Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
Layachi AISSI
A Thesis Submitted To
The University of Salford
Faculty of Arts
Department of Modern Languages
in fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
1987
Dedication
page
Transliteration table
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Introduction 1
Chapter One:
A- Historical Survey- 4
B- Review of Literature- 11
1.What is translation? 12
C- Approaches to Translation 25
Chapter Two:
The process of Translation 38
A- Models of Translation 38
1.The Linguistic Model 39
2.The Hermeneutic Model 42
page
Chapter Three:
1.Linguistic Competence 68
2.Comprehension Competence 71
3.Encyclopedic Competence 72
4.Reexpression Competence 73
Chapter Four:
analysis 80
2.Semantic Analysis 86
a.lexico—semantic analysis
b.sentence meaning
3.Pragmatic Analysis 95
1.Text Analysis 98
Chapter Five:
Chapter Six:
1.Borrowing 135
2.Calque 137
1.Transposition 143
3.Modulation 152
5.Adaptation 158
6.Paraphrase 159
Bibliography 174
Grammar"(1965).
th
c gh
h Li
kh
dh Li
Lt.
L.? sh
a 5 t_L ay
aw
U
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED
SL Source Language
TL Target Language
UT Unit of Translation
TP Translation procedure
LIT Literally
II Clause boundary
I Syntagm boundary
[ ] Coordination
List of Diagrams and Tables
page
languages.
Introduction
TL-oriented translation.
process of translation.
translation.
the IL text.
J.Conrad's 'Heart
novel of Darkness' and its Arabic
n ,
A summary and a brief
translation by Nuh Hazin (1979).
CHAPTER ONE
A. Historical Survey
BC (1).
translation.
Arabs knew was during the Abbasid era (8th — 13th century).
Byzantines.
scientific (3).
,1982,216).
7
Hikma' was led by Abui Zayd Hunain Ibn Ish'iq Al cib5di (AD
translation
sometimes incomprehensible.
8
correspond or not.
B. Review of Literature
difficulties of translation.
1.What is Translation?
(1969,12),
des interest in
Internationale Traducteurs) (16),
process of translation.
1978).
chapter two).
culture, and since each culture has its own organization and
language.
21
intended meaning.
fully.
Si tuation".
differences.
express the same emotion, he may use the expression " a m'a
C. Approaches To Translation
i t.
di Virgilio (1984,115) as
( -1141.5
.1. tI Vi9 L./ .. ilLi \JI 7,1 t_9,5 )
(Beirut,1867) that before
original did.
etc.
undertranslate.
and environment.
text on one hand, and the structure and nature of the target
Linguistic structures.
NOTES
e--.U LJ I -4 I ...
0-3
- • L::---Le--11
35
9• ri.1 I
1 1 1 j1
Lrz-•
1--L1 ILlr.C....;
1) • ea-, 1,J 1,
vi u° 6
CHAPTER TWO
A.Models of Translation
model.
39
[grammatical, lexical,
and phonic] Hadha ar — rajul shuftu
[grammatical, lexical,
phonic and graphic] (511
(note: The arabic version here is colloquial)
40
,...aw's•rIIII.r.II•7•n••••n•,n...m...wn••n•n•n•n•n•n•*1 rwaserm..morw..n
Grammatical Grammatical
Lexical TL lexical
units graphic > Transcoding ---> units graphic
phonic phonic
IL pleut a verse
41
source language and the target language. This may stem from
the text to bring its meaning and find what it has to offer.
as follows:
I
AGGRESSION
I
INCORPORATED MOVE
I
RESTITUTION > TL TEXT
free imitation.
44
theory.
45
SL TEXT TL TEXT
Situation S
i
> Situation S'
explains that:
SL TEXT IL TEXT
I 1
ANALYSIS RESTRUCTURING
I I
KERNELS > TRANSFER --* KERNELS
Nida and Taber based their model on
phases or aspects.
