

artificial,
O Pa
or

is

ral strength, whether natural absolutely

no

But Mustapha had such fellow feeling.

these, qualities,
of

replicd he, who can dispute the will With

of

sha hea requisite. due proportion

"

but one God, and Maho sound judgment, man already

of

ven's vice-regent There

is

under the influence

is
4

his prophet. very capable implement for war. But arrive

ofto

at

met
is

I
will dispute it, exclaimed the Pasha. Go out any pre-eminence, much more required him and
is

and call my trustiest guards. we search deeper into the demands that war exacts
if

Mustapha left the divan, and returned with the mutes votaries, essential
to

from its we then come the most

all superior intellect.
of
by
of

and some the guards, who had been suborned

himself. War the dominion uncertainty.
of

Three-fourths
is

its

hinged,
on

Traitor
:"

of

exclaimed the Pasha. which

is

the occurrences mechanism

La Allah, Allah there but one God, said lay enveloped greater lesser incertitude.
of
in

or
is

haze
il

Mustapha. Here then penetrating, subtle mind coines

is

where
it

ex
in

The Pasha saw that he was sacrificed. He read the succeeds

by

into play, and tact and perspicuity

under
firman, pressed his forehead, tracting light from this darkness.
of

obedi
in
to

token
A

common
it

The Capidji Bachi pro

p.

ence, for death. *Concluded from 213.

ºperated
.
 June, 1835.] ON, WAB;
253

hit
upon the truth,

or
standing may once accidentally danger, physical obstacles, moral causes, uncertainty,and
To enable him make head against,

of
an

or
to
as
extraordinary display courage may serve

to
sub-|accidents.

a
So
dark chamber may find the ob- overcome them, the following qualities are strictly ne

in
stitute. man

a
ject seeks, but the chances are that mind, coup d'eil, decision, energy,

he

he
strikes cessary. Presence

of
against the wall. Thus most cases the average re-firmness, constancy, and strength

of
in
heart and characier.
We will not follow the author through his elaborate

an
of exposure

of
war

is
sult moral blindness.

.
War accident; there

of

to
also the empire

so of
these properties, further than explain
is

is
no definitions
human undertaking

be
which much latitude must the difference between firmness and constancy. The

in
accorded this intruder; for, war and hazard are one, says General Clausewitz, betokens resistance
to

twin brothers, and these perpetually augment the un- against isolated shocks, the other relates the dura

to
certainty

of
cal-tion

to
the issue, and disturb the balance Both are absolutely necessary
of

of
resistance.
genius. the ultimate success any measure beyond

of
culation. The only counterpoise

to

is
accident mere

a
allal.
But how brilliant soever genius may be, only demanded.

de
cannot coup main, and then the first

is
in it
ways rise superior the uncertainties which The distinction may appear for,
to

subtle although there

;
In
results are shrouded. order, however, that com- may be firmness without constancy, there can

be
no

a
mander may successfully wrestle with this omnipresent constancy without firmness. The one partakes more
foe, two qualities are essential. The one, mind capa- the physical, the other the moral, qualities

of

of

of
the

a
light, even amidst system. Firmness
of

to is
catching some glimmering necessary support positive
of

to
ble

up
byto
the blackest obscurity; the other, the moral courage suffering, constancy

of
bear against succession

a
up

this feeble light. The former

be
or
follow shocks, against others that may anticipated.
is
defined

by
what the French term coup d'acil, the latter treating the fourth chap

In
the dangers

of

of
decision. war

in
its

The first, when reduced most absolute sense, ſter, we find the following animated and graphic passa
to

is
ges:-
art

of the

of

discovering real point

of

the attack defence. or

.
by
The picture that

of
This embraces choice position errors committed man draws war, before he

a
one analyze this faculty has learned

its
all
so

adversaries, and nakedness, is,generally

If

forth. know

in
to

it
|
still further, will prove nothing else than in-speaking, more attractive than repulsive.
be

an
When soſ.
to
it

points, diers rush upon the enemy

all
power

of
discovering
of

in
stantaneous luminous the drunken ardour
all

where obscurity But the en- the charge,_who stops the fal
to
of is

common minds.

or
forto
count the bullets
joyment this admirable privilege insufficient, un-|len

an
To close the eye instant, confront death,

it to
Byis

we

or
act. firmness not uncertain whether shall escape not: and
to

is

less man have firmness

a

meant personal courage, but force brave re- that,

of

mind victory, when the ripe,

of
to

the golden moment

at

for
sponsibility, and consequently moral courage resist luscious fruit which our soul pants, hangs tempt:
to

moral perils, such failure, and the like. ingl within our grasp can that

be
as

of

difficult? would

It
chances

so,
aptly termed courage d'esprit, not difficult, and would appear less
be

This kind such mo

ofof

if
is

valour
mind, since
It or

as
strength pulsation,

of
emanates from the soul. ments were the mere action

is
it
it

a
so

of
an

as

not, however, sometimes supposed

of

of
intellect such moments there are
is

much action but ;

Mere intellect, however luminous, No! the danger war, like medicinal tinctures,
of
the heart.
wouldºw.
we

be

not constitute moral courage. swallowed diluted, and robbed

of
For have seen some must half their
all

the wisest people utterly devoid impulsive stimulants.

of

of

firmness.
Let
is,

give courage, young

to

us

Intellect however, necessary life for example, accompany soldier

to

the
ar
As

of
and then courage sustains intellect. The former could we approach, the thunder
to

the battle field.

