Sample Theory With Questions Differential Calculus-I (MS) Unit-2 PDF

IIT JAM
Mathematical Statistics (MS)

SAMPLE THEORY
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Mathematical Statistics (Differential Calculus-I)
Differential Calculus-I
1. INTRODUCTION
FUNCTION
Definition : A rule f that assigns to each number of a nonempty set D a unique member of a
set Y is a function from D to Y. We write the relationship between a member x of D and the member
y of Y that f assigns to x as
y = f(x).
The set D is the domain of f, denoted by Df. The members of Y are the possible values of f. If
y0  Y and there is an x0 in D such that f(x0) = y0, we say that f attains or assumes the value y0. The
set of values attained by f is the range of f. A real-valued function of a real variable is a function whose
domain and range are both subsets of the reals. Although we are concerned only with real-valued
functions of a real variable in this section, our definitions are not restricted to this situation. In later
sections we will consider situations where the range or domain, or both, are subsets of vector spaces.
Example : The function f, g, and h defined on (–, ) by
f(x) = x2, g(x) = sin x, and h(x) = ex
have ranges [0, ), [–1, 1], and (0, ), respectively.
Example : The equation
[f(x)]2 = x ...(1)
does not define a function except on the singleton set {0}. If x < 0, no real number satisfies (1),
while if x > 0, two real numbers satisfy (1). However, the conditions
[f(x)]2 = x and f(x)  0
define a function f on Df = [0, ) with values f(x) = x . Similarly, the conditions
2
[g(x)] = x and g(x)  0
define a function g on Dg = [0, ) with values g(x) = – x . The ranges of f and g are [0, ) and
(–, 0], respectively.
It is important to understand that the definition of a function includes the specification of its domain
and that there is a difference between f, the name of the function, and f(x), the value of f at x. However,
strict observance of these points leads to annoying verbosity, such as “the function f with domain (–,
) and values f(x) = x.” We will avoid this in two ways: (1) by agreeing that if a function f is introduced
without explicitly defining Df, then Df will be understood to consist of all points x for which the rule defining
f(x) makes sense, and by bearing in mind distinction between f and f(x), but not emphasizing it when
it would be a nuisance to do so. For example, we will write “consider the function f(x) = 1  x 2 ,” rather
than “consider the function f defined on [–1, 1] by f(x) = 1  x 2 ,” or “consider the function g(x) = 1/sin
x,” rather than “consider the function g defined for x  k (k = integer) by g(x) = 1/sin x.” We will also
write f = c (constant) to denote the function f defined by f(x) = c for all x.
Our definition of function is somewhat intuitive, but adequacy for our purposes. Moreover, it is the
working form of the definition, even if the idea is introduced more rigorously to begin with. For a more
precise definition, we first define the Cartesian product X × Y of two nonempty sets X and Y to be the
set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that x  X and y  Y; thus,
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X × Y = {(x, y) | x  X, y  Y}
A nonempty subset f of X × Y is a function if no x in X occurs more than once as a first member
among the elements of f. Put another way, if (x, y) and (x, y1) are in f, then y = y1. The set of x’s that
occur as first members of f is the domain of f. If x is in the domain of f, then the unique y in Y such
that (x, y)  f is the value of f at x, and we write y = f(x). The set of all such values, a subset of Y, is
the range of f.
Arithmetic Operations on Functions
Definition : If Df  Dg  0 , then f + g, f – g and fg are defined or by
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x),
(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x),
and
(fg)(x) = f(x)g(x).
The quotient f/g is defined by
f f(x)
  (x) 
g g(x)
for x in Df  Dg such that g(x)  0.

2
Example : If f(x) = 4  x and g(x) = x  1 , then Df = [–2, 2] and Dg = [1, ), so f + g, f –
g, and fg are defined on Df  Dg = [1, 2] by
(f  g)(x)  4  x 2  x  1,
(f  g)(x)  4  x 2  x  1,
and
(fg)(x)  ( 4  x 2 )( x  1)  (4  x 2 )(x  1). ...(2)
The quotient f/g is defined on (1, 2] by
f 4  x2
  (x)  .
 g x 1
Although the last expression in (2) is also defined for – < x < –2, it does not represent fg for
such x, since f and g are not defined on (–, –2].
Example : If c is a real number, the function cf defined by (cf)(x) = cf(x) can be regarded as the
product of f and a constant function. Its domain is Df. The sum and product of n ( 2) functions f1, ...,
fn are defined by
(f1 + f2 + ... + fn)(x) = f1(x) + f2(x) + ... + fn(x)
and
(f1 + f2 + ... + fn)(x) = f1(x) + f2(x) + ... + fn(x) ...(3)
n
on D =  i1
D fi , provided that D is nonempty. If f1 = f2 = ... = fn, then (3) defines the nth power
of f :
(fn)(x) = (f(x))n.
From these definitions, we can build the set of all polynomials
p(x) = a0 + a1x + ... + anxn,

starting from the constant functions and f(x) = x. The quotient of two polynomials is a rational
function
a0  a1x  ...  an xn
r(x)  (bm  0).
b0  b1x  ...  bm x m
The domain of r is the set of points where the denominator is nonzero.

