Response of muitistoried buildings to ground
translation and rocking during earthquakes
V° K. Gupta and M. D. Trifunac
Departmem of Civil Engineering. UniversiO' q]('Southern Cal(fornia, Los Ange!e& Cal(/bmia,
USA
This paper presents an approach for estimating the peaks of response of the fixed-base multistoried
buildings which are subjected to the combined action of translational and rocking components of
earthquake ground motion. The formulatmn inctudes the representation of the interaction
between various modes and accounts for the phase difference between the translational and
rocking components.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the current design practices for the earthquake
resistant multistoried buildings, lateral seismic forces are
estimated by considering the building response to the
translational ground motion alone. Although the
free-field earthquake ground motion does have the
rocking component, it has been customary to consider its
contributions to be insignificant. Little research has been
done to demonstrate that the rocking contributions are
indeed always insignificant or how far one may be justified
in neglecting their contribution to the total response.
Recently, some investigators 4"7"1~'~9"2~ have recog-
nized the significance of the contributions of rocking
excitation. Among the analyses which have been
considered so far, the approach proposed by Gupta and
Trifunac 7 alone can provide a probabilistic measure for
the amplitudes of various orders of the response peaks.
Other methods are either deterministic in nature or give
just the largest response peak amplitudes.
The formulation by Gupta and Trifunac 7 neglects the
interaction between various modes of vibration, and the
translational and rocking components of ground motion
are assumed to be in phase. These assumptions s~mplify
the analysis considerably; however; discrepancies might
then result in estimating the peak response when the
structural frequencies are closely spaced '°. Moreover. the
translational and rocking components do have a phase
difference which may be close to zr/2 in certain
situations ~3,2°.
This paper generalizes the eariier formulation; for the
response of fixed-base multistoried buildings to the
translational and rocking excitations by accounting for
the modal interaction and the phase between these two
components of ground motion. The formulation has been
first presented to account for the effects of modal
interaction in the case of translational component acting
alone, and then extended to include the effects of rocking
component. The rocking motion has been characterized
by accounting for the dispersion and presence of various
modes in the propagating waves, and by generating the
synthetic records as in Lee and Trifunac ~.
Paper accepted May 1990. Discussion closes February 199i.
© 1990 Computational Mechanics Publications
138 P/obabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1990, Vol. 5, No. 3
2. BRIEF REVIEW
The approach presented here derives i~s basis f r o s t the
fun damental works of Rice~ 6.z, Longuet_Higgins ~~ and
Ca~wright and Longuet-Higgins 2 on the dis;ributions o;
the maxima of a random function. ~n an early application
of their work. Amini and Trifunic ~ studied the sta~sfics
of the peaks in the response of a mu!tistoried buildi,ag
assuming stationaity in time and statistical independence
of peaks. Later. Gupta and Trifunac 5"" applied order
statistics to derive more general distribution functions of
alt the peaks They considered a simple lumped mass
model, shown in Fig. i. subjected to hor~zomal com-
ponent of ground acceleration ~ t ~. A brief review oi2their
results is presented here for completeness m this work,
If all the N peaks of a random tresponse t function f'~,~',,
are assumed to be statistically independent and
identically distributed, the nth order peak :,in decreasing
order of magnitude) with n ~<N is distributed as 6
!])
:ok ) ,
being the height of the peak normalized b y a .... the roo~.
mean square {r.m.s.) amplitude off(t~ and PbT~ bein~ the
probability distribution function of the heights of
maxima. P(rD is defined 2 in terms of ~l and c. wkere ~: is a
measure of the width of the energy spectrum. Et ~ ~o f f ( ; }
and is defined by
#~°m4 - - m2 t?
Nr morn4
where m, is the nth moment of the energy spectrum E~v;s,
m,, = I oo'E(o} de). ,=0.1.2, . I?
sol
The total number of peaks. N in /'(t~ and the roo; mean
square value of f ( 0 , a,,s are2
T (,~ ,2
Y=--.--,
2/r \ m 2 '
Response of multistoried buildings to ground translation and rocking during earthquakes: V. K. Gupta and M. D. Trifunac

and for shear force,

a,m =m~/2 (5)

