UNIVERSAL INDICATOR

for their acidity, but with a pH of about 4.5, they are in fact less acidic than many
other fruits. pH SCALE & INDICATORS
Stomach Lemon Tomato Pure Sea- Milk of Household Oven cleaner
ator paper is a quick way acid juice Cola juice Milk water Blood water magnesia ammonia (lye)
mine the pH of a solution.
more accurate results, pH
meters are used.
pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

now? For highly acidic or PHENOLPHTHALEIN

s, the pH may lie outside RANGE: 8.3 - 10.0
the 0-to-14 range. Acid rain Normal
and fog rain
Figure 8.34
Common substances and their pH values.

COLOURS OF P H INDICATORS
Your Turn 8.44

ment on the models presented.

Skill Building
METHYL ORANGE
pH Simulations
Work through the simulations is found on Figures Alive! in Connect to practice pH. Com-
RANGE: 3.1 - 4.4

0 2 4 6 pH 8 10 12 14

Your Turn 8.45 Skill Building Acidity of Foods

a. Rank tomato juice, lemon juice, milk, cola, and pure water in order of increasing acid-
ity. Check your order against Figure 8.34.

THYMOL BLUE
b. Pick any other five foods and make a similar ranking. Search the Internet to find their
actual pH values.
RANGE: 1.2 - 2.8, 8.0 - 9.6
c. Is there anything in your water diary that has a pH value? What are the values?

UNIVERSAL INDICATOR
ON
STS
LITHIUM SODIUM POTASSIUM RUBIDIUM CAESIUM CALCIUM
Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+ Ca2+

METAL IONMETAL ION

FLAME TESTS
FLAME TESTS
LIGHT

STRONTIUM BARIUM RADIUM LITHIUM

COPPER SODIUM
IRON POTASSIUM
LITHIUM
BORON RUBIDIUM POTASSIUM
SODIUM CAESIUM CALCIUM
RUBIDIUM
Cu2+ Li 2+/ Na
B3+LiK NaRb KCs Ca+ 2+
+ + ++ + + +
Sr2+ Ba2+ Ra2+ Fe Fe3+ +
Rb

HEAT HEAT