2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION OF ONE VARIABLE
The essence of the concept of limit real-valued function of a real variable is this: If L is a real
number, then lim x  x0 f(x) = L means that the value f(x) can be made as close to L as we wish by taking
x sufficiently close to x0. This is made precise in the following definition.
y
y=f(x)
L+
L–
x
x0– x0 x0 +
Figure
Definition : A function f is said to tend to a limit l as x tends to a, written as xlim f(x) = l, if given
a
any  > 0 (however small), there exists some  > 0 (depending on ) such that
| f(x) – l | <  when 0 < | x – a | < .
Figure Depicts the graph of a function for which lim x  x0 f(x) exists.
Note : xlim
a
f(x) should not be understood as substituting x = a in f(x). If fact, f may not be defined
at x = a.
Example
lim (2x + 3) = 5.
x 1
Let  > 0 be given. We have

| (2x + 3) – 5 | = | 2x – 2 | = 2 | x – 1 |.
1
Now | (2x + 3) – 5 | <  when 2 | x – 1 | <  or | x – 1 | <  .
2
1
Choosing  = , | (2x + 3) – 5 | <  when | x – 1 | < .
2
Hence lim (2x + 3) = 5.

x 1
Example : If c and x are arbitrary real numbers and f(x) = cx, then
lim f(x)  c x 0 .
x  x0
To prove this, we write

|f(x) – cx0| = |cx – cx0| = |c||x – x0|.

If c  0, this yields
|f(x) – cx0| <  ....(*)
if
|x – x0| < ,
where d is any number such that 0 < d £ e/|c|. If c = 0, then f(x) – cx0 = 0 for all x, so (*) holds
for all x.
One-Sided Limits
The function
f(x)  2x sin x
satisfies the inequality
|f(x)| < 
if 0 < x <  = /2. However, this does not mean that limx  0 f(x) = 0, since f is not defined for
negative x, as it must be to satisfy the conditions of Definition with x0 = 0 and L = 0. The function
|x|
g(x)  x  , x  0,
x
can be rewritten as
 x  1, x  0,
g(x)  
 x  1, x  0;
hence, every open interval containing x0 = 0 also contains points x1 and x2 such that |g(x1) – g(x2)|
is as close to 2 as we places. Therefore, lim x  x0 g(x) does not exist.
Although f(x) and g(x) do not approach limits as x approaches zero, they each exhibit a definite
sort of limiting behavior for all positive values of x, as does g(x) for small negative values of x. The kind
of behavior we have in mind is defined precisely as follows.
y
y = f(x)

x0 x
lim f(x) =  lim f(x) = 

x  x0 – x  x0 +
Figure
Left Hand and Right Hand Limits
Definition : A function f is said to tend to a limit l as x tends to a from the left it, given any 
> 0 (however small), there exists a  > 0 (depending on ) such that | f(x) – l | < , whenever a – 
< x < a.
lim f(x) = l. It is called the left hand limit at a
x  a

Definition : A function f is said to tend to a limit l as x tends to a from the right if, given any
 > 0 (however small), there exists a  > 0 (depending on ) such that | f(x) – l | < , whenever a <
x < a + .
lim f(x) = l. It is called the right hand limit at a
x  a
Remarks 1. x a –  x  a through values less than a,

x  a +  x  a through values greater than a.
Remarks 2. Clearly, lim f(x) exists if and only if lim f(x) and lim f(x) both exist and are equal.
xa x  a x  a
Hence xlim
a
f(x)  lim f(x)  lim f(x).
x  a x  a
Example :
| x | = x, if x  0 and | x | = – x, if x < 0 [Since]
|x| (  x)
lim f(x)  lim  lim  1.
x  0 xa
( x  0)
x x  0 x
|x| x
lim f(x)  lim  lim  1.
x  0 xa
( x  0)
x x0 x
|x|
Hence lim does not exist, since lim f(x)  Lim f(x)
x 0 x x  0 x  0
Example : Show that the function f, defined on R ~ {0} by f(x) = sin(1/x), whenever x  0, does
not approach 0 as x  0.
1
Solution. Let  = > 0 and let  be any positive number..
2
By Archimedean property, for 1/ > 0,  n  N such that
 1 1
2n   or  .
2  2n   / 2
1
If x = , then 0 < |x – 0| < .
2n   / 2
Now |sin (1/x) – 0| = |sin (2n + /2) = 1 > .
1 1
Thus there is an  = > 0, such that for each  > 0,  some point x = , for which
2 2n   / 2
|sin (1/x) – 0| >  and 0 < |x – 0| < .
Hence lim sin (1/x)  0.
x
Example : Let
x  | x | (1  x) 1
g(x)  sin , x  0.
x x
If x < 0, then

