,

SPE
SPE 14654

Stimulating Carbonate Formations Using a Closed Fracture

Acidizing Technique
by S.E. Fredrickson, Ha//iburfon Services
SPE Member

Copyright 1986, Socletyof Petroleum Engineers

Tfsispafw waa prepared forpresentational the Eaet Texse RegionalMeetingof the society of PetroleumEngineersheld in Tyler, Texas, April2!-22, 1966.

This paper wae selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submittadby the
author(s).Contents oflhepaper, aspreeented, have nolbeen reviewed bythe Metyol Petroleum Engineers andaresubject to:orrWtion by the
author(e). The material, aa presented, does not necessarily reflect any poslllonoi tl{a Society of Petroleum Engineers, its offf~ers,or membere. Papers
presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Commiffeea of the SOCietyof petroleum En9inR’ >. permisaiofl tOCOPYis
restricted tosn abstract of not more than 3Dff words. lllustratione maynotbe copied. The abstract ehouldcontain conspicuousacknowledgm?ntof
where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publication Manager, SPE, P.0. Box 8336?6, Richardson, TX 75083-3636. Telax, 730989 SPEDAL.
—.

Laboratory test r(:sults on formation

ABSTRACT
— cores and field results verify this
technique.
Many ca:-bonate formations cannot be
successfully fracture acidized at pres- DISCUSSION
sures above the formation fracture pres-
sure using standard fractl:re acidizing Standard Fracture Acidizinq
techniques. This situation exists because
standard techniques rely on acid etched, Standard fractlre
acidizing treat-
uneven removal of the fracture face to ments on carbonate generallyformations
produce fracture flow channels or fracture give excellent results. These are normal-
conductivity. Many times the etched frac- ly performed with the bottomhole treating
ture face is either too smooth, softens pressure (BHT:’)above formation fracturing
with acid, or the formation strength it- pressure, and rely on fluid pressure to
self is insufficient to prevent closure keep the created fracture open. Acid
due to overburden pressure, as in chalk flows through the open fracture, dissolv-
formations. ing or etching the fracture face in such
an uneven manner that flow channels are
The ‘fclosed” fracture acidizing tech- developed. These flow channels then re-
nique is designed to allow acid to flow main open after the treating pressure has
through existing “closed” fractures below been reduced and the fra ‘ture closes.
fracturing pressure in a channeling man-
ner. Wide grooves or channels in the Various acid s~stems, fluid loss con-
fracture face are then formed as acid is trol systems, and injection systems have
pumped at low rates and allowed to dis- been developed to aid in creating and
solve large flow channels. These grooves etching these flow channels. Under mos+
tend to remain open with good flow capaci- conditions, excellent fracture flow
ties under severe closure conditions and capacities can be developed.
also allow fines or emulsions to be more
easily produced. The initial fractured There are formation conditions
system can be natural fractures, previous- however, where these necessary flow chan-
ly created fractures, or fractures created nels are not developed in a satisfactory
and etched just prior to the “closed” manner in standard fracture acidizing
treatment. treatments. These primary conditions are
as follows:
------- -------- ------- ------- -------- -
References and illustrations at end of 1. The formation is readily soluble
paper. in the acid system used, but the fracture
face dissolves in suzh a uniform manner
that no well defined f;.G.’
channels are

-.

