Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.2.1 Local Reinforcement at Joints (REINFORCE Command) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.2.1.1 Axial Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.2.1.2 Shear Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.2.1.3 Numerical Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
1.2.1.4 Estimation of Active Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11
1.2.1.5 Local Reinforcement Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 11
1.2.1.6 Summary of Commands Associated with Local Reinforcement
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 12
1.2.1.7 Example Application — Reinforced Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 13
1.2.2 Global Reinforcement (CABLE Command) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 16
1.2.2.1 Axial Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 17
1.2.2.2 Shear Behavior of Grout Annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 18
1.2.2.3 Normal Behavior at Grout Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 22
1.2.2.4 Cable Element Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 22
1.2.2.5 Pre-tensioning Cable Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 25
1.2.2.6 Estimating the Maximum Length for Cable Element Segments 1 - 25
1.2.2.7 Connecting Cable Elements to Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 26
1.2.2.8 Summary of Commands Associated with Cable Elements . . . . 1 - 26
1.2.2.9 Example Application — Pull-Test for a Grouted Cable Anchor 1 - 28
1.3 Surface Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 32
1.3.1 Structural Elements (STRUCT Command) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 32
1.3.1.1 Structural (Beam) Element Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 32
1.3.1.2 Inelastic Material Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 35
1.3.1.3 Structural Element Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 36
1.3.1.4 Structural Element Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 37
1.3.1.5 Summary of Commands Associated with Structural Elements 1 - 39
1.3.1.6 Example Application — Support of a Wedge in a Tunnel Roof 1 - 42
1.3.1.7 Example Application — Circular Tunnel Excavation with Interior
Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 49
1.3.1.8 Example Application — Shotcrete Lined Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 54
1.3.1.9 Example Application — Slope Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 58
1.3.2 Support Members (SUPPORT Command) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 62
1.3.2.1 Standard Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 63
1.3.2.2 Load-Rate Dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 64
1.3.2.3 Numerical Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 66
1.3.2.4 Support Member Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 67
2 THERMAL ANALYSIS
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.1 Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.2 Diffusion Equation — Explicit Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.2.3 Stability and Accuracy of the Explicit Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.2.4 Diffusion Equation — Implicit Thermal Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.2.5 Stability and Accuracy of the Implicit Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.2.6 Thermal-Stress Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.3 Solving Thermal-Only and Coupled-Thermal Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.3.1 Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.3.2 Thermal-Mechanical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 10
2.3.3 Heat Transfer across Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 12
2.3.4 Thermal Boundary Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 14
2.4 Input Instructions for Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 15
2.4.1 UDEC Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 15
2.4.2 FISH Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 22
2.5 Systems of Units for Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23
2.6 Verification Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25
2.6.1 Conduction through a Composite Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25
2.6.2 Thermal Response of a Heat-Generating Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 31
2.6.3 Heating of a Hollow Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 38
2.6.4 Infinite Line Heat Source in an Infinite Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 48
2.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 60
TABLES
Table 1.1 Commands associated with local reinforcement elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 13
Table 1.2 Commands associated with cable elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 27
Table 1.3 Commands associated with structural elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 40
Table 1.4 Joint set orientations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 55
Table 1.5 Support properties for profile props, sticks and yielding props (CSIR 1993) . . 1 - 67
Table 1.6 Commands associated with support members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 68
Table 1.7 Systems of units — structural elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 77
Table 2.1 Summary of thermal commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 15
Table 2.2 System of SI units for thermal problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23
Table 2.3 System of Imperial units for thermal problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 23
Table 2.4 Problem specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 25
Table 2.5 Comparison of UDEC results and the analytical solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 31
Table 3.1 Constants used for calculation of vmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Table 3.2 Constants used for calculation of virr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Table 3.3 Values used for calculating mobilized roughness J RCmob. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Table 3.4 Barton-Bandis model properties for direct shear test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 23
