of carafu lanning, Position within the “pattern” is datermines by winen and where each chute is deployed, which further ‘dopendont on each avers vlocty during tee fll. Factors such 25 the inital etude ofthe ump, the sizeof the parachute, end ‘he weight and body postion of he dar alfect velocity. The velocity ofa fang abject can be modeled bya quadratic equation, a5 shown in Bxorelses 73 and 78 on page 43 Section 74 A. To factor & monomial from 8 polynomist B Tofactor by grouping Section 7.2 A. To factor a trinomial of the form Xk tbxee To factor complatoly Section 73 A\ Te factor a trinomial of the form axt + bx-+ eby using tial factors B To factor a trinomial ofthe form axt + bet © by grouping Section 7.4 A. To factor tho difforonco of two perfect ‘squares or a perfect-square tvinomial B To factor the sum or difference of two perfect cubes © To factor a trinomial thet is quadratic in forrn D To factor completely Section 7.5 A To solve equations by factoring B To solve application problemsPMEM TEST oc « Do these exercises 1o prepare for Chapler 7. 1. Write 30 as a product of prime 2. Simplify: -34y - 5) numbers 3. Simplify: -(@ - by 4, Simplify: 21a ~ 6) = Sia ~ b) 5. Solve: 4v = 0 6 Solve: 26+ 1=0 7, Multiply: (@& + 4)¢ ~ 6) Multiply: @x = 5)(3x + 2) 10, Simplify: S=s FIGURE ccc Find the values of x and y ifx + y, ay, and £all equal the same number:Section 7.1 (Common Factors 401 TAKE NOTE At the tight, the fators in parentheses are deter mined by dividing each teem of the winoenial BY ‘he GCE Be, a To factor a monomial from a polynomial ‘The greatest common factor (GCF) of two or more numbers is the largest common factor of the numbers. For example, the GCF of 9 and 12 is 3, The GCF of two or more monomials is the product of the GCF of the coellicients and the commen variable factors. Note that the exponent of each variable The GCF of 6x" and 81-9" is 20°» in the GCF is the same as the smallest exponent of that variable in either of the monomials. Find the GCF of 12a' and 184*b*e, ‘The common variable factors are a? 12a" = and b; ¢ is not a common variable i8arb?c = 2 © factor: GCF = 2 ‘To factor a polynomial means to write ——Mulips the polynomial as a product of other polynomials, In the example at the right, i Sv is the GCF of the terms 2x’ and 10x. Pelynomial = _— Factors ae de Berd) + Factor ———! Factor: 5x3 ~ 35x? + 10x Find the GCF of the terms of the polynomial SxS? ‘The GCF is <= Rewrite the polynomial, expressing each term as a product with the GCF as ‘one of the factors. Seb = 35x + 1Or = Se(x4) + SET + 102) ea © Use the Distiastive Property to write the palywoniat as & product of fators402 Chapter 7 / Factoring Factor: 21x44 ~ 6ay* + 15x)? Find the GCF of the terms of the pelynomial, aisyi= 3 exv8 = 2-3 1 ‘The GCF is 35 Rewrite the polynomial, expressing each term as a product with the GCF as one of the Factors. 2ixty’ = Gay? + 15e4y? = Sue Cayy + 8E(-2e49 + a Ge) S Sy ates fe Use the gi ‘ety ove the ae Factor: 8° + 2xy Solution The GCF is 2x. Si + Day = Isldx) + 2869) gare 2) Factor: 1° — Sn? + 2n Solution The GCF isn. i 5a? + 2n = nie) + me(—Sn) + (2) Hye Su 2 Factor: Lésty + Sry? — 12e4v Solution ‘The GCF is 42'y. Jéx'y + Bey? = 129? = 4s'y(4) + ayep) + ax'y(—3054) Sy Mid + Day = By product of factors Your solution ED Factor: 27b' + 18b +9 Your solution Factor: 6x'y? — oxy? + 12094 Your solution Solutions orp. S2hSection 7.1/Common Factors 403. To factor by grouping EH A factor that has two (erms is called a binomial 2a(a + bY factor. In the examples at the right, the binomials 3xy(x ~ y) in parentheses are binomial factors. ‘The Distributive Property is used to factor a common binomial factor from an expression. The common binomial factor of the expression 6x(x — 3) + y(x ~ 3) is, ‘To factor that expression, use the Distributive Property to write the expres a product of factors. bxle = 8+ Consider the following simplification of —la ~ b). e-b)s-a+b= Thus be ‘This equation is sometimes used to factor a common binomial from an expression. Factor: 2x1 — 9) + Si) —3) Ine y) Fy Daley) ~ Be A polynomial can be factored by grouping if its terms can be grouped and fac (ored in such a way that a common binomial factor is found. Factor: ax + bx ~ ay ~ by ax + by = ae = by = (ax + bx) * be} © Broup the liste torme and the fast wa ferms, Nets that may = by= ~lay + hy) =x +5) —yla > bh «© Factor eseh group, f tor the GEE La, fora nach group. Factor: 6x ~ 9x ~ dey + 6y 6x? = 9y yy + oy = GE = 98) — ey — vs 6 Group the fist nwo teams an Fast wo terms, Hote that Axy + Gy = ~iday ~ 6p 3 Freier eath group. «© Factor the GOF ‘rons each yon.404 —Chaptor 7 / Factoring Factor: 25x — 2) ~ 3(2 ~ Sx) Factor: 4x(Gx ~ 2) — 7130 ~ 2) Your solution Solution x(x ~ 2) 7Gx~ 2) ae Die the commen binomial toe aD Factor: a? ~ 3a + 2ab ~ 6b 15x — 6xy + 10v Factor: 9: Your solution Solution Ox? = 15y — Oxy + Ly = (9x* — 15x) ~ (xy — 10») > = tex ~ 109) = Bev — 5) — 2yGv— 5) 9 ae S¥e the ewmmon lacte, Factor: 2m? ~ + Sinn — 4 Factor: 3x) ~ 4 = 1 Solution Your solution Bry — 4x — Say + 20 20) + 1697 4 20 tary ~ 20) = Grty ~ dx) — (15s + ey Ais te =xGxy ~ 4) - 5G@ay ~ 4) ‘eominan factor Sy = se = 5 ce Factor: dab ~ 6 + 3b ~ 2ab? Your solution Solution 4ab ~ 6 + 3b ~ 2ab* = (dab ~ 6) + (3b — 2ab*) = 2Qab = 3) + BB = 2ab) = 2Qab ~ 3) ~ bab ~ 3) ee ~iteh 3) miu = 3) =} © 2ab = Bis the orm forte Solutions om p. S207.1 Exercises To factor a monomial from a polynomial 1.) Explain the meaning of “a common. 2 © + monomial factor of a polynomial.” For Exercises 3 to 41, factor, Section 7.1/Common Factors 405 Explain the meaning of “a factor" and + the meaning of “to factor” 3. Sa +S 4. 7b - 7, 5. 16 - 8a 6. 12+ 12y? 7 & +12 6(a+1) mth-1) 1a’) 18C1ay*) 4x3) 8. 16a — 24 9. 300-6 10. 206 +5 AL. 7x? — 3x 12, 12y — Sy ¥(ga-3) 6C5a-1) yC4b+1) « CIx~-3) YCI2Y-2) 13. 3a° + 5a*, 14, 9x ~ 5x? 15. 14y? + Ty 16. 6b> — 5b? 17. 2x! ~ fr alo 488) -XC9-5%) Cat) §=—s Bo -8) 2x(x'~2) 18. 3y'—9y 19." Ios! = 130 20. 12° 320° 21. Bu — da? 22. 16-8", 3yCy-3) —-2x*(5x% 6) 4at(sa’-s) (20-1) aw a-a) 23, cy'-ay 24, ab? +ab 25. 3x'* —60y 26. 12a°bS — 27. xy-ay, zylxy-) — abCab+') —saycxy'-2) gah (4ab-3) yCx-9}) 28. 3x” +62? + 9 29. Sy) — 20y? + Sy 30. Byte toe BI. 3y' = dy’ — by? Bx (K4IE45) Hy cy-aytt) —-txicxhax+3) ay Cy -sy-2) 3a, 22° +60 = Idx 33, By’ — Oy + day 34. WP - ay + 35. 6a° — 3a° ~ 2a? 2x (4484-7) 8y (4-358) PCAy'-39 +7) at Coa’-3a-2) 36. ly ~ Seb? + Tay" 37. 20% - Sab? + Tab? 38, Sy! + 10\? — 25y Xy(x*-3x9 +74") 39, 4b 4 6b! ~ 125 ab C2bi+sb’ 6) SSEEREED To factor by grouping For Exercises 42 to 68, factor. 40. Bett = 9ab? + 156 3b Cat-3a+5 42. xb +4) + 3b +4) (b+9¢x+3) 43. vats) + Tato @+2X 547) 45. ria ~b) + sla ~b) (@-b)carts) 46. x(x ~ 2) + 2 ~x) (-2)(x-y) ah (2ar Bab +7 b) TY C y+ 24-5) ale i a at +? x Cag 4 yet) > 44, aly =x) - bly 9) (9-*)(a-4) 47, mn ~ 7) +70 -m (m-9) (4-7)406 Chapter 7 / Factoring 48. 2u7 +b) — vib +7) +#)(ax~y) 51, (e+ 2)4n + 4) X42) 29 (x $2) (x+2)Cxen2y) 54. +41 — st —4s (tte) -8Ct44) €+4)(4-s ) 57. 22 202-1) 45 C22 (22-1N(e+y) 60, 21x? + Gxy — 49x — 14y SK(Fx+29) -7 (7x42) (rxtay)(8x-7) 63.3)" — 6y —ay +20 999-9) - 409-2) (9-2 (39-4) 66, 2ab — 3b? 3) +20 024-3) -(2b ~2a) @a-3b)Cb +1) APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 49. 