where T is the total duration of the response, taken to 5(co- ~j) (8)
j= 1 4~jT
be the same as the duration of input excitation. For the
expected value of a(,), the nth order peak of fit), one may
for overturning moment,
determine r/using the approximation proposed by David
and Johnson 3. It may be noted that if r.m.s, value fi of the
peaks of f(t) is used in place of a,,~ for calculation of the
peak amplitude by denormalization of t/, t//, f2 should be EMi((-o)= ~ {k~=lh2(t=~mtAlj)2}~Z2('C°J)°~J(}(cO_~Oj)
used in place of t/(8 -~ x~armsassuming f(t)~ a s a narrow j= 1 4~jT
band process22). Energy spectrum E(co) can be related to
F(co), the Fourier transform off(t) as ~5"23 (9)
where Z(~oj) is the average value of the Fourier spectrum
1 IZ(co)[ of input excitation ~;(t) over mean square bandwidth
E(~o)=~-~ IF(co)l2 (6)
:z~f)j about the natural frequency e)j, in jth mode; A = [A0J. ×,
is the modal matrix; ~j -- . ~k
. =. 1.ftkjn|k/
. ~= 1 A~jm k is the
vz_,k
For the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system shown modal participation factor in jth mode for floor masses
in Fig. 1, modal analysis in Fourier-transformed rn~, m 2. . . . m,; (j is the damping ratio injth mode and h k is
frequency domain for displacement at ith floor and the use ( n - k + 1)th story's height. The above expressions of
of(6) has been shown 5 to lead to the following expressions energy spectra can be used directly to evaluate various
for energy spectra of displacement, shear force and moments (equation (3)) and thus compute the statistical
overturning moment responses, parameters fi, N and e for the desired response function at
each floor.
for displacement, To account for the nonstationary nature of the
excitation and the response, Gupta and Trifunac s have
A 2 2 --2 proposed to modify 5 for the ith floor from fi~ to (5E)~
,~ ij'~jZ (O)j) e, ,
EDi(co)= 2. ot~--~oj) (7) where
j =~ ~4~j(.oji
(~),= ( ~)~j2 (10)
J
Here, (aE)ij is the factor for normalizing the maximum
value of response function calculated from the response
spectrum, at ith floor and in jth mode, to E[a(1)]/x/2.
E[a(1)] j is the expected value of the first order
hi peak in jth mode, corresponding to the distribution in
equation (1). For displacement, shear force and
overturning moment responses, the maximum values at
ith floor and in jth mode are
h2
Dii = Aij~:jSD j (11 )

-t h3 Ht
Sij=(nhAlj-k-mzA2j+...+miAij)~j~o~SDj

M i j = [ h i m l A l j + hz(mlAlj +m,.A2j)+ ...

(i2)

• .. + hi(m xA lj + mzA 2j "Jr-''' "~ miAij)]~je)ZSDj

(13)
h~
where SDj is the spectral displacement corresponding to

i
the modal frequency e)j and damping ratio ~j. For
determining E[a(~)]j, the statistical parameters in jth
mode, tj and Nj are approximated by
hn
ej---~O
(14)
1 T
Nj = ~ . %

3. MODAL INTERACTION
The expressions for the energy spectra as in equations (7),
Fig. 1. Multi-degree-of-freedom system for translational (8) and (9) do not account for the effect of interaction
vibrations between various modes of vibration. Further, the Dirac

Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1990, Vol. 5, No. 3 139

Response of multistoried buildings to ground translation and rocking durin# earn}quakes. V. K. Gupza and M, D. 7r~:}~ntit

