EXPERIMENT REPORT NO.

8 | WATER JET IMPINGING ON A BLADE

I. SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE

A rectangular pan was placed on the hydraulics bench and its dimensions were measured
using a measuring tape. After which, the F1-16 jet impact apparatus was placed on the pan. The
top plate was removed and the 30° deflector was attached. Then, the top plate was replaced and
the apparatus was leveled by adjusting the adjustable feet and using the spirit level. The level
gauge was calibrated to point the middle line of the weight pan in its initial position. A weight
was placed on the weight pan then the pump was turned on, ejecting water through the nozzle
and hitting the deflector. The discharge of the pump was adjusted using the valve until the mark
on the weight pan was realigned to the level gauge. Then the discharge was measured using the
volumetric tank of the hydraulics bench. The time it took to collect a certain volume was
measured and recorded. The procedure was repeated for the 90°, 120°, and 180° deflectors. Two
trials with increasing weights on the weight pan were performed for the 30° deflector. Three
trials with increasing weights on the weight pan were performed for the next three deflectors.

II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1. Results obtained from the experiment

Nozzle Deflector Trial Volume Time Applied Flow Velocity Velocity Applied Calculated Theoretical Percent
Diamet Types No. Collected to Mass, Rate V Squared, Force, Slope Slope Error
er (°) V Collect M Q (m/s) V2 W from (%)
d (m3) t (sec) (kg) (m3/s) (m/s)2 (N) Experimen
(m) t

1 0.0012 4.20 0.02 2.86×10-4 5.68 32.31 0.1962 0.0038 0.0067 43.28
30
2 0.0012 2.60 0.04 4.62×10-4 9.18 84.31 0.3924 0.0038 0.0067 43.28

1 0.0012 12.90 0.02 9.30×10-5 1.85 3.42 0.1962 0.0440 0.0503 12.52
0.008
90 2 0.0012 8.10 0.04 1.48×10-4 2.95 8.69 0.3924 0.0440 0.0503 12.52

3 0.0012 7.70 0.05 1.56×10-4 3.10 9.61 0.4905 0.0440 0.0503 12.52

120 1 0.0012 12.80 0.02 9.38×10-5 1.87 3.48 0.162 0.0546 0.0754 27.59

Table 1 continued. Results obtained from the experiment

Nozzle Deflector Trial Volume Time Applied Flow Velocity Velocity Applied Calculated Theoretical Percent
Diamet Types No. Collected to Mass, Rate V Squared, Force, Slope Slope Error
er (°) V Collect M Q (m/s) V2 W from (%)
d (m3) t (sec) (kg) (m3/s) (m/s)2 (N) Experimen
(m) t

0.008 2 0.0012 9.10 0.04 1.32×10-4 2.62 6.88 0.3924 0.0546 0.0754 27.59

1
 3 0.0012 8.00 0.05 1.50×10-4 2.98 8.91 0.4905 0.0546 0.0754 27.59

1 0.0012 15.80 0.02 7.59×10-5 1.51 2.28 0.1962 0.0487 0.1005 51.54

180 2 0.0012 11.20 0.04 1.07×10-4 2.13 4.54 0.3924 0.0487 0.1005 51.54

3 0.0012 8.40 0.05 1.43×10-4 2.84 8.08 0.4905 0.0487 0.1005 51.54

Table 1 shows that the angle of deflection has a direct relationship with the calculated
and theoretical slopes. The more time it takes to collect a certain volume of water, the lower the
flow rate is – calculated using Q = V/t. The discharge was adjusted to bring the weight pan back
up to its initial position after the weights were placed. For each deflector type, the flow rate is
directly proportional to the applied mass. The discharge rate was increased to counter the
increasing weights on the weight pan every trial. The flow rate for the 180° deflection is
relatively the lowest between each deflector type at the same applied mass followed by the 120°,
then 90°, and 30°. Since the nozzle diameter is constant, the velocity increases with the flow rate
following the relation v = Q/A.
As the jet comes into contact with a flat perpendicular, inclined, or hemispherical
deflector, a force produced by the change in momentum of the fluid flow is exerted on the
surface. This change in momentum varies on the degree of deflection of the vane and its rate of
change dictates how much force the vane experiences.

