Assignment #3

Name: Syed Aoun Abbas Naqvi

Roll No: 18321519-173
Course title: Introduction to Information and communication
Technology
Course Code: CS (162)
Submitted To: Mr.Mubashar Hussain
Section: A

Department of computer science

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

OPERATING SYSTEM:..............................................................3
CATEGORIES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:.............................................3
Single-User/Single-Tasking:...............................................3
Single-User/Multitasking:................................................3
Real Time Operating system:.........................................4
Multiuser/Multitasking Operating Systems:................4
Comparison..............................................................5
Operating system:
An  operating system or OS is software installed on a
computer's the  hard drive that enables computer hardware to communicate
with and run computer programs. Without an operating system, a computer and
software programs would be useless.

Categories of operating system:

Operating systems are organized into four
categories and the categories are:

 Single-user/single-tasking;

 Single-user/multitasking;

 Multiuser/multitasking;

 Real-time.

Single-User/Single-Tasking:
A single-user/single-tasking operating system is
one that allows only a single user to perform a single task at a time. A task is a
function such as reading a file from disk, performing a math calculation, printing
a document, or sending a request over the Internet to a Web server. Small and
simple OSs can only manage a single task at a time.
Examples like MS-DOS and the Palm OS,xenix.

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Single-User/Multitasking:
An operating system that allows a single user
to perform two or more functions at once is a single-user/multitasking operating
system.

Examples like Microsoft Windows and the Macintosh operating systems,Be os.

Real Time Operating system:

A real-time operating system
(RTOS) is a very fast and relatively small OS. Often embedded, meaning it is built into the
circuitry of a device and not normally loaded from a disk drive, a real-time operating system
runs real-time applications. It may support multiple simultaneous tasks or it may only
support single tasking.
Examples like BLUECAT Linux by LynuxWorks, QNX Neutrino by QNX Software Systems,
Operating System Embedded (OSE), pSOS, and Windows CE.

Multiuser/Multitasking Operating Systems:

A multiuser/multitasking operating system allows
multiple users to run programs simultaneously. We have had such operating
systems for decades on mainframes and on today’s network servers, sometimes
called terminal servers. In a multiuser/multitasking operating system server
environment, all or most of the computing occurs at the server. When connected to
a multiuser/multitasking server, each user may have either a full-fledged PC or a
thin client (a minimally configured PC). The terminal client runs software under
Windows, Mac OS, or Linux, but with far lower hardware requirements than it
would need if it ran all the processes locally. The terminal server providing a
multiuser/multitasking OS to client computers may be a UNIX, Linux, NetWare, or a
special version of Microsoft Windows server.
Examples are Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Linux, and Mac OS X.

Names of operating systems and Developers:

Operating systems Developer
AIX and AXL IBM
Amiga OS Commodore
Android Google
Chrome OS Google
Corel Linux Corel
Debian Linux GNU
DUnix Digital
HP-UX Hewlett Packard
IOS Apple
Kondara Linux Kondara
Mac OS 8,9,10 Apple
Mac OS X Apple
MINIX MINIX
MS-DOS1x,2x,3x,4x.5x,6x Microsoft
MEXTSTEP Apple
OS/2 IBM
OSF/1 Osf
QNX QNX
Red hat Linux Red hat
Symbian Nokia
System 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Apple
Turbo Linux Turbo Linux
Ultrix Ultrix
Windows 3x,95,98,2000 Microsoft
Windows CE,ME,NT Microsoft
WindowsXP,vista,7 Microsoft
Windows8,10 Microsoft
XENIX Microsoft
BSD BSD
Unisys Unisys

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 Comparison of different features of
different operating systems
Windows
Windows has existed in one
form or another since 1985, and
it remains the most popular
operating system for home and
office computers.
Windows operating system
provides us facility of networking
To share file and data through the
network and also provides the
network security
Desktop windows manager is
another feature of windows
operating system that handles
compositing and manages special
effects on screen objects in a
graphical user interface
Windows operating system has a
strong and standard file
management system like
FAT12,16,32,NTFS etc.
Linux
Linux system is portable.
Portability means software
can works on different types
of hardware in same way.
Linux kernel and application
programs supports their
installation on any kind of
hardware platform.
Linux source code is freely
available and it is community
based development project.
Multiple teams work in
collaboration to enhance the
capability of Linux operating
system and it is continuously
evolving.
Linux is a multiuser system
means multiple users can
access system resources like
memory/ ram/ application
programs at same time.
Linux is a multiprogramming
system means multiple
applications can run at same
time.
Unix
Unix is the Multiuser and
multitasking computer operating
system developed in the 1970s at
the Bell labs research center by Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and
others.
UNIX is a computer Operating
System which is capable of
handling activities from multiple
users at the same time. Hence
UNIX is called a multiuser system.
The Unix Operating System is not
portable.
CLI (Command Line Interface) with
a very high number of programs.
Its mean that it communicate with
the user by using lines or
commands given by the user.
Files are stored on disk in a
hierarchical file system, with a
single top location throughout the
system (root, or "/"), with both files
and directories, subdirectories, sub-
subdirectories, and so on below it.
Windows system provides the
sports to the utilities programs
And many of the utilities program
are built-in in the operating system
Window provides a RUN special
program that is used to excite
commands on desktop.
Windows provide the Graphical
user interface and communicate
the user with graphics like icons
and shapes
Almost all windows
distributions have Live CD/USB
feature by which user can
run/try the OS even without
installing it on the system
Windows also provides the facility
of configuration and maintenance
by using control panel and device
manger and also provides the
security.
Linux provides a standard file
structure in which system
files/ user files are arranged.
The File systems supported by
Linux are as follows:
XFS, RAMFS, NFS, VFAT,
CRAMFSM and many more.
Linux provides a special
interpreter program which
can be used to execute
commands of the operating
system. It can be used to do
various types of operations,
call application programs.
etc.
Linux provides user security
using authentication features
like password protection/
controlled access to specific
files/ encryption of data.
Almost all Linux distributions
have Live CD/USB feature by
which user can run/try the OS
even without installing it on the
system
People think that Linux is a
command line OS, somewhere
its true also but not necessarily,
Linux have packages which can
be installed to make the whole
OS graphics based as Windows.
Unix is not free. Different flavors
of Unix have different cost
structures according to vendors.
Unix is not as flexible as
windows and Linux. It has less
compatibility with different
types of hardware. Unix
installation requires a strict and
well-defined hardware
machinery and works only on
specific CPU machines.
Unix comparatively supports very
fewer Filesystems. It supports the
following File systems:
ZFS, JS, HFX, GPS, XFS, GPS, XFS,
VXFS.
Unix provides the high technical
stand of the operating system
design the network implementation
and also High support by
companies, the Internet
Community for further
development, bug fixes
The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the
operating system: it allocates time
and memory to programs and
handles the file store and
communications in response to
system calls.