delta representation is based on the assumption s that the and

nat'are of the Fourier spectrum IZ(co)l is reasonably fiat.
For the multistoried buildings, modal frequencies may,
.2..(k- 3)f-{~L~.
Aijczjwj2 ~ , )~,
however, be closely spaced and thus it may become '~?2kJ =~--~7"~1j= .t -FPO'iJ+q#'iJ)2~J--~DAJk+2J)
necessary to account for the interaction between various
modes. Vanmarcke 2¢ and Singh and Chu ~ have ('>~
considered the interaction effects while presenting the
spectral density G(o)) of the response of a linear dynamic where k = 0 , 2 and 4 for zeroth, second and ;ou.rth
system, excited by a stationary random excitation. Based moments respectively and 2~.j is the k t h normalized
on their formulations and according to the definition of moment of [Z(~o)i2IH(co)i2 for an equivalent single degree
energy spectrum [(co) as in equation (6), EDi(oo), the of freedom oscillator of the jth mode,
energy spectrum of displacement at the ith floor may be
expressed as
.fro~c
ED}~)=~IZ(co)[
1 2
k iH~(c~)[2
k=0, i,2 .....
j=l

To account for the nonstationarity of the response, in the

k=I kr~j
absence of the approximation of Hj(co~I~- by delta
function s, the statistical parameters ej and N~ are
modified to

where ~J=i I . . (25a:

L AO.j" A4-, ~_;
i
H~(co) = co~e_co2 + "~jco~coza (t6) and

T 2,.,
and, C}~ and Djk a r e the coefficients given in terms of ~j0 ~ N.=
J 2~
.c%
y 2:,j
~25bi
and r = c%/coa,
in the catcuiation of (~e)~ using equation ~lO}. we
- r Y Y ~ 1 actually consider n equivalent S D O F osciI!ators ~n
modes, and do not account for the interaction offih mode
with other modes while evaluating (ae)u ;or the i*h
oscillator. To account for this interaction, it is assumed
! here that (ae)~ can be modified to (ae)} in ~he same
D~ B,~ [2(I r 2 ) { 4 r ( ~ - ~ Z ) ( t ~ - ~ / ' ) - ( i --r2)2}~ proportion as the r.m.s, value of the response function ~i~e
m~I{), thus leading to
(18)
g ~ A~jczj
2 2

and !2 E(l ' ~)D j ' qD j ) Z O j b~D i A 2 i a {

2 2~ )
Bj~ = 8rZ [ ( ~ + ~2)(1 - r 2 ) 2 - 2({~ --yjyv2"2,,~2~j, (~
~.y~'~2)] A~i~i zoj
j=i fi3~ ]
+ ( i - r 2 ) *. (19)
~26!
In terms of the coefficients
~n the case of shear force or overturning moment as
t & response functions, expressions for the energy spectrum
PD,ij--A2a2 ~ A jA ~1%Cj~ (20) can be shown to follow directly from equations ,~20~
. ~ i j ~ j k=lkg:/ through (22) by the substitution of ~jc,)~ for ~j. Also. A.:j
should be replaced by (rn~A ~ . . . . + m~Au) for shear force
q ~ , i j -- A 2 ~vz AuAi~c~ ~Dn, (21) and by x-~z,~=~ .q(mtA' ~j-~. .+m~Atp for the overturning
~-ij~j k = l k # j moment. The subsequent steps for estimating the peak
values of these responses remain the same as for the
the above results simplify to displacement response except that the equations (i2" arm
(13) are used in place of equation (11).
, 1
4. C O M B I N E D ACTION O F T R A N S L A T I O N AND
F. ROCKING
X Lj__~l 2 j2 IHj(a)),I2
Aijo~
If the mulfistoried building modal shown in Fig. ? is also
subjected to the rocking component of ground
(22) acceleration 0R(t ) at its base. the equatioe of mo-uon in
normal coordinates for the jth mode can be written as 7

140 Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1990, VoL 5, No. 3

Response of multistoried buildings to ground translation and rocking during earthquakes." V. K. Gupta and M. D. Trifunac

