CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

• Obtained from plants and animals.

ORGANIC • Carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
COMPOUNDS vitamins, hormones etc.

• Obtained from minerals and rocks.

INORGANIC • Sulphates, carbonates, nitrates
COMPOUNDS and chlorides of metals.
 CLASSIFICATION

ACIDS: Sour taste

(Lemon juice, tomatoes, vinegar)

ON THE BASIS
OF TASTE OF BASES: Bitter taste
COMPOUNDS (Washing soda, Baking soda)

SALTS: Salty or unpleasant taste

(NaCl, CuSO4, AgNO3, CaCO3)
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
• Some chemical compounds have unpleasant taste and even may
be poisonous. Therefore it is dangerous to taste any chemical
substance.
• The nature of given chemical substance is found by certain
chemical methods known as QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS.
• There are many substance which show some characteristics when
present in an acid and some different characteristic when present
in a base. These substances are known as ACID BASE INDICATORS.
ACIDS
 ARRHENIUS CONCEPT

Acids are the substances which contains hydrogen and

which when dissolved in water gives hydrogen ions in
the solution.
LIMITATION OF ARRHENIUS CONCEPT

ALL
HYDROGEN
CONTAINING
COMPOUND • Ethyl alcohol(C2H5OH),Glucose(C6H12O6).
• They do not produce H+ ions in water.
S ARE NOT • Their solution does not conduct
electricity.
ACIDS.
 ROLE OF WATER IN DISSOCIATION OF ACID

Dry HCl gas is not acidic and will not change the color of blue litmus paper but it
becomes acidic in the presence of water because it will dissociate to give H+ ions in
water.
 ROLE OF WATER IN DISSOCIATION OF ACID

• Water being polar, pull the H+ and Cl- ions apart and thus break the
bond between them. In any organic solvent HCl is in gaseous phase in
which H and Cl atoms remain strongly bonded.
p0  p
p0
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF SOURCE
SOME NATURALLY OCCURRING ACIDS
S No. NATURAL SOURCE ACID PRESENT
1. ORANGES, LEMONS CITRIC ACID
2. APPLES MALIC ACID
3. TOMATOES OXALIC ACID
4. TAMARIND TARTARIC ACID
5. CURD LACTIC ACID
6. VINEGAR ACETIC ACID
7. PROTEIN AMINO ACID
 CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
AMOUNT OF ACID PRESENT IN SAMPLE
Strength refers to the ability of the acid to lose hydrogen ions
and therefore its concentration of hydrogen ions. A strong acid Concentration refers the amount of acid or base present in a
dissociates completely to form hydrogen ions. A weak acid given amount of solution
dissociates partially to form hydrogen acid.
 DILUTING A CONCENTRATED ACID

Diluting an acid is a highly exothermic process. Therefore dilution is always carried by

adding water to acid slowly with stirring. This is because the heat capacity of water is
greater than that of acids (water can absorb more heat than an acid).
EFFECT OF DILUTION ON H+ ION CONCENTRATION

For strong acids: on dilution the H+ ion

concentration decreases per unit volume.
For weak acids: on dilution the H+ ion
concentration decreases per unit volume but
the total number of H+ ions in the solution
increases dissociation of weak acids increases
on dilution.
 USES OF MINERAL ACIDS IN
INDUSTRY
• Manufacture of fertilizers (NH)2SO4, paints,
SULPHURIC ACID explosives, synthetic fibers, dyes and drugs,
Petroleum refining, and in storage batteries.

• Used in manufacture of fertilizers like

NITRIC ACID ammonium nitrate, artificial silk, dyes and
plastics.

• Used for cleaning the surface of metals,

HYDROCHLORIC • Used in textile, leather, food and dye industries.
ACID
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
CONSTITUENTS

Oxy acids
Hydra acids
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
BASICITY
• Produces one hydronium ion per molecule on ionization in water
Mono Basic • HCl,HI

• Produces two hydronium ion per molecule on ionization in water

Dibasic • Sulphuric acid

• Produces three hydronium ion per molecule on ionization in water

Tri basic • Phosphoric acid
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF STRENGTH
PREPARATION OF ACIDS
PREPARATION OF ACIDS
• P + HNO3 -> H3PO4 + H2O + NO2
• I2+ HNO3 -> HIO3+ H2O + NO2

• C+ HNO3 -> CO2 + H2O + NO2

• S+ HNO3 -> H2SO4+ H2O + NO2

 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Sour taste.
 Changes colour of indicators
 Their solution in water conducts electricity.
 Corrosive in nature ( produce burning sensation on skin and holes in clothes).
 Attack metals (therefore always stored in glass or ceramic containers).
INDICATORS
 CLASSIFICATION
NATURAL
Show different INDICATORS
colors in acidic
and basic
mediums. SYNTHETIC
INDICATORS INDICATORS
Give different
OLFACTORY
odors in acids
and bases. INDICATORS
 NATURAL INDICATORS
1) LITMUS: It is a water soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens (a plant which
belongs to the division of thallophyta). Its neutral solution has purple color. It turns red in acidic
solution and blue in basic solution.
 NATURAL INDICATORS
2) TURMERIC: It is a deep yellow colored powder which is used as a coloring and flavoring agent is
food items and shows different colors in acidic and basic mediums. It is yellow in acidic medium and
turns reddish brown in basic medium.
3) RED CABBAGE EXTRACT: It is extracted from a kind of cabbage which has dark red/purple leaves.
Its neutral solution has purple color. it turns red in acidic environment and bluish green in basic
environment.
 NATURAL INDICATORS
4) HYDRANGEA: It is a flower which has purple or bluish pink color in neutral
medium. It grows blue in color in acidic soil and reddish pink in alkaline soil.

5) PETUNIA: It is a kind flower. It is reddish purple