1
g(x)   x sin ,
x
so
lim g(x)  0,
x 0 
since
1
g(x)  0  x sin  x 
x
if – < x < 0; that is, Definition is satisfied with  = . If x > 0, then
1
g(x)  (2  x) sin ,
x
which takes on every values between –2 and 2 in every interval (0, ). Hence, g(x) does not
approach a right-hand limit at x approaches 0 from the right. This shows that a function may have a limit
from one side at a point but fail to have a limit from the other side.
Left- and right-hand limit are also called one-sided limits. We will often simplify the notation by
writing
lim f(x)  f(x 0  ) and lim f(x)  f(x 0  ).
x  x0  x  x0 
Example : Let
1 2| x|
f(x) = 1 – 2 , g(x) = , and h(x) = sin x.
x 1 x
Then
lim f(x)  1,
x
since
1 1
f(x)  1    if x ,
x2 
and
lim g(x)  2,
x
since
2x 2 2 2
g(x)  2  2     if x .
1 x 1 x x 
However, limx h(x) does not exist, since h assumes all values between –1 and 1 in any semi-
infinite interval (, ).
We leave it to you to show that limx– f(x) = 1, limx– g(x) = –2, and limx– h(x) does not exist.
Some Theorems on limit
Theorem : lim f(x), if it exists, is unique.
xa
Proof. Let lim f(x) = l, and lim f(x) = l’. ...(1)

xa xa

We shall show that l = l’. Let  > 0 be given.

Using (1), there exists 1 > 0 and 2 > 0 such that
1
|f(x) – l| < , where 0 < |x – a| < 1, ...(2)
2
1
and |f(x) – l’| < , where 0 < |x – a| < 2, ...(3)
2
Let  = min (1, 2). Then, by (2) and (3),
1
|f(x) – l| < , where |x – a| < ,
2
1
|f(x) – l’| < , when |x – a| < .
2
Now |l – l’| = |l – f(x) + f(x) – l’|
1 1
 |l – f(x)| + |f(x) – l’| <  +  = 
2 2
 |l – l’| < , when 0 < |x – a| < .
Since e is arbitrarily small, |l – l’| = 0. Hence l = l’.
Theorem : Limit does not necessarily exist.
Theorem : If lim f(x) = l and lim g(x) = m, then
xa xa
(i) lim  f(x)  g(x)  l  m. (ii) lim  f(x) g(x)  lm.

xa xa
 f(x)  l
(iii) lim   .
xa
 g(x)  m
Proof. (i) Let  > 0 be given. There exist 1 > 0, 2 > 0 such that
1
|f(x) – l| < , when 0 < |x – a| < 1,
2
1
and |g(x) – m| < , when 0 < |x – a| < 2,
2
Let  = min (1, 2). Then
1
|f(x) – l| < , when 0 < |x – a| < ,
2
1
and |g(x) – m| < , when 0 < |x – a| < ,
2
Now |{f(x) ± g(x)} – (l ± m)| = |(f(x) – l| ± (g(x) – m)|
 |f(x) – l| + |g(x) – m| < /2 + /2 = , when 0 < |x – a| < 
 |{f(x) ± g(x)| – (l ± m)| < , whenever 0 < |x – a| < .
Hence lim [f(x) ± g(x)] = l ± m.

xa

(ii) We have |f(x) g(x) – lm|

= | g(x) (f(x) – l) + l(g(x) – m) |
 | g(x) | | f((x) – l | + | l | | g(x) – m |. ...(1)
Since lim f(x) = l and lim g(x) = m, for 0 < ’ < 1, there exists some  > 0 such that
xa xa
| g(x) – l | < ’ and | g(x) – m | < ’, 0 < | x – a | < . ...(2)

Now | g(x) | = m + g(x) – m |  | m | + | g(x) – m |
or | g(x) | < | m | + ’, when 0 < | x – a | < . ...(3)
From (1), (2) and (3) ; we obtain
| f(x), g(x) – lm |
< (| m | + ’) ’ + | l | ’, when 0 < | x – a | < 
< (| m | +| l | + 1) ’, when 0 < | x – a | < . ( ’ < 1)
Let us choose ’ such that

  ,   0.
(| m |  | l | 1)
 |f(x) g(x) – lm| < , when 0 < |x – a| < .

