Object Image Image 1 1 Focal (ƒ–x) ( ƒ – x )²

( cm ⎺ ¹) (cm ⎺ ¹)
distance, distance, size (cm) p q length, ƒ
p (cm) q (cm) (cm)

35 14 0.4 0.029 0.071 10.00 0.062 0.00384

30 15 0.6 0.033 0.067 10.00 0.062 0.00384

25 16.8 0.8 0.040 0.060 10.05 0.112 0.01254

20 19.5 1.2 0.050 0.050 9.87 -0.068 0.00462

15 28 2.1 0.067 0.036 9.77 -0.168 0.02822

Mean (x) 9.938 ∑ (f −x) ² 0.05306

∑ (ƒ− x)² = 0.05306

Standard deviation :
√ n−1 √ 4

= 0.1152

Thus the focal length is : 9.938 cm ± 0.1152 cm

0.1152
The percentage error (%) : x 100% = 1.16%
9.938
Object distance, p Image distance, q Image size (cm) Magnification, M
(cm) (cm)

35 14 0.4 0.33

30 15 0.6 0.50

25 16.8 0.8 0.67

20 19.5 1.2 1.00

15 28 2.1 1.75