2y(da — b) ~ (b ~ 4a) Ga-b)(24+1) 52. x’ — 3x + dax — 120 X(x-3)+4aC7-3) (x-3)( X48) 55. ab + 6b 4a — 24 “b(ar 6) -4(a +b) (areylb-4) 58. 2y' — 10y + Tay — 354 290-5) + 7x95) Cy -B)C AY HIN, 9 esa) (2%-B)CA=3Y) 64. 2ra +a attra) (arsaya-1) 67. 31+ P- 2-68 1(a5+1) -9(4 435) (5 +t -2) 30, Sc(2m ~ 3n) + Gn ~ 2m) @m-3n)¢ ec -1) Sh papain ge PEP~2) -3 8 CP -2 Bcp sh 56. xy - Sy - 20 +10 YO-2) -2 (x-5) (X-9)(y~2) 59, 8? ~ Ivy + My = 2Iy 4v (av -Sy)4 7 O2V-39) Gv-syyavt?) 62, 4a? + Sa — 108 — 8a (40.456) - 265 b+44) (42+5b)(aQ-2) ~y tax +03” Gabe o41) 68. dx" + Bxy ~ 12 ~ 16x L(AX+BY) = 4 (994 4%) (4x439)Cx-4) 65. 69, Number Sense A natural number is a perfect number if it is the sum of all its factors less than itself. For all the factors of 6 that are less than 6 are 1, 2, and 3, and 1 +2 +3 sxample, a. Find the one perfect number between 20 and 30. b, Find the one perfect mumber between 490 and 500. 70. Geometry isa perfect number bec: In the equation P= 2L + 2W, what is the effect on P when. the quantity L + W doubles? 71, Geometry Writean expression in factored form for the shaded portions in the following diagrams. Use the equation for the area of a rectangle (A= LW) and the equation for the arca of a circle (A = ar').Section 7.2 /Factoring Polynomials of he Form x*+ bx+¢ 407 To factor a trinomial of the form x7 + bx +e Ei) oe. ‘Trinomials of the form a7 + by +e, where #8 FI = Be = ID b and c are integers, are shown at the im Tet Qh = To 12 right st 2 2v- 15h -2,0— -15 ‘To factor a trinomial of this form means to express the trinomial as the product, of two binomials. Fob Be + 12 (x + 6)x + 2) Te + 12 = (0 31x ~ 4) ~ 2-15 = (e+ 3)v~ 8) Trinomials expressed as the product of bi- nomfals are shown at the right ‘The method by which factors of a trinomial are found is based on FOIL. Con sider the following binomial products, noting the relationship between the con stant terms of the binomials and the terms of the trinomnials. (FOR DaB HIF OQ =a +R +12 ; Sum of «and 2———— ‘The signs in the Prodi and 2 binomials are the same, (= De ea ay ae CMAs =e Sum of -sand-?——J roguct of Sand t fei ae -be tae + OCS) om of ‘The signs in the Prosht ot binomtals are opposites (Ness) a8 Hor ae OHO Sum of ~4 and o-————! Produet of + and Factoring x! + bx + o: IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS 1. When the constant term of the trinomial i postive, the constant terms of the binomials have the seme sign, They are both positive when the coafficiont of tho xtorm inthe t- nomial is positive. They are both negative when the coefficient ofthe x term in the t= nomial is negative, When the constant tem ofthe trinomial is negative, the constant terms of the binomials, hhave opposite signs. 3. Inthe tinomial, the coefficient of xis the sum ofthe constant torms ofthe binomials 4. ln the trinomial, the constant term isthe product ofthe constant terms ofthe binomials, 2,408 Chapter 7/ Factoring TAKE NOTE Always chock your pre [posed factorization to TAKE NOTE Just as 17 sa prime umber, Te #8 is ‘prime polynomial. [Binoanile of the form smaand.s + ave also prime polynomials, Factor: 3? Solution Find two negative factors of 15 whose sum is ~8, Factor: x? = Ty +10 Because the constant (erm is positive and the coefficient of is nezative, the binomial constants will be negatirs. Find two negative factors of 10 whose sum is ~7, The results can be recorded in a table. Negative Factors of 10 Sum =. -10 A polynomial is factored completely when it is written as a product of Factors that are nonfactorable over the integers, TAKE NOTE Factor: 4v* — 4y? — 24y ‘The fs sep inn factoring probe co 4y9 = 4y? = Bay = 4y(09) — Sty) — 4906) The Gtr ay. determine whether tbe terms of the polynomial have a common factor 4? -y - 6) «Use the Dictrinutive Property Irehey do ctor to factor atthe GC ut st a ayiy 2 4) © Factor p! = y~ 6. The tae factors of ~6 whose sum is Aare? ond ~3 Its always possible to check the proposed factorization by multiplying the poly- nomials. Here is the cheek for the last example. Cheek: ayy + 2)(y — 3) = 4yly? — 3» + 29 — 6) = ayy? - ¥- 6) ay) = 4? = Dy This tho erignalpolyvaa Factor: Sx? + 60xy + 100y* Bx? + 60xy + 100)? = S(x°) + SU2av) + 51209") © The BOFISS. = 5x? + 12ay + 200°) © Use the Distrbutive Prope reece erty to factor oat the GCF : y+ vila + 10s Factor x 4 tau + 204" and 10 are placed in Retna iss Theor fatans 0 29 necessary so tha the whose sn is 12 ate tld term conan 29 ad 1, tithes crm con ieatees Note that 2y and 10y were placed in the binomials. The following check shows that this was necessary. Check: Sx + 2y)(x + 10y) = 5x? + Oxy + 2xy + 2094) B(x? + 12ey + 209" 5x" + 6Oxy + 100y" © vhs isthe original polynomial410 Chapter 7 / Factoring Factor: 15 — 26 - Because the coefficient of x* is —1, factor 1 from the trinomial and then ting trinomial in descending order. TAKE NOTE write the rest When the cvelfcient of the highest poser in 8 polynomial is native, ‘consider factoring ont 3 negative GCF. Esumple 3 is another example of this technique, 1S = 2x = xh on a(t + Ox = 18) OM) By IB 42: Foetor 2 2x ~ 16, The we facto Check: -(x + 5)(2 = 3) = =(4? + 2x = 15) Ss on Factor: 3x3 + 9x? + 12x Solution ‘The GCF is ~3x, =3x! + Ox? + [Dy = ~3n(x? — 3x - 4) Factor the trinomial x? ~ 3 ~ 4. Find ovo factors of —4 whose sum is ~3. Factors Sun He 8 3x8 + Os + De = Bete tle = Ea e Factor: 4x! — 40xy + 84y" Solution The GCF is 4 Ae — Oxy + S49? @ At — Oxy + 2199) Factor the trinomial x* ~ 10xy + 21) Find two negative factors of 21 whose sum is “10. Factors Sum ays 2y #15 15 ~2v—a? This is he oniginat potynomint Factor Your solution Factor: 337 — Oxy ~ 12y? Your soluticn Solntions on p. S27Section 7.2 / Factoring Polynomials of the Form x + bx +e 411 7.2 Exercises 2b; To factor a trinomial of the form x? + bx + ¢ 1, Fill in the blank. In factoring a trinomial, if the constant term is positive, then the signs in both binomial factors will be Same signs 2, Fill in the blanks. To factor x* + 8x ~ 48, we must find two numbers whose product is 4% and whose sumis 9 For Exercises 3 to 75, factor a. a+ ora2 4 +546 fe w+e-6 C+ 1x42) (x +2) 1 5) ie + Mx-2) a ~2)+ 3) 7. a@t+a-12 8. a? -2a~35 em Mae +e 10. a? 5a +4 Ga -sara) (@ -F#ars) “a -20@- 1) @-1N(@- 4) 1, at +a-2 12, @ 2-3 13, b'- 6b +9 14, D+ 8b +16 (a ~ (at 2) @ tla ~3) Cb -3)b- 3) Chr obra) 15. b?+7b-8 16. ¥-y-6 17, y+6y-55 18. 2-42-45 (b ~1)(b+3) Gyr2xy - 3) Cyr mCy-5) = 9) +3) 19. y?-5y+6 20. y?- By +15 2. 2-142 +45 22, 2-142 +49 (y -9Q) -3) (y -3)04 -5) (2-7-5) ( -* 02 - 7) 23. 2) - 122 - 160 24, p? + 2p -35 25, p'+ lap +27 26. p'-6p +8 @-9A+ 9 (p - 5XP+7) CP + 3 p47) (p ~ 2p > *) 27. x + 20x + 100 28. x7 + 18x + 81 29. b?+ 9b +20 30. b' + 13b + 40 (X+ (x + (0) (x4 MEF) (or aXbrey (b+5)Cb +3) 31. x? = 1x — 42 32. x7 +9x -70 33. b?-b-20 34, bP + 3b -40 -Y& +3) rt) (b~ 5X br) (b +s)Cb-5) 35. y?- 14y-51 3% y-y-72 37. p?-4p—21 38. p’ + lop +39 (+ 9X4- 17) (Y ~ ayy) (tP-n CP +5 )(P +13) ohne ie 8%, tar r32 M0. toy ta 41 f= 200475 a, tae ® x ) YM 0) (HS) 15) x - EX -1)412 Chapter 7/ Factoring 43. p' + 24p + 63 (Pp rs)Cprsi 46. 