Introduction

Frequency modulation is a form of modulation, which represents information as variations in

the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. In analog applications, the carrier frequency is
varied in direct proportion to changes in the amplitude of an input signal. FM is given by:
t
s ( t ) =A c cos ⁡[2 π f c t +2 π k f ∫ m ( t ) dt]
0

When there is no message or the message signal is zero, the carrier wave is at its center
frequency, fc. When a message signal exists, the instantaneous frequency of the output signal
varies above and below the center frequency.Instanteneous frequency is given by:

f i ( t )=f c + k f m(t )
t
¿ 2 π f c t +2 π k f ∫ m( t) dt
0

¿ 2 π f c t +2 π k f m( t)

The maximum deviation of Fc (which represents the max. shift away from Fc in one direction) is
given by;

∆ f =k f Am =k f m( t) max

The frequency modulation index is the equivalent of the modulation index for AM , but
obviously related to FM. In view of the differences between the two forms of modulation, the
FM modulation index is measured in a different way.The FM modulation index is equal to the
ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating frequency.it is therefore diven by;

∆f
m=
fm

A spectrum represents the relative amounts of different frequency components in any signal.
AM and FM time-domain waveforms for the same baseband and carrier signals look very
different but produce similar changes in the frequency domain. Narrowband FM involves a
limited modulating bandwidth and allows for easier analysis. In both cases a low-frequency
spectrum ,including the negative frequencies is translated to a band that extends above and
below the carrier frequency. With AM, the baseband spectrum itself is shifted upwards while
with FM, it is the spectrum of the integral of the baseband signal that appears in the band
surrounding the carrier frequency.