4.

2 During a speaking activity

 Repetition has many beneficial effects as each new encounter with a word or
phrase helps to fix it into a student’s memory. In fact it is estimated that a student
needs to use new language 20 times before it becomes part of his/her active
vocabulary. It also allows students to improve on what they did before.
 When doing group work, we often find ourselves having to deal with ‘social
loafers’- those students that sit back and let everyone else do the work. A
suggestion might be to assign a number to everyone in their group; at the end of
that activity the teacher randomly chooses a number, and that student must report
on what was said.
 Another possibility is to give out cards or vouchers. Each time they answer a
question or speak, they use up one card. They have to use up all their cards in the
activity. This ensures that all students get an equal opportunity to speak and also
that they only speak when they feel comfortable.