CIRCULATION AND URBAN DESIGN:

INTERCITY/INTRACITY

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GROUP-7, SECTION-A
MANPREET-15001006032
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AYUSHI-15001006012
Content
Introduction
A Place to Walk
Right Of way
The Regional System
The Traffic Lane
Circulation – Element of Urban Design
Terminology
Types of Street Design
Road Junction Design
Interchanges Of Highways
Road Intersection and walkways
Parking lot walkways
Residential Street Interconnectivity
Transit & Transport
Major Roads
Bicycle & Trail Connections
Circulation in some Indian cities
-Chandigarh
- Jaipur
CIRCULATION
 INTRODUCTION TO CIRCULATION

• The function of a city's circulation system is to provide for the movement of people and goods. It
ranges from the movement of an individual on foot to the daily hoard of commuters entering and
leaving the city from distant points.

• It comprehends automobiles, buses, trucks, and railroads on the surface, underground and overhead
ships and airplanes. It is the series of routes traversed for a variety of purposes work, entertainment,
shopping, transport of raw materials and manufactured products, education, relaxation, affairs of
state, and law enforcement. The mixture of these demands for transport, and the vehicles to serve
them, compounds the equation for the system.

• It embraces walkways, service lanes, major streets, highways, freeways, the rights-of way for rail
lines, and airway routes.

• Since one-third of the land in the urban community is devoted to the road system, it forms an
important component in the functioning of the city.
A Place to Walk:
• The amazing attachment which man has for the
wheel of his car results in the automobile being
used for a trip to the corner grocery only two
blocks from home . This has impelled the sub
divider of lots for sale to assume that streets
must go in all directions, for he was never quite
sure on which corner the stores might be built.
With some reasonable planning preceding the
subdivision of land today, the street system may
be simplified and restoration of the walking habit
has some prospects for fulfillment.

• Internal walks through the sites of large-scale

housing developments provide safe and pleasant
circulation to the various community facilities.

• The most economical, convenient, and

maneuverable means of movement is locomotion
on foot.
 The Right-of-Way:
• In cities the subdivision of land into individual parcels
was regulated by decree to maintain certain open
spaces for travel and safety against fire.

• This practice is reflected in modern subdivision design

whereby the state, in granting the right to individuals
to subdivide land, requires that the roadways which
give access to property be dedicated to public use.

• Streets thus dedicated to public use and accepted by

the city for maintenance may either remain as public
easements for such time as they are required as
streets or they may be deeded to the city in "fee
simple."
The Regional System:
Following old Indian trails, the winding, twisting,
meandering routes between communities became the
post roads, the plank roads, and the high roads. These
were the trade routes between centers of population
and between the rural areas where products were grown
and the towns where they were marketed.

Like the roads in the center of the early city,

they followed the easy irrespective of property
boundaries. As property ownership was formalized the
roads served as dividing lines. They represented access
to property and a way to and from markets. Most of the
important regional links follow, to some extent, these
original lines. With the expansion of communities, many
of these primitive roadways have been lost in the maze
of internal growth* They left their mark, however, as the
basis for orientation of other streets and highways,
parallel and perpendicular to these original spinal lines.
With the expansion and congestion of cities, the
intercommunity roads collapsed under the impact of
traffic loads.
The Traffic Lane:
• Traffic hazards arise from excessive speed, but they
may be due also to deficiencies in the design of
roadways. Separations between traffic traveling in
opposite directions and the elimination of intersections
are essential.

• The provision of off-street parking so curb parking may

be prohibited is necessary; only one disabled car can
reduce a three-lane roadway to a two-lane street and
add the hazard of rapid accumulation of vehicles at
this bottleneck.

• Given the free flow of traffic which these improvements

offer, the effectiveness of the motor car depends upon
the shape of the roadway over which it travels. Traffic
lanes vary from 8 to 15 feet and this variation is not a
fault until it occurs within the same line of travel. The
local street may have a width of 10 feet and the
through-traffic artery may be 12 feet, but the width
should be constant for each.

• Local streets serving residential areas are customarily

designed for a lane of 10feet, being 4 feet wider than
the standard automobile and none too great a
separation between two moving vehicles passing at
a rate of 25 miles per hour.
Circulation – Element of Urban
Design
•Circulation refers to movement which may be to and fro in an urban landscape.
Roadways Classification
TERMINOLOGY
Traffic safety: Conditions such as narrow streets, an incomplete street
network, and poor sight distances at some intersections may
contribute to traffic safety hazards unless mitigated by street
improvements, traffic engineering activities, and traffic law
enforcement.