not have being without the latter, and the latter would tillery, alternating with the rushing shot, booms

of
degenerate into mere brute ferocity without the former. upon few yards further,
A
louder and louder the ear.
Besides, uomonts of emergency feelings are more and the half-spent balls attract the attention of the in
in

º
puissant than thoughts. experienced, for they now commence, striking and
Coup d'eil; and firmness lead me pre-bounding close around, above, before, and behind. We
to

speak
of

mind, another essential, with which they are 'cast side-long glance, and advance towards the
of

sence
a

which stands the general-in-chief, surround

on
is,

closely allied. fact, nothing

of

Presence
in

mind
of,
.

sudden victory over, his staff. Here the plunging

of

skilful repulse that led

or

but cannon shot and

a

bursting
of

We admire the presence

so

unexpected. frequent, that the seriousness

of

which shells are

is

mind displayed ready retort sudden proposi- the situation penetrates through the ideal veil with
of
in

to
a
a
we

tion, rapid resource which our youthful fancy had bedecked Suddenly
as

applaud the developement

of

it.

unlooked-for peril. Neither the reply

at

friend falls his blood tinges our very cheek a shell

of

the instant
a

providing they drops into the centre

be

extraordinary, the group, explodes, and caus

of

nor the resource need

for that, which, inevitable wavering. "One begins
be

he
an
or

is es

apt executed after

to
if

delivered ſeel that

;

so

mature and calm consideration, might appear trivial not altogether

or

completely indifferent
of or

collected.
by

be

common-place point and action, rapid throe Even the bravest must Proceed
in

somewhat affected.
a

intellect unexpected application, will often produce few yards further into the battle, which rages before
or

theatre, general
of
as

one, upon approach

of

the most conclusive results. Presence mind denotes and that

a

the facility with which man

of

avail himself division: Here ball follows ball, and shell succeeds
to
is

able
.

shell, roaring
of

This invaluable faculty, whilst the our own guns the

to

latent natural resources. that adds

the pic
so

º
ascrib-fearful din, and augments the deep interest
be

has often saved armies and nations,

of
to
is

*ither the properties |ture. From the

a us

general
of

mind,
to
or

the equi- division let hasten the

of

the
to

to

circum-general commanding He,

of

the soul, according brigade.

of

of

librium the nature tried

to

man
a

sances; but both are essential. An apt reply, in-valour, prudently places himself and people behind the
for

hillock, building,
of

of

stance. denotes the spontaneous operation clump

of

clever covert trees a

or
a

of a

head, whilst ready resource, increasing peril. Showers

of
in

sudden danger, bespeaks certain indication

tranquility and composure |grape rattle through the thatch, tear the branches;

j." . ...;
of

or

soul.
up

The principal elements against which volleys

of

cannon shot ſurrow the earth rend the

or

commander
a
up

struggle, may few words; air, whilst the hissing

of
be
* as

myriads
of

musketballs tell
in
to

summed
a

one that those long lines of smoke conceal the enemy.

#."...º.º.º.º.º.º.º.º...".
|*...º.º.
We may add ingular ill

:*
-

an

*shals, still living, was devoid this species courage, that But onwards, and
I

instant we are beside the troops;

in
so

of

of

upon critical occasions, seek

|*| . infantry,
to

beside the valiant, - indefatigable

- - - who for hours
>

the hopes being wounded and carried off the ha -:

of

in
to in
tº

a
He

unflinching steadiness
had the courage (few were traver) support
W.
to

up
º;

of

agains and --despisedeath; strength the musketry. Here air

to

hintnot of'mind bear - murderous

- fire the filled
is

* - -

...ſº
--
-

-
-
-

with the incessant whistling shot, which announce

of

of

whº has equivalentalikequºgººght

Translator
.
.
nº

applicableboth - their proximity

by
in

**!"ſalized our dictionaries,for - the -sharp, short whiz with which

in

in

º
is
y

it

*ar and diplomacy. they dart by,

an

inch distant from one's head, one's

765
254; on WAR. [JMetropolitan,

by
all
very heart. Then come to satiety

de
rear, one's the ned cut these off coup main. The opera

to

a
heaving the bosom, the affections the mind at! tion was well combined, and success appeared infalli.

of of

at of
comrades and friends, and the sight was proposed move across the country

of

It
the loss

to

by
ble.

to a
the mangled, who fall fainting groaning

or

to
the rapid forced march, and then, enveloping the place
ground. fall sword hand upon the enemy.

in
The troops and
Those who have any experience will admit the cor officers, though ignorant

of
the immediate object, easi
picture

ly
general motive; they

of
and we believe that there

of
were full

is
rectness this divined the ardour,

;
no man, who, honestly placing his hand

on
his heart, and after marching, nearly the whole twenty-four

of
he

on
will affirm that has remained altogether unmoved hours, arrived almost within gun-shot their prey.

of

It
such occasions; that the light

or or
his thoughts has wanted but

of
dawn, and with daylight the

an
hour

to
by
not been affected upon the enemy seemed inevitable. The night

in
broken other emotions capture

of
than those that are its ordinary tenants. he was pitchy dark, the troops with swelling hearts but

si
Indeed,
individual, the au lent tongues, moved eagerly onward.
be

as
must most extraordinary Of sudden,
a

a
thor observes, who on his first initiation does not lose however, the centre column, this

of
shot fell front

in
a
the faculty

by
some portion
of

of
several others from the advance guard,

It
immediate decision. was followed

In

up
true, custom soon blunts the emotion. half an and was taken rapidly and sharply during brief
is

a
by
hour we commence feeling greater indifference; some space the main body. No one knew the cause;
more, some less ordinary intellect never but
of of

as
the grey mists

an
but man alarm was thus, given, and
;

complete elas morning commenced yielding the power

of
or
arrives full independence mind,

of
at

to
the
ticity soul; and extraordinary men are rare. re sun, the last bayonets the enemy's rear guard were
of

of
It
the adjacent mountain. The expe

up
sults, therefore, that little can expected from ordi seen winding be

do
nary men; and this the more applicable proportion dition had failed. was asserted, we

in
not vouch

It
is

When for the fact, that this friction arose from an officer's
as

the sphere
of

action becomes more extensive.