51
Code
^
SENDER > MESSAGE > RECEIVER
r
Channel
II I
0 •",
'41 ••••i (1)
30 c+Q n u —I IS UU SS •
•
".0 Ul fr,
V
orautaaoz
ca c+
n Z to P-
O (T1 10 7 0
0-U0 0
ul III U1
0. 0 P.
uz 0
11:11 =s"
•••••• Ci
4 7 0- rD 0
irt a. 0
z 0
cf• P.
171
m X
—1
receiver.
'interlingual' by Jakobson.
to interlingual communication.
Octavio Paz (1970, 38) who claims that all texts are
translations of translations
non—verbal.
58
fields.
60
I
N SL Writer
P
U
1
SL Encoding
T
1
SL Text
1
, 1
1 SLT Reception I
1 SLT
H 1 Decoding I
E
D
I
I
Analysis
1
I
p
I r
A
1 i 1
1
o
c
T I Transfer
I I I e
0
N
I
1 Recoding
1
Synthesis I
I S
s
I I
i \ —4.----
1
0 TL Text
U
U
T
I
TL Reader
P
U
T
TL Decoding
(second sender).
'free'.
process.
linguistics.
NOTES
V — God gave it
CHAPTER THREE
with".
reads.
subsequent sections.
translator's competence.
1. Linguistic competence
that the language user must know endless and infinite sets
task.
following sentence:
adjective and gives the primary meaning ' able to be read '.
the context and assign the exact meaning to the word, the
2. Comprehension competence
linguistic knowledge.
encyclopedic knowledge.
3. Encyclopedic Competence
the translator
is confronted, a certain encyclopedic
competence.
4. Reexpression Competence
rules.
Linguistic Competence
(in SL and TL)
Encyclopedic Competence
NOTES
CHAPTER FOUR
aspects.
language text.
C5a7 III A haze rested on the low shores that ran out to
a haze
m h
L_J
Assuming this type of analysis, the translator as a reader
£5 b]
A haze rested on the low shores that ran out to sea in va. fl.
LI I I 1_1 L I
1
t
I
The sentence is viewed here as a configuration of links
instance:
82
C5 c]
111 A haze I rested' on the low shores [[that ran. Mill
1.
II
f f
1
f+b
I
f
I
f
i
f
i
f+b
1 1 liii i 1
f f+b ffff f+b f+b
1 1 1 1111 1 1 1111 1 1
2. m h v pmmh h v+e php m h
(ind (noun (def.(adj)(n 1 n adj n
art.) sing (past) art.) pl.) (past) (sing)
l J
q
3. NG VG PG
4. S A
Symbols used:
f = free morpheme, b = bound morpheme, m = modifier,
h = headword, p = preposition, v = verb, e = ending,
q = qualifier, ind.art. = indefinite article,
def.art. = definite article, sing = singular,
pl = plural, adj = adjective, n = noun,
NG = nominal group, VG = verbal group,
PG = prepositional group, S = subject, P = predicate,
A = adjunct.
continuity.
language.
patterns as well.
h v+ephpmh
know little of how words are processed and even less about
2. Semantic Analysis
For example:
following sentence:
are extracted,
„17.i>i,
Lit 1--.--; J I (61) L.C1-3 ., Li..ej I LriL i:74 1- r--?---
(NN:23)-6*----:J-Lii tri
. ....A j...3 ,L.,....,...;
.
..:3
LL,
I
n j?-1-1-.4 /mutafajjira/ (explosive charge). It is more
sentence:
to the same person, the translator could not draw from the
b) Sentence-Meaning
He may ask: 'what does what to or for whom with what where
following sentence,
[10] 'In the offing, the sea and the sky were welded
together without a joint, and in the luminous space,
the tanned sails of the barges drifting up with the
tide seemed to stand still in red clusters of canvas
sharply peaked with gleams of varnished spirits'
(HD:45).
analysis).
[10 a]
III In the offing,' the sea and the skyl were welded!
location agent state
chapter three).
example:
near
We may have the following(basic sentences:
==> a'— The place where the Thames reaches the sea
language.
wider.
domain of pragmatics.