Hence lim [f(x) g(x)] = lm = lim f(x) . lim g(x).
x a x a x a
f(x) l mf(x)  l g(x)

(iii) Consider g(x)  m  g(x) . m
| mf(x)  lm  lm  l g(x) |

| g(x) | . | m |
| m(f(x)  l )  l (m  g(x)) |

| g(x) | . | m |
| m |.| f(x)  l ) | l || g(x)  m |

 ...(1)
| m | . | g(x) |
Since lim g(x) = m  0, so there exists a 1 > 0 such that

xa
1
| g(x) | > | m |, when 0 < | x – a | < 1
2
1 2
  , when 0 < | x – a | < 1 ...(2)
| g(x) | | m |
Since lim f(x) = l, there exists some 2 > 0 such that

xa
1
|f(x) – l| <  | m |, when 0 < | x – a | < 2. ...(3)
4
Since lim g(x) = m, there exists some 3 > 0 such that

xa

1 | m |2
|g(x) – m| <  , when 0 < | x – a | < 3 ...(4)
4 |l |
Let  = min (1, 2, 3). From (1), (2), (3), (4) ; we get
f(g) l 2 1 2 1 2
 
g(x) m | m |2  4  | m |  4  | m |  = , when 0 < | x – a | < .
 
 f(x)  l
Hence xlim    , provided m  0.
a
 g(x)  m
Example. Let f(x) = x2 sin (1/x), when x  0, f(0) = 0, and g(x) = x.
f(x)
Evaluate : lim and lim f(x) g(x) .
x0 g(x) x0
f(x) 1
Hint. lim  lim x sin = 0, by Example.
x0 g(x) x  0 x
1
lim f(x) g(x)  lim x 2 . lim x sin  0.
x0 x0 x0 x
Theorem : If lim f(x) = l  0, then there exists a  > 0 such that

xa
1
| f(x) |  | l |, where 0 | x  a |  .
2
Proof. Since l  0, so | l | > 0.
1
Let us choose  > 0 such that  = | l | > 0.
2
Now lim f(x) = l  for any  > 0,  a  > 0 such that

xa
|f(x) – l| < , when 0 < |x – a| < . ...(1)

Now | l | = | l – f(x) + f(x) |  | l – f(x) | + | f(x) |. ...(2)
From (1) and (2), | l | <  + | f(x) |, when 0 < | x – a | < 
 | f(x) | > | l | – , when 0 < | x – a | < 
|l | |l |
 | f(x) | > l l | –  , when 0 < | x – a | < 
2 2
1
Hence | f(x) | > | l |, when 0 < | x – a | < .
2
Theorem : Prove that lim f(x) exists and is equal to a number l if and only if both left limit lim
xc xc 0
f(x) and right limit lim f(x) exist and are equal to l.
xc0
OR
Let f be defined on a deleted neighbourhood of c. Show that lim f(x) exists and equals l iff f(c
xc
+ 0), f(c – 0) both exist and are equal to l.

Proof. Consider is necessary

Let lim f(x) = l. Then for any  > 0, there exists some  > 0 such that
xc
|f(x) – l| < , when 0 < |x – c| < 

or |f(x) – l| < , when c –  < x < c + , x  c.
It follows that |f(x) – l| < , when c –  < x < c, ...(1)
and |f(x) – l| < , when c < x < c + . ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we see that
lim f(x) and lim f(x) both exist and are equal to l.
xc x c  0
Condition is sufficient
Let lim f(x)  l  lim f(x).

xc0 xc 0
Then for any  > 0, there exist some 1 > 0 and 2 > 0 such that
|f(x) – l| < , when c < x < c + 1, ...(3)
and |f(x) – l| < , when c – 2 < x < c. ...(4)
Let  = min (1, 2). Then   1 and 2  2
 c +   c + 1 and c –   c – 2 (or c – 2  c – ). ...(5)
From (3), and (5), we obtain
|f(x) – l| < , when c < x < c + ,
and |f(x) – l| < , when c –  < x < c.
 |f(x) – l| < , when c –  < x < c + , x  c
or |f(x) – l| < , when 0 < |x – c| < .
Hence lim f(x) = l.
xc
x | x |
Example : Show that lim does not exist.
x0 x
Solution. We have
x | x | x  (  x) 2x
lim  lim  lim  2,
x  0 x x 0 x x0 x
x | x | xx
and lim  lim  0.
x  0 x x  0 x
x | x |
Hence lim does not exist.
x0 x
Infinite Limits and Limits at Infinity
Definition : The expression lim f(x) = l means, given any  > 0, there exists some M > 0 such that
x
| f(x) – l | < , when x > M.

Definition : The expression lim f(x) = l means, given any  > 0, there exists some M > 0 such
x
that
| f(x) – l | < , when x < – M.

