NEW SCIENCE CLASSES, BY; SHAHEED SIR, (CHAPTER: ACID, BASE AND SALT) CLASS: Xth

INDICATORS :- An indicator of a dye that changes colour when it is put into acids or bases.

There are four types of indicator.

1. Artifical indicator(Methyl orange and Phenolphthalein)

2. Natural indicator(Turmeric, Litmus and Red cabbage)
3. Olfactory indicator(Onion and Vanilla extract)

Those substance whose smell changes in acidic or basic solution are called olfactory indicators. Onion
has a characteristics smell when a basic solution treated with it, then the smell of onion can’t be
detected.

Blue litmus Red Methyl Orange Phenolphthalein( Turmeric Red

litmus C14H14N3NaO3S C20H14O4) cabbage(Dark
colourless blue in colour)
Acid Turns to No Turns to red Colourless No change Turns red or
red change pink
Base No change Turns Turns to Yellow Turns to pink Turns to Turns to green
into blue deep red or yellow

4. Universal indicator :- universal indicator is a mixture of many different indictors which gives
different colours at different pH values of the entire pH scale.

pH Colour pH Colour pH Colour

0 Dark red 5 Orange yellow 10 Navy blue
1 Red 6 Greenish yellow 11 Purple
2 Red 7 Green 12 Dark purple
3 Orange red 8 Greenish blue 13 Violet
4 Orange 9 Blue 14 Violet
pH scale : in 1909 Sorenson devised a scale known as pH scale on which the strength of acid and base
could be represented by making use of the Hydrogen ion concentration.

Note :- The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to the concentration of Hydrogen ion in it.

Note:- in the term pH letter ‘p’ stand for a German word ‘potenz’ which means power and letter H
stand for Hydrogen ion concentration. The pH has no unit.

……… PH value of some common substance

Substance pH Substance pH
Concentrated hydrochloric acid 0 Saliva(before meals) 7.4
Diluted hydrochloric acid 1.0 Saliva (after meals) 5.8
Gastric juice 1.4 Blood 7.4
Lemon juice 2.5 Egg 7.8
Vinegar 4.0 Toothpaste 8.0
Tomato juice 4.1 Banking soda solution 8.05
Coffee 5.0 Milk of Magnesia 9.0
Soft drinks 6.0 Household Ammonium 10.5
Milk 6.5 Diluted sodium hydroxide 13.0
Pure water 7.0 Concentrated sodium hydroxide 14

IMPORTANT OF pH IN EVERYDAY LIFE

1. pH in Our Digestive System :- Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid of pH about 1.4. The
excess acid in the stomach causes indigestion, which produces pain and irritation.
2. Tooth Decay :- when we eat food containing sugar, then the bacteria present in our mouth
break down the sugar to form acids such as lactic acid. Tooth decay starts when the pH of acid
formed in the mouth falls down below 5.5.

Note:- Our tooth enamel is made of calcium phosphate, which is the hardest material in our body, but
starts getting corrode when the pH in the mouth is lower than 5.5

3. pH for plant, soil and animal:- Most of the plant grow best when the pH of the soil is close to
7. If the soil is too acidic, then it is treated with materials like quick lime(calcium oxide) or
slaked lime(calcium hydroxide) or chalk(calcium carbonate).

Note:- The human body works well within a narrow pH range of 7.0 to 7.8

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On the basis of their chemical properties all the chemical compounds can be classified into three
groups.

1. ACIDS
2. BASE
3. SALTS.

An Arrhenius acid is a compound that increases the H+ ion concentration in aqueous solution. An
Arrhenius base is a compound that increases the OH − ion concentration in aqueous solution.
 Or

An acid is any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to
another substance. A base is a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid.

There are two type of acids.

1. Organic acid: The acids present in plant material and animals are called organic acids.
These acids are weak acids.

2. Mineral acid: The acids prepared from the minerals of the earth are called mineral acids.
These acids are strong acids. Only one mineral acid, Carbonic acid(H2CO3) , is a weak acid.
Example :- HCl, HNO3, HF,H2SO4, etc.

Note : - Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. Therefor when it react from metal it does not liberate
Hydrogen gas.

NOTE: Organic acids are weak acids but minerals acids are strong acids.

Some examples of mineral acids.

Organic acids Formula Ph values

Acetic acid ( VINEGAR ) CH3COOH 2.87 - 3.00
Malic ACID ( GRAPES ) C4H6O5 3.40 - 5.11
Oxalic ACID ( TOMATO ) C2H2O4 3
Tartaric ACID ( TAMARIND ) C4H6O6 3.5
Citric acid ( LEMON ) C6H8O7 3- 6
Lactic acid ( CURD ) C3H6O3 2.43
Formic ACID ( ANT STING ) HCOOH 3.47
Uric acid ( URINE ) C5H4N4O3 5.57

NOTES: The most strongest acid is fluoroantimonic acid SbHF6

. The king of acid is SULFURIC ACID. ( H2SO4)

1. Concentrated Acid :- A concentrated acid is one which contain the minimum possible amount
of water in it. The concentration of an acid is decreased by adding more water to it.
2. Diluted Acid :- A diluted acid is one which contains much more of water in it.