~'~(t)+ 2(sogs~s(t) + 092~s(t) = - aft(t)-- ~HflR(t ) (27)
where c~Hs is the modal participation factor for the
response to rocking ground motion,
normalized moments for an equivalent SDOF oscillator
of the jth mode (as in (24)), defined as
"R __
".k,j -- ~} 3-k) J O IOR(C0) 11Z(~0) IIHj(m)Ad < do)

f
~H~ - ~=~
AkjmkHk
j = 1, 2 . . . . n (28)
k = 0 , 1 , 2 ....
(34)

f AZflnk and
k=l

From (27), ES(a)) (the Fourier transform of ~s(t)) is
obtained by taking the Fourier transform of the whole
equation and solving for Es(~o),
Es(~o)=Hs(co)(c~sZ(o)+c~Hs®g(~O))
where Hs(~o) has been defined in (16) and Z(m) and O~(o9)
respectively are the Fourier transforms of ~(t) and OR(t).
Using (29), the Fourier transform of displacement
response at the ith floor, X~(~o) can be written as
Xi(~o)= f Au(~tsZ(~o)+ ~Hs®R(OO))Hs(~)
j=l
Correspondingly, the expression for ED~(co) using (6)
becomes
EDi(~)=Tz-l[s=@ Aij(~jZ(c~)+c~HjOR(Og))Hj(og)]
,s- s IOR(oo)t21Hs(oo)12co k doJ
(35)
k=O, 1,2 ....
(29)
The coefficients pRu and q~,u are a measure of interaction
of jth translational mode with the other translational
modes for displacement at ith floor under the excitation of
rocking component alone. The coefficients PD.U'Rand qo.u'~
represent the interaction ofjth mode with the other modes
under the combined action of translational and rocking
components for the case when these are aligned together,
(30) whereas the coefficients Pods,,R and qo.u
,,R represent the
interaction when these are orthogonal to each other.
Expressions for the interaction coefficients can be found
elsewhere s. To account for nonstationary nature of the
response in this case, (hE)~ can be calculated using the
same principles as before. This results in the following
values of es and Nj (for the normalized expected value of
the first order peak in jth mode),

"[j=~ Ais(~sZ*(°o)+°~HJO~(c°))H*(°)) 1 (31) I ~2 -'11/2

es= 1 ~2,s _[ (36a)
eo,je 4,jJ
where Z*(og) is the complex conjugate of Z(co). Let (~R((D)
be the phase difference between translational motion and
Z(e~) and rocking motion OR(CO) such that
N T (e 4 S~li:
Z(6o) Z(o)) e_i+R(<~I (32) j = ~"~COSt~) (36b)
oR( ) =

where
and for simplicity, let it be assumed independent of co. The
expression for ED~(m) (equation (31)) then can be shown 8
. °~H2 R
Ck,j=/~k,j~-~,2~lk,j'~ 2c~HiCOS CPR/°RJ
~R (37)
to lead to (using equation (3)) ~j ~j
n
mk'i----'~ j--~l is the kth moment of the normalized energy spectra for
displacement of an equivalent SDOF oscillator of jth
mode under the combined excitation of translational and
[ A~j~(D~k- 3,{(1 +Po,U+qD,il)2k,S--qz),U2k+
Z,S} rocking components. For the maximum value of the
displacement, Du, the spectral displacement in jth mode
+ A2~H2(DSk - 3) for this case, by definition, should be obtained by
× {(1 + PD,U
R + qD,is)l~k,S--
g g qD,ijPk
g R+2,S} maximizing the Duhamel's integral l(t) over tel0, T],
where
+ cos 4'R "2A~j~Hs~o} ~- 3~
× {(1+ P", ,R ))~k
,R U+ qo,ij ~ ,J-- qD,
~RiS2k +2,J}
O ) j ~ O~j /
+sin ~bR Az~s~HJ~°~k-3~
x e%O,,I,-~lsin % ~ f l - ( 2 ( t - r) dr. (38)

,,R 2 ,,R "R ,,R "R }] Maximizing I(t) for all n modes in a specific problem
× ((PD,ij -- (2 -- 4(j )qD,ij)/~k + 1,j ~ qD,ijAk + 3,S
I involves considerable computational effort. As an
alternative, D u may be computed by the following
(33) approximation which makes use of the spectral
displacement SDj, spectral rotation SDOjR (obtained from
where, the additional terms Zkd
-a and Pk,S
g are the kth the response spectrum of rocking motion) and constant

Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1990, Voi. 5, No. 3 141

Response qf mu#istoried buildings m grom~d ITanslatio~ and rocking duri~,g earthquakes: K K. Gupga a~a M D Dilu~,.~,:

phase difference ~ba,
D~.-j- - A~j.w/"aj2 SDj2 + o~Hj2 SDOy"~R + 2~fi~HjSDjSDOjR cos @R
(39)
To account for the modal interaction in r.m.s, vatue of
peaks, (a~)~ is again assumed to be modified to (ae)i in the
same proportion as the r.m.s, value of the response
function i.e. m0j-.
~"' The calculation of m~i~ ignoring the
modal interaction can be carried out by taking the
coefficients p's and q's as zero in equation (33).
In case of shear force and overturning m o m e n t
responses, the expressions of energy spectra again follow
from the expressions for the displacement response by
appropriate substitutions s. Analogous set of expressions
for % and Nj are applicable as for the displacement
response. Further, S u and Mid can also be approximated
in terms of SD;, SDO~a and q~a as in equation (39).
K ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PROPOSED
MODEL
For testing of the approach presented in Sections 3 and 4,
the estimates of the peak values of various response
functions have been compared with the results of the time
domain analysis (involving step-by-step numerical
integration) for various combinations of the input
excitation components. Two types of fixed-base multi-
storied buildings have been considered, one with 10
stories and the other one with 20 stories, each having
constant story height of i0 m. ,The story b e g i n s are taken
to be very large to emphasize the rocking contributions
tn both buildings, floor masses and story stfffnesses vat',
linearly from top to bottom as illustrated m Fig. 2. Their
relative values are so proportioned that the fnndamentai
period of vibration of each building is 0 . i ~ . n being t h e
number of stones m the building. {For the {0 s~one,e
building, the natural frequencies dn rad:sec are 6.0~.~
!6.!9.26.32. 35.92.44.74. 52.57. 59.23.64.58. 6849 and
70.89° while for the 20 storied building, they are 2.98_ S. i 2
13,36. i8.55. 23.63. 28.59. 33.37. 37.97 42.3~ 46.46~
50.31.53.87° 57.1 l. 60.0!. 62,57= 64,75.66.56.6"7,98.69,00
and 69.62. ~The critical damping ratio has been assumed
uniformly equal to 0.05 in all the modes for both
buildings.
To provide the base excitations to these buiidin~s.
synthetic accelerograms and the corresponding Fourie~
spectra for the translational and rocking come, onents of
ground motion have been generated :3 a 5 for the following
two sites:
Location: Westmoreland. Imperial Valley Caiiforn~a
Epicentral distance = i5 km
Earthquake Magnitude = 6.5: Confidence Level = 0.5.
. Location: Mexico City, Mexico
~Epicentral d i s t a n c e ' - 10 km
Input Fourier amplitude spectrum of the ~horizo ma:~~
translational corn portent ~aken same as the recorded
spectrum for the t985 earthquake e

The soil strata required for computing group and phase

velocity curves at these sites have been taken from Lee and
m~=0.6 k,:O.6 Trifunac i2 and G u p t a and Trifunac s ]n choosing the
m~
"epicentral distance' of Mex~,co earthquake as ~0km
instead of the actual value of ~ 4 0 0 k m o it has been
m2 recognized that the same soil stratum does nor. ex~end
from the site all the way up to the epicenter and therefore_
the dispersion of waves as computed for the si~e soft
m5
stratum is applicable for a local distance range only.
Synthetic accelerograms for the horizontal translational
component at both sites have been shown in Figs 3 and 4.
f'fi4 Since the total duration T of the response function
used in the probabiIistic approach is based on the
assumption that the response is stationary~ the duration
T 1 has been taken {as defined by Trifanac and Brady 2~ : to ~e
that time interval during which 90% of the tots1
rnn-Bk rnn-3
contribution to the integral ;or f 2 ( 0 dt takes place after the
k._~ i initial 5 % contribution. Here. ,r(t) is the ampiitude of the
kr+-2
ran-2 m~-2 1 l response function at ume t and T is the record ~__g~nth for~
kn-z !
t f{H. For simplicity, calcu!ations of T for the excitations a~
mn-i krt-i two example sites have been based on the acceleration
r~n-t
! \ kn-i
\
\
am plitudes of the horizontal translational m o u o n instead
of the response function amplitudes. The computed values
m . = 1.0 k~,= I.O of T i~ this manner are t2.44 and 46.44 sec respectively
la_so see F i g s 3 a n d 4 L
k. In the preceding formulation, the phase difference @~
has been assumed independent of frequency. Trifunac 2~
zT~ 7777 and Lee and Trifunac ~2. ~3 showed ~hat the ro.adona~ and
n-j n-j translational components of strong ground ruction
mj=l.O-0.4 k, = t . 0 - 0 . 4 n-'--T
J associated with the incident plane P. SV and SH waves
j =i,2,,,-,n i= 1,2,-..,n and Rayteigh surface waves differ in phase by ~/2 for ali
the frequencies. In actual ground conditions, dependir~g
Fig. 2, Story sfiffnesses and floor masses in a n-story on the geology of the site. type of source and due te the
building inherent randomness in the nature of ground motion° e~