Velocity2 vs Weight for 30° De- Velocity2 vs Weight for 90° De-
flector flector
0.45 0.6
0.4
0.5
0.35 f(x) = 0.00377301162095271 x
Weight
Weight

0.3 + 0.0742973902374767 0.4 f(x) = 0.0440117337014495 x

0.25 + 0.0410550480015059
0.3
0.2
0.15 0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05
0 0
30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Velocity2 Velocity2

(a) (b)

2
 Velocity2 vs Weight for 120° Velocity2 vs Weight for 180°
Deflector Deflector
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
f(x) = 0.0545605745940512 x f(x) = 0.0487064150766783 x

Weight
Weight

0.4 + 0.00923924252421088 0.4 + 0.117791471785831

0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Velocity2 Velocity2

(c) (d)

Figure 1. Velocity2 vs Weight Graphs for 30°, 90°, 120°, and 180° Deflectors

The experimental slope was obtained by graphing the weight on the pan as the ordinate
against v2. As shown in figure 1, the experimental slopes are 0.0038 for the 30° deflection (a),
0.0440 for 90° (b), 0.0546 for 120° (c), and 0.0487 for the 180° deflection (d). The theoretical
slope was obtained using S= ρA ( cosα+ 1 ). Theoretically, the slopes have a direct relationship
with the angle of deflection. The experimental slope increased accordingly from 30° to 120°
deflection, however it decreased in the 180° deflection. This is indicative that some errors are
present. The data from the spherical vane deviates slightly more than the others. Possible sources
of discrepancy could be because some water traveling back down can come in the way of water
from the jet going up or the jet impinges the vanes slightly off-center.
There is a huge percent error between the calculated and theoretical slope. The
experimental forces are lesser than the theoretical forces because of the friction. Several other
possible sources of error for this experiment may include the consistency of the discharge from
the jet, the method of measurement of the discharge, and the stiffness of the spring carrying the
weight pan. A discharge from the apparatus may fluctuate and yield flow rate measurement
inaccuracies. If the volumetric tank will be used to measure the discharge rate, there is no need
for the rectangular pan under the apparatus or vice versa in order to diminish the errors.
Measurement may also be done using a graduated cylinder. In addition, too stiff or too loose
spring under the weight pan will give flawed results.

III. CONCLUSIONS
When a moving fluid comes in contact with objects, in this case a deflector surface, it
exerts force on the object which is produced by the change in momentum of a fluid flow. These
reaction forces can be analyzed and determined with the use of Newton’s second law, the
momentum equation. As stated by the momentum equation, the force on a deflector vane is equal
to the rate of change of momentum of the jet which varies according to the degree of deflection.

3
The angle of deflection has a direct relationship with the calculated and theoretical slopes. The
velocity increases along with the flow rate to counteract the applied force due to weights.
Theoretically, both the theoretical slope and experimental slope should be of the same
value. Due to some errors in the experiment, the experimental slope varies significantly with the
theoretical slope. These errors being inconsistency of the discharge from the apparatus and
instrument error on the stiffness of the spring. For future experiments, it is recommended to
make use of the volumetric tank without having to use a pan in order to prevent error caused by
the accumulation of water in the pan.

IV. REFERENCES

Czubai, A., Sopko, N., Patel, A., Ahmari, H., & Kabir, S. M. I. (2019, August 14). Experiment
#5: Impact of a jet. Applied Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual. Retrieved November 13, 2021,
from https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-5/

Hossain, Farzad & Morshed, Afshana & Sultana, Rifat & Islam, Md. (2018). Measurement of
Flow Rate and Impact Force on Different Vanes through Impact of Jet. International Journal
of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (2581-4540). 1. 22-28.

Morshed, Afshana & Hossain, Farzad & Shetu, Rifat. (2018). STUDY OF IMPACT OF JET ON
DIFFERENT VANES FOR MEASURING FLOW RATE AND IMPACT FORCE.

APPENDIX

Sample Computations

V 0.0012 −4 −4
Q= = =2.857 ×10 =2.86 × 10
t 4.20
−4
Q 2.86 × 10
v= = =5.68
A π 2 41 = 5.68
(0.008)
4
2 2
v =5.6841 =32.3091=32.31

W =mg=0.02 ( 9.81 )=0.1962

S= ρA ( cosα+ 1 )=1000 ( π4 ) ( 0.008 ) (cos ( 150° ) +1)=0.006734=0.0067

2

|Experimental Slope−Theoretical Slope|

Percent Error= × 100
Theoretical Slope

4
 |0.0038−0.0067|
Percent Error = ×100=43.28 %
0.0067