At the turn of the century Tesla was in the process of devising a means of wireless power

transmission. The transmission involved the generation of longitudinal ether waves. Whether
Tesla accomplished this is not known, but the idea was considered by other notables
such as Kelvin and Maxwell. Kelvin considered it possible to generate "longitudinal waves in the
luminiferous ether" thru the phenomena of displacement current (capacity current SD/dt). He
goes on to indicate his feeling that these waves must be faster than light, as the longitudinal
waves in a steel rod move with much greater velocity than the transverse waves. Tesla claims that
the waves from his transformer propagate at π/2 the velocity of light. It is interesting to note that
the velocity. measured on the Tesla coil, is also π/2 greater than the velocity of light but this
does, appear to be a phase velocity rather than a group velocity.
In his writings Tesla indicates some seemingly impossible phenomena surround the emanations
from the spherical terminal capacity, and I have determined these to be true by experiment. One
is that the power gradient (poynting vector) is in the same axis as the dielectric flux gradient. The
other is the slow forma-tion of a conductive area surrounding the sphere that is not ionic in
nature (in other words is not. a spark or glow discharge).
Contrary to popular relief, the Tesla transformer is not a
See reference 6.
在世纪之交，特斯拉正在设计一种无线电力传输方式。传输涉及到产生纵向乙醚波。特斯
拉是否做到了这一点还不得而知，但这个想法被其他名人考虑过

像麦克斯开尔文。Kelvin 认为通过位移电流（电容电流 SD/dt）的现象可以在发光乙醚中产

生纵波。他接着指出，他觉得这些波一定比光速快，因为钢杆中的纵波运动速度远大于横
波。特斯拉声称，来自他的变压器的波以光速的 π/2 传播。有趣的是，速度。在特斯拉线
圈上测量，也比光速大 π/2，但这看起来是一个相速度，而不是群速度。

特斯拉在他的著作中指出了一些似乎不可能的现象围绕着球形终端容量的放射，我已经通
过实验确定了这些现象的真实性。一种是功率梯度（ poynting 矢量）与介质通量梯度在同
一轴线上。另一个是球体周围导电区域的缓慢形成，它本质上不是离子的（换句话说不是
火花或辉光放电）。

与流行的救济相反，特斯拉变压器不是

见参考文献 6。
steady state device but is a magnifier of transient phenomena. Also it does not behave like a L・
C・ network nor a transmission line, but more like a unique type of wave guide. If all parts of the
system are designed properly the EMF and hence dielectric flux jumps from zero to an enormous
value almost instantaneously, thereby producing an almost inconceivable displacement current
into space. The transformer is then basically a device for rapidly discharging the capacitor bank
nearly instantly into free space producing an enormous dielectric shock wave similar to a sonic
boom.
特斯拉变压器不是稳态装置，而是瞬态现象的放大镜。它也不像 L・C・网络或传输线，而
是一种独特的波导。如果系统的所有部分设计正确，电动势和介电通量几乎瞬间从零跳到
一个巨大的值，从而产生一个几乎无法想象的位移电流进入空间。变压器基本上就是一种
装置，它可以将电容器组迅速放电到自由空间，产生类似于音爆的巨大介质冲击波。
Because the dissipation of the transformer is for all practical purrposes negligible, the energy
keeps increasing at a linear rate per cycle of oscillation,thereby accumulating a gigantic quantity
of electrical energy. (A form of laser action may be possible.) In order for the transformer to
resonate with the planet the energy storage in the active region that grows around the sphere
terminal must equal the conjugate energy storage of the earth a stiff requirement.
It is interesting to note that dielectric breakdown in this active region grow into a log periodic
form based on X^2-X=l as the log base. This will be recognised as the trancendental PHI or the
Golden Ratio. In glow discharges the ions of metallic elements form stable spheres of diameter
inverse to the atomic weight of the element involved.
The transformer's principals of operation are as follows:
由于变压器的损耗对于所有实际的负载来说都可以忽略不计，所以能量以每一个振荡周期
的线性速率不断增加，从而积累了大量的电能。（一种形式的激光作用是可能的）为了使
变压器与行星共振，围绕球体终端生长的活跃区域的能量储存必须等于地球的共轭能量储
存，这是一个严格的要求。