Table 3.5 Barton-Bandis model properties for shear reversal tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 28
Table 4.1 Notation for the WIPP formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 99
Table 4.2 Property groups by failure segment for the bilinear, strain-hardening/softening
ubiquitous-joint model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 131
Table 4.3 Failure states and bit assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 149
Table 5.1 Failure states and bit assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 12
FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Axial behavior of local reinforcement systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Figure 1.2 Shear behavior of reinforcement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Figure 1.3 Assumed reinforcement geometry after shear displacement, us . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Figure 1.4 Orientation of shear and axial springs representing reinforcement prior to and
after shear displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Figure 1.5 Resolution of reinforcement shear and axial forces into components parallel
and perpendicular to discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 10
Figure 1.6 Slope with steeply dipping foliation planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 14
Figure 1.7 Slope failure by reverse toppling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 15
Figure 1.8 Stabilization of slope by reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 15
Figure 1.9 Conceptual mechanical representation of fully bonded reinforcement which
accounts for shear behavior of the grout annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 16
Figure 1.10 Cable material behavior for cable elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 18
Figure 1.11 Grout material behavior for cable elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 19
Figure 1.12 Geometry of triangular finite difference zone and transgressing reinforcement
used in distinct element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 21
Figure 1.13 Axial force and displacement vectors for pull-test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 31
Figure 1.14 Cable grout shear force versus displacement at node in small block . . . . . . . . 1 - 31
Figure 1.15 Local stiffness matrix for structural element representation of excavation sup-
port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 33
Figure 1.16 Lumped mass representation of structure used in explicit formulation . . . . . . 1 - 34
Figure 1.17 Demonstration of interface slip and large displacement capabilities of explicit
structural element formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 34
Figure 1.18 Typical moment-thrust diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 35
Figure 1.19 Parameters to define structural element locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 36
Figure 1.20 Shape factors and inertial moments for different shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 39
Figure 1.21 Lined tunnel with wedge in roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 42
Figure 1.22 Case 1 : elastic solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 46
Figure 1.23 Case 2 : yield strength = residual strength = 18 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 47
Figure 1.24 Case 3 : yield strength = 18 MPa, residual strength = 16.7 MPa . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 47
Figure 1.25 Case 4 : two layers of lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 48
Figure 1.26 Case 4 : elastic solution for two layers of lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 48
Figure 1.27 Conceptual representation of support reaction and ground reaction curves . . 1 - 50
Figure 1.28 Zoning for UDEC model of circular tunnel excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 52
Figure 1.29 Comparison of ground reaction/support reaction lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 54
Figure 1.30 Shotcrete applied in 300◦ arc on tunnel periphery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 55
Figure 1.31 Axial force distribution in shotcrete lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 57
Figure 1.32 Tensile failure locations in shotcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 58
Figure 1.33 Slope cut in a jointed rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 59
Figure 3.1 Parameters used to calculate normal stress during load cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Figure 3.2 Parameters used to calculate normal stress during unload cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Figure 3.3 Joints numerically cycled to load cycle 4 at start of execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Figure 3.4 Model for simulating the effects of displacement on shear
strength of joints (see Barton 1982 for definition of symbols) . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Figure 3.5 UDEC model for direct shear test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 24
Figure 3.6 Average shear stress (MPa) versus shear displacement (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 26
Figure 3.7 Average dilation (mm) versus shear displacement (mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 27
Figure 3.8 Average shear stress (MPa) versus shear displacement (mm) for shear reversal
with no plateau damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 32
Figure 3.9 Average dilation (mm) versus shear displacement (mm) for shear reversal with
no plateau damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 32
Figure 3.10 Average shear stress (MPa) versus shear displacement (mm) for shear reversal
with plateau damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 33
Figure 3.11 Average dilation (mm) versus shear displacement (mm) for shear reversal with
plateau damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 33
Figure 3.12 Average shear stress (MPa) versus shear displacement (mm) for partial shear
reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 37
Figure 3.13 Average dilation (mm) versus shear displacement (mm) for partial shear re-
versal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 38