2 ST_fM~TING CARBONATE FORMATIONS lJSINGA CI SED FRACTURE ACIDIZING TE~~UE
Closed Fracture Acidizing
rested for the necessary frsctuxe flow
apacities.
2. The formation is etched in an
,neven or irregular manner as desired, but
he etcl,ad flow channels are crushed ?n
‘losure either because the formation 1s
,00 soft, as in a chalk formation, OK be-
:ause excessive acid leakoff softens the
Ivezall fractu:’eface.
‘3. The formation has a relatively
,OW Hcl volubility (for a carbonate - 85
;O 90%) which leaves acid insoluble fines
10 to 15%) that c~n remain on the frac-
;ure face and restrict additional acid
:eacti6n. At times this insoluble
~aterial can be extremely sticky or gummyl
~nd actually reduce the fracture floW
:apacity.
4. The acid reaction time at high
Jump rates is insufficient for acid to
:eact with the fracttireface to obtain the
lneven removal necessary for adequate
Fracture conductivity.
5. A standard fracture acidizing
I ;hannels will become sufficiently large so
treatment cannot be performed due to
mechanical conditions such as tubing size~
?ressure limitations, or packer condi-
tions. Mechanical conditions can normally
~e resolved if planned for in a?vance.
6. The costs of a large high rate
treatment are not economical.
To overcome some of these problems,
different acidizing systems have been de-
veloped. Viscous preflushes are pumped
ahead of the acid to allow the acid to
channel through and contact only a portion
of the created fracture face, leaving the
remaining unacidized portion as support
features.1 Better fluid loss control can
sometimes reduce the amount of fluid
leakoff, thus reducing the amount of face
softening. Foamed acids appear to have an
erosive characteristic which at times can
remove acid insoluble fines and allow con-
tinued acid etching of the fracture face
(Table 1). Heated acids can increase acid
reaction rate considerably for better con-
ductivity, and also aid removal of organic
materials such as paraffins or asphaltenes
for better acid to formation contact.2
There are conditions however, when
standard fracture acidizing techniques are
still not effective because of inherent
formation characteristics. In these cases
proppant fracturing may be used to over-
come the above problems, or “closed” frac-
ture acidizing may be used.
-. —..—
!———
. .
SPE 14654
1
A prncedlJre has been developed to
help overt me some of the proolems of low,
acid etchec fracture flow cagaclt.ieswhich
sometimes result from standard fzacture
acidizing.s This procedure entails pump-
ing acid through a closed or partially
closed fracture at or just below fracture
opening pressure to prevent opening the
fracture to any appreciable width. Acid
flows out this closed fracture, possibly
in turbulent flow, rapidly dissolvin.jmush
more ccre face than if it were flowing in
an open fracture. Also, in most ca”bonate
formations there are azeas or stringers
that have different reaction rates
primarily due to different HC1 volubility,
composition, or permeability. This condi-
tion will generally allow one area to dis-
solve faster than an adjoining area. AS
the areas cr stringers dissolve they be-
come large~, and in a very short period
most of the acid is tending to flow
through them, thus creati?g channels or
qrooves. Under some conditions, these
that the acid is no lonqer in turbulent
flow, and a retarded system is actually
evolved due to a minimum surface area per
unit acid volume. These areas of easier
dissolving formation will also tend to
follow normal bedding planes, if present,
which in most cases are genexally horizon-
tal. This in turn will tend to keep acid
generally flowing out radially instead of
vertically.
Since only a small portion of the
overall fracture face has been dissolved
into a relatively deep channel or groove,
the remaining unetched fracture face can
hold this channel open under very severe
formation closure conditions without com-
pletely collapsing the etched channel.
This is especially beneficial in chalk
formations.
Excellent results can thus be ob-
tained if a hole or channel can be devel-
oped from the wellbore into the formation
connecting the wellbore with natural frac-
tures, or creating an etched pattern out
in the wellbore.
There have been instances in which
wells were stimulated below fracturing
pressure at low rates, not necessarily by
design. Excellent production improvements
have been noted in many of these cases.
The ability of a small channel in the
formation to carry fluid can be realized
by referring to Table 2. This table shows