tranquilly sitting one's cabinet, this self-conquest ap servant, who with led horse strayed from the road, ad
in

a
easy attainment; but when removed vanced beyond the columns, and then finding out his
of of

pears matter
a

action,
to

the theatre man must possess vast error, was hurrying back; when, being mistaken for

a
a

innate, stoical courage, mental abstraction, im

by
he
an
of

store enemy's patrol, was fired upon the videttes,

long intimacy with danger, before and thus giving the alarm
or

erious ambition, the enemy, they were

to
can overcome all counteraction. escape. Now, here was friction no

to
e

enabled

a
the human being could have anticipated, and yet the re
as

General Clausewitz includes danger

of

one
by

war; what unjustly suffered.

of
this appropriate putation War
be of

fricturns
is

meant the commander

by

us
term will explained the following extract: furnishes thousand similar illustrations but let

;
a
So long actual war, return to the author.
no
as

experience
of

we have
one cannot comprehend wherein consist the difficulties Friction, says he, is the only word that can to
said, where the genius
of

ex lerably well indicate the difference between actual war

or

or
so

which
is

much
traordinary powers required commander, come and war upon paper. The military machine, that
of

is,
a

it,
army, and everything appertaining
all
upof it ryan

most into play. Every thing appears simple; theo

in
so

to

is
insig
all

requisite knowledge extremely simple, and appears easily handled.

so

so

plain, combinations But

part
be

no
nificant, that they are apparently trifling mind, that

of
in
comparison must borne composed
or in

is
it
with the higher problems
of

philosophy. one consolidated piece, and that the whole

is
mathematics made
man has seen war; above all, when

its
individual particles, each which brings
he

of

But where

of
a

And yet own particular friction. Theoretically, this may ap

all

has commanded, then comprehensible.

is

regi

of
no

easy matter the pear little consequence, for commander

of

or of
to
is

describe what the nature

it

a
is,

of
difficulty identify the various counteracting ment responsible for the execution
or

is

battallion
to

by
dis
as

fluctuations. his ordere, and the batallions are filed down

Every thing war; granted; but even cipline one solid instrument, the machine works
to

simple
in
is

the very simplest movements are difficult and uncer like cast iron beam, and with little comparative - fric
a

Let one suppose, for instance, that tion.

of

tain execution.
But reality.
In
actual war all
in

traveller has only two more relays

is

otherwise
it

complete his
to
a

journey. Twenty miles, with post horses and high the inequalities joints and adjunctions immediately
of
a

road why nothing He reaches, the last stage show themselves. batallion, however homologous,
A
is
it

an
machine composed
of

bad ones; then must ever remain assem

no

but one, and can procure horses,

or

whom the most insignificant has

of

country, the roads are broken up, blage individuals,

of

mountainous
it it
is is
a

pitch dark, and his power cause delay irregularity. The

he
an

or
to
in

thinks
it

axletree breaks
:

village after dangers and casualities inevitably attendant war,

on

himself fortunate neighbouring

to

reach
a

aug
up

infinite fatigue and delay, and happy put with the immense physical efforts that are required,
to
is

be
so

much, that they may

he

any accommodation can meet with. Thus occurs ment this evil considered
of it

trifling the principal causes

it.
as

of

war, that consequence

of
in

in

the multitude
obstacles, which never, appear upon paper, the ablest This prodigious friction, which not concentrated
is

two given points, every

on

as

combinations often fail, and the object mechanics,

in
to or

is

one
A

defeated.
is

contact with accident, and thus

in

firm and imperative mind may overcome these frictions, where be found
anticipated, since they
be

and vanquish every obstacle, but not without destroying produces results that cannot
the acting agent; for even the most energetic will are solely the offspring the latter. Take, for in
of
is

stance, accidents Here fog prevents

of

the slave of friction. the weather.

a

-
the non-arrival the discovery the enemy, the correct firing bri
or of

of
to

the campaign Moscow,

of

Look
to

gade guns, report

of

of

Grouchy's corps the arrival the command

of

of of
on

to
of

the afternoon the battle

a

Waterloo, and other historical examples. er-in-chief the proper moment. There sudden de
at

we give another instance luge rain destroys road, swells ſord, and impedes
of
be

We must pardoned
if

our own troops during the Pe the advance the junction

or

batallion, squadrons,
of

of

friction that occurred

to

striking proof the manner since they must march, thirty instead ten, miles.
of
of

ninsular war. affords

It

which the most insignificant causes may defeat the These two instances will suffice explain the rea
to

to to
in

of

ablest combinations, and that the reputations com der the meaning this most active obstacle
of

success.
its
all

During the the knowledge possible bea

of

friction
in
is
to

It

manders are often subservient hazard.