Definition : The expression lim f(x) = +  means, given any M > 0 (however large), there exists
xa
some  > 0 such that

f (x) > m, when | x – a | < .
Definition : The expression lim f(x) = –  means, given any M > 0 (however large), there exists
xa
some  > 0 such that

f(x) < – M, when | x – a | < .
Example : Show that
1 1 1
(i) lim  , (ii) lim  , (iii) lim  .
x  0 x x  0 x x0 x2
Solution
(i) Let M > 0 be any large number. Let  = 1/M.
1 1 1
Then 0 < x < d    > M.
x  x
1
Hence lim = + , by
x 0  x
1 1 1 1
(ii) Again – d < x < 0  –   – M>  < – M.
 x x x
1
Hence lim = –, by
x 0  x
1
Note : lim does not exist.
x 0 x
1 1
(iii) Now –  < x <   >   > M
x2 x2
1
Hence lim = + , by
x0 x2
x2  4
Example : Find lim .
x0 x 2  7x  12
Solution. Dividing numerator and denominator by x2, we get
x2  4 1  4 / x2
lim  lim
x x 2  7x  12 x   1  7 / x  12 / x 2
1  4 lim (1/ x 2 )
x

1  7 lim(1/ x)  12 lim(1/ x 2 )
x  x 
1 0
  1.
1 0  0

9  x2 lim (9 – x2)(x + 1).

Example : Find lim and
x 2
x 2 x 1
Solution. If c is a constant, then lim x  x0 c = c, and, from Example lim x  x0 x = x0. Therefore,
from Theorem
lim (9  x 2 )  lim 9  lim x 2

x 2 x 2 x 2
2
 lim 9  lim x  
x2 x 2
= 9 – 22 = 5,
and
lim (x  1)  lim x  lim 1  2  1  3.
x 2 x 2 x 2
Therefore,
9  x 2 xlim (9  x 2 ) 5
2
lim  
x2 x 1 lim (x  1) 3
x2
and
lim (9  x 2 )(x  1)  lim (9  x 2 )  lim (x  1)  5·3  15.

x2 x2 x2
Example : Let
2x 2  x  1
g(x)  .
3x 2  2x  1
Trying to find limx g(x) by applying a version of Theorem to this fraction as it is written leads
to an indeterminate form (try it!). However, by rewriting it as
2  1/ x  1/ x 2
g(x)  . x  0,
3  2 / x  1/ x 2
we find that
lim 2  lim 1/ x  lim 1/ x 2 200 2

x x x
lim g(x)  2
  .
x lim 3  lim 2 / x  lim 1/ x 300 3
x x x
Monotonic Functions
A function f is nondecreasing on an interval I if
f(x1)  f(x2) whenever x1 and x2 are in I and x1 < x2, ...(1)
on nonincreasing on I if
f(x1)  f(x2) whenever x1 and x2 are in I and x1 < x2. ...(2)
In either case, f is monotonic on I. If  can be replaced by < in (1), f is increasing on I. If  can
be replaced by > in (2), f is decreasing on I. In either of these two cases, f is strictly monotonic on I.
Example : The function
 x, 0  x  1,
f(x)  
2, 1  x  2,

is nondecreasing on I = [0, 2] Figure and – f is nonincreasing on I = [0, 2].

y
x
1 2
Figure
2
The function g(x) = x is increasing on [0, ) Figure,
y
y = x2
Figure
and h(x) = –x3 is decreasing on (–, ) Figure.
y
x
3
y = –x
Figure

QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

SECTION-(A) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
sin x
1. lim 
x0 x
180
(A) 1 (B)


(C) 0 (D)
180
x7/6 1
2. lim 
x 1 x3/6 1
5 7
(A) (B)
2 3
7 3
(C) (D)
6 6
3. lim (1  2x) 3 x 
x0
(A) e 3/2 (B) e 1/3

(C) e 2/3 (D) e–1
xe1/ x
4. Evaluate xlim
0 1  e1/ x
(A)  (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) –1
1
5. If xlim = 0 then which of the following is TRUE?
 x
1 1 1 1
(A) lim  lim (B) lim  lim
x x x  x x x x x
1 1 1 1
(C) lim  lim (D) lim  lim
x x x    x x x x    x
6. If f :    is defined by
| x |
 ; x0
f(x)   x
 k : x  0
(A) f is not continuous at any point
(B) For k = 0, f is continuous everywhere
(C) For k = 1, f is continuous everywhere
(D) f is continuous at all points except x = 0 for k = 1
7. discuss the nature of continuity of the following function at x = 1.

log(2  x)  x 2n sin x
f(x)  Lim
n 1  x 2n
(A) continuous at x = 1
(B) discontinuity of first kind at x = 1
(C) discontinuity of second kind at x = 1
(D) removable discontinuity at x = 1
8. A function f is defined on interval (0, 1) as follows

 0, when x is irrational

f(x)   1 p
 q , when x is rational no. q and  p,q  1

then which one of the following is true?
(A) f is continuous at each irrational point and discontinuous at each irrational point
(B) f is continuous at each rational point and discontinuous at each irrational point
(C) f is discontinuous at each rational and irrational points
(D) f is continuous at each rational and irrational points
9. If f(x) = sin x2 is bounded, then