8 + 50 (xt9)«-7) 49. a — Ta 44 (a-M@ +4) i so (2 + 92-19) rr © - ye + 2) 58. ch + 19¢ +34 © + 2K + 7) ays 61. e+ 10x78 Ce - Bye + 15) 64. Bb 8-1 (b - 79CbF 5) 61 a+ 420-135 Ga +45)(a - 3) ao Ut ' 70. a +210+% (a +aya+s) Ae 73, x2 ~ 29x + 100 (x - w)\@- 4) 44, x 15x +56 (% -1Nx- 5) 47, 8+ 5x36 (x + CK - 4) 50, a’ ~ 15a +36 (@-97Ya-2) yh 53. f+ ds- 147 @ = 7)C2+41) 56. s+ 152 +44 (2+ 4)22) 59. ch + Ile +18 ( +9 Yer 4) ait a 2. e204 2 Ce - $)Cx~14) 6. bom Cb -4 b- 18) ey 68. 5? — 23b + 102 Cb - 6b-17) Ti 2+ 24 + 144 C2 + XZ + 2) ma #108 (es (e)(x + 6) aR 45, 84210 +38 (x +2) +19) apy? ¢ 48, a? 210-78 C& - MpA+S) ye si, 210-434 (a - 1ay@ -$) 34. At -0-90 ( +#9)(e-10) ay 5% 57. p? + 24p + 135, cpr wep +4) 60. x? — 4x - 96 (x — n+) 63, x9 + 21x — 100 (x +25)(x- 4) 66. a’ — 9a ~ 36 (@- at 3) ot 69, b? ~ 25b + 126 Ch ~ 1b — 7) rar op? 12, 2 +250 + 156 Ge + W)Cer 19) 75, x + 9x ~ 112 (oe + yx 79For Exercises 76 to 135, factor. 76. 2x? + ox +4 2 (x+2)CX44) 79. 12-45-22 Q-x) (b+). oF ~ (x-20Cx+6) 82. xy? — Say + 6x C427 (9-3) 85. —2a’ — 6a* — 4a ~2a(@4+2)(a41) 88, 3x7 + 3x - 36 3x4 4CX-5) + 122 — 90 6(2+5)(2-3) 94. = Say + 6y? (%24)C K-39) 97. a’ — 15ab + 50b” (2-5) Ca-teb) 100. y? = 15yz 13? Ywrational Factor 103. 4 + 2c? — 802? 2°(2+10N 2-8) 106. 2y* — 26? — 96y? ay'( y+9)( 4-16) 109, —x4 + 11x + 1204 SEEEED 10 factor completely Section 7.2 /Factoring Polynomials of the Form x? + bx +c 413 TI. 3x8 + 15x +18 ICH4D) (KHL) 80. ab? + 2ab ~ 15a ac b+5(b-3) 83, xy? + Bxy + 15 XCyta)Cy rd) 86. —3y" + 15)? 18 ~3yCY-2)C 9-3) 89, 2x) - 2x + dx 2xCx-2)(K+1) 92. 2a’ + 8a? — 64a 24Ca+9a-4) 95. x? + dey — 2iy* (x+ 7H)Cx-39) 98. x? — 3ny — 28y" Cet C-79) 101. x? + 85xy + 36" Ivrational Factor 104. b* — 22b° + 120b° F (b-10)Cb-129 107, 3) + 54° 41359" 39'(4 459 y419) 110, 44v + 2049 ~ 56y be2 (x42) 78. 18+te-e (4-x)C2 +) or - Cx-a)CXt2) 81. ab’ + Tab ~ 8a aCb+s\ b-1) Ba FT + 12 2(@-8)(2-4) 87. 4y3 + 129" — 72 Ay (H+ 6) (4-3) 90, 52° 152 - 140 BCE+A)CR-F) 93. 34° - 9a? — 54a 38(a+3Xa-6) 96. a? — 9ab + 20b* (@-4b)Ca-5b) 99, <2 + 2sr— 48" (s+st\s-et) 102, 2! — 122) + 3527 22(2-5) (2&2) 105. b* — 365 — 106° b'¢ b+1)¢b-) 108. —x* — 7x) + 8x? =x (xe 84-1) 111, 3x'y = ery ~ 45 BYC X43 X-B)414 Chapter 7 / Factoring 112, 6° + 18e?— 400 113, -30 £380 ale nae Tae fdas c(c-2 Me t2o) ~x - aYK-5) ~AK (XK - EYES) AIS, x? — Bay + 15y" 116, = Txy ~ 8x" 117. a? — 13ab + 4267 & syle 5) &Y + xIy - 48) (a - eb\(@- 7b) 118. v7 + dye ~ 212° 119. y? + Byz + 120. y? — love + 152? (&Y - 32Xy + 72) Y + 2)G+ 72) Y - WK) - 2) 121, avy + by ~ bby 122, 4x¢y - By - Thy 123, 3x3 + 3h? - 38x 9y (HK - NG + 21) Ay (x 1K - 18) 3x OH +4XK ~ 3) 124, ax? + 13 ~ 1800 128, 423 + he? - ie 126. 52)~ soe = 1302 ax (x + 8x -5) 42 (@ + 1X2 - 3) 62 (2 - (2 +b) 127. 40 + de - Be 128. 50 + 3th? + dor 129, 5p + 25p a8 Ax (K = 1xt9) Bx (x 44K +4) BE - MP + 12) he 130. 4p? ~ 28p — 480, 131. p! + 9p3 — 36p? 132, p' +p? - 56? 4 (p = wipes) PP + 12\(p - 9) PP CPH TD 133, ~ 12s + 356° 134, a ~ 10ab + 256 135. a? ~ Sab ~ 33b¢ t -asy(t - 99) @ - wb a-5b) @- nha + 3b) APPLYING THE CONCEPTS For Exerelaes 136 1 138, factor pce « 96% 79% ~54) 136. 2+c84+9e2 C¥9C+2 137. “Ky — S4y — Say, 138. 45a* + ab? — 140° Wo * UX “97 aC o'-14b +43) Ch- 4(b- 3 For Exercises 139 to 141, find all integers k such that the trinomial can be fac- a 1 > tored over the integers. 139, +ke +35 140, P+ ke + 18 141, +k +21 heed £36 $4,214,249 k= #22, 4 10 For Exercises 142 to 147, determine the positive integer values of k for which, the following polynomials are factorable over the integers. 142. vit atk 143. +k 144, a? — 6a +k 9,4 © 10, 12, 5, 4,4 148. 2-7 +k 146. xP -3x+k 147. y+ 5y tk 6, 10, 14 a A, 6 148, In Exercises 142 to 147, there was the stated requirement that X > 0. If kis allowed to be any integer, how many different values of k are pos- sible for each polynomial?Section 7.3 / Factoring Polynomials of the Form ax? + bx+ e415 To factor a trinomial of the form a ax? + bx + c by using trial factors nad SSP Trinomials of the form ax? +bx te, a tha =3,be-te= 4 where @, b, and c are integers, are G4 2r—e mbm Now —3 shown at the right ‘These uinomials differ from those in the preceding section in that the coefficient of = is not 1, There are various methods of factoring these trinomials. The method described in Uhis objective is factoring polynomials using trial factors. To reduce the number of trial factors that must be considered, remember the following 1, Use the signs of the constant term and the coeflicient of x in the trinomial to determine the signs of the binomial factors. If the constant term is positive, the signs of the binomial factors will be the same as the sign of the coefficient of x in the trinomial. Ifthe sign of the constant term is negative, the constant terms in the binomials will have opposite signs, 2. If the terms of the trinomial do not have a common factor, then the terms of neither of the binomial factors will have a common Factor Factor: 2x! — Tx +3 ‘The terms have no common Positive Negative factor. The constant term is Factors of 2 Factors of 3 positive. The coefficient of x (coefficient of x*) (constant term) is negative. The binomial i a constants will be neyativ Write trial factors. Use the ial Factors ite Term ‘Outer and Inner products of Se : —_ Ter FOIL. to determine the middl s=Qe= 3) W3e= ee ere idemae® =e) meer Write the factors of the trinomial, 2x? — Tx +3 3de-1 Factor: 3x? + 14s + 15 ‘The terms have no common ' Positive Positive factor, The constant term is Factors of 3 Factors of 15 ‘The coeffi of Ecce a oe cient o x (coefficient of x*) (constant term) constants willbe jst - a ‘Write trial factors, Use the ane heuanesihit Outer and Inner products of cae nad 15) 1 Coteanon tact GrIGerh phase ase FOI to determine the middle Gt Grts) Set oem the fH x + 5)(3x + 3) ‘Common factor Write the factors of the trinomial Bet + dy +15 = Gy + 3)3e FS)a6 Solution Positive Factors of 3: 1,3 ‘Trial Factors (x DG = 2) (r= 2)Ge +1) (x= Ge +2) (24 2)Ge= 1) Bete-2=0 44 TEERREE) Factor: ~120* ~ 32 Solution The GCF is ~4x. = 12x = 3287 + 12x Foctor the trinomial. Positive factors of 3: 1,3 ‘ial Factors (= DG +1) (e+ 9Ge- 1) = 12x? = 320 + 12s Factor: 3x +x — 2 an 9s Chapter 7 / Factoring Factor: 6x* + 1x! ~ 12x ‘actor the GCF, 2x, from the G0 + Lac = 120 = 2x + 7x ~ 6) terms, Positive Factor the trinomial. The Factors of 3 Factors of 6 constant term is negative. Ae at The binomial constants will ; eater have opposite signs. -23 Write trial factors. Use the ‘ial Factors Middle Term Outer and Inner products of (e+ Gx - 6 Common factor FOIL to determine the middle (8x1) og tbe Tae term, %, of the trinomial. (-DGx +6) Common factor It is not necessary to test trial eee eee ny (x +2) - 3) Common factor factors that havea common, te yar + eae te factor x= 2)x +3) Common factor (er RiGe- 2) -2e4 x= Ty Write the factors of the tinomial, 6x + 14x? = 12x = 200 Fan For this example, all the tial f tors were listed. Once the correct factors have been found, however, the remaining trial factors can be omitted. For the ex- amples and solutions in this text, all trial factors except those that have a com mon factor will be listed Your solution Your solution ~4x(3x! + 8x — 3) Factors of 3:1, -3 =1,3 Middle Ferm as