Alb rings, that constitutes one the most essential quali
by

of

last siege Badajos, corps was thrown out

of

is

huera, upon the Seville road, cover the ope ties good general. However, he not the most
in
in

to

order
a

the besiegers. strong French detachment Lord Lynedock commandedthe infantry, amongst which were
of

ration
A

occupied Llerena, open town, and

an

was determi the brigade Guards; Lord Combermerethe cavalry.

of
it

766
June, 1835.] on WAR. 255

tact, such rare occurrence,

of

be
efficient who lays too much stress upon friction, for

as
looked upon

to
is
as
impossible; course we only speak powers

of

be of
such over deference would produce that want of ener
getic decision which is often met with, even amongst equal numerical strength. battle may postpo

in

A
be
An officer should be intimately campaign may coun

to
the most experienced. ned a devoted marches and
possible frictions, and make allow ter marches, but the hour of collision must come.

all
acquainted with

is
It
be
as

so
ance for them, currents,true, the antecedents battle may preponderant,

of
for the force

to
mariners

to so
skilful, the combinations

so
should never permit himself the prefatory operations
he

be be
but imposed upon

to
unerring, and the frictions trifling,

by
or

all

or

so

as
an
depressed them, hazards

or

to
there would end
action, and he His mind render the issue nearly infallible; but, still the encoun

A all be
would unfit for command.
triumph

of
tertakes place, and there stra

let
must rise superior hazards, the consequences that the

to

is
it

its
friction tegy over tactics becomes more evident, and
be

perfect knowledge results

of
what they may.
be deri more decisive.
can only
be

can never acquired from theory,

it
Prussia,

of

of
ved from experience. When this experience The battle Jena determined the fate

is
backed

of
by

Waterloo the destiny

of

of
an

and supported energetic mind, forms one the that France. But the

it
highest qualifications for commanders. totally One was

at
antecedents were variance.

-
strategy, the other

of
of
In

the first chapter, second book, the author examines the result tactics. Never

i.
the art war, dividing under the two principal were mightier effects derived from more opposite cau
of

it

An intimate know ses. Again, the Peninsular War may

be
heads, tactics and strategy.

to
said have
strategy; for, the moments

of

of
ledge, the former may
of be

be
necessary those been war collision
to

to
of

said

a
commanding portions perfect acquaint were trifling, comparison

of
an

with the duration the

in
army,
a

chief. We contest, and the marchings and counter-marching

of
ance with the latter
in
to

such as command
may here observe, that the British military annals af. the opposing armies. The turning the British position

by

on
ford strong grounds for affirming that those,
on
Busaco, though prefaced gross error the

at
whom

a
has attacking position

of

of so
selecting command part strong

in

of in
important trust
of

Massena

a
ers-in-chief, have, various occasions, either con-front was fine illustration tactic; the retreat
on

of ofa
by

founded the two sciences, offi- the Duke Wellington, Torres Vedras, brilliant
or

to
been fascinated

a
tacticians; neglect-example

of
no
We know
as

cers' reputations able and thus strategy. other events

the that can better illustrate our meaning, and yet the sub
to

ed examine whether they were well versed

in

of
sublimer art. And yet, there wide distinction be sequent defeat Massena, (for his retrograde move
is
a

between the powers for active com ment was an absolute defeat,) was effected without
as

tween the two,

a
mand of such an officer Albhuera and Sa
of as

the late General Dundas, shot being fired.

of
But the battles

up
Wellington. The defini lamanca brought
byof

and those the Duke the balance. These were essential

is,

ly

tion given
of

Tactic the study tactical.

is

the author
employing armed bodies battle strategy that em Many readers, says General Clausewitz, will
of
in

*...; attain the object superfluous define the dif

to

to
of

war. consider
in

endeavour
to

battles order
it

perfect knowledge nearly re

of

of
A

so
both the perfection the |ference between two sciences apparently
is

strategy and tactics, since the knowledge can

as
be

the absolute em lated

as

art. The first may considered

ployment on
of

of
given force, upon definite space before have little influence

A
the art war. man must
a

the enemy; the second the general developement great pedant were
of

be

he
seek for the theo

to
indeed
a

on
connected with ulterior objects, and retical separation through its positive operations
as

such force the

is

the grand basis Evolutions during field of battle.

of

the war itself.

action are essentially tactical; movements prior sub To ordinary minds we grant that such definition may
or

superfluous; but,

of
be

sequent History affords

as

battle belong strategy. the whole art war resolves

to

to

intimate knowledge
of
an

victories being neu itself into

of

thousand oxamples these two sciences,

of

the effect
by

of

its
all
tralized deficiency this science. The formation
to

those who would fain see clearly into recess

a

li
of line, column, square, the placing battery, |es, and remove all confusion from their minds, the
or

in
a

short, positive collision, are tactical operations. The mits that divide the two cannot fail
itsbe
deeply inter
to

predetermining system defence, the dis esting. Indeed, we again affirm, that
of

study should
or

attack
a

be

force, and the knowing how, where, and with those on whom de
of

tribution paramount consideration

a

of
it,

are the provinces strategy.

of of

|volves the selection

to

when employ commanders-in-chief.