Parking :An inadequate parking near Main Street hinder business

activity and in the future unless improvements are implemented these
contribute to congestion, safety problems, and frustration.

Street Capacity and Service :As the city grows, increased traffic
on the street system will follow. So there is a need to balance growth
and accommodate traffic and widen the roads and increase the
frequency of inter-state and intra-city transportation services.

Non-motorized Transportation: The city needs to provide a safe

transportation system for pedestrians and bicyclists, which shall
include the upgrading of existing curbs and sidewalks.

Public Transportation: Public transportation should be increased as

growth occurs and demand increases.

Aesthetics: Attention should be given as to how the roadways, streets

and pedestrian ways contribute to the overall fabric of the city.
TYPES OF STREET
Road Junction Design

A Road Junction is a location where

vehicular traffic going in different
directions can proceed in a controlled
manner designed to minimize
accidents.

•In some cases, vehicles can change

between different routes or directions of
travel.

An intersection is a road junction

where two or more roads either
meet or cross at grade (they are
at the same level).

•Such a road junction may also

be called a crossroads.
INTERCHANGE OF HIGHWAYS
INTERCHANGE OF HIGHWAYS
Road Intersections&
Walkways
• Each intersection should include a designated crosswalk area to
enable comfortable and safe pedestrian crossing.

• Crosswalks should be at least 2m in width.

• Pedestrian crossings should be marked and should have proper

signage.
Parking lot
Walkways
• Parking areas should incorporate pedestrian
walkways to enable safe and direct
movement to building entrances.

• Pedestrian crossings should be marked and

should have proper signage.
Residential Street
Interconnectivity
• Streets should be interconnected to provide
options for direct access to adjoining areas.

• Cul-de-sacs &dead-end streets should not be

permitted except where no practical
alternatives are available.

• Blocks greater than 250m in length should

include a mid block pedestrian link .
Transit & Transport
• Bus stops should be located in close proximity
to activity nodes, such as commercial retail
areas.

• These should include shelters for weather

protection.
Major Roads
• Landscaped boulevards should be ~2.5m wide.

• Trees should be planted generally every 6~9m & low

level plantings such as flower beds, shrubs must be
included.
Mixed – Use
Main Streets
• Commercial street sidewalks should
be at least2.0m wide, but 3.0m is
preferred.

• The curb edge may be constructed of

a different material to identify the
limits of sidewalk for visually
impaired pedestrians.

• Side lanes for two-wheelers should be

at least 1.5m in width.

.
Neighbourhood Streets
• Alternative streets are suitable for local residential
streets, or to connect existing residential neighbor
hoods.

• These roads reduce vehicular accidents, & increase

neighbor hood safety & also facilitate access by
emergency vehicles.
Street Trees
• These should be planted to provide visual & natural
connection to existing open spaces, parks, &
community assets.

• These should planted every 6~9m

Bicycle & Trail
Connections
• Neighbour hoods should have strong physical
connections & links into parks & other open spaces.

• Streets located adjacent to open space, pedestrian

&bicycle crossings should be clearly designated for
safety.

Transit & Transport

• Bus stops should be located in close proximity to
activity nodes, such as commercial retail areas.

• These should include shelters for weather protection.

Circulation in some Indian cities
Master Plan of Chandigarh
•The city roads have been divided into 7V’s which cater to the road traffic. The road
network is as follows:-

V1 – It brings the traffic from outside the city the city. It is known as ARTERIALINTER-
STATE ROADS.
V2 – Two arteries of the city MADHYAMARG AND JAN MARG.
V3 – They are the SECTOR DEFINERS and bind the city on four sides.
V4 – This runs through the shopping center in each sector and runs across to connect V3
on both sides.
V5 – It is the loop road going round in the interior of the sector.
V6 – This is the access lane to the houses.
V7 & V8 – Meandering through the greenspaces they are the pedestrian paths, cycle
tracks throughout the city.
The 7 V’s were established 10 years ago at the request of UNESCO to try to constitute
and eventual acceptable proposition of urbanisms for general world applications.
Jaipur

• The city was planned according to Indian

Vastu Shastra (Vedic Planning for the comfort
and prosperity of the citizens). The
directions of each street and market are East
to West and North to South.

• The town of Jaipur is built in the form of a

eight-part Mandala known as the 'Pithapada'.
Nine signifies the nine planets of the ancient
astrological zodiac.

It is also known that Sawai Jai Singh II was

a great astronomer and a town planner, and
hence the 'Pithapada'. Also, the commercial
shops are designed in multiples of nine (27),
having one cross street for a planet.
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