e+ Oe = Be dsty + ge be I) Factor: 2s? ~ Soletions on pp. 21-822Section 7.8 / Factoring Polynomials of the Form ax? + bx + ¢ 417 To factor a trinomial of the form ax? + bx + ¢ by grouping In the preceding objective, trinomials of the form ax? + bx + © were factored by using trial factors. In this objective, these trinomials will be factored by grouping. To factor ax” + bx + 6, first find wo factors of a +c whose sum is b, Then use Factoring by grouping to write the factorization of the trinemial. Factor: 2x? + 13x 4 15 Find two positive factors of 30 (2 + 15) whose sum is 13 Positive Factors of 30. Suan 1,30 31 218 7 3.10 B Once the roqairod sion has hee ‘ound. the remoicing factors need ot he check, 2eh + Be + 1S = Oxf 4 See tow EIS © Use the factors uf 30 wks eam ie 18 tu aite 1x as x + 1x, (2x? + 3a) + (IOV + 15) © Factor by grouping (2x +3) + 5x +3) Check: (2e + 3x + 5) = 10 + 3x + 15 xt ABR TS Factor: 6x* - Ly — 10 Find two factors of 60 [6(~10)] whose sum is ~11 Factors of -60 Sum 1,60 -59 be~ TBs, (6x? + 4x) — (152 + 10) + Facior by grouping, Reval hat 2a(dx + 2) — SBx + 2) 1Gy — = IB 10, Check: (3x + 2)@x — 5) = 6x? ~ 15x + 4x = 10 = 6x? - Hix - 10418 Chaptor 7 | Factoring Factor: 3° 2r— 4 Find two factors of —12 [3(~4)] whose sum is ~2. Factors of 12 Sum 2 “ul “12 i -4 4 TAKE NOTE et 20 — 4 isa prime polynomial Because no integer factors of ~12 have a sum of = nonfictorable over the taiegers 2x? + 19-10 Factor: 2a” + 134 = 7 Solution Your solution Factors of ~20 [2(-10)] Sum 1,20 19 2x2 b 19y = 10 = 2st = x + 20x ~ 10 = Ox? =x) + (20x ~ 10) = x(x = 1) + 102 = 1) Ba dy + 10H ae Se Factor: 24x'y — Téxy + 40v Factor: 15x° + 40x" — 80x Solution Your solution ‘The GCF is dy. Dany — Téay + 40y = 4y(6x? — 19 + 10) Negative Factors of 60 [6(10)] Sum -1,-60 ~6l 2, -30 -22 3, -20 -23 4-15 =19 19x + 10 = 6x? — 4x — 15x + 10 = (6? — Ax) — (15x — 10) = vu = 2) = Sx = 2) = Gr ~ 2x ~ 5) 2axty ~ Tory + 4Oy = 4yt6x? — 198 + 10) = 4B Dae = 5H Ais Solutions on p. $22Section 7.3 /Factoring Polynomials of the Form ax’ + bx +e 419 7.3 Exercises EEE) To factor a trinomial of the form ax? + bx + ¢ by using trial factors For Exercises | 10 70, factor by using trial factors. Last taved 2 sett orbd Qx ter 1) Gxt Nee 1) 5. 2a? -3a41 6. 3a" - 4a +1 Qa ~Ya- 1) Oa -a-1) 9 at+r-1 10. 4x9 — 3x - 1 Qx-e 41 Gx 4-9 13, 2° -1- 10 14. 2 + 57-12 (at -syt+ 2) Ob-oxt+4) 18. oy Sy 44 24 -G@Y-1) 17, 12yt- +d (oy - 1YA4-) 2. ort 4 22. 10+ 11 +3 Qt -ayat-1) @b +t +9) ime . Bas) stor 7 Bo — 3-4 (x Ye 1) 29. 7a? + 47a - 14 30. Ila’ — 54a —5 @a-2Xa+7) ia + Ya -5) 33, 22 = 272-14 BA ak + 5-6 3 w4ys3s y+) 4 By + Ty +2 y+ 1+ 2) 7. w= 1b+5 8 3b 13b +4 @b-1Xb- 7) ab -1b- 4) Hi. OP =8e53 12, 3x°+ 5e-2 Ox t1XK- 3) Bx -1Xx #2) 15. 3p le +5. 16. 6p? = Sp +1 Gp -1Xp-3) QP +1%ep +19 6h 243 Ye »- C XX C2 24, Tx? + 50x +7 Gx rx +9) 23. act sis Gr + Nera) 27, Wy? + 19y +5 28, Sy = 22 +8, Coy + Mer 5) Gy -2)(y - 4) BI, 3b = 16 +16 32, 6b 19h + 15 @b-4Xb- 4) Gb- s)@b-5) 35. 3p? + 22p ~ 16 36. Tp’ + 19p + 10 G2 + e-u) CF +NGe-3) G- 2G +9) Cp +5Xp +2)420. Chaptor 7 / Factoring 37. Av + 6x42 38, 12+ 33v-9 3% 15y? — 50y +35, Gx FAG + 1D 5 CHICA — BLY-NN(GY-7) 9 (axenexet) 41, Qe dist + Sx 42. eh 3x! Se 43, Bat ~ 16ab + 16h X% GK = Ne -5) xCxe2x) —bC30-4)(3-4) gifs, act Er, 1 45. 3° +95 +10 46. 8 — 360+ 1 AT. 36x ~ 30° — 3 ~3x (x- 3) Cara) 49. 80y—36y +4 50. 24y?—24y— 18 SL, Beh + De? + 3 4y ~ MGo4 — 4) OCR 2Y-S) —-ZCAZBNAB+1) oy 4 (ay~1) Coy -1) 53. 6x'v — ILxy — 10y 4 @x ~s)(ox+e) 56. 167 + 40r - 96 a(t+ay(at-s) 59, 262! + 98 — 24 2(2+4)(l92-3) 62, 1dy" + Ody? — 28y 24 (442) (29-2) 65. 420° + 45a! — 270 3a(2ar374a-3) 66. 36p" ~ 9p! — p* 68. 8v'y — 38ry" +35)" Mx ~syr(2o-74) xy Cox-49)? 54, &x'y ~ 2Txy + OV J (4-8-3) 57. 3p! 16p" + 5p PCap-1Cp-B) 60. 302? — 872 + 30 3 @z-222-B) 63. yz! + Syc! — oye 02 (2+DNG2-3) -p°C p-3 2 p4l2) 69. Ox'y — 2ax'y? + Loxy* 40, 30s? + 10y — 20 (0( br@9-2) 44, 20% ~ ab — 216 bC 843)(28-#) 48, -2x' + 2x? + 4x AX CK 1)EK-2) $2. 62) — 2327 + 202 2(82-4)(22-5) 55. 10" ~ 51-50 B(t12)(2t-5) 58. 6p’ + Sp'+p P Cepanlaprt) 61. 10) ~ 44y? + Loy 24 (5y-2C 4-4) 64. 12a" + 14a? ~ 48a 28(38+8)(2-3) 67. 9x2 ~ 30xy? + 25)" 4 (ax-54)? 70. 9x'y + 12x"y + 4xy xy Cantey?Section 7.3 / Factoring Polynomials of the Form ax’ + bx +c 421 SUSEREED To factor a trinomial of the form ax? + bx +¢ by grouping For Exercises 71 to 130, factor by grouping. Ti. 6x? - 17x + 12 72. 15x" - 19x +6 73. 5b? + 336-14 74, 8x" — 30x + 25 (9x-4)(2x-3) (Gx-3Xox-2) Gb -2b+7) (4x - w)@x-4) 76. 14a? + 15a-9 TT, a+ is +6 78. 62 - 252+ 14 G2 9X2 +2) (22 - 7)G2 - 2) 78. 6a? + 7a ~ 24 C3a48)(20-3) — 2843C78-2) BL. Sy +17 +9 82, 12)? = 145y + 12 (+E +H) Gay ~ 12) 86. 8b + 65h +8 (sb +1)(b + 4) 79, 22p'+5lp-10 80. 14p? - Alp + 15 C2pear(np-2>) — (7P-3) Cep-¥) 12r + 28-5 85. ob? + 71b — 12 (abn) Cot-s) otsx-1) bb - Nb +12) 88. 25x? — 30x + 9 89. 6b? - 13b+6 90. 206? + 37b + 15 (2b - s¥@b-2) (ab + Nob +9) ey (ox-s)" Wha ctl ns ac 93. livf—s9y 420° 94, 2ay? +aty +12 (3b-2)C3b-1) (sy - 4% =5) (e+ a\(ay +9) it ie 3 ee Si. Seis ieee ie (sas7r@ars) (29 - 54-3) (4 - 4Yoy ~ 1) : nee te 83, 187 - 9-5 84, 87. 98 + 12 + 4 (9x+27" 91. 33h +34) -35 92. 15h? ~ 43h + 22 (ab+8y(ub- 7) 15a? + 26a ~ 21 93. (g3+77C58-3) 100, 102! +32 - ise base (52 4a9(22-4) C eee eate)e ) is 24 99, 82? + 22-15 (22 +3425) 103. 10:7 29% +10 104, 105. 36: +722 435 106, 162? + 8 - 35 (2-2)z-9) — (oe-aez-s) Gar B)darr) (42 NAPE 5) that bie diteeeiee abel 108. 6x? + 10xy + 4y?_ 109. 3a? + Sab— 2b? = 110, 2a” — 9ab + 9b? (2a. - 39a ~ ab) 107. 3x? + xy - 2y" Coryyorap OFF BE * 4) Ga- HO +28) 3c? — 4c + 32422 Chaptor 7/ Factoring AML. ay? = yz + 62? (49 - s2)(y - 2) 112, 1S. 8-Te— 116, 12+ 1xe-x2 117, 98 +33e—60 118, 164 ~ Hox ~ 72 (@ +O - Ca - eK eX) (KF 7IGR-R) x + 4)Ex- 3) 4 so ots ere 2 Sa hae ta oat 119, 24x7 — 52x + 24 120. 60x? + 95v + 20 < 321. 35a‘ + 9a — se (xe 6 )(x-4) LF (ox raye@exesy sw” aia -1)(5a+ 2) a 2M bee bie 4, a a6 tie 122, 15a‘ + 26a’ + 7a? 123, 15b? — 115b + 70 124, 25b? + 35b — 30 : 1s, (16b-10)(b - 7 Bb-3)Gb+ lo aba +1)Ge+7) {3 @ NC , mos & YGbe e 18 ie Boat 128, 30? — 2oxy 4 359? 126, 40° + toy 415? 7S 127, 2167-33 (ax ~ ale - 7) Gx + 3yCX + HY) gre (ay +1 )(tay— 3) 2% dae 128. 360)? + dy 4 129, 21 - 20% -7 130. 18 + 17x ~ x7 nie (Beye aXtoy - 1) Qi +2) -%) Gt - xX) + xy v4 APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 131. In your own words, explain how the signs of the last terms of the + two binomial factors of a trinomial are determined. For Exercises 132 10 137, factor (A-2 WAR) (Art ard) (4 7 OA = 5) 132, (x + 1P -(x+ 1-6 ms. uo 3436 - +2 134. (v + 37 - SW +3) +6 (x-2 Yura) C-1 x ) Cert Cy) GA = aya #4) Ga enc 2 Ga-Dlaa 98 A+ IW-G 42-3 136. Hee AW-GHN=4 137% =F = T= )-2 tt Wy +s) (ea +2)(a +3) (49-9 X 9-3) For Exercises 138 to 143, find all integers k such that the trinomial can be fac- tored over the integers 138. Je + ket 5 140, 3x! + kv +2 eee 7 2785 ust 33 , 141. 