For instance, when column knowledge, and the essential qualities
to

of

The degree
or

army
is

ordered
a

keep
of
to

this side river chain mountains,

or

for man intrusted with this important charge, are

is
it
a

of

strategetical disposition, since the object, the event subjects frequent discussion. We have stated that
in
a

of
on

battle, enemy the coup d'acil, strength mind, energy, promptitude, and
of
to

to

force the combat

is

a
by

corps actually knowledge friction, are absolutely requisite, and that

of of

round selected But when

to is

us.
a
.

of

efore the enemy, and lieu holding the low the details tactics are secondary considerations. Gen
in

thrown upon the adjacent heights,

on

round break
or

eral Clausewitz thus expresses himself this subject.

is

ing into small columns, takes possession It notorious that many distinguished officers,
of

ravine,
is
a
a

defile, and above all, commanders-in-chief, have signalized

or

breastwork, then tactical disposition,

is
it

since proves the immediate mode which in war though their early education and re
is
an in

in
it

it

themselves
employ the troops during other occupations.
of
to

tended encounter.
to

sources mind had been turned

marching not less remarkable also, that the most illustrious
It
of

is

not easy define whether the act

It

to
is

for

belongs most tactics; marching being have never sprung, from amongst
or

strategy what
to

is

soldiers
termed the class of learned men scientific offi
or
ofan

integral part battle, and battle being the exercise

of

all

tactic, and developement strategy, both indeed, taking

of

this into conside

in

cers circumstances
:

render the distinc any great

so

as

instance are nearly allied, ration, there

to

of

not one who could boast

is

Strategetical
do

of

tion almost impossible. combinations share science. Consequently, those persons have
always been laughed
for

not always lead ne

as

com pedants, who held

so

tactical results, one may

at
to

it
as

bine marches and manoeuvres,

of
to

obtain the object cessary, even useful for the education future
or

or a

without firing
he

be
an

shot: whence some argue, that commander, that should instructed, deeply
a
be

enemy may vanquished without battle. Clause knowledge. Indeed, not difficult
in

is

versed detail
it
a
an
as

witz considers this error, and we are inclined detail might

be
to

comprehend that this study

of
to

more
goincide with him. Strategetical combinations may detrimental than useful; for the mind must naturally
by

it,
be
an

enemy's plans and neutralize his manoeuvres, the ideas that are imparted
to

disturb biassed and

its
of
he

be

may new basis opera. receive impressions from the subjects with which
to

and forced choose

it
a

by

tions; but effect anything decisive, collision must occupied. only the loftier elements that the
to

* is

It
is
of

°ºsue. The dissolution armies,

as

The former may be objected an example; for the deplora

or

the submission
to

by
the

displayed the commanderwas only

of

country, without belligerents coming into con ble want tactical skill
of

by the heroic devotion

a

of

counterbalanced the soldiers.

767
 256 on wart.
[Metropolitan,
soul can be elevated towards the sublime ; insignificant Kappeldorf, plunged themselves into the abyss. This
minutiae have an immediate tendency to render men was not only grovelling adherence

to to
obsolete system

a
narrow-minded. but the uttermost poverty mind,

of
which methodſ
When speaking of the higher qualifications neces ever conducted. Thus, the army

of
Prince Hohenlohe
sary for a commander-in chief, the author gives the was defeated

of
which there

in
scarcely any

is
manner

a
following passage. precedent history.

in
It is not required that he should be a learned The frankness with which the author criticises the
historian or writer, but he must be acquainted with operations his countrymen

of
remarkable: the reader

is
the higher elements of general politics; he must be will find another interesting example

of
this frankness

he its
well versed in its tendencies, conflicting interests, further on, when speaking

of
Blucher's disasters

in
and prominent features, judge The fifth chapter

to
and must learn criticism.

to
is
1814. devoted
the principal actors correctly. not requisite and demonstrates its importance

It

in
correctiug errors,

is
that he should be
profound searcher into human modifying systems, and introducing improvements.
a

of
nature, nor hair's-breadth anatomizer man's cha The effect theoretical truths practical life are

on
byof
a
he

of
must study the dispositions,

of
racter but mode produced more the aid criticism than study; for
;

thinking, habits, and endeavour discover the fail criticism

to
positive

of
an

of to
application

is
these truths
ings particular merits

of of
The one brings the other into life. The
as

as

well those under his occurrences.

command. He may be ignorant the mechanical the reception the lat

to
former accustoms the mind
gun-carriages, projectiles,

or
composition
of

the hors ter. We esteem

to
necessary, therefore, place the

of it
ing
he

calcu point

of
battery,
of

must know how departure theory upon

of
to
but level with that
a

a
judge criticism. The latter must, however,
of be
late their effects and movement, and

to
able distinguished

be
column un from the simple narration

.
of

the time necessary for the march

an
historical occurrence,

of
a

or,
der every obstacle. which merely reproduces events, best, only touch.

at
be

The eye
of

of
like that the are intimately connected with

es

as
the commander must upon such matters
eagle, which embraces one swoop every object them.
at

to
Three operations the mind are necessary

of
its

of

of
within elevated sphere vision not like that criticism, Firstly, the historical discovery and deter

,
the astronomer, who can only descry objects within tuining doubtful occurrences; but this mere re

of

is
There never yet existed
of

the focus his lenses. search unconnected with theory. a Secondly, the deduc
distinguished confined vision. Heretion essentially theoreti
of

of
this

is
commander effects from causes

;
by
we speak spiritual optics; but examples are frequent cal. for
of

this means conclusions and inferences are

of by
of

men who have filled secondary situations with rare borne out and enlightened experience and results.
merit, but who have fallen beneath mediocrity when Thirdly, the examination any proposed measure.
supreme command, and this, because they This criticism, inclu
to

raised
is
the truest and most beneficial
all

tactical detail, without ding praise Here history, and the ex

of

or
possessed the minutiae objurgation.

it,
º
any qualities stra- amples derived from
or

or as
more expansive
of

of

the loftier auxiliaries.