95
3. Pragmatic Analysis
about the author and the text (see Appendix B) might confirm
represented as follows:
Linguistic identification of : — items
— constructions
Semantic analysis of : — lexical item
— sentences
I
Pragmatic analysis o :— sentences
(taking into account the
attitude of the author)
1. Text Analysis
(6).
a— Conjunctions: These 'express certain meanings which
(James, 1981,113).
100
coherent.
in isolation.
101
2. Stylistic Analysis
norms.
102
of the first:
For instance:
failed to do so,
I L3 L zr.r.t._;._J cj-.;;J LS
04
L_J I ei 1 .09—i-J I -6*,:.6_J I c, U.; I .5
(NH:25) •6,t—s.__IJI
badPi
C.
and /saylun mina al
c-..•
aj /
NOTES
CHAPTER FIVE
stage.
as
Linguists as well vpsycholinguists tackled this 'notoriously
theory the content of the transfer phase was [and still is]
structure and the deep structure, Nida and Taber based their
1969,492).
[16] He blew the candle out suddenly (HD: 80)
agent activity affected manner
by the
1 action
following section.
111
accordingly.
1975:31).
This definition claims that any unit ranging from the word
sentence.
translation.
sentence.
The Morpheme
relation with the words they are bound to. They include
For instance:
[18]
_
Indistinguishable
prefix
Homes
(plural)
Signed
suffix (morpheme)
(negation) (capacity) denoting
past tense)
The Word
116
TL:
1--a-, 1-..?-.) Li- 4.--i-t---,.-... cj--...-t-i L..., cr-t-i--i- -4-...-J--.4-3-.0 1.........i L...,.
word.
t
[21] eg: spear > i-!.1-,.. ' / hirbatun/
2. Diluted unit: when the unit covers more than one word
4
[22] eg: As soon as > Lill,. ' / hblamg/
simple word.
(1974,31) write:
Halliday (1966,132):
instance:
(N 1-1:5)
119
an idiom is:
For instance:
TL: La..?„1 I
•
0 r 14.7LN; I habattama/. This shows that idiomatic
J I J__I A JI I N
[27] ...you don't say! > /a haqqan/
alone (HD:119)
(N4193)
/Al ahmaq at miskin! law taraka dh5lika at misrät
wa sha'nahu/
For example,
[29]
TL: LJ I 0J c! lija..! I r
(04 , 49 )I ES I (371J1
TL: *
1,r) JS
123
expression:
The Sentence
clause.
qualifier of "nothing".
of equivalence".
following sentence:
of the analysis.
-4
r
•.
x 77"
7 7' -....
0, 0,
3 I-• 1-•
0
--Ii
0 <
.7 1'
0. b... I 14
— I a
0 1 13
0
n-• .-. — — -----I.--- N
131 1... • 0
N
0
3 0. 7
— 0' —
.7 n-•
0'
01
1
77'
7
Co.
47
01
0.
o
01 ••
C'.
I
-
: IP *a
•
N
p,. - -
• h.
•-•
3
n
7
0
3
1 - s.. .0ID
.0 a 0, ...
1... •••• C •-• 0
Er 0 4,- C 0 —7-- —
al 0 1.- . 0
.0
. '7 r.- 0 r.
1.- c. e.
A.. .•
a
-, .0 A
O
...
Q c
r z
e C
o 0
... a. 7
• <
-o
c.
171 3
a 0-
• 11.
cf-
• •• •• •• •• 1•11
00 0. •• •• •• •• 90
O 0.
--I .0 — — co.
t-. c+ 41
— —1 • is
7
a
127
translation.
noticed:
not mean that we should not take into account other units of
with separately.
and,
(9).
130
following chapter.
131
NOTES
CHAPTER SIX
Generally speaking, the synthesis phase is the
SLT.
A. SL — oriented TPs:
1. Borrowing:
E34) strategy > "i-t......1 j;--Is. ' / i stra- tij i yya/ .