有趣的是，在这个活动区域，介质击穿以 X^2-X=l 为对数基，发展成对数周期形式。这将被

认为是财政部的 PHI 或黄金比率。在辉光放电中，金属元素的离子形成稳定的球体，其直
径与所涉及元素的原子量成反比。

变压器的工作原理如下：
The first requirement is the sudden collapse of an energy field thereby producing a sudden
impulse of energy , second is the
transforming properties of the odd harmonic ordered single wire delay
line (coil) which allow for the product ion of enormous E・M.F・ and
M.M.F., and thirdr the dielectric phenomena surrounding the free spac
e capacity terminal.
第一个要求是能量场的突然崩溃，从而产生突然的能量脉冲；第二个要求是奇
数次谐波有序单线延迟线（线圈）的转换特性，它允许产生巨大的 E・M.F・和
M.M.F。(电动势和磁动力 Magnetomotive Force )，第三，自由空间电容终端周围的电介质
现象。
1) The formation of the energy impulse involves the discharge of a c
apacitor with the highest practical stored energy into an impedance
(inductive) of the lowest practical value, and the discharge path is
coupled to an energy supply through a negative resistance device. Thi
s negative resistance is classically a spark discharge, but a superio
r plasma device needs to be developed to enhance efficiency. Under op
timal conditions the exponent of oscillation amplitude will be positi
ve over a sustained period of time.
The net result of this system is the production of an extreme impulse
of M.M.F. of great d，/dt・ An alternate method is the discharge of a
n inductor of the highest practical stored energy into a circuit of t
he lowerst practical admittance/ thereby producing an enormous impuls
e of E.M.F・ of great dy^/dt.
能量脉冲的形成包括将具有最高实际储存能量的电容器放电到具有最低实际值
的阻抗（感性）中，并且放电路径通过负电阻装置与能量供应耦合。这种负电
阻是典型的火花放电，但是需要开发出一种更好的等离子体设备来提高效率。
在最佳条件下，振幅的指数在持续一段时间内为正。

这个系统的最终结果是产生大 d 的 M.M.F.的极端脉冲，/dt・另一种方法是将
具有最高实际储能的电感器放电到实际导纳最低的电路中，从而产生大 dy^/dt
的电磁脉冲。
2) The energy impulse generated by the aforementioned methods is the
n coupled into a pair of single wire transmission systems. Through in
duction a strong travelling wave is formed. Due to the impedance tran
sforming properties of the odd (入/4,3 入 /4, etc) order line, the E.
M.F. of the wave is converted into lightning magnitudes, still retain
ing the extreme d/dt of the initial discharge.
The capacitive discharge method of impulse generation is Tesla‘s fav
oriter but Steinmetz shows that inductive discharges will also work.
2） 由上述方法产生的能量脉冲然后耦合到一对单线传输系统中。通过感应形成一个强大
的行波。由于奇数阶线的阻抗变换特性，波的 E.M.F.被转换成闪电量级，仍然保持初始放
电的极限 d/dt。

脉冲产生的电容放电方法是特斯拉最喜欢的方法，但斯坦梅茨指出，感应放电也会起作用
The capacitor contains the initial energy of the oscillating system. The buss from the capacitors to
the primary loop should have a negligible transient impedance. The capacitors should be of the
bolt on vacuum type, however, the unique dielectric properties of water might be of advantage
as capacitor plates. The capacitors must be in symmetrical arrangement with the primary coil.
The primary must be of one turn only and exhibit the lowest practical impulse reactance 2 (P)
P=di/dt. Tesla indicates the proper length of the primary conductor to be λ/2=Kn, where n is a
harmonic number convenient for the size of the unit and K is unspecified. Also unspecified is if
this value is free osc. disconnected from the capacitors or is LC dependent.
The transmission network consists of two λ/4 single wire transmission systems of negligible
radiation loss. The first of these is called the secondary coil. The next is called the "extra coil" by
Tesla, but henceforth will be called, the" Tesla coil" This. network or line
is typically absent in most units purporting to be Tesla transformers •.
The secondary call, serves as a matching . network , between the wave generating primary loop
and the Tesla coil. The magnetic coupling factor "k" between the PRI and SEC coils is typically
20%. Negligible magnetic coupling should exist between the secondary and Tesla coils.
The function of the secondary is three fold. The first is the transforming of the primary M.M.F.
pulse into an abrupt travelling electric wave. Second, to provide a constant potential constant
current transformation for good voltage regulation at the output terminal of the Tesla coil, and
third is to match the drive impedance of the Tesla coil to the drive impedance of the earth, 'next
page)
电容器包含振荡系统的初始能量。从电容器到主回路的母线应具有可忽略的瞬态阻抗。电
容器应为螺栓连接真空型，然而，水的独特介电特性可能是作为电容器板的优势。电容器
必 须与 初级 线圈 对称 布置 。一 次绕 组必 须仅 为一 匝， 并表 现出 最低 的实 际冲 击电 抗
2（P）P=di/dt。特斯拉表示一次导线的适当长度为 λ/2=Kn，其中 n 为便于装置尺寸的谐波
数，K 未作规定。如果此值为自由 osc，也未指定。与电容器断开或与 LC 相关。