(A) is uniformly continuous on [0, [ (B) is not uniformly continuous on [0, [
(C) is uniformly continuous on ]0, [ (D) is not uniformly continuous on ]0, [
2[x]
10. The function defined f(x) = 3x  | x | is discontinuous at
1
(A) 1 (B)
2
1
(C) – (D) None
2
SECTION-(B) MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTIONS (MSQ)
1. The function  defined as

0 for x0
1 1
 x for 0  x 
2 2
 1 1
(x)   for x
2 2
3 1
 x for  x 1
2 2
 1 for x 1
(A) has only one point of discontinuity
(B) has discontinuity at x = 0
(C) has discontinuity at 3 points
(D) both (A) and (B)

2. The function defined by

 1
sin x  0
f(x)   2 is
0, x  0
(A) Discontinuous on [0, ) (B) Continuous on [0, )
(C) Uniformly continuous on [0, ) (D) Not uniformly continuous on [0, )
3. Let f(x) = | x | + | x – 1 | then which of the following are true?

(A) f(x) is not continuous at x = 0 (B) f(x) is not continuous at x = 1
(C) f(x) is not derivable at x = 0 (D) f(x) is not derivable at x = 1
4. If the function f defined by setting

 x sin(1/ y)  y sin(1/ x), if xy  0
f(x, y)   then
 0, if xy  0
(A) lim f(x, y) exists (B) lim lim does not exist
( x,y )(0,0) x  0 y 0
(C) lim lim does not exist (D) None the above
y  0 x 0
5. Which of the following is/are correct ?

n 1 n
 1  1 
(A) 1  n   e as n   (B) 1   e as n  
   n  1
n2 n
 1  1
(C)  1    e as n   (D)  1  n2   e as n  
 n  
SECTION-(C) NUMERICAL ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (NAT)
1. limx/2 {(1 – sin x) tan x} is equal to _______
2. Evaluate lim [x + |x|].

x 0
1/ 2 In(1  x)
3. Estimate  dx to within two-decimal-plane accuracy..
0 x
2
4. Find f(100)(0) if f(x) = e x , correct upto two decimal places

n
5. If f(x) = 2 xn , find f(33)(0), correct upto two decimal places
n0

SOLUTION
SECTION-(A) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)

sin x o sin x
1. (D) lim  lim 180
x0 x x 1 x
  
sin x
  180    .1  
 lim  
x  1 180
x  180 180
 
 180 
x7 / 6  1  0
2. (B) lim 3/6  form 
x 1 x 1  0
(7 / 6)x1/ 6 7
 lim   [By L’ Hospital rule]
x 1 (1/ 2)x 1/ 2 3
3. (C) Let A = lim (1  2x) 3 x

x0
log(1  2x)  0
 log A = xlim
0 3x  from 0 
 
2
 lim [By L’Hospital rule]
x0 3.(1  2x)
2 2
 
3(1  0) 3
 A = e2/3
4. (B) We know that x  0+  e–1/x  0,
and x  0–  e1/x  0.
xe1/ x 0.0
We have xlim 1/ x
 = 0,
 0 1 e 1 0
xe1/ x x 0
and lim 1/ x
 lim 1/ x   0.
x  0 1 e x  0 e 1 0 1
xe1/ x
Hence xlim  0.
 0 1  e1/ x
5. (A) Let  > 0 be given. Choose M = 1/. Then
1 1 1
x > M      0 < .
x M x
1
Hence xlim = 0, by Definition.
 x

6. (D) at x= 0
L.H.L.  R.H.L.
 f(x) is not continuous at x = 0
At other values of x
L.H.L. = R.H.L. = 1
 f(x) is continuous at every point except x = 0, if k = 1.
 0, if x 1
2n 
7. (B) Since Lim
n
x   1, if x 1

, if x 1

log(2  x)  x 2n sin x
 When x < 1 then f(x) = Lim
n 1  x 2n
log(2  x)  Lim x 2n sin x

n
 2n
 log(2  x)
1  Lim x
n
again at x = 1,
log(2  1)  sin1 log3  sin1

f(x) = 
1 1 2
if x > 1, then
x 2n log(2  x)  sin x 0.log(2  x)  sin x

f(x)   = –sin x
x 2n  1 0 1
 log(2  x), if 1  x  1
 log3  sin1

Hence f(x)   , if x 1
 2
  sin x, if x 1
we know that f(1 – 0) = log3, and
log3  sin1
f(1) 
2
and f(1 + 0) = – sin 1 Thus f(1 – 0)  f(1 + 0)
Hence function is discontinuous of first kind at x = 1
p
8. (A) First of all we consider that a = be any rational number in (0, 1), then
q
p 1
f(a)  f   
 q q
We know that each neighbourbood of rational number has infinite irrational number, then
n  N, an (irrational number) s.t.
1
an  a 
n
i.e. nlim a = a and f(an) = 0, n  N
 n

 lim f(an) = 0  f(a)

n
 f is discontinuous at each irrational no.