the flow rates of 1.0 cp fluid through a
fracture 100 ft high by 500 ft long at
various flow capacities and pressure
drops. The hole size necessary to flow
—
 .
SPE 14654 Sherman E. Fredrickson
:he same rate is also shown. For example,
; 0.32 in. LD hole could carry the same 45
>bl/day as a fracture with” 2,000 md-ft
:1OW capacity at 100 psi differential. A
~ole of 1.10 in. ID could carry the same
150 BPD that a fracture with 20,000 md-ft
flow capacity at l,C30 psi differential.
:losed Technique Advantages
This closed fracture acidizing pro-
?edure has numerous advantages over high
:ate-high pressure treatments.
1. Jobs are generally simpler be-
~ause treatment rate and pressure can be
ouch lower.
2. There is much less chance of
iamage to wellbore equipment, tubing,
?ackers, etc since less pressure is
>eeded.
3. Since the fluid is almost allowed
to flow out rather than being forced out
Jnder high pressure, acid will tend to
follow the areas with the greatest total
rake of volubility such as high HC1
volubility and high permeability. This
Mill help keep acid in the normally more
?roductive zones.
4. Extremely high flow capacities
?an be developed that will be much less
susceptible to drainage plugging from for-
nation fines, organic deposits, or scales.
5. The etched groove or channel will
stay open under severe closure and/or
zrushing conditions “(Table 1).
6. Acid or other aqueous fluid sen-
sitive formations can be stimulated with
less chance of formation closure and cor-
responding loss in flow capacities.
Closed Technique Disadvantages
There are some disadvantages to this
procedure that should be considered:
1. No way has yet been developed to
model or predict the number and ext~:nt of
etched grooves or channels.
2. Diverting with ball sealers can
be a problem at low rates and low dif-
ferential pressures across perforations;
however, this prcblem can generally be
overcome with balanced density or light
weight ball sealers, and/or by increasing
the pump rate when the ball sealers are at
the perforations.
3. The closed fracture acidizing
treatment will not work on certain types
..
AK
3
of carbonate formations, and it is dif-
ficult to predict these unless actual core
flow studies are conducted (Table 1).
LABORATORY ACID ETCHED FRACTURE FLOW
CAP3CITY TESTS
Laboratory tests are conducted on a
routine basis by flowing acid across a
vertically cut core face to determine acid
etched flow capacities of various acids
and acid systems (Table 1). In many in-
stances adequate flow capaciki?s can be
obtained with conventional fracture
acidizing procedures. At times however,
the fracture flow capacities obtained are
too low and other techniques are needed,
such xs usictgheated acids if the well is
cold. When these flow capacities are low,
an additional acid flow period is run with
the fracture in a closed condition. This
forces the acid to flow out this closed
but partially etched fracture, and in most
cases dissolves deep grooves or channels
in the core face for high flow capacities.
However, there are times when this system
does not provide any benefit.
These tests are conducted to measure
the flow capacity under closure pressure
of a created and acid etched fracture:
The core sample is cut into circular disks
2.25 to 4 in. OD by 0.75 to 1.0 in. thick,
such that the surface exposed to acid is
in the same plane as a vertical fracture.
These disks are then mounted in lead and
the face of the sample turned flat with a
lathe. A hole is drilled through the axis
of the sample and the lead mounting. The
sample is then placed in the etching test
cell with the turned face of the sample
touching an ampcoloy block that acts as
the opposite fracture face. The cell is
brought up to test temperature, and a mi-
crometer is attached and set at zero. The
sample is then separated from the ampcoloy
block 0.05 inches. Acid is flowed thraugh
the hole and radially across the sample
face at 1000 psia (open etching). After a
specific time interval, the acid is
removed and replaced with kerosene. clo-
sure pressure is then applied to the sam-
pie, and the flow capacity obtained from
the open etched test is measured. Acid
can then be flowed through the “closed”
fracture with closure pressure applied
(closed etching). The amount of sample
removed or crushed is then measured by
micrometer. This process can be repeated
several times but the common practice is
to perform two to three flow periods. Any
specified closure pressure can be used.
If none is given, a closure pressure of 1/
3 psi per ft of depth is used with a mini-
mum of 1,000 psi.