£35] SL: 'It had known and served all the men of whom the
nation is proud, from Sir Francis Drake to Sir
John Franklin, knights all, titled or untitled'
(HD:47)
TL:
1-4 "J I I I 6.5
I [
jJ
(wH:7)l,L c.J 1. 4 1 0.1:.
another example:
TL:
L._,J - U
(NH:28)
in a footnote.
137
name (eg: a trade mark or a brand name) does not have any
C37) SL: 'She rang under my feet like an empty Huntley &
IL:
oyj .L.JC1i L. Lrai jja_2
(NN:40)
In this example, the trade mark Huntley & Palmer has been
translator has felt that omitting the brand name would not
2. Calque:
features of SL on TL.
138
instance:
distances!!! (HD:93)
TL:
I 0_1 Li I I L L. I j
I Li I
(NH:49).
the same phrase and word order of the SL. For instance:
139
[41] SL: 'In a few days, the Eldorado Expedition went into
TL: LC
r Le. i
_ 0---d I ts--J
(NH:49)
elements.
TL:
LLL/ j (5) `":-
(NH:49)
To have breakfast
L --; -4
To ask permission from --4- . -4
3. Literal translation:
/yaqra i u Kit5ban/
TL:
C46] SL: It was just two months from the day we left the
creek. (H092)
TL jj ,.1.>J1 LI5j;
/1(5na dhãlika bacda shahrayni faqat mina —1
yawm — al — ladhi tarakr1 -6 fihi al jadwal/. (NH:49)
instance:
141
[47] SL: "I let him run on, this papier — mache Mephistopheles
(NH:32) •
first part of the sentence "I let him run on, this
papier— mache Mephistopheles" is rendered almost
[48a] TL:
or
L
C48b7 /Kama' qultu Sdbician/ hadha kit -5bun/ limuhammed Dib/ -
(2) (1) - (3)
B. TL-ORIENTED TPs
1- Transposition.
structure in TL.
TL:
_. 4 ISJL,
I V 1.,„Li cy,
I / Li IJ Lrt--e
I J1 crt - I ll cr.J1s,
(NH:13)
adjective".
h5lika/.
145
transposition:
Noun Verb:
TL:
Le.A5 5 Ls:J I d.1-1--;
(W H: 31) i-JE LA
Noun Adjective:
Verb Noun:
/k5na mi na-ssa`bi
• idrbk/
I . 6
0
TL: (NH:5 )
0J,
/kana al ma ddu murtafi "an/
TL:
H
-z;- Cr; u:s L-C
•
(NH:30) 1Af:5 I LS-1-4A
a4J
147
/k -ana yarbituna I.
[60] SL: He had sent his assistant down the river with a
note to me (HD:89) rtge
148
i . Examples of contraction.
[61] SL: going up t hat river was like t rave l ling back to
earlier beginnings of the world (HD:92)
TL: i3 1 Y- Li I
/ k5nat assam5 1 assafiyati tabdG kamis5hatin
6)
(N11: ragigatin mina—ddawi
•.
—ssafi/
i i . Examples of expansion.
/ c adadun l5 yuhsa
_ mi na—nnaw5 fidh/ .
TL: (NH:30)
ik"ina yufridu—ttäcat/
(impose obedience).
2. Recasting or Restructuring.
This occurs when the TL structure does not match the exact
i. at phrase level:
151
TL: 1,c_JI j
(t41-1:112)
(x) ol
/wa—ns -abal ttayy5ru—l — h -àdi z m-61
(4)
k g ibanl tahta sam -a l in mulabbadati q bi l—ghuyi-Jm/
these examples may show, the word order in Arabic does not
3. Modulation.
in chapter one, that two languages may not use the same
modulation.
153
free:
target language.
[74] SL: Vegetations rioted on the Earth, and the big trees
j_ LS 1
e
[75] To free a slave ---->
/tahriru raciabat/
- /raciaba/ (neck)).
I L:
L L, „ l_LJ I cr.... CJ., I u,i j
J
C---4 1--1
(NH:98) • L., ,
155
•.