传输网络由两个辐射损耗可忽略的 λ/4 单线传输系统组成。第一个被称为次级线圈。下一

个被特斯拉称为“额外线圈”，但从今以后将被称为“特斯拉线圈”这个。网络或线路

在大多数声称是特斯拉变压器的装置中通常不存在。

辅助调用充当匹配。在特斯拉网络和主线圈之间产生一次波。PRI 和 SEC 线圈之间的磁耦合

系数“k”通常为 20%。二次线圈和特斯拉线圈之间应存在可忽略的磁耦合。

副作用是三重的。第一种是将一次 M.M.F.脉冲转换成突然的行波。第二，在特斯拉线圈的
输出端提供恒定电位恒流变换，以实现良好的电压调节；第三，使特斯拉线圈的驱动阻抗
与大地的驱动阻抗相匹配，
The secondary coil is of a low characteristic impedance of the value Ss= V2p • This low
impedance requires it to be of high self capacity. This capacity is best facilitated by flat spiral coils
of wide strip, or by short coils of wide strip, or by short coils of wide strip wound edgewise. The
diameter of the secondary must be very nearly, that of the primary loop.
3. Connected to this secondary coil is an additional coil, the Tesla coil. This is where the
magnification properties are most pronounced. This line or coil is also X/4 long however, it must
possess the minimum possible self capacity, resulting in the highest possible characteristic
impedance, thereby facilitating the greatest possible magnification of E.M.F. by the relation
Eo=VIin-
The self capacity of the coil is minimum when the diameter is equal to length, roughly 1uuF per
centimeter of diameter. The velocity of propagation alone, this coil is π/2 times the velocity of
light due to the distributed shunt capacity. This results in pronounced capacity effects when the
coil is operated higher in frequency than resonance. It will discharge a rate much faster than the
angular velocity of free oscillation, producing explosive phenomena- The self capacity of the
terminal sphere brings the frequency of OSC down to that of light velocity by acting as a shunt
capacitor load across the coil. There can be considerable energy radiation from the capacity
terminal. Steinmetz equations show a power factor as high as 40% is possible.
Dielectric radiation from the Tesla coil itself must be minimized.
It should be noted that the primary acts as a halfwave, therefore exhibiting no impedance
transforming properties.

次级线圈的特性阻抗很低，其值为 Ss=V2p•此低阻抗要求其具有较高的自容量。这种能力
最好是由扁平螺旋线圈的宽带，或短线圈的宽带，或短线圈的宽带绕边。次级线圈的直径
必须非常接近主回路的直径。

三。连接到这个次级线圈的是一个附加线圈，特斯拉线圈。这是放大特性最显著的地方。
该线路或线圈也为 X/4 长，但它必须具有最小可能的自身容量，从而产生最高的特性阻抗，
从而通过 Eo=VIin 的关系促进最大可能的 E.M.F.放大-

当直径等于长度时，线圈的自容量最小，大约为每厘米直径 1 uF。光是传播速度，由于分
布分流电容，这个线圈是光速的 π/2 倍。当线圈的工作频率高于谐振频率时，这将导致明
显的容量效应。它将以比自由振荡的角速度快得多的放电速率，产生爆炸现象——终端球
体的自电容通过线圈作为并联电容器负载，将 OSC 频率降低到光速频率。容量终端可能有
相当大的能量辐射。Steinmetz 方程显示功率因数高达 40%是可能的。

特斯拉线圈本身的介电辐射必须最小化。

应注意的是，一次波起到半波的作用，因此不具有阻抗转换特性。
This is achieved by concentric configuration with the primary/ secondary system
therby enclosing its dielectric flux.
The potential gradient along the Tesla coil is approximately a step function due
to the phase displacement of the. input impulse's harmonics, however, the
velocity of the higher ordered overtones become proportionate to frequency if
the self capacity becomes significant, thereby distorting this gradient which
assumes equal velocity for all overtones.
Consider the table.
这是通过一次/二次系统的同心配置来实现的。