Figure 4.1 UDEC Drucker-Prager failure criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 15
Figure 4.2 Drucker-Prager model — domains used in the definition of the flow rule . . . 4 - 16
Figure 4.3 Drucker-Prager and von Mises yield surfaces in principal stress space . . . . . 4 - 21
Figure 4.4 Mohr-Coulomb and Tresca yield surfaces in principal stress
space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 21
Figure 4.5 UDEC Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 24
Figure 4.6 Mohr-Coulomb model — domains used in the definition of the flow rule . . . 4 - 25
Figure 4.7 Boundary conditions for oedometer test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 30
Figure 4.8 Oedometric test — comparison of numerical and analytical predictions for 10◦
dilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 35
Figure 4.9 Oedometric test — comparison of numerical and analytical predictions for 0◦
dilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 36
Figure 4.10 UDEC weak-plane failure criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 39
Figure 4.11 Ubiquitous-joint model — domains used in the definition of the weak-plane
flow rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 40
Figure 4.12 Example stress-strain curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 47
Figure 4.13 Variation of cohesion (a) and friction angle (b) with plastic strain . . . . . . . . . 4 - 48
Figure 4.14 Approximation by linear segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 48
Figure 4.15 UDEC bilinear matrix failure criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 50
Figure 4.16 UDEC bilinear joint failure criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 53
Figure 4.17 Elastic volumetric loading/unloading paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 61
Figure 4.18 Isotropic consolidation test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 68
Figure 4.19 Single-element test in which unloading is eleven times stiffer than loading . 4 - 71
Figure 4.20 Normal consolidation line and unloading-reloading (swelling) line for an iso-
tropic compression test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 74
Figure 4.21 Plastic volume change corresponding to an incremental consolidation pressure
change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 76
Figure 4.22 Cam-clay failure criterion in UDEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 77
Figure 4.23 Determination of initial specific volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 84
Figure 4.24 Pressure versus displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 88
Figure 4.25 Specific volume versus ln p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 89
Figure 4.26 Bulk and shear moduli versus displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 89
Figure 4.27 Schematic of Burger’s model, with definition of variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 94
Figure 5.1 Mohr coulomb slip model (for zero joint cohesion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
EXAMPLES
Example 1.1 Reinforced slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 13
Example 1.2 Simulation of a pull-test for a grouted cable anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 28
Example 1.3 Lined tunnel with wedge in roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 43
Example 1.4 Circular excavation with interior support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 52
Example 1.5 Shotcrete lined tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 56
Example 1.6 Slope stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 61
Example 1.7 Support of faulted ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 70
Example 1.8 Load-rate dependent support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 72
Example 2.1 Conduction through a composite wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 27
Example 2.2 Thermal response of a heat-generating slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 34
Example 2.3 Heating of a hollow cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 40
Example 2.4 Infinite line heat source in an infinite medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 51
Example 2.5 Exponential integral function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 57
Example 3.1 Direct shear test with Barton-Bandis joint model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 24
Example 3.2 Shear reversal test with Barton-Bandis joint model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 28
Example 3.3 Partial shear reversal test with Barton-Bandis joint model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 34
Example 4.1 Oedometer test on the Mohr-Coulomb model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 33
Example 4.2 Exercising the double-yield model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 70
Example 4.3 Exercising the Cam-clay model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 86
Example 4.4 Von Mises stress invariant (“MISES.FIS”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 116
Example 4.5 Partial class definition for base class, ConstitutiveModel . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 143
Example 4.6 Typical model constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 146
Example 4.7 Global instantiation of a model object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 146
Example 4.8 Class specification for the Mohr-Coulomb model: file “USERMOHR.H” . 4 - 152
Example 4.9 Constant definition for Mohr-Coulomb model, and instantiation . . . . . . . . . 4 - 153
Example 4.10 Initialization and execution sections of the Mohr-Coulomb model . . . . . . . . 4 - 154
Example 5.1 Partial class definition for base class, ConstitutiveModel . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Example 5.2 Typical model constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Example 5.3 Global instantiation of a model object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 10
Example 5.4 Class specification for the Mohr-Coulomb model: file “USERMOHR.H” . 5 - 13
Example 5.5 Constant definition for Mohr-Coulomb model, and instantiation . . . . . . . . . 5 - 14
Example 5.6 Initialization and execution sections of the Mohr-Coulomb model . . . . . . . . 5 - 15