Note:- The dilution of a concentrated acid should always be done by adding concentrated acid to
water gradually with stirring and not by adding water to concentrated acid. Because when a
concentrated acid is added to water for preparing a diluted acid, then the heat is evolved
gradually, and easily absorbed by the large amount of water.
 If water is added to concentrated acid, then a large amount of heat evolved at once.
This heat changes some of the water to steam explosively which can splash the acid on our face or
clothes and can cause acid burns.

PROPERTIES OF ACIDS:---

1. Acids have a sour taste.

2. Acids turn blue litmus to red.
3. Acids solution conduct electricity in aqueous solution.
4. Acids react with metals to form Hydrogen gas.
Metal + Acid ----------- Salt + Hydrogen gas
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) -------- ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
5. Acid react with metal carbonates and metal Hydrogen carbonates to form carbon dioxide
gas.
Metal Carbonate/Metal Hydrogen carbonate + Acid ------- Salt + Carbon dioxide + water
Na2CO3 + HCl ------- NaCl + CO2(g) + H2O

NOTES:- The carbon dioxide react with lime water( calcium hydroxide solution) to turn lime water
milky.

When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water [Ca(OH)2], the lime water turns milky due to
formation of a white precipitate of calcium carbonate.

Ca(OH)2 aq. + CO2(g) --------- CaCO3(white ppt. Makes lime water milky) + H2O

. If excess of carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water, then the white precipitate formed
dissolve due to formation of soluble salt calcium Hydrogen carbonate, and the solution becomes clear
again.

CaCO3 (s) + CO2 + H2O ------- Ca(HCO3)2 aq.

6. Acids react with bases to form salt and water.

Acid + Base ----- Salt + Water.

NaOH(aq) + HCl -------- NaCl + H2O.

Note. The above reaction is known as neutralisation reaction.

7. Acids react with metal oxide to form salt and water.

Metal oxide + Acid ------- Salt + Water.

CuO + HCl ------- CuCl2 + H2O.

8. Acid have corrosive nature.

The mineral acids cause sever burns on the skin and attack and eat up materials like
cloths, wood, metal, structures and stone works, so that said to be corrosive.
Note. Acids are never stored in metal container because they gradually corrode and eat up the metal
container. The strong base such as sodium hydroxide are also corrosive. A common thing in all acids is
they produce hydrogen ions(H+) when dissolved in water.

Note. The aqueous solution of Glucose and alcohol don’t show acidic character because their
Hydrogen does not separate out as Hydrogen ions on dissolving in water. Means the aqueous solution
of Glucose and alcohol don’t conduct electricity.

Note. Acids do not show acidic behaviour on the absence of water

Use of mineral acid in industry.

• Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of fertiliser like ammonium sulphate, paints, dyes,
chemical, plastics, synthetic fingers, detergent, explosive and car batteries.
• Nitric acid is used for making explosive like TNT(tri nitro toluene).
• Hydrochloric acid is used for removing oxide film from steel objects and leather industries.

BASES

BASE:- Base are those chemicals substances which have a bitter taste. Bases are chemically opposite
of acids. A base is a chemical substance which can neutralise an acid.

Or, A base is a substance which dissolve in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH MINUS) in solution.

Note :- All the metal oxides and metal hydroxide are bases.

Example :- Sodium oxide ( Na2O), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Note:- Carbonate and Hydrogen carbonates are also considered to be base because they neutralise
the acids.

Example :- Na2CO3 (Sodium carbonate), NaHCO3(sodium Hydrogen carbonate).

Alkalis :- A base which is soluble in water is known as alkali. Some common water soluble bases are

Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide, Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium hydroxide and Magnesium
hydroxide.

Strong Base:- A base which completely ionises in water and thus produce a large amount of hydroxide
ions is called strong base.

Example :- NaOH, KOH.

Weak Base:- A base which is partially ionised in water and thus produces small amount of hydroxide
ions is called weak base.

Example :- NA4OH, Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2.

Properties of Bases –

1. Base have bitter taste.

2. Base feel soapy to touch.
3. Base turns red litmus to blue.
 4. Base reacts with some metal to form Hydrogen gas.

Example :-

NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) ------- Na2ZnO2(sodium zincate) + H2(g)

NaOH(aq) + Al(s) -------- Na3AlO3 sodium aluminate) + H2(g)

Note:- All metal do not react with base to form Hydrogen gas. Aluminium, lead and Zinc can react with
both acid and base so they are called Amphoteric metal.

5. Bases conduct electricity in solution, they are electrolytes.

6. Base react with acids to form salt and water, this reaction is also known as neutralisation
reaction.
7. Bases react with non metal oxide to form salt and water.
Non-metal oxide + Base ------- Salt + Water.

Example :-

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 -------- CaCO3(s) + H2O.

Uses of base :-

• Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap, paper and a synthetic fibre called
RAYON.
• Calcium hydroxide called slaked lime is used in the manufacture of bleeching powder.
• Magnesium hydroxide is used as an antacid to neutralises excess acid on the stomach.
• Sodium carbonate is used as washing soda and for softening hard water.
• Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as baking soda in cooking food, for making baking
powder, as an antacid to cure indigestion and in soda acid for extinguisher.

SALTS

SALT:-