由于相移的影响，沿特斯拉线圈的电位梯度近似为阶跃函数。输入脉冲的谐波，
然而，高阶泛音的速度与频率成正比，如果自容量变得显著，从而扭曲了这个
假定所有泛音速度相等的梯度。

考虑一下桌子。

The harmonics of the time function impulse are all in phase, however, the
harmonics of the space function are all out of phase and is therefore a step
function. The coil can be considered a form of differentiator.
Hence the gradient along the coil is abrupt at the last few degrees of coil length
but small elsewhere along coil (see Fig. 2) . The last turns of the coil must be
insulated accordingly, it would seem possible the gradient to continue to
increase beyond the dielectric terminal! By facilitating the last few degrees in a
lead from coil to terminal, the gradient can be made to appear along the lead
rather than in the coil, minimizing capacity and flashove:
*EMF then also becomes greater farther from terminal, possible reaching
astronomical magnitudes.
时间函数脉冲的谐波都是同相的，而空间函数的谐波都是异相的，因此是一个
阶跃函数。线圈可以看作是微分器的一种形式。

因此，沿线圈的梯度在线圈长度的最后几度处是突然的，但沿线圈的其他地方
则很小（见图 2）。线圈的最后匝数必须相应地绝缘，似乎有可能在电介质端
子之外继续增加梯度！通过促进引线从线圈到端子的最后几度，可以使梯度沿
着引线而不是线圈中出现，从而使容量和闪络最小化：

*电动势也变得更大，离终端更远，可能达到天文量级。
problems. The dielectric radiation from this lead will be small as it is immersed in the sphere's
flux. No data exists as to the ratio of the size of the sphere and earth.
The complete Tesla transformer is shown in Fig. 3. The electrical length is 360 degrees at the
fundamental of oscillation. The earth connection must have negligible transient impedance, a
star radial system preferred. The earth terminal is the M.M.F. counterpart to the E.M.F. capacity
terminal. Like the capacity terminal, it is quite possible that the magnetic gradient and force will
increase as the wave penetrates the earth. Hence the 5 sections of the Tesla transformer:
1. Earth
2. Primary ststem/ power supply
3. Secondary wave coil
4. Tesla or magnification coil
5. Dielectric antenna.
It should be born in mind that Tesla designed this system for the transmission of electric wave .
This is hardly desirable for lab work as severe damage to unprotected apparatus and electrical
interference can result. To confine the energy an image coil (180° shift) must be connected to the
earth terminal. Making this arrangement in a horseshoe configuration produces intense dielectric
flux and displacement current that is quite usefull for plasma work.
Due to the immense difficulties surrounding the spark device, a simple method and one of much
greater control is shunt feed of the primary network by an A.M. radio transmitter of special
design such as the unit at building number one. Due to the high impedance *The theories of
radio at that time considered transmission thru existing lines of. force or "ether tensions".
问题。这根导线浸没在球体的磁通量中时，其介电辐射很小。没有关于球体和地球大小之
比的数据。

完整的特斯拉变压器如图 3 所示。在振荡的基础上，电长度是 360 度。接地连接必须具有

可忽略的瞬态阻抗，最好是星形-径向系统。接地端子是 M.M.F.电容端子的对应物。与容量
终端一样，当波穿透地球时，磁梯度和磁力很可能会增加。因此，特斯拉变压器的 5 个部
分：
1.接地