3x + ke -2 143, 2x +k — 5 35 a4 2? + Dye + Sc @y +399 + 2) 113, 28+ 30-2 @ -2¥4+?) @ M4, 15~ 20-2 - 2G +e) Py +sSection 7. / Special Factoring 423 ‘To factor the difference of two perfect yaro. squares or a perfect-square trinomial #28) Qe The product of a term and itself Term Perfect Square is called a perfect square. The 5 5 x exponents on variables of perfect i Sue squares are always even numbers. y oylye The square root of a perfect square is one of the two equal v 3 factors of the porfect square. “Vi the symbol for square Var=a root. To find the exponent of the square root of a variable term, V9y¥ = 3 ve snultiply the exponent by !. The difference of two perfect squares is the product of the sum and differ- ence of two terms. The factors of the difference of two perfect squares are the sum and difference of the square roots of the perfect squares. Factors of the Difference of Two Perfect Squares at t= (a+ Bla 0) ‘The sum of two perfect squares, a? + b, is nonfactorable over the integers. Factor: 4x? ~ 8ly? ‘Write the binomial as the difference 4x? ~ Bly" = af - (9y1? of two perfect squares, ‘The factors are the sum and differ- Dy + GN ~ Bp ence of the square roots of the perfect squares. A perfect-square trinomial is the square of a binomial. Factors of a Perfect-Square Trinomiat a+ tab + = a+ OF Blab Om (9 OF Jn factoring a perfect-square trinomial, remember that the terms of the binornial are the square roots of the perfect squares of the trinomial. The sign in the bino- ial is the sign of the middle term of the trinomial.424 ‘Chapter 7/ Factoring Factor: 253° — Solution 25x? = 1 = Gx}? = (Y Solution ax? = 202 + 25 = 2s Factor: (x + 37° Solution weya4 x +7 - 2) Factor: 4x? + 12s +9 Because 4x* is a perfect square [4x° tay factoring 4x? + 12x + 9 as the square of a binomial. 48 + 12e +92 Or + 3F Check: (2x + 3F = Qv + 3)Qy +3) = 4e + 6x + 6x FO = an The check verifies that -4y° + 12) + @= +1 +9) Itis important to check a proposed factorization as we did above, The next exam- ple illustrates the importance of this check. Factor: x? + 13 +36 Because x? is @ perfect square and 36 is a perfect square, wy factoring x! + 130 + 36 8 the square of a binomial. P+ Be #36 2 e+ OF Check: (x + 6) = (v + 6 + 6) In this case, the proposed factorization of x* + 13x + 36 does not check. Try another factorization. The numbers 4 and 9 are factors of 36 whose sum is 13. + 12e + 36 84 1Bw 36 — G2 F Aji OF Factor: 24 ~ 36y* Your solution © Ditforanee of 1) tye squares Factor: 9x° + 12x 4 4 Your solution Sy)» Perioersquare Factor: (a +B ~ (a ~ 6 Your solution © serene of ‘co squares, Solutions om p. $22To factor the sum or difference ype Section 7.4 / Special Factoring 425 of two perfect cubes ey ‘The product of the samo three factors is called a perfect 7" Perfect Cube cube. The exponents on vari- 2 ables of perfect cubes are 3 7 always divisible by 3. » : The eube root of a perfect cube is one of the three equal fac- yg y tors of the perfect cube. “Y” "is the symbol for cube root. To ysr = find the exponent of the cube root of a variable term, multiply VSI * Fae the exponent by §. ‘The following rules are used to factor the sum or difference of two perieet cubes, Factoring the Sum or Difference of Two Perfect Cubes a Dim (a+ bllat~ ab + 6 = Bim (a ~ Bat + ab + BF) To factor 8x! ~ 27; Write the binor two perfect cubes. as the difference of The terms of the binomial factor are the cube roots of the perfect cubes. The sign of the binomial lactor is the same sign as in the given binomial. The nomial factor is obtained from the binomial factor Factor: a? + 64° a+ (asp a + 64y' Factor: 64y* = 125 64y* — 125y = y(64y? ~ 125) = sila - 54] =e Filer! 20 = x — 3)l4x? + 6x + 9) Square of the fist —) Opposite of the product of the 140 terms Square of the Tast term 9 Wiite te binonsal a¢ te em of tw perfect eub © Facto © Factor oly. the SOE, ite the binomial asthe Aitferoure of wa pot enbes + ectoFactor: ¥y! = 1 Factor: a°b* — 27 Solution Your sotution ay = by? Ditteronce of =i Hav 1) two cubes SS eS Factor: 6act + Bi! Factor: 8x! + 92 Solution Your solution 6c? + Ba? = Bi8c" +d) 9 GCF = 8Gc) +a] + Senvat = Qe + dite? = 2ed = 1 two eobes Factor: (x + y= Factor: (x — vy) + (x + 9)" Solution Your solution Gry © iferones of to eebes = [lv +9) — ale ty +a + y) Fe] ay fay tye te) Solutions om p. S22 Ca Certain trinomials that are not of the form ax* + by + ¢ can be expressed as such by making suitable variable substitutions. A trinomial is quadratic in form if it ‘can be written as au? + bu +e. ‘To factor a trinomial that is quadratic in form 1") )) 3. ‘As shown below, the trinomials x* + 5x? + 6 and 2vy? + 3ay ~ 9 are quadratic in form. + SHO 2xtyt 4 Bay = 9 (oP + 5) +6 Alert + 30%) Letum at ob Su $6 Letu=ay. 2 + Bu 9 ‘When we use this method to factor a trinomial that is quadratic in form, the vari- able part of the first term in each binomial will beSection 7.4 Special Factoring 427 TAKE NOTE Factor: a* + Sa? +6 ‘The teinomiat A454 6=0t + Su SF Bet FB was shown Breet Meee tet fo be quadtate in form + 3)ar + 2) fon the preceding page zi Bie + 3 Here is an example in which us = VZ. Factor: x = 2V¥ = 15 xe 15 =u? = Qu = 15 © ket a= SE Thon 9 = x =u Sut 3) © Factor © Replace oby Wie aD eae Factor: 6x°y" ~ ay ~ 12 Factor: 3x! + 43? — Solution Your solution Let u = xy. 6x38 = xy — 12 = 6 = 12 Solution on p. $22 To factor completely oStudy Tie, ‘oun hve compel 3 General Factoring Strategy Seleros on nce rot ow sae ooe 4. Isthere » common factor? I so, factor out the GCE. fot torecente atte‘. 2, ithe polynomial is ino isto difernco of wo priectsqures, he aum af sara shartpalibiaalaad sal ‘two perfect cubes, or the difference of two perfect cubas? If so, factor. yea wa 2. sho pobynonial i a vinomia it a pertect-auare tinal or the product of two ae tironls 0, aca 4. Can the polynomial be factored by grouping? If so, factor. Earn 5. Is each factor nonfactorable over the integers? If not, factor. fonce in onder to write the polynomial asa praduet of prime factors.428 Chapter 7 / Factoring iD) Factor: 64° + 15a? ~ 36a Solution 6a? + 15a" ~ 36a = 3u(2a? + Sa ~ 12) > GCF Factor: Solution « Faery =H) 42) (9 +2) srouping =(v+Da7-1) Fees Die 6 Bet Factor: Solution ay a =e + bierence ee wo squats + ye = (VF) Factor: x" 29" Solution ety ate ty. < ocr two ees Your solution Sica 9 J Factor: 4 ~ 4y — x! + a4y Your solution Your solution SD Factor: ax’ ~ ax'y* Your solution Solutions on pp. $22-823Section 7.4/Special Factoring 428 26 To factor the difference of two perfect squares or a perfect-square trinomial For Exercises | and 2, determine which expressions are perfect squares. 1.4; 8;252":12y"" 100K 2.9, 18; 15a; 496" 64a!b? For Exercises 3 (0 6, find the square root of the expression. Be N6ch 4. 36d" 5. Blab" 6 For Exercises 7 to 42, factor 1 vn t6 8. y= 49 8 4end 10. 814 1. 162? = 121 12, 49? ~ 36 1B. 1 90° 14, 16 ~ aly" 15. xy" = 100 16, a? — 25 1. 44 18. a? +16 19, 25-a'? 20. 64— x3 21 a= 4 22, b*— 16 23. xt - 128 +36 24, by 49 25. B—2b+1 26. a + 14a + 49 27. Vx? ~ 40x +25 2B 49x? 4 280 4 4 29, 4a? + 4a = 1 30. 9x? + 12x ~4 BL ++ 14 33, xt + by + 9y* 34. Avy + 12 +9 35. 40ab + 16h? 36. 4a? ~ 36ab + 8167430 Chapter 7 / Factoring 37. be" +9 38. y= Loy! + 64 39. 40. 16 - (@-3F a. - (a+ oF 42. 293)) To factor the sum or differenes of two perfect cubes For Exercises 43 and 44, determine which expressions are perfect cubes. 43. 4; 8; 8%; bY; 27e"a* 44, 95.27; yet; 64m For Exercises 45 to 48, find the cube root of the expression. 