---->',raLkJI u„ii /akhmas—l—aqadam/ (hollow of the
equivalences:
156
a — Institutional terms:
b— Proverbs:
c— Figures of speech:
£82] For instance: • J L.) I j....2.5 .' /kathiru arramäd /
in an encyclopedia).
/bitariqatin aw bi'ukhr1/.
5. Adaptation.
used when a situation in the SLT does not exist in the TL.
6. Paraphrase.
instance,
TL:
[90] SL: • • •
innumerable window with venetian blinds'
(HD:55)
0.1J1
TL:
(NH:13)
1 Li LI L.'
/wa r adadun la yuha mina -n -natiafidh bisatã'iriha
l-lati tatahakkamu bi-idkhIli-ddawli/.
puts it:
162
x;
m ai
3 x co
0
-n re Ft -I
-e. -1. 0
1.0 0 c
• m ...t•
NO > 3
n• to
Cl,
rt
-1 73
C 11)
n 3 r
re -- o. o —
C .J• cu
-I rt• 3
cu
o
n
.0
x• c
ii. CD
Cl)
r (D
CD 3
< ri• —4
(DD
(-- 0
C,
CD
Cn COI >
rt C
. D ff
-$ 3 a
C cu 1. (D
C) cm 3 3 '0
rt rt rt
C 0. -a• —I cy
-1 n r ci-
cu a) r.-
1 . r''' CD
Cl, r— r-
rt. •-c •C
•-C
..I• .,nn
VI
ft 0 7 C
..i. -I ni 3
C, a) co
31. 3 -I. n
3 ..I• 3 n
0' 3 4,
1.10 -I 10
CO I— r re
C CD CU
0u) a'
c 0 I-
CI) n I'D
1 63
n in n
0 = 1...
3 •=1 6 Ci)
41' '•'. -It IA —
-2 re 0
co
n
re cn
nI• 7- C
0 -1. 3 -4
-2
r+ r+ 0) VI
3 s<
M V) --1 0
X r+
'0 mr1 e i 0 Cu
Cu V) 3 tra 0
3 v. re ,mle >r-t•
(I) ...le (11 f • 13 rt V) -I.
—a. — 11 = ...le V n
o
0 ft 3 < -1 0 (D n
3 al I'D cu -- 3 n
I.' "-- V) et Cr)
(1) r+
XI 5
I'D C
n 0
In CU rf
CD co c
,— Z n••n rt ---* n
Cu
< 02 3 f...
CD 3 (0
••-• CI
IV
n -n
v- •-• -2
cu V) (1) (1) --t
3 (I) X co m
tO 3 '0 0
("D rD V) r" 0.
r+ 0 -1. C
n 0 -2 n I-
• -I. ..). cl) ...- cu
•-• Co rt. -4. rt —
(1) a . sul 0 nI • .J•
'< • < )c 0
a (0 (12 — 3
0' • 0.
0
r. -1
i -
o -I
-a. al a) .-. -I -., -13
(D O. a.-• -o ..I. rrl (i)
ri. .a. O. r- -) (0 X .0
no "Cox n) C V)
• a (I) (d) < .0 CL ..1. CD
%.0 In VI -r. (21 -2 < 3
tn 0 '1 M --1 a, - t-') Ill
(0 3 01A 11) (12 1- c n
to (I) V) U) -2 CD r- r+
• • • 3 z r+ -.1.
0 V) r) CO
3 ro '1 ....
VI 0.)
r- Cil
.J.
S. r+
tn (A c
'-CD '0 CO
rg, 3 — (o Ft
< 14
(D CD
0 n.I a
> re 0
(-- 3 a. 7
n Cu a)
(0 '0 ,--
-- re — ..,
' CU
re
V .1.
cu 0
112 0)
C <10
0 --% I'D -1
-1 I- 0)
CI. '0
= "Cl
Cu
-)
a)
V
v- —*
-2
CD
0 tfi
-., 11)
(0
C-2 --
O 0
' C
CL '0
tn
164
is, the translator may analyse the larger units first than
between them.