4 STIMULATING CARBONATE FORMATIONS USING A CLOSED FRACTURE ACIDIZING TECHNIQUE
~PPLICATIONS
This closed fracture acidizing pro-
:edure can be considered for any carbonate
!ormation that is already fractured.
?hese existing fractures could be from the
;ollowing:
1. Fractures created immediately
>rior to the closed fracture treatment as
In integral part of the overall procedure.
2. Fractures that were previously
:reated during a fracture acidizing or
>roppant treatment.
3* Naturally fractured formations.
?ractures Created Just Prior to Closed
?racture Acidizing Treatment
It may be an advantage at times to
[1) run an initial standard fracture
~cidizing treatment above fracturing pres-
sure using the best techniques and
naterials available, (2) stop pumping long
?nough for the fracture to close, and (3)
resume pumping at 0.5 to 2.0 bbl/min below
fracturing pressure, generally for extend-
?d periods of time. The initial standard
Lreatment will usually provide a fracture
system for the acid to follow in the
subsequent closed fracture acidizing
?rocedu-e.
Since the initial fracture acidizing
treatment created some etched characteris-
tics, there are some easy routes for the
acid to follow in the closed system. Nor-
nal horizontal layering effects in a for-
nation will also aid in keeping the closed
~cid flow in the trend of the formation
itself. Since fluid loss control has al-
ready been established with the initial
fracture acidizing treatment, the acid
will tend to stay in the closed fracture.
This type treatment can be run either
with treatments that have been considered
successful, or those that have been con-
sidered marginally effective, with only
the additional cost of extra acid. Ball
sealers should be considered to allow, as
much as possible, several etched channels
or grooves to be created in the overall
fracture face.
A number of treatments have been per-
formed in West Texas using this procedure
with apparent success. The advantage to
this procedure is that it is an excellent
backup system in case the initial treat-
ments do not create satisfactory fracture
flow capacities (Case History No. 1).
The closed fracture acidizing pro-
cedure should also be considered when
.—
.
SPE 14654
stimulating formations where the fracture
face tends to soften with acid in the ini-
tial treatment. Under these conditions, a
recommended procedure would be to break
the well down and create an original frac-
ture with a non-acid fracturing fluid,
allow it to close, then pump acid under
closed acidizing conditions. Since the
major portion of the fracture face has not
been contacted with acid, it would not
soften and thus could provide good support
for the etched channels or grooves.
Some chalk formations are sensitive
to aqueous fluids. In this situation the
well could be fractured with an oil base
gel or emulsion, allowed to close, then
acidized. Again, this would allow the
channels or grooves to be developed, yet
be supported by undamaged or un~oftened
adjacent areas.
Previously Fractured Formations
Wells that hzve been acidized with
stan?ard fracture acidizing treatments can
be re-treated using the closed fracture
acidizing system since once the fracture
has been created, it is likely still
there, and even if it is almost closed or
scaled up, it will still allow acid ~.o
flow out in the closed condition. Since
pump rates and BHTP are generally much
lower, special surface treating equipment
may not be necessary. Several wells have
been re-treated after four to five years
production with excellent production in-
creases (Case History No. 2) .
Carbonate formation that have pre-
viously been proppant fractured can also
he considered.4 The same general horizon-
t.. flow trends would be expected as in
other conditions listed previously.
Naturally Fractured Formations
This type of closed fracture acidiz-
ing is probably the easiest to perform,
but it is also the most difficult to pre-
dict since the actual extent of the exist-
ing fractures is not known, and the number
of fractures contacted with acid, their
approximate length, and their original
existing width cannot be determined.
However, there are several basic assump-
tions that can be considered:
1. Natural fractures probably have
some general directional orientation
caused by the original stresses that cre-
ated the fractures.
2. Some open natural fractures will
be wider than others due to a difference
in stresses.
‘D?7 lAf=.KA
!. J-l .L-Z”-T
Sherman
--------- ----- l?. Fredrickson
-- —--- .. ----
c