142 Probabilisdc Engineering Mechanics, t990, Vot. 5, No. 3

Response of multistoried buildings to ground translation and rocking during earthquakes." V. K. Gupta and M. D. Trifunac

2~ + T
(3 L) l
L
~oo
0 6
sec
.=_
-2 i j i i I i i ] i I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I t J I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I i I
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (in sec)
Fig. 3. Translational (horizontal) accelerogram at Mexico City site

T
I
o
C

< T 24 64 sac
E
,__
I I I l I t i I I I I J I I I I I I i I I I I I 1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (in sec)

Fig. 4. Translational (horizontal) accelerogram at Imperial Valley site

10
may be different from re/2 and will depend on frequency.
, t I
In the absence of better estimates, all the results are : i
8 : ; I
presented here using q5R= ~/2.
: , /
Results of the proposed approach have been compared : l
with the time domain analysis results by plotting the ~ 6
/' //
envelopes of maximum peak displacement, shear force
and overturning moment (see Figs 5 through 8) for >, 4 / / --Time D o m a i n Analysis
/ / --- Expected Value
various combinations of the excitation components. In / /
/ / --- 5 P e r c e n t Prob. Value
each figure, various response values have been normalized . . . . . . . . 9 5 P e r c e n t Prob. Value
with respect to the respective overall maximum response 2
values. The dotted lines represent the probabilistic
I t
estimates. The middle line represents the expected values
0.0 0.5 1.0
while the two extreme lines represent the values with DispMcement
probability of exceedance equal to 5% and 95% and thus,
enclose the 90% confidence interval. From many such
10 10
figures including some representing large rocking
contributions, it has been found that the time domain
analysis results as represented by the solid lines are 8 8
bounded on either side by the 5% and 95% confidence UI
estimates, and are in good agreement with the expected -6
> 6
I13
>
o 6 ") x
values. J L~ L -- d

The above results do not show explicitly how substantial b

4 %' ~ ~1 o
the rocking contributions are in the considered cases. A o
co l i
O3
separate study which focuses on the comparison of the -! i ~1
peak response amplitudes to the combined excitation of 2 2 ,, ~ \
1 i I
translation and rocking with those due to the
translational component alone, will identify those 0 '''II~\ \ ~1
0.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0
situations in which these contributions cannot be S h e a r Force Overturning Moment
neglected. For this, many building, site and earthquake
combinations need to be considered, and so this is beyond Fig. 5. Response of lO-story building subjected to
the scope of this paper. translational component alone at Imperial Valley site

Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1990, Vol. 5, No. 3 143

 Response of mu#istoried buildings to grou~M translatio~ a~d rocking during earthquakes: V. K. Gupm a?,d M. D. T,ffTi,~:;~,~ec
2 0 F- 20,-

k
b
? //
,/ /
!