In
act the two
tegetical genius. On the other hand, instances are latter operations, the effect utility depends upon the
great commanders who never their pri

up
not unfrequent application, and upon the tracing
of

to
events

is,
or

to
as

above mediocrity regimental

brigade generals. mitive creation, that

as
positive facts, and not,

is
Their minds required action. too often the case, merely going halfway, and content
of

more extended field

a

fill
.

vo-|ing one self with arbitrary conclusions presupposi

be

or
instances that might adduced would
a

unne. - tions.
The fourth chapter By criticism nothing more op
In

the whole scope

of of

method.
to
is

is
devoted
la critique
or

meant system, order formations' posed the first part Boileau's maxim,
of

to

method battle
to is

est

peculiar any given power than stricturos upon mili

or

period. the est aisee, difficile,

of

The basis l'art

et

all

spring from the same source, but tary operations.

of be

In

whole may

in
to

said almost other occurrences

the means developement have passed through various life, the subject, whether moral physical,
or

is
before
all

modifications, however converging one centre. one's eyes. literature, science, politics, finance,
In
to

be

We will not accompany the author through the defini- and mechanics, the facts may tangible, be
to

said
the logical hierarchy sys- and are
he

be
allso

as

within one's grasp

of

of

tions
to

what terms embodied but

;
tem, but merely take one war, speculation, hazard, and uncertainty.
of of

two his illustrations

in

or A
or

is
:

peculiar
to

for instance, The oblique order battle, combination fails, we cannot positively say, had this
up

Frederic the Great; the long diffuse lines that been done, success was inevitable for,
of

the school
to

the
;
of

revolutionary generals, bloody combat, victory may still elude one's

of

the and the and gon:

last moment
centrated energy Napoleon's masses. The British grasp. The operations war are multifarious, (diverg
of

or of

battle ent, rarely arising from being confined to, one given
no

possess absolute system, though their order

of

partakes more point space. They are constantly struggling against

of of

the two first than the latter method

or
:

thousand conflicting elements that are countermining

be

indeed, the use the column may

to

said have been

a
of

the war. The each other. Military criticism may

be

be

little employed until late period entire

to

said
a

line and square were the most salient chracteristics, scarcely any
ly

byor

theoretical speculative, for there

is

but this arose from the fact, that five tangible rule decide, unless,
of

four cases out which we are enabled

in

to
of

the British troops received the enemy. The mode indeed, some palpable error has been committed, and
by

English then criticism

to

two ranks peculiar almost superfluous, and blame imperative.

is

formation
is

Military critics have rarely judging

an

troops, but this question

of

direct tactics. Whilst opportunity

of
is
a

ascending into causes, which lat

or

the author admits the necessity not banishing fixed' upon the spot,
he of

of

by

principles method altogether, deprecates slavishtër are either secrets confided governments com
to or

to
a
it,

experience must manders, known only

or

emanate from circumstances

of

adherance and this all men

is, in

The evil that every given method must The critic, however impartial, experi
to

concur. themselves.
by

originally have been grounded upon some peculiar lo- enced, and enlightened, always surrounded great
is

ef
an

less obscurity. He cannot define issue, for

as

cal circumstance, and consequently,

er
or

circumstances
are perpetually changing, method must outlive the e-fects must always
be

problematical, and therefore the

its

vents that gave them birth the one becomes perma- most sagacious criticism must ever have bas's upon
;

is its

Thus, origin
its

speculation. theory, and

in

has
it

ment, the other evanescent. this slavish adher-

It
is

byis

system, that theory, aided enlightened criti-termination doubt; for

in
to

to

ence not less difficult mount

it
up

cism, should endeavour

to

to

counteract. But the

to

to

causation than descend results.

has
by

by

For critics,
of

of

instance, adhering oblique great error fallen into generality

to

the method the

by

Frederic 1806, the Prussian generals, Prince Louis, been specified General Clausewitz: for men gene
in

Jºy Saalfeld, General Tauenzien, the Dornberg, near rally content themselves with blame without devising
on
at

General Grawert front, and Ruchel behind the remedy.

in
 June, 1835.] on wart. 257

Criticism may be likened to anatomy or medicine. (nacing to turn their flanks, was evidently based upon the
What, then, for instance, should we say of a surgeon principle of inspiring terror. But circumstances were
or physician, when called in to consult upon a case, totally altered, for he had failed at Laon and Arcis sur
were he to exclaim, You are ailing, the seat of your Aube, and Blücher had joined Schwarzenberg, with
malady is in the digestive organs, you have pursued a nearly one hundred thousand men. There will, doubt
pernicious regimen, a different system ought to have less, be many persons who will not be satisfied with these
been adopted, I disapprove of

all

all
events they cannot give

us
that has been done considerations, but

at
:

by
and, having said so, quits the room. any reply; for Napoleon, pressing upon the Rhine,
True criticism, observes the author, is not only would have menaced Schwarzenberg's basis opera

of
the means actually employed, buttion, whilst Schwarzenberg could only endanger that

of
of
an examination

by
of other means, that might have been employed, and Napoleon threatening Paris; and we have endeavour
all

justified show, that had Napoleon pursued Blücher, Prince

he
no man condemning unless

in

to
has better led
to is

a
propose. |Schwarzenberg, would never have thought moving

of
method

-
We have selected the following example the upon the French capital.

of
criticism, because

of
The last chapter
of
author's illustrations

to
contains the second book devoted

it

is
|
not commonly known, and which the illustration Example, which may

of
some speculations first sight

at
must have the greater weight and interest, intimately connected with experience

as

so

as
coming appear

is to
from such source. General Clausewitz's intimate render definition superfluous. But the difference
a

knowledge
of

greater than Experience being the result

be
called question. supposed.