3. If the fractures are actually loss control phases at 6 to

:losed, generally there will be some least 8 bbl/min.
?rincipal stress condition that will allow
~cid to channel out some fractures more Step 4 - Overflush with 4,0013 gal at
?asily than others. 6 to 8 bbl/min.

Treating naturally fractured systems Step 5 - Shut down for 1.5 hr for the
?as one inherent problem thaL should be fracture to close.
:onsidered if a large zone is to be treat-
?d: most naturally fractured reservoirs Step 6 - Pump 2,000 gal 20% ungelled
lave low matrix permeabilities. If the HC1 at 1 bbl/min. Displace
perforations happen to intersect a natural only to formation.
Eracture, the pressure necessary to pump
into it and even widen it are generally Thirty new wells in this field have
lot excessive. However, if these perfora- been treated making 100 BOPD average with
Lions penetrate an interval having no the general overall techniques. No wells
~atural fracture, the pressure needed to were treated with unheated acid or without
Eracture to intersect a natural fracture the closed fracture acidizing procedure.
~an be exceedingly high. In a short in-
terval this may be no problem if there are Case History No. 2
sufficient open perforations for ~dequate
?roduction. However, when a section has Middle East: Chalk Wells at 8,000 ft
several zones that cannot drain vertical- with 2000F l?HT:
ly, each zone must be actually treated in
>rder to produce. If some perforations Well No. 1: Previous standard frac-
:onnect with the natural fracture system ture acidizing using viscous preflushes
and some do not, diverting under suffi- had resulted in 500 BOPD production, de-
:ient pressure to break down the unconnec- creasing to 300 BOPD in five years.
ted ones can be very difficult.
Well was treated with 40,000 gal 28%
The most effective system would be to HC1 alternated every 5,000 gal with a non-
Jse straddle packers of some sort to es- acid fluid loss control and acid extender
tablish that each specific zone is capable phase at 1 to 2 BBL/min. Initial produc-
>f actually taking fluid. Balling off tion was 3,000 BOPD, decreasing to 1,800
~ith ball sealers, followed by an injec- BOPD after one year.
tion survey, could be used to determine if
all the zones are taking fluid. Well No. 2: Previous treatment similar to
Well No. 1 but had been shut in due to low
Once it is determined that the entire production.
interval is capable of taking fluids at a
reasonable pressure, the standard closed Well No. 2 was treated similar to
Eracture acidizing procedure can be run. Well No. 1 with flush resulting in produc-
In a large zoile, several stages of acid tion of 2,000 BOPD, decreasing to 1,200
separated with ball sealers should be con- BOPD after one year.
~idered (Case History No. 3) .
Case History No. 3
case History No. 1
Mississippi: Chalk Wells at 15,000
Texas: San Andres Formation, Yoakum ft witi’ 2’?OoFBHT:
~nd Gaines County, 5,000 ft with 105 to
L15°F BHT: WelLs had been fractured with
proppants ~nd fracture acidized with
All fluid are heated to llOoF with a limited success. These formations are
hot oiler and weighted to 9.0 lb/gal for considered to be naturally fractured.
fiensityplacement control.
Present treatment consisted of 3,00!3
Step 1 - Pump 140 bbl water ccntain- gal 15% chemically retarded acid followed
ing scale inhibitor, then by 1,000 gal 15% HC1, followed by 4,000
shut down for 1 hour. gal 28% HC1, all at 0.5 bbl/min with the
following results:
Step 2 - Pump 6,000 gal crosslinked
gelled preflush at 6 to 8 Well No. 1: Before 25 BOPD at 100 psi
bbl/min.
After 280 BOPD at 3,250 psi
step 3 - Pump 10,000 gal 20% HC1 con-
taining 2.0% gelling agent, Well No. 2: Before 50 BOPD at 100 psi
alternating at 2,000 gal
intervals with gelled fluid After 304 BOPD at 4,200 psi

A7
6 STIMULATING CARBONATE FORMATIONS USING A CLOSED FRACTURE ACIDIZING TECHNIQUE SPE 14654

break. Well was stimulated with acid

Jell No. 3: Before 50 BOPD at 5170psi which was chemically heated to 1200F and
pumped at 4 to 5 bbl/min, which was below
After 319 BOPD at 5,400 pSi the fracturing gradient. Production in-
creased eightfold.
:ase History No. 4
CONCLUSIONS
.
Italy: Well at 10,000 ft with 1500F
3HT: 1. Field results have indicated that
acidizing fractured systems at low rates
Considered to be naturally fractured. below the fracturing pressure as a planned
?revious standard fracture acidizing system can produce excellent results.
:reatments gave poor results in similar
rells in the field. 2. Laboratory test results have in-
dicated that this process can be a viable
Well treated wi th 4,000 gal 28% option but will not work on all
:hemically retarded acid followed by 4,000 formations.
~al 28% HC1, all at 1 to 2 bbl\min below
fracturing pressure. Well was making 3. A good understanding of the for-
L,500 BOPE three months later. mation treating characteristics is needed
to optimize results with the closed frac-
:ase History No. 5 ture acidizing system.