45, a 46. 279" 47. 640°" For Exercises 49 (0 72, factor 49, 8-27 50. y? +125 52. 64a) +27 33. 38. mi tn 56. 27a) +b 38.1 ~ 1256? 39. 27x) - 8° 61. xy) + 64 62. &) +27 64. 65. 8x 9" 67. (@- bP - 68. + (a+ by 70. TL M48 54. 60. 63. 66. 72. (4-9 (29) @ + 48, 1250%d* Be -a ar td 6a! +2799 ler => 27a - 16 a+ 64Section 7.4 / Special Factoring To factor a trinomial that is quadratic in form For Exercises 73 to 93, factor. 73. cht — Bay +15 m4, 76. a'b? + W0ab + 24 77. 79. bé— 136-90 80. 82. ab’ + Lah? — 26 83. 85. Sry" - Nay +15 86. 88. 89. 91, 2 = TK" +3 92, For Exercises 94 to 129, factor 94, Sx? 4h 1Oy +5 95. 97. 27u4— a 98. 100. y= 10y? +21" 101. 103. 16x‘ - 81 104. ay = Say = 33) 5. = 9x8 +18 78. at Na + 45 81. ahh Bx +2 87. 90. Sgyaetht ya 93. 12x — 36x +27 96. 99. wh Gy! = 55) 102, ax - 98e° 431 xv = Tay + 60 aa" 12 Bet + 2088 + 32 6a" + 190" + 10 3x! — Bix 16a ~ 2a*432 Chapter 7 / Factoring 106, x'v'— xt 107. ab? - B 109. &* — 40s + 50x? JMO. 6x5 + 74s¢ + 24% 112. 16a ~ 6 113, 4 114, xt Sx 4 115, 118, x? = Shy + Gey 120. 1éx'y + 4x42 — a2ay? 122. 124, ba"! + 902 126. a? = 128, 29" Ta" 3s APPLYING TRE CONCEI 130. Factor: x4 — 3) ~ 3x(x — 3) + 20x - 3) 116. 36% 2b? 117. 6a! ~ 2a 119. a'b? ~ ga°b' 480°" 121. 24a** — 14ab? — 90+ Ir 4y +8 123. 128. 127, De te 129, 3b"? 4 4b" ~ 4b" 131. Given that (x ~ 3) and (x + 4) are factors of 23 + 64° — Tx — 60, + explain how you can find a third first-degree factor of ~ Tx ~ 60. Then find the factor:Section 7.5/Solving Equations 433 QUatla ‘To solve equations by factoring {op ‘The Multiplication Property of Zero states that the product of a number and zero zero. This property is stated below. Ia is a real number, then a 0 =0-a= 0. Now consider x -y = 0, For this to be a true equation, then either x= 0 or veo. Principle of Zero Products Ifthe product of two factors is zero, then atleast one ofthe factors must be zero, Hta+ bo O.then @= Dor b= 0, The ciple of Zero Products is used to solve some equations. Solve: (x ~ 2x ~ 3) (Qe 3)=0 0 x-3=0 © Let each factor equal zero (he Principle of Zere Productl ne3 ve each equation f Cheek: (= 2lr-3)=0 &=2De=3=0 e-2e-3 fo G=DE=3]o of-1) 10 (W@ |o O= 0 © Aue equation O=0 © Atruo-equation The satuitions ave 2 and 3, An equation that can be written in the form ax? +2e+1=0 ax? + by += 0,4 = 0, is a quadratic equation. A 3.b=2,0=1 quadratic equation is in standard form when the polynomial is in descending order and equal to dx — 3r + 2=0 zero. The quadratic equations at the right are i a=4b=-3,0=2 standard form,434° Chaptor 7 / Factoring Solve: 2x itx=6 mw+x-6=0 © Wile she equation in standard frm, (2c = 3x +20 + Foster, 2y-3=0 x4+2-0 © Use tho Principe af Zoxo Pruduots We=3 © Solve oath aquation for Check: 3 and -2 check as solutions. 3 The solutions any 4 and ~2 Solver x(x = 3) 60 Solve: 2x(x + 7)=0 Solution Your solution ate 3)=0 xno 3-0 © thethe Principle 3 oh Zero Proiets The solutions ave @ and 3, eS Solve: 4x? ~9= 0 Your solution ° 0 © Facior the GCF. 2 0 © Factor th etforence of two squares. x+5=0 x= 5=0 = Userhe Principe of xan5 BS Lore Pratyets Solve: (x = 3)( = 10) = =10 Solve: (x + 2)(¢— 71 = 52 Solution Your solution (x = 3x ~ 10) = -10 win Be +3 ipl ~ Si — 0 X= 13r+40=0 © Ads 1Ut0 each sie ot (r= 9-5-0 tho equation. The aquaton pe is nos i soared foe. x=8 The sulutie Solutions on p. 823©) To solve application problems The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive even integers is egual to 100, Find the two integers, Strategy First positive even integer: Second positive even integer: 1 + 2 The sum of the square of the first positive even integer and the square of the second positive even integer is 100. Solution + (n+ 2) = 100 ui + dn + 4 or 100 2n? + 4 +4 = 100 2? + dn ~ 96-0 2? + 2H = a8) =0 2 — 6)(2 + 8) = 0 m= 6=0 ES —O © Principle ot n=6 n= 8 Zero Pratucts Because ~8 is not a positive even integer, it is not a solution. n=6 n+2s6+2—8 The to integers srw @ and Section 7.5 {Solving Equations 435, ‘The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive integers is 61. Find the two integers. Your strategy Your solution Solution on p. $23436 Chapter 7 /Fectoring eS) A stone is thrown into a well with an initial speed of 4 fi/s. The well is 420 fi deep. How many seconds later will the stone hit the bottom of the well? Use the equation d= vt + 168, where dis the distance in feet that the stone travels in 7 seconds when its initial speed is v feet per second Strategy To find the time for the sione to drop to the bottom of the well, replace the variables d and v by their given values and solve for t Solution dav 168 420 = 41 + 16 0 = -420 + 47 + Lor? Om 16 + dr = 420 0 = 4(4r* +f ~ 105) 0 = 4141 + 21 - 5) £-S=0. © Priacipie of P= 5 Zoro Praduets Because the time cannot be a negative is not a solution, re stonte will it the bottom of the well 5 hat ‘The length of a rectangle is 4 in, longer than twice the width. The area of the rectangle is 96 in’, Find the length and width of the rectangle. Your strategy Your solution Solution on p. $23Section 7.5/ Solving Equations 437 /)” To solve equations by factoring 1, S| In your own words, explain the Principle of Zero Products. 2, Fill in the blanks, If qe + 5)(2x ~ 7) = 0, then —Oor =o, For Exercises 3 to 60, solve. 3B (tay Ia-0 4 BE NE-N=0 6 HE-9 7 r= 5)=0 & x@+2=0 % aa-9)=0 10, aia + 12) =0 AL y2y +3)=0 12 141 -7)=0 13, 2aa-2)=0 14. 4b(20 15. (b+ 26~S)=0 16 = 8—+3)=0 18. Y= 121=0 20. 26. 2 24. i- Br 1S=0 25, 23, tort 28, Batt Ma +8=0 29, bSet1=0 30. 6? ~ I9y+15=0 BI. P= 3r=0 32, a@—Sa=0 33. 34, 36. a ~ 5a = 24 38, 9? = Ty =8 40, 38 +1=10 42, Sf - 16 = ~12 43. 27) 4h xe ID=12 45. vy De. 46. v(y + 8)=-15438 a7. 58. 61. 62. 63. 65. 67. 68. Chapter 7 / Factoring pip+3=-2 48 pip- 1) 49, vy + a) = 45 50. RW F3)=28 $2. pip- 14) 1 -30 54. 5 53. (x + 8)(r— (e- SMe #4) 52 56. (2 - 8G +4) — 35 e+ 3a +4) =72 59. (@~ Aa + Nm 18 60. (25) To solve application problems Number Sense The square of a positive number is six more than five times the positive number: Find the number: Number Sense The square of a negative number is fifteen more than twice the negative number: Find the number: Number Sense The sum of two numbers is six. The sum of the squares of the two numbers is twenty. Find the two numbers, Number Sense The sum of two numbers is eight, The sum of the squares of the two numbers is thirty-four. Find the two numbers. Number Sense ‘The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive inte- gers is forty-one. Find the two integers, Number Sense The sum of the squares of two conse integers is one hundred. Find the two integers. tive positive even Number Sense The sum of ovo numbers is ten. The product of the two numbers is twenty-one. Find the two numbers. Number Sense The sum of wo numbers is thirteen. The product of the two numbers is forty. Find the two numbers. vly — 8) 15 GF ae= nd (2x + 5S) + == 1Section 7.5 {Solving Equations 439 Sum of Natural Numbers The formula S x ula for Exercises 69 and 70. gives the sum, S, of the first n natural numbers. Use this for 69. How many consecutive natural numbers beginning with 1 will give a sum of 78? 