2.一次系统/电源

3.二次波线圈

4.特斯拉或放大线圈

5.介质天线。

应该记住，特斯拉设计这个系统是为了传输电波。这对于实验室工作来说是不可取的，因
为可能会导致无保护设备的严重损坏和电气干扰。为了限制能量，必须将镜像线圈（ 180°
偏移）连接到接地端子。在马蹄形结构中进行这种排列会产生强烈的介电通量和位移电流
这对等离子体工作非常有用。
由于火花装置周围存在巨大的困难，一种简单的方法和更大的控制方法是由一个特殊设计
的 a.M.无线电发射机（如 1 号楼的单元）对一次网络进行并联馈电。由于高阻抗，当时的
无线电理论认为通过现有线路进行传输。力或“乙醚张力”。
offered by the primary resonator the impedance effective of the tubes must be high and
therefore must operate at high anode voltages. The electron emission however, must also be
high, necessitating large cathodes and temperatures. High anode 2 and large electron emissic are
usually of inverse relation in available vacuum tubes. Special pulse modulator vacuum tubes must
be used. Hydrogen thyratrons might operate satisfactorily at low frequencies where the 1
microsecond deionization time will not hinder commutation. The most effective device for shunt
feed may be the multipactor tube due to its stong negative resistance effects, but it is not clear if
it will operate below 1000KC with much efficiency.
By the utilization of the aforementioned devices a much improved field is devloped at the
transformer output with regard to stability. This I have found desirable for the production of
stable plasma formations.
However, I have not noticed the "jamming together of electrons" unless the spark method is used
as the rate of rise of EMF is much greater by the spark method. Perhaps the multipactor will
operate comparatively but strong impulses do not seem possible with shunt methods.
For stability of certain plasma effects AFC may be required. (See Fig. 5) The image coil system
exhibits strong discriminator effects and thereby facilitates the formation of an error signal to the
V.C.O.
As to physical construction the primary should be sheet copper of great conductor width and
large loop area. Large surface is required as the skin effect is total with impulses. Large width also
minimizes inductance allowing for larger capacitors and more
由初级谐振器提供，管的有效阻抗必须很高，因此必须在高阳极电压下工作。然而，电子
发射也必须很高，需要大的阴极和温度。在现有的真空管中，高阳极 2 和大电子发射率通
常成反比关系。必须使用专用脉冲调制器真空管。氢闸流管在 1 微秒的去离子时间不会阻
碍换向的低频率下可以令人满意地工作。并联馈电最有效的器件可能是倍增管，因为它有
很强的负电阻效应，但它是否能在 1000KC 以下有效地工作还不清楚。

通过使用上述装置，在变压器输出端的稳定性方面得到了很大改善。我发现这对于产生稳
定的等离子体是很有必要的。

然而，我并没有注意到“电子相互干扰”，除非使用火花法，因为火花法的电势上升率要
大得多。也许分压器会相对地工作，但强脉冲似乎不可能与分流方法。

对于某些等离子体效应的稳定性，可能需要 AFC。（参见图 5）图像线圈系统表现出强烈的

鉴别器效应，因此有助于形成到 V.C.O.的错误信号。

至于物理结构，主要应为大导线宽度和大回路面积的铜片。由于集肤效应是总的脉冲效应
因此需要较大的表面。宽大的宽度也使电感最小化，允许更大的电容器和更多
16
rapid discharge and hence high impulse strength. In opposition to this required inductive
reduction is the need for a large area due to the flashover and coupling requirements. Hence a
balance has to be established between the need for minimum inductance for rapid discharge and
for a large magnetic field, resulting in large inductance. The formula for inductance (rationalized)
is L=area/width.
Tesla indicates that the copper weight of the secondary must equal that of the primary for
maximum efficiency. This of course goes along with Standard transformer theory but it must be
remembered that the depth of penetration of waves into conductors is microscopic forimpulses.
This copper requirement must be modified to equal surface area rather than weight. As to the
use of water for capacitor conductors Tesla gives no reason. It would seem that this is done for
the sake of simplicity and/or is a holdover from the Leyden jar. (Remember he began this in 1890)
. However, water has many curious dielectric properties that may be essential in operation. By
theory, for maximum discharge velocity the dielectric must be a vacuum.
Analysis (See Fig. 6)
The oscillating coil differs from the transmission line on account of turn to turn capacity and
distributed mutual induction.
The presence of series capacity causes the coil to respond as a capacitor network (with no
inductive effect) towards abrupt impulses and angular velocities greater than the angular velocity
of free oscillation.
快速放电，因此脉冲强度高。与此相反，由于闪络和耦合要求，需要大面积的感应降低。
因此，必须在快速放电所需的最小电感和产生大电感的大磁场之间建立平衡。电感（合理
化）的公式为 L=面积/宽度。

特斯拉指出，二次侧的铜重量必须等于一次侧的铜重量，以达到最大效率。当然，这与标
准的变压器理论是一致的，但必须记住，波穿透导体的深度对于脉冲来说是微观的。铜的
要求必须修改为等表面积而不是重量。至于电容器导体用水的问题，特斯拉没有给出任何
理由。这样做似乎是为了简单起见和/或是莱顿罐的遗留物。（记得他 1890 年开始的）。
然而，水有许多奇怪的介电性质，这可能是操作中必不可少的。理论上，对于最大放电速
度，电介质必须是真空的。