in
facts cannot

is

its
all
When Napoleon, after beating Blücher's army, virility and vigour home

of
what we see, comes

in

in
1814, Etoges, Champaubert, Montmi- "to the mind. Example being the produce
of

of
what we
in

the battles
rail, &c. turned his force against Schwarzenberg's read, nothing study

to
in
militar more difficult seize

it is
corps, and defeated Mormant, eve- with discrimiuation. Indeed, requires no ordinary
at

Montereau and
it
ry

one was filled with admiration; because Napoleon, talent sift the ore from the dross, and retain such

to

to
by thus marching and counternarching his main body, portions Of

to
is as
may lead beneficial consequences.
brilliantly availed himself

if by
store one's mind with examples culled
of

'what use

to
the error committed

it
the allies separating their forces; and certainly
in

us
from history, unless our intellect guides proper

to
a
these splendid and ubilateral operations did not save application and this the more perplexing, since ex

is
3
him, the general opinion that the fault was not his. ample For in

in

to
is

is
constant contradiction itself.
it

However, one has hitherto asked the question what stance, we find twenty occasions where the adoption
no

given method has produced the most fortunate re

of

would have been the result, lieu abandoning of

in
if

a
to up

attack Schwarzenberg, sults, whilst the same time twenty more instances
he

at
Blücher
to

had followed
his successes against the former, and pursued him
be
adduced when the employment the same mea

of
can
the Rhine has entailed destruction.
is

our conviction that total revolution

It

sure
a
!

grand

to
must have ensued campaign, and that the enough, therefore, store one's mind with
in

the not
It
is

moving upon Paris, would have precept, the genius extract light from
of

to
allied army, instead
is

is
that
it

it
be
requisite
do

recrossed the Rhine. We any most otherwise the mind would only com
to

not desire one

:
no

adopt our opinion, but one, who comprehends parable arsenal, where the stores were thrown
to

the vast
a

subject, can deny, that the mention promiscuously

of

without order classification.

a in

or

in is
the alternative

It
is

saying, take warning from example

of

of

but the natural result critical consideration the trite but

;
a

much depends upon locality, hazard, and

of us

so

Let introduce two three simple truths war, where

in
or

case.

its
illustration hypothesis. upon unforeseen accidents, example loses much

of
our
Firstly, It

on
gencrally admitted that Battles are perpetual innovations precept,
is

more influence.
is
it
up

of
as

as
advantageous follow one direction and differ much one from the other the face
in
to

successes
of

neighbour. Battles have not

marches and counter-one man from that his

*
to

than waste one's strength

in

not only time, unfrequently been foughton the same ground; but there
of

marches, because the latter loss

is

we

re
by

is,
of
an

enemy being diminished defeat, believe, scarcely one instance

of
but the force commanders
for
by

fresh advantages are more likely ra. curring

be

the disposition their troops. of

to

to

obtained antecedents
pid pursuit; and besides, one does not then throw away The genius, the inspiration
of

the moment, must de

the moral advantages already acquired, give the foe cide.
or

-
time breathe and reorganize.* when one considers, says General Clausewitz,
to

Secondly, Blücher, though numerically weaker the various influences example, one can well com
of

than Schwarzenberg, was much more dangerous ad. prehend the urgent necessity mature study. cir
of

A
a

versary, his enterprising character, and cumstance that not carefully sifted and examined,
of
it, on

at in
account
is
its
all

fact the grand point action that carried everything

be

an
in

to

bearings, may compared object seen

of

its

else with
a
in

was centered him. distance, sinuosities and proportions are veiled,

Thirdly, The loss Blücher had suffered was tan- and appears equiform the eye.
to
it

defeat, and gave Napoleon supe- In fact, examples have offen tended
to

so

tamount great produce the

to
a

riority over him, that his retreat the Rhine could most conflicting opinions.
us

Let take, for instance,

to

on

scarcely
be

as

doubtful, more especially upon this line Daun's campaigns, which were models prudence
in on of

indecision and timidity

of
or

there were no reinforcements important reserves. one side, and the other.
Fourthly, No other possible result could have ac-Again, Napoleon's passage the Alps
of

1797, may
ted more powerfully upon men's minds, pro-be proofof the most daring energy, but
ofIn or

as

have considered
a

duced more gigantic moral consequences. army was utterly devoid prudence.
an

of
its it

-
just lim
all
so

notoriously undecided and timid

as

Schwar. But our extracts have already exceeded

...

that
we

for

zenberg, this retreat would have been looked upon

as

must, therefore, take leave

of

the author the

;

the remaining books up

by

deathblow. The losses sustained the Crown Prince present, proposing

to

to

return
a

Wurtemberg and Count Wittgenstein the mean time we strong

of

ly,on

In
at

Montereau some future occasion.

and Mormant, were correctly known
of

to

Prince Schwar. reiterate our recommendation the work

to

those
his
by

zenberg, but, those eudured Blücher along ex- who have any inclination profit from the rich stores
to

enlightened knowledge that abounds

of

operations from the Marne almost every

of

tensive and detached line

in

the Rhine, were only brought his ears through the page.*
to

to

report. - The desperate demonstration made

of

medium
is is,

There we believe,not ranslation this work anylanguage,

of

in
|
.

the
on
by

Napoleon Vitri, March, when handsorãiſmiſſiºn,

he

be

essayed the although boºk that ought

in

to

in
it
a

the
by

ſor
be

on

effect that would produced his enemies me- and well adapted Military College.
is

Military critics find fault with the Duke Wellington for hav.
of
*

ing morethan onceneglectedthis principle but they are not aware

;

thelocal difficultiesthat clogged movements.

of

A
g

769
 THE

MI ETROPOL IT A. N.
MAY, 1835.