Mississippi Chalk at 16,000 ft: 4. Wells that have been fractured at

some prior date can be retreated usin~ the
No production prior to acidizing. closed fracture acidizing system.
Jell was treated with 4,800 gal 15% chemi-
cally retarded HC1, followed by 1,000 gal REFERENCES
:hemically retarded 28% HC1 containing
iiverting agents, ollowed by 4,30g gal 1. McDonald, S. W,: “Evaluation of Pro-
28% chemically re rded HC1, all at less duction Tests in Oil Wells Stimulated
than 1.0 bbl/min. Surface pressure was by Massive Acid Fracturing Offshore
7,100 psi until aci f reached the formation Qatarr” Journal of Petroleum Technol-
——
?ressure, initially fell to 4,800, with M (March 1983) 496-506.
Einal of 4,100 psi. Well came in at 500
BOPD at 500 psi. 2. Walker, M. L., Fredrickson, S. E., and
Norman, L. R.: !!Heated Acid Improves
Case History no. 6 Stimulation Results,” pper SPE 13371
presented at 1984 SPE Eastern Regional
Mississippi: Dry Hole in Tuscaloosa Meeting, Charleston, W.V., Nov. 1.
Formation at 21,000 ft:
3. Fredrickson, S. E., and Knox, J. A.:
Operator decided to treat the chalk “Method of Fracture Acidizing Forma-
at 17,200 ft and 2800F BHT. tion,” Us. Patent No. 3,768,564
(1973).
Pumped 6,000 gal chemically retarded
28% Hcl at 0.25 bbl/min. Ball sealers 4. Knox, J. A., and Fredrickson, S. E.:
(1.1 spg) were dropped in the last portion ItMethod of Fracture Acidizing an Oil
of the acid phase. Well came in with Well,” U.S. Patent No . 3,842,911
flush production stabilized at 50 BOPD at (1974).
500 psi. Based on pressure analysis,
operator believes a restriction exists but
has not decided to work the well over as
yet.

Case History No. 7

France-New Well at 8,000 ft with

2D00F BHT:

Laboratory tests indicated poor frac-

ture flow capacities developed with stan-
dard fracture acidizing technique after 36
rein, but excellent fracture flow capaci-
ties were achieved with the closed frac-
ture system after an additional 18 min.
(Table 1). Emulsion tests indicated cold
fluid created emulsions that were hard to

~_ _______________
.
 ●

TABLF 1 -Am, . . -.—.!.

LABORATORYTEST RESDLTS Fracture

C3.Osure Flow
Fracture Flow Capacity Tests on Core Sample Depth (ft) Type Etch Pressure capacity
origin Temp. (“F) Acid Tvpe
&MX@Z!l (Psi) (red-f t)
Representative FormationCore Samples
Fmnce 8,000(C1) Gelled 15% Hcl Open 2,670 280
Fracture 160 Open j: 2,670 1.116
Closure Flow Closed 54 2,670 186,440
Depth (ft) Type Eich Pressure Capacity
Area Temp. (“F) Acid NW ~ (rein) (Psi) (red-f t) France (C2) Celled 15% HC1 open 2,670 6,488
Open ;: 2.670 20,716
Venezuela 16,000 Gelled 28% HCl men 7,500 1,3.48
250 Open 7,500 636
Closed 7,500 171,716 West Taxas 10.500 Gelled 28% Hcl open 3,472 <10
200 Open ~ 3.472” <10
Md SaR$ 5>000 Emulsified28% HC1 Open 18 1.500 116 Closed 54 3,472 <10
Open 36 1;500 172
2,000 92 28% HC1 @en 18 3,472 <10
2.500 <10 Open 36 3,472 <10
3,000 <10 Closed 54 3,472 <10