分析（见图 6）

振荡线圈与输电线路的不同之处在于匝间容量和分布的互感。

串联电容的存在使线圈作为电容网络（没有感应效应）对突变脉冲和角速度大于自由振荡
角速度的响应。
18
The voltage distribution along the coil at the first instant depends on the factor a=4/fcg/Cs. Cg=
capacity to ground, Cs= capacity from end to end.
The greater a' the greater the concentration of voltage at the feed end of the coil. The maximum
voltage per unit length is equal to a times the voltage of uniform distribution. a is a small
fractional value with Tesla coils.
The greater the d/dt or ω the greater the gradient of voltage.
If the impulse has a long tail the phenomena will be as described but followed by a damped
oscillation. (osc)
By impressing a sustained oscillation, and if the coil has a small dissipation constant u, the voltage
will continue to increase indefinately. Initially the coil acts as a capacitor ladder network (See Fig.
7). The capacity elements are charged to nearly twice the applied E.M.F. The effective capacity
being charged is C=4/cgCs. Because this network contains . impedance elements of only one type
the voltage distribution is hyperbolic rather than periodic. If %=distance/total length and e is
voltage to ground at the particular distance, e= Eo COSH a % . For Tesla coils this distribution
should be as COSH a linear as possible (small a).
As the distribution goes from initial to final the voltage can be analyzed into a complex series of
decremental waves at various frequencies and wavelengths. This is accomplished by analyzing
the initial distribution (hyperbolic) into space harmonics with respect to the final (DC)
distribution. If a is considerable, no linear relation exists between frequency and wave length.
(See Fig. 8)
When an oscillating wave follows the initial impulse (as is the
22
During oscillation, which gives a negative energy cycle or a reversed hysteresis loop. For
continuous oscillation then, a hysteresis loop nust be formed by the lag of effect before cause."
(This is negative resistance or the formation rather than the dissipation of energy.) "For the
cumulative oscillation, the area of the loop must depend on and increase with the stored volt
amps of the oscillating system."
Relating I1 and voltage:
The relation between magnetizing current and 1^ is complex and defies analysis. (See Fig. 10),
For the fundamental distribution (i wave) the effective inductance of the coil is the space integral
the 1/4 cosine wave of current of M,M.F* and is equivalent to 2/ times the normal total
inductance. For the third harmonic, 3/4 cosine wave of current or M.M.F* the inductance of 1/3
of the coil opposes the remaining inductance resulting in diminishment of self induction
depending on the mutual inductance of the bucking section to the rest of the coil. The process
progresses similarly for the rest of the harmonic series (5F, 7F, 9F, etc.). This results in surge
impedance for each harmonic but effects tend to cancel for wave length. Capacitance of the coil
behaves in a similar fashion and may be voltage dependent giving the coil voltage gain under the
proper conditions. (Parametric amplification)
Denoting this residual inductance as leakage inductance L, and the dimensions of 1 as the mutual
inductance M (Henry"1), then
Thus two waves exist, a travelling steady power flow given by
(5) and a standing wave given by (2) such a flow of power flows along the different sections of the
Tesla transformer, consisting of sections of different u. For instance the primary has very low u
due to the large surfaces and the negative u of the arc, the secondary has a higher u due to no
arc, the Tesla coil has higher yet due to the small conductor size of winding, and the dielectric
antenna has a very high u due to radiation.
In the primary the duration of oscillation is very great as u is zero or negative. The duration of coil
oscillation is shorter due to their higher u, and by themselves their OSC would dampen quickly.
Since all are connected together, all must dampen together. It then follows that power must flow
during transient from primary to antenna, so as to have all sections dampen together.
Three conditions can occur in the general compound system:
1) The power flow is uniform, that is, the power remains constant in the direction of
propagation.
2) The flow decreases in the direction of propagation.
3) The flow of power increases in the direction of propagation. This last case is of special
interest in the Tesla transformer
increases the steepness of the wavefront, producing greater displacement current.
If the flow of power increases along system, more power leaves every line element than enters it;
that is, the line element is drained of its stored energy by the passage of the wave, and then dies
down with time at a faster rate than by its own dissipation. That is, not all the stored energy of
the line elements supplies the power dissipated in the line elements, but part of the energy
leaves the elements in increasing the flow of power along the line.
因此，存在两个波，由