FACTION UNMASKED. tion, disgust their country, and their king

º
to

to

$
They seem have waited with most depraved cun

to

as a
If we look back and scan the pages of history, even ning until the nation trembled

an
with earthquake,

of
to ages the most remote, we shall find that no great have taken dastard advantage the

to
and then

a
empire was destroyed, or even endangered, by extrinsic shock, overturn, not only their opponents, but also

is to
re the consti
its

byits
hostility, until all that ancient, sacred and beautiful,

in
force had been undermined,
bit We will not say, that like experienced thieves,
its

sources misdirected, and councils distracted tution.

ter, interested, and internal faction. The modern they have fired the house, order the more completely

in
world has the experience the ancient fully displayed but this we will say, that they have,
of

in to
rob the inmates

;
it,

and the important annals most cowardly manner, availed themselves

of of
of

before the latter can the

a
by

more clearly read lights

of moral conflagration that the untoward operation
be

now the increased the

science yet Reform Bill #. afforded them, forward their

in
would appear that these annals have

to
order
in it
;

vain, and that vain has knowledge private, interested, and sordid views. They would rath
in

been recorded
its thousand watch-fires for just ruins, than wait
er
us

kindled around sit astride upon the smoke-stained

;

by

fac obsequiously in their proper place at the temple gait.

at

this moment we are divided among ourselves

is,
We Whigs
as

as

as

as

tions bitter, insensate, and mean, were those

of

at
accuse the faction and faction

;
that hastened and disgraced the downfall this crisis, almost morally bad, and quite danger
of

is as

as
the last
stronghold the Hebrews, and soiled the ruins Je levying moral war
as

ous,
of

of

is
treason. treason.

It

It

a
by

rusalem with native blood, addition that shed against the king.
is in

betrayal

of

of
to

the
It
is
the interests

a
country. They are making

all
property

an
the conquering Roman. true that, present, we attack upon
at
It

invading army threatening us; indeed, we are

no

through their attempt plunder the most sacred.

to
have
wish that we had, for such an evil alone Their majority

of
tempted
to

the House Commons faction.

in

is
is a
by

recalling has been gained

us

seems capable means, and

of

our senses. But we

us to

factious exerted
It

have other perils threatening many quarters, not for factious purposes.
in

at England are re
so

as

indeed with danger imminent that which say that the people

of
It

to
is

is

absurd
by

Commons solely. They are

of

tendant upon invading armanents, still are we surround presented the House
by
by
ed

as

as

represented well protected their laws and their

as

quite great, although less rapid

in

difficulties
their effects; difficulties which, although slow oper institutions. They are represented much that con in
in

ation, we fear will but too fatally sure cerns their well-being the dignity that surrounds their
be

their effects.
in

in

these impending dangers we will mention; king, the rallying point that his name affords against
of

few
in
A

dangers that ought extinguish the breath the foreign enemy, and against the tyranny and oppres
at

to

once
faction, and make every one who feels
of

boasts him
or

the great and rich among them.

of

In

sion his name the

Englishman, throw laws are administered, justice consecrated his per
an

self the winds all the enmities

in
to

is

join his right hand for the benefit

of

party, endeavouring son, and mercy placed

is

in

and hand and heart

in

again make England what she can and ought

be

reigns and whom

he

he

the people over whom

of
to

to

loves.
among nations, the controller the strong and the The king greatly represents the people.
of

Their inte
protector rests and his interests, are one and are identical. The
as

the weak, the most formidable empire,

of

all
as

the happiest homes, the king, and the king

no of

well the world. opposition

in

to in

in
to
is

is

faction
Though we have war harass us, have we not opposition the faction.
to
an

increasing population and declining trade

of

Do And who, also, will deny that the House Lords

in 3
a

we not daily see lands going out

of

cultivation the represents largely the people Are they not the great
:

same ratio as mouths are born to draw subsistence from not,

of

representative private territorial property

Is
,
(

by

not, generally speaking, the farmer beggared the clergy represented

of
Is

them also, the whole body their

4

the labouring peasant, and the peasant himself Land and agriculture
to

down bishops
in

the second estate

4

degraded still lower into the parish pauper Are not have always been particularly under their patron
?

our merchant ships rotting idly say, that they repre

be

And age.
in

would
to

our harbours absurd

It
?

still plied, and the loom works obediently sent only their own class and their own privileges,
to if

the shuttle
of is

for

power steam, advantages they produce their very privileges and their gradations
of

the the that rank

are they not for the foreigner, and the toil, the starva are necessary the body politic; they are the legiti
to

tion, and the exhaustion for ourselves What trade prize for merit, and valour, and patriotism.; they
is

mate
|

all

their elevation, still subjects, and thus re

by

present thriving but that carried are, with

in on

the mo
at

there
ney-broker, and that present strongly the feelings and the interests
of
of

those concerned the transfer their

to of

property magnitude equal fellow subjects. opposition

of

Are not these evils The faction

ofin

to

the
is
1

is a

Lords, and the House opposi

of

surrounding army House Lords

an

is
in

epoch
of

that And not this

a

which emphatically requires strong, wise, and tion to the faction.

a

of a

united government Yet, all these di the assembly where the faction find them
in

Even
in

the midst
4

*;
this very critical period, have the Whigs, ask the question, majority
us

majority, let
A

lemmas,
at

selves
a

of

the once proud, high, and independent Whigs, associa merely majority number, and
of

what
is
It

a
".

themselves all that are violent and mad, rebel even that, pitiful. Of six hundred and fifty-eight
to

in

ted
distract the great council the na- |memºir, they have obtained majorities
ten,
of
to

lious and base,

of
Q
4