Kid East 5,000 Emulsified 28% HC1 Open 18 1,500 204 North Texas 3,000 28.% HC1 @e. 1.000 1,348
Closed 36 1,500 93.020 100 @en I 1,000 24,816
54 1,500 156.188 Closed 54 1,000 280,000+
2.000 153;772
2.500 146.520 GeIled 28% HCI Open 1.000 644
3,000 141,768 Open & 1,000 4,636
3,500 134,484 Closed 54 1,000 191,332
Wchigan 4,000 28% HC1 Open 18 1,340 1,380 Mid Sast 10,800 15% HC1 Open 3,900 3,260
Open 36 1,340 7,412 200 Open H 3,900 1,244
Closed 54 3,900 47,832
Closed 18 1,340 176,188
28% HC1 Closed 36 1,340 280. 000+ 28% IiCl Open 18 3,900 4,232
Open 36 3,900 1.288
West Texas 1O,4OO(CI)* Gelled 28Z HC1 Open 18 3,472 <10 Closed 54 3,900 74.312
200 36 3,472 <10
Mid tiSt 8,000 28% HC1 Open 2,645 <10
1O,4OO(C2)** Open 18 3,472 <10 210 Open & 2,645 <1.I
200 36 3,472 <10 Closed 54 2,645 <10
Closed 54 3,472 <10
mexico 10,800 28% HC1 Open lb 3,594 8,940
West Texas 5,600(CI) 28% HC1 @en 18 1,886 344 180 Open 36 3,594 67,688
125 Cpen 36 1,886 844 Closed 54 3,594 280,000+

Foamed .?8ZHC1 Open 18 1,886 2,360 Gellei 28z HC1 Gpen 18 3,594 1,012
*en 36 1.886 41.568 Open 36 3,594 644
Closed 54 3,594 181,5KI
Foamed ?8% HC1 Closed 1,886 134.400
Germany 4,800 Gelled 28% HC1 Open 18 1.560 4.340
6,000(C2) 28Z NC1 Open 18 2,000 368 170 open 36 1,560 2,248
140 @en 36 2.000 1,888
Clc.sed 54 2;000 111,856
 I
,

1 ,’

I
TASLE I Cent’d TABLE 2

Fracture Flow races of 1.0 cps fluid througha fracture 100 ft high by 500 ft long
Closure Flow
Core Sample Depth (ft) Type Etch PressureCapacity at various flow capacites and pressure drops. The hole sf ze necessary to f lou
Origin Tenm. (“F) Acid Tvpe 2K!ZXL!2?2 (psi ) (md-ft)
the same rate is calculated.
*
(W-many 4,800 Gelled 2RZ NC1 Closed 18 1,560 129,780
170 Closed 36 1,560 280,000+

sasc Texas 10,OOO(C1) HC1-Acetic Open 18 3,360 120,608 FraccureFlow Pressure Flow Equivalent
180 3b 3.360 89,680
Capacity (red-f t) Orop (Psi) Sates (B/D) Hole Size (in. )
tist Texas 10, OOO(C2) HC1-AcetIc @en 18 3,360 2,852
180 Open 36 3,360 2,’236
Closed 54 3,360 186,440
2,000 100 45 0.32
East Texas 16,000(C1) Gelled :82 HC1 @en 4,670 1,060
250 op. E 4,670 29,084 8,000 100 180 0.53
1‘5%HCI Closed 54 4,670 280,000+
20,000 100 450 0.75
M,000(C2) Gelled 28% HC1 Open 18 4,670 124
250 open 36 4,670 88
15% HC1 Closed 54 4,670 <10
2,000 500 225 0.41
*cl - Core No. 1.
8.000 500 901 0.69
**C2 - Core No. 2.
I 20,000 500 2,254 0.98

,,

2.000 1,000 450 0.46

8,000 1,000 1,803 0.78

20,000 1,000 4.508 1.10

*Calculationsfrom MI RP 39 dated January 1983 Appendix A.

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