Again,
Let b be any irrational number in (0, 1) then   > 0, n  N s.t.
1
n  > 1  < 
n
p
which shows that interval (0, 1) has all the finite rational numbers which statistics the
q
continuous q < n. i.e.  a real number  > 0 s.t. the open interval (b – , b + ) does not
have any rational number and whose denominator less than n.
Now we consider x be any irrational number then
| x – b | < d  | f(x) – f(b) | = | f(x) | = 0 <  ...(1)
p 1 1
if x = is a rational number then | x – b | <   | f(x) – f(b) | = f(p/q) = 
q q n
[ q > n]
 | f(x) – f(b) | < 
From (1) and (2)
  < 0,   > 0 s.t. | f(x) – f(b) | < 
when | x – b | < 
i.e. f is continuous at each irrational no.
1
9. (B) Let  = and  be any positive number such that for n > /2
2
n (   1)
 
2 2
n (n  1)
Therefore, taking x1 = and x2 = , as any two points of the interval [0, –[
2 2
n (n  1)
f(x1 )  f(x 2 )  sin  sin  1  ,
2 2
|x1 – x2| < 
Hence f(x) = sin x2 is not uniformly continuous on [0, [.
 1 1 1
10. (A) We know    = –1, [1] = 1,   , |1| = 1.
 2 2 2
1
For – < x < 0, [x] = –1 and for 0  x < 1, [x] = 0 etc.
2
20
 lim f(x)  lim  0,
x  1 x 1 3x  x
2 1
lim f(x)  lim  1.
x  1 x 1 3x  x
Hence f is discontinuous at x = 1.
SECTION-(B) MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTIONS (MSQ)
1
1. (B,C) We test the function for continuity at x = 0, and 1.
2
For x = 0, we have
1  1
(0) = 0, (0 + 0) = limh  0   (0  h)  .
2  2
Since (0)  (0 + 0), the function  is discontinuous at x = 0.
1
For x = . we have
2
 1 1  1  1  1 
    ,    0   lim     h    0
2 2 2  h  0
2  2 
1  3  1 
   0   lim     h    1.
2  h  0
2  2 
1   1 1  1
Since    0          0  , the function is discontinuous at x = .
2  2 2  2
3  1
Finally, we consider x = 1. We have f(1) 1, f(1 – 0) = hlim   (1  h)  . Since (1 –

2  2
0)  (1), the function is discontinuous at x = 1.
1
Hence the function  is discontinuous at x = 0, and 1.
2
2. (B,D) Let a be any +ve real number then we can prove easily that f(a + 0) = f(a – 0) = f(a) =
sin1/a
[ a is arbitrary constant]. Hence function f is continuous on [0, [.
Uniformly continuity
1 1 2
Let  = and  > 0 be such that < d,  n  m. Taking x = and y =
2 n(2n  ) 2m
2
be any two point of [0, [, then
(2m  1)
2 2 1
xy    
2m  (2m  1) m(2m  1)
does not imply
 
f(x)  f(y)  sinm   sin  m     1  
 2
1
Hence sin is not uniformly continuous on [0, [.
x
3. (C,D) We know
f(x) = 1 – 2x, when x < 0,
f(x) = 1, when 0  x < 1,
f(x) = 2x – 1, when x  1.
f(x)  f(0) (1  2x)  1

Now Lf’(0) = lim  lim  2,
x  0 x0 x  0 x

f(x)  f(0) 1  1
Rf’(0) = xlim   0,
 0 x0 x
 Lf’(0)  Rf’(0)  f is not derivable at x = 0.
f(x)  f(1) 1  1
Again Lf’(1) = xlim   0,
1 x 1 x 1
f(x)  f(1) (2x  1)  1

Rf’(1) = xlim   2,
1 x 1 x 1
 Lf’(1)  R’(1)  f is not derivable at x = 1.
4. (A,B,C,D)
(i) | f(x, y) – 0 | = | x sin (1/y) + y sin (1/x) |
 | x | | sin (1/y) | + | y | | sin (1/x) |
 | x | .1 + | y | .1, if xy  0.
1
Let  > 0 be given. Choose d = . Then
2
| f(x, y) – 0 |  | x | + | y | <  if | x | < , | y | < 
 lim f(x, y) = 0.
( x,y )(0,0)
(ii) Since lim sin (1/y) does not exist and lim y sin (1/x) = 0,
y 0 y 0
 lim lim f(x, y) does not exist.

x  0 y 0
(iii) lim lim f(x, y) does not exist.