70. How many consecutive natural numbers beginning with 1 will give a sum. of 171? Sports The formula W == gives the number, N, of football games that must be scheduled in a league with t teams if each team is to play every other team once, Use this formula for Exercises 71 and 72. 71. How many teams are in a league that schedules 15 games in such a way that each team plays every other team once? 72, How many teams are in a league that schedules 45 games in such a way that each team plays every other team once? Physics The distance s, in feet, that an object will fall (neglecting air resis- tance) in r seconds is given by s'= vr + 16, where v is the initial velocity of the object in feet per second. Use this formula for Exercises 73 and 74. 73, An object is released from the top of a building 192 ft high, The object’s initial velocity is 16 fi/s, and air resistance is neglected. How many sec- onds later will the object hil the ground? ms. In October 2003, the world’s tallest building, Taipei 101, was com- pleted. The top of the spire is 1667 ft above ground. If an object is released from this building at a point 640 ft above the ground at an Initial velocity of 48 fi/s, assuming no air resistance, how many sec- onds later will the object reach the ground? Sports The height /, in feet, an object will attain (neglecting air resistance) in ¢ seconds is given by hi = v1 ~ 161°, where v is the initial velocity of the object in feet per second, Use this formula for Exercises 75 and 76. 73. A golf ball is thrown onto a cement surface and rebounds straight up. The initial velocity of the rebound is 60 ft/s. How many seconds later will the golf ball return to the ground? 76. A foul ball leaves a bat, hits home plate, and travels straight up with an of 64 fi/s. How many seconds later will the ball be 64 {1 above the ground? ) 77. Geometry The length of a rectangle is 5 in. more than twice its width. i Its area is 75 in’. Find the length and width of the rectangle.78. 79. 80. si. 82, 83. 84. Chapter 7 / Factoring Geometry The width of a rectangle is 5 ft less than the length. The area of the rectangle is 176 fi, Find the length and width of the rectangle. Geometry The height of a triangle is 4m more than twice the length of the base. The area of the triangle is 35 m*. Find the height of the triangle. Geometry The lengths of two sides of a square are extended 5 in. The area of the resulting square is 64 in®. Find the length of a side of the original square. Publishing The page of a book measures 6 in, by 9 in, A uniform bor- der around the page leaves 28 in’ for type. What are the dimensions of the type area? Gardening A small garden measures 8 ft by 10 fi. A uniform border around the garden increases the total area to 143 {0 What is the width of the border? Landseaping A landscape designer decides to increase the radius of a circular lawn by 3 ft. This increases the area of the lawn by 100 ft, Find the radius of the original circular lawn, Rotind to the nearest hundredth, P2 Geometry A circle has a radius of 10 in. Find the increase in 22 area that occurs when the radius is increased by 2 in. Round to the nearest hundredth. APPLYING THE CONCEPTS 85. ine Find 317’ if n(ir + 5) © 4 86. Find 2n?ifnnte + 3) = 4, For Exercises 87 (0 90, solve. 87. 89. OL, 92. 2yly + 4) = —5(v + 3) 88. (6 +5 = 16 p= 9p 90. (x + 3)2x ~ 1) =G =x - 30 Explain the error made in solving the equa- (x + 2)(¢ - 3) = 6 * tion at the right, Solve the equation correctly. Explain the error made in solving the equa. x? = * tion at the right, Solve the equation correctly, x?Focus on Problem Solving 441 Focus on Problem Solving ‘There are six students using a gym. The wall on the gym has six lockers that are numbered 1, 2, 3,4,5, and 6, Aftera practice, the first student goes by and opens, all the lockers. The second student shuts every second locker, the third student changes every third locker (opens a locker if it is shut, shuts a locker ifit is open), the fourth student changes every fourth locker, the fifth student changes every fifth locker, and the sixth student changes every sixth locker. After the sixth stu. dent makes changes, which lockers are open? ‘One method of solving this problem would be to create a table as shown below. Sudent 1 2 3 4 $8 6 Locker 1 © 0 0 © 0 o 2 OH HetiH eH Het tteHtte: 3 Ore HGH CCH 4 0 ¢ ¢ 0 0 0 5 © 0 0 89 c ¢ 6 0 ¢ 0 0 oO ¢ From this table, lockers 1 and 4 are open after the sixth student passes through, Now extend this to more lockers and students. In each case, the nth student changes multiples of the rth locker, For instance, the eighth student would change the 8th, 16th, 24th, 1. Suppose there were 10 locke ‘would remain open? and 10 students. Which lockers 2. Suppose there were 16 lockers and 16 students. Which lockers would remain open? 3. Suppose there were 25 lockers and 25 students. Which lockers would remain open? \uppose there were 40 lockers and 40 students. Which lockers would remain open? Suppose there were 50 lockers and 50 students. Which lockers would remain open? 6. Make a conjecture as to which lockers would be open if there were 100 lockers and 100 students. 7. Give a reason why your conjecture should be true. (Hint: Consider how many factors there are for the door numbers that remain open and for those that remain closed. For instance, with 40 lockers and 40 students, locker 36 (which remains open) has factors 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36—an odd number of factors. Locker 28, a closed locker, has factors 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28—an even number of factors.)442 Chaptor7 / Factoring Exploring Integers Projects and Group Activities Number theory isa branch of mathematics that focuses on integers and the rela- tionships that exist among the integers. Some of the resulis from this field of study have important, practical applications for sending sensitive information, such as credit card numbers over the Internet. In this project, you will be asked to discover some of those relationships. 1, In is an integer, explain why the product n(r + 1) is always an even number: 2, I mis an integer, explain why 2n is always an even integer 3. If is an integer, explain why 21 + 1 Is always an odd int 4. Select any odd integer greater than 1, square it, and then subiract 1. Try this for various odd integers greater than 1. Is the result always evenly divisible by 8? 5. Prove the assertion in Exercise 4. (Suggestion: From Exercise 3, an odd inte- ger can be represented as 2n + 1. Therefore, the assertion in Exercise + can be stated “(2n + 1? ~ 1 is evenly divisible by 8.” Expand this expression and explain why the result must be divisible by 8. You will need (o use the result from Exercise 1] 6, The integers 2 and 3 are consecutive prime numbers. Are there any other con- secutive prime numbers? Why? 7. Ifnis.a positive integer, for what values of m is 1? 