NOTES
somewhat sterile.
translation:
same time.
involved.
language.
comprises:
the cohesive devices used in the text may reduce the risk of
translation.
constituent of a construct.
TL-oriented TPs.
It is clear that the present study could not cover all the
174
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Danielson,J.David (1982)1/Translation:
From Otherness to Completeness
in: Quinquereme vol 5 n:1 (1982) pp:1-17
177
— (1971) La Linguistique
Seghers ,Paris
— (1966)"Principles of Translation as
Exemplified by Bible Translating)
in: On Translation; R.E.Bower (ed) Oxford Unversity
— (1969)"Science of Translation"
in: Language vol.45 n:3 pp:483-498
189
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE TEXT :
The Cohesive Devices in Text HD:66
Li
black people (p:64) (1) Black shapes crouched, lay, sat
black men (p:64) L2
between the trees, leaning against the
USEM L3
trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming
L4
out, half effaced within the dim Light,
RIIP LbREP L4
(6) They were dying slowly-it was very clear.
RIP RIP
(7) They were not enemies, they were not
RIP 6
L3 5 m
criminals, they were nothing earthly now
0 Crheiwt' e)
NS LS
nothing but black shadows of disease and
L : Lexical cohesion
S : Synonym
NS: Near Synonym
REP: Repetition,
SEM: Semantic Field
R : Reference,
D: Demonstrative,
P: Personal pronoun
131
J 1:'.2:N °. c Lt—•"'
; - ts—Ls.
I I ,J,
•
1_,j5-12 • 1—k—A
(-)° J'A
r _J • c;
• 1.L.3J 1
Lc
1 cri
L":1
1,1_1 I o..11..;
I Lii I
1 U • j 1
I r 11,J 1 LS • .1_,„
6 I (.5-1 1 CISI-; I j
L.) lij
t--aj Lc; , ,)
LJ
) ts-1
192
pointed out
shadows'. etc.
(explosive charge).
(Db 1 1 . 11 j...-1_4j1
(w b,2s) J1j.i1J
C.
/qad yakGnu mina -l-muthiri an yuriqiba
attaghayyur -it adh-dhihniyya li-l-afrid fawra
hudGthiha/
gender and number referring to the elli p ted theyin ) the verb
/yatan5wali-Ina/
C..04.)(/Gn/ ndi
indicating here
plural/masculin).
In the use of
tends to be more explicit than English, and
pronouns, Arabic
one way of rendering an ellipted item is by placing in its
i_j_i..4 l it..,...;
i . 1.,_(
..3 LS" -: .."-.... I .
L-..--All 61; ,L.
--; LS
C-
1 I
in /mithlahu/
.4...L.:L.
/hu/ 4 a-- - is a
by a pronoun.
not take into account the Arabic norms and conventions. The
misinterpretations.
197
Appendix B
Background to H.D
appear, The novel was one of the most fluent, diverse, and
purpose (1).
and changes.
Tolstoi.
199
BIOGRAPHY
3)1924.
the British Empire at its height. The sea has been the
Heart of Darkness
Other Stories".
The novel took us from the Thames through the times when the
African civilization.
about Kurtz.
following:
evocation of the past and list of ships and sailors, and (c)
Nellie', his
his trip to the Congo river stars with (a)
preparation for the voyage, (b) along the coast, and (c) the
scenes: (a) The central station, and (b) Rivets and work to
peak consists of: (a) Marlow's ordeal, and (b) The return
story.
that
opposites.
Congo"(9).
This may evoke the Sibyl in Virgil's Aeneid who guards "the
Conrad's style.
(HD,150)(13).
Darkness
Or:
"She carried her head high; her hair was done in the shape
of a helmet; she had brass leggings to the knee, brass wire
gauntlets to the elbow, a crimson spot on her tawny cheek,
innumerable necklaces of glass beads on her neck; bizzare
things, charms, gifts of witch—men, that hung about her,
glittered and trembled at every step"(HD,135).
*****************
213
NOTES
6- B.Parry,1983,p:3.
p: 56