y  0 x 0
n 1 n
 1  1  1
5. (A,B) Option-A : nlim 1    lim  1   . lim  1    e.1  e

 n n 
 n n 
 n
n
 1 
Option-B : lim  1  
n 
 n  1
Let n + 1 = t  n = t – 1
and n    t  
1 t t 1
 1  1  1
lim  1    lim  1   .lim  1    e.1  e
t 
 t t 
 t  t   t
2 2 2
n n
 1  1    1  2
Option-C : nlim  1    nlim  1     nlim  1    e

 n 
 n    
 n 
n
 1
Option-D : nlim  1 2 

 n 
Let n2 = t  n = t
as n    t  

t 1/ 2
 1   1 t 
lim  1    lim  1     [e]1/ 2  e
t 
 t t 
  t  
SECTION-(C) NUMERICAL ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (NAT)
1. 0 limx/2 {(1 – sin x) tan x}
1  sin x  0
= limx/2
cot x  from 0 
 
 cos x
= limx/2 = limx/2 sin2x cosx = 0
 cos ec 2 x
2. 0 lim [x + |x|] = lim (x – x) = 0,

x 0  x 0
lim [x  | x |]  lim (x  x)  lim 2x  0.

x 0  x 0 x 0
Hence lim (x + [x]) = 0.

x 0
In(1  x)  xn1
3. 0.45 For |x| < 1,   ( 1)n  1 .
x n 1 n
1/ 2 In(1  x) 
x n ]1/ 2  ( 1)n  1
Hence,  dx   ( 1)n  1 20   2 n .
0 x n 1 n n1 n 2
This is an alternating series. Therefore, we seek n for which 1/n22n  0.005, 200  n22n,
1 1 1 65
n  4. Hence, we may use     0.45.
2 16 72 144

1 n
4. 3.06 ex =  n! x .
n0

1 f (100) (0) 1
2n
Hence, f(x) =  n! x , = a100 = .
n0 100! (50)!
100!
Hence, f(100)(0) = = 3.06
50!
f (n) (0)
5. 7.45 In general, an = . So f(33)(0) = 33!a33 = 33!233 = 7.45
n!

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IIT JAM

Mathematical Statistics (MS)

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for x in Df  Dg such that g(x)  0.

(fg)(x)  ( 4  x 2 )( x  1)  (4  x 2 )(x  1). ...(2)

The quotient f/g is defined on (1, 2] by

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The domain of r is the set of points where the denominator is nonzero.

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2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION OF ONE VARIABLE

Let  > 0 be given. We have

Hence lim (2x + 3) = 5.

To prove this, we write

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lim f(x) =  lim f(x) = 

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Remarks 1. x a –  x  a through values less than a,

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if – < x < 0; that is, Definition is satisfied with  = . If x > 0, then

Proof. Let lim f(x) = l, and lim f(x) = l’. ...(1)

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We shall show that l = l’. Let  > 0 be given.

(i) lim  f(x)  g(x)  l  m. (ii) lim  f(x) g(x)  lm.

Hence lim [f(x) ± g(x)] = l ± m.

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(ii) We have |f(x) g(x) – lm|

| g(x) – l | < ’ and | g(x) – m | < ’, 0 < | x – a | < . ...(2)

 |f(x) g(x) – lm| < , when 0 < |x – a| < .

f(x) l mf(x)  l g(x)

| m |.| f(x)  l ) | l || g(x)  m |

Since lim g(x) = m  0, so there exists a 1 > 0 such that

Since lim f(x) = l, there exists some 2 > 0 such that

Since lim g(x) = m, there exists some 3 > 0 such that

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Theorem : If lim f(x) = l  0, then there exists a  > 0 such that

Now lim f(x) = l  for any  > 0,  a  > 0 such that

|f(x) – l| < , when 0 < |x – a| < . ...(1)

+ 0), f(c – 0) both exist and are equal to l.

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Proof. Consider is necessary

|f(x) – l| < , when 0 < |x – c| < 

Let lim f(x)  l  lim f(x).

| f(x) – l | < , when x > M.

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some  > 0 such that

some  > 0 such that

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9  x2 lim (9 – x2)(x + 1).

lim (9  x 2 )  lim 9  lim x 2

lim (9  x 2 )(x  1)  lim (9  x 2 )  lim (x  1)  5·3  15.

lim 2  lim 1/ x  lim 1/ x 2 200 2

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is nondecreasing on I = [0, 2] Figure and – f is nonincreasing on I = [0, 2].

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QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

(A) e 3/2 (B) e 1/3

7. discuss the nature of continuity of the following function at x = 1.

8. A function f is defined on interval (0, 1) as follows

9. If f(x) = sin x2 is bounded, then

SECTION-(B) MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTIONS (MSQ)

1. The function  defined as

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2. The function defined by