8. A Mersenne prime number is a prime that can be written in the form 2” ~ 1, where n is also a prime number: For instance, 2° — 1 = 32 ~ 1 = 31. Because 5 and 31 are prime numbers, 31 is a Mersenne prime number. On the other hand, 2""~ 1 = 2048 ~ 1 = 2047, In this case, although 11 is a prime numm- ber; 2047 = 23 - 89, and so is not a prime number. Find two Mersenne prime numbers other than 31 1 a prime number? Chapter 7 Summary Key Wordle Examples The greatest common factor (GCF) of two or more monomials is ‘The GCF of 8x*y and 12xyz is Ary. the product of the GCF of the coefficients and the common variable factors. [7.1A, p. 101] To factor a polynomial means to write the polynomial asa To factor x? + 3x + 2 means to write product of other polynomials. (7.14. p. 401 itas the product tx + Dee + 2)A factor that has (wo terms is called a binomial factor A polynomial that does not factor using only integers is nonfactorable over the integers. pe] A polynomial is factored completely if i is written as a product of factors thal are nonfactorable over the integers. [2B p. al The product of a term and itself is called a perfect square. The square root of a perfect square is one of the two equal factors of the perfect square. |7.4, ‘The product of the same three factors is called a perfect cube. The cube root of a perfect cube is one of the three equal factors, of the perfect cube. SB. p. a2 A winomial is guadvatic in form if t can be written as, aie? + bu +e. (FAC, po Ae {An equation that can be written in the form ax? + 4 #0, is.a quadratic equation, A quadratic equation standard form when the polynomial is written in descending ‘order and equal to zero. {7.5:3, p. 4351 Essential Rules and Procedures Factoring x? + Sx + ¢: IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS, (2A, 4071 1, When the constant term of the trinomial is positive, the constant terms of the binomials have the same sign. They are both positive when the coefficient of the x term in the irinomial is positive. They are both negative when the coefficient of the.x term in the trinomnial is negative, 2. When the constant term of the trinomial is negative, the constant (erms of the binomials have opposite signs 3. In the trinomial, the coefficient of x is the sum of the constant terms of the binomials. 4 In the trinomial, the constant term is the product of the constant terms of the binomials. Chapter 7 Summary 443, The trinomial x? +x + 4 is nonfactorable over the integers. ‘There are no integers whese product is 4 and whose sum is 1. ‘The polynomial 3y° + 9y? = 12y is factored completely as 3vly + ily =D. St; 252? is a perfect (2x20124) = Bx: Be" Is a perfect cube Vie = 2x ee = 509 Gu? ~ Su 4 ‘The equation 2x? - 3x +7=Oisa quadratic equation in standard form, amples sh 6x + B= bx + 4G +2) xo 6e45= ~ 5M — 1) windy 2 =O + 3) - 7) In the three examples above, note that 6=4 +2, -6= -5 + (-0) and -4=3 + (7) In the three examples above, note that = 4-2, 5 = ~5(-1), and =21 3-7)444 Chapter 7 / Factoring Factoring by Grouping A polynomial can be factored by grouping if its terms can be grouped and factored in such a way that a common binomial factor is found. To factor ax’ + bx +c by grouping (7.58, p. 4171 First find two factors of @ «¢ whose sum is b. Then use factoring by grouping to write the factorization of the tvinemial Factoring the Difference of Two Perfect Squares, I7aA. p. 4237 ‘The difference of two perfect squares factors as the sum and difference of the same terms. (4 + bMa ~ b) Factoring a Perfect-Square Trinomial [7.44 p. 428 A perfect-square trinomial is the square of a binomial, @ + 2ab +b = (a + dF @ dab += (a — DF Factoring the Sum or Difference of Two Cubes 1748, p. 425] a? +b! = (a + ba? — ab +b) ° (a - bya? + ab +B) To Factor Completely 7.40. 9.427) When factoring a polynomial completely, ask the following questions about the polynomial. 1. Is there a common factor? If so, factor out the GCF 2. If the polynomial is a binomial, is it the difference of two perfect squares, the stim of two perfect cubes, or the difference of two perfect cubes? If so, Factor: 3, IF the polynomial is a trinomial, is it a perfect-square teinomial or the product of twa binomials? If so, facto 4, Can the polynomial be factored by grouping? If so, factor 8. Is each factor nonfactorable over the integers? IF not, factor: Principte of Zero Products 3) If the product of two factors is zero, then at least one of the factors must be zero, ab = 0, thena = 0 orb = 0. 3a? - a ~ 15ab + 5b = (a? = a) = (15ab ~ 5b) = (3a — 1) ~ S13 — 1) (Ba ~ 1a ~ 5b) ax? — Ix - 20 a ¢= 3-20) = ~60 ‘The product of 4 and ~15 is ~60. The sum of 4 and ~15 is ~LL Bx? + dy = 15 ~ 20 Gx? + 4x) = (15 + 20) < +4) — Gx +4) = Gv tue ~5) a? ~ 64 = (w+ BY ~ 8) 4x? ~ 81 = 2x - 9° Qe + 92x — 9) Pt 14e $49 = (0 4 TF x? = 10x +25 = (x — 57) 464 = (e+ AE ~ 4 + 16) 8b — 1 = 2b ~ 4b? + 2b + 1) = 6e(3r + Gx 1) baw +2)=0 x-4=0 x#2=0Chapter 7 Review Exercises 1, Factor: 6? = 136 + 30 3. Factor 2s? Sy + 6 by using trial factors. 3. Factor: 1dy’ — 499° + 7)" 7. Factor 6x 29y + 28 by using trial factors, 9. Factor: a — 100 11, Factor 12¥? + 16y ~ 3 by using trial factors 13. Factor: 9" ~ 25: 15. Factor 18a? ~ 3a = 10 by grouping, 17. Factor: 4x ~ 202% ~ 24x 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. Chapter 7 Review Exercises 445 Factor: 4x(x = 3) = 53-2) 2ix'y! + 23 Factor + Sy — 36 Factor: y Factor: 124° + 3ab* it = 2a) ~ an? Factor: 12b} = 58B? + Sob Factor Factor: c+ 86+ 12 Solve: 4x? +270 = 7 Factor: 64a" — 275°446 Chapter 7/ Factoring 19. Factor 2a? — 194 ~ 60 by grouping. 20. Solve: (x + Diz - 5) = 16 21. Factor: 2lax ~ 35bx ~ 10by + bay 22, Factor: 36x" ~ 36x" +5 23. Factor: 10x" + 25x + dy + 10y 24. 28. Factor: 3x¢ + 36v + 108 26, Factor 3x¢ ~ 17 + 10 by grouping. 27. Sports The length of the field in field hockey is 20 yd less than twice the width of the field. The area of the field in field hockey is 6000 yi. Find the length and width of the field, 28. Image Projection The size, S, of an image from a slide projector de- pends on the distance, d, of the Screen from the projector and is given by S = ¢. Find the distance between the projector and the screen when the size of the picture is 400 fe. 29. Photography A rectangular photograph has dimensions 15 in. by 12 in. A picture frame around the photograph increases the total area to What is the width of the frame? 30. Gardening The length of cach side of a square garden plot is extended 4 ft, The area of the resulting square is 576 fi, Find the length of a side of the original garden plotChapter 7 Test Factor: ab + 6a = 3h = 18 3. Factor 8x? + 20x ~ 48 by grouping. Factor: a ~ 19a + 48 7. Factor: x? + 2x — 15 9. Factor: 5x? ~ 45x — 15 11, Solve: x(x = 8) = =15 13. Factor 10. 12. 14, Chaptor 7 Tost 447 Factor Factor 6x* + 19x + 8 by using trial factors. Factor: 6x4 ~ 8x? + 10s Solve: 4? = 1=0 Factor: p? + 12p + 36 Factor: 38 + L2xy + 129? Factor 6x"y' + 9x? + 3v! by grouping.448 Chapter 7 / Factoring 15. Factor: 27x'~ 8 16. Factor: 6a* ~ 130° - 5 17. Factor: xip + I - (p + 18. Factor: 3a? ~ 75 19. Factor 2x + 4x — 5 by using trial factors, 20. Factor: x — 9x — 36 21, Factor: 4a? ~ 12ab + 9b? 22, Factor: 4x? — 499" 23. Solve: (2a - 3ila+7)=0 24. Number Sense The sum of two numbers is ten, The sum of the squares of the po numbers is fifty-eight, Find the two numbers, 25. Geometry The length of a rectangle is 3 cm longer than twice its width. The area of the rectangle is 90 cm’. Find the length and width of the rectangle