（5） 以及由（2）得出的驻波，这种功率流沿着特斯拉变压器的不同部分流动，由不同的
u 组成。例如，由于大表面和负 u 电弧，初级变压器的 u 非常低，次级变压器由于没有电
弧而具有较高的 u，由于绕组的导体尺寸较小，特斯拉线圈的电压更高，而介质天线由于
辐射而具有很高的 u 值。

在初级阶段，当 u 为零或负时，振荡持续时间非常长。由于 u 值较高，线圈振荡的持续时

间较短，并且其 OSC 本身会迅速衰减。既然所有的东西都是连在一起的，所有的东西都必
须一起受潮。因此，在从主天线到天线的瞬态过程中，功率必须流动，以便所有部分都一
起衰减。

一般复合体系中可能出现三种情况：

1） 功率流是均匀的，即功率在传播方向上保持不变。

2） 流量沿传播方向减小。

3） 能量流在传播方向上增加。最后一个案例是特斯拉变压器公司特别感兴趣的

增加波前的陡度，产生更大的位移电流。
如果能量流沿着系统增加，那么每一个线元离开的能量比进入它的能量要多；也就是说，
线元素通过波的传播而耗尽其储存的能量，然后随着时间的推移以比其自身耗散更快的速
度消亡。也就是说，线路元件的储能并不是全部供给线路元件中耗散的功率，而是部分能
量离开线路元件，增加了线路沿线的功率流。
The
case with the Tesla transformer) the alternate positive and negative voltages cause continuous
increase in voltage and energy. The effect of the alternations is to increase the amplitude of the
wave by twice the applied voltage for each alternation. Example - oscillating voltage is 1.24 times
applied voltage. (initial) At each cycle this is multiplied by twice Ea, causing E to ground to
increase in steps At second cycle E is 4.72, at third E is 7.20, etc. This effect is reduced or
suppressed by large u or a.
The action of the spark gap has a multiplicative effect also. Consider Steinmitz’ analysis.
"Continual or cumulative oscillations involve an energy supply to the system. If the energy supply
is less than energy dissipation the oSC. damps as a transient with reduced u. If the supply equals
the dissipation the OSC is continuous. If supply is greater the OSC is cumulative.
The OSC represent energy and frequency transformation from the L.F. or D.C. supply to the H .F.
OSC system. This transfer may - be brought about by the transient of energy readjustment
resulting from a change in circuit conditions, producing again a change in circuit conditions and
thereby an energy adjustment by transient, etc., etc...
Recurrent oscillations tend to run into each other and form continuous OSC. When successive
transients run in to each other they tend to synch.
However, the formation of continuous OSC is not the mere overlap or running together of
successive waves. The recurrent OSC cannot start until the preceding OSC has died out, and
sufficient charge time has elapsed for next arc over of gap. With overlap no dead period occurs
during which normal or supply frequency is supplied. Energy then must be supplied by a phase
displacement within arc
22
During oscillation, which gives a negative energy cycle or a reversed hysteresis loop. For
continuous oscillation then, a hysteresis loop nust be formed by the lag of effect before cause."
(This is negative resistance or the formation rather than the dissipation of energy.) "For the
cumulative oscillation, the area of the loop must depend on and increase with the stored volt
amps of the oscillating system."
Relating I1 and voltage:
The relation between magnetizing current and 1^ is
complex and defies analysis. (See Fig. 10), For the
fundamental distribution (i wave) the effective
inductance of the coil is the space integral the 1/4
cosine wave of current of M,M.F* and is equivalent to 2/
times the normal total inductance. For the third
harmonic, 3/4 cosine wave of current or M.M.F* the
inductance of 1/3 of the coil opposes the remaining
inductance resulting in diminishment of self induction
depending on the mutual inductance of the bucking section
to the rest of the coil. The process progresses similarly
for the rest of the harmonic series (5F, 7F, 9F, etc.).
This results in surge impedance for each harmonic but
effects tend to cancel for wave length. Capacitance of
the coil behaves in a similar fashion and may be voltage
dependent giving the coil voltage gain under the proper
conditions. (Parametric amplification)
Denoting this residual inductance as leakage inductance
L, and the dimensions of 1−2 as the mutual inductance M
(Henry-1), then