16~- //
" // /
/
~]2

8
i ,/
/

--Time Domain Analysis

F
/
! /% ,"
// /

-ime Domair Ana!ys~s

.... Expected Vo!ue o .... E x ' ~ e c t e a Vo!ue
c~ -- 5 Percent Prob. Vo!ue
, / / //
--- 5 P e r c e n < P r o b . Vo~ue
I ///' ........ 95 Percent Prob. Value ........ 95 Percent Prob, Vo,~e

0.0 0.5 1.0

0
0.0 0.5 ~.0
Displacement Disoiocement

20i
16
2o7->

16
pP -L <t
~,2 b',Y
2 ~ \),'
. ~_ , % '
b ~ :7' \
0 8k- ~', ', '
\

0 L- I: h I
4

0l
<
LL \

k \ '.,
,a
a

o L_
',

_J ,
k 7

c-
'\& \
0.0 0.5 1.0 o.o o.5 1 .o o.o 0.5 1 .o o.0 0.5 ? .@
Shear Force Overturning Moment Shear Force Overturning w,o m e r ' t

Fig. 6. Response of 20-story building subjected to Fig. 8. Response of 20-story bui/di,,;~ sub/ec~ee~ .!~
franslaHonal component alone at Mexico Ci O' site ~ranslotiotmI + rocking comDonetTts a~ impeHo/ Fa//ev s,m

6. C O N C L U S I O N S
The generalization of the approach of Gupta a n t
/,// II Trifunac v presented here is based on the approximation of
the frequency-dependent phase difference ,between the
>
co 6}- ,,",'7 /
/ ! i!
translational and rocking components! by a constant
value. It does not lead to noticeable errors in the response
© - - Time Domain Anclysis estimates for re!2 phase difference as shown by the
0 4! ,"'l'l/ .... E x p e c t e d Vo',ue
i /'t I
--- 5 Percent Prob. Value
examples for the first ~expected) peak values of the
........ 95 Percent Prob. Value response functions at all ievets of the structure. The
approach of Gupta and Trifunac v which is based on the
zero phase difference, should thus give conservative
o.o 0.5 i .0
estimates.
Displacement The presented formuiation can accoun~ for the modal
interaction without any specific assumption about the
nature of ground motion, and thus. it is more general in
comparison to the other exisung treatments of this
interaction.
81 "~I Using the presented approach, v, is possib!e to obta'.,n
k :-J~
the expected peak values of any response function, and
thus to get an idea about the average values which {.he
N I :i L response function may assume during the life, time of the
2>-, ", \
4~ '; building. One can also obtain the design values by
choosing an appropriate probability of exceedance.
-! ~ i depending on the importance of the structure and its
2
intended life. None of the exisung methods accomplishes
this for all significant peaks of response while including
0F
0.0 0.5
Z i!', t .0 o.o 0.5 1_o the ground rotation and modal interaction and hence_ our
S h e a r rr o r c e Overturning Moment approach goes beyond a ~ypica| response spectrum
superposition technique.
Fig, 7. Response of lO-story building subjected to Some of the expressions in this formulation may appear
translational + rocking components at Mexico City site lengthy, but compared to the time domain anaiysi£ the

t44 Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 1990, VoI. 5, No. 3

Response o f multistoried buildings to ground translation and rocking during earthquakes: V. K. Gupta and M. D. Trifunac
e n t i r e p r o c e d u r e is c o m p u t a t i o n a l l y far m o r e c o n v e n i e n t 9 Kajima Construction Company, Mexico earthquake, Sept. 19,
a n d less t i m e c o n s u m i n g . M o r e o v e r , the w h o l e p r o c e d u r e
I0
c a n be g r e a t l y simplified in the cases w h e r e the i n t e r a c t i o n
t e r m s are k n o w n to h a v e n e g l i g i b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n s .
It is n o t e d t h a t in case of h i g h e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m the 11
r o c k i n g c o m p o n e n t , e r r o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the use of
i n c o r r e c t p h a s e difference of r o c k i n g c o m p o n e n t r e l a t i v e
12
to the t r a n s l a t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t m a y be large. M o r e
d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s are t h u s n e e d e d in t h e d i r e c t i o n of 13
g e t t i n g r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e s of this p h a s e difference b e c a u s e
the effectiveness of the p r e s e n t e d m e t h o d is, to a c e r t a i n 14
extent, d e p e n d e n t o n the use of c o r r e c t v a l u e s of this
15
parameter.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 16
T h e a u t h o r s are t h a n k f u l to I . D . G u p t a for his c o m m e n t s 17
a n d critical r e a d i n g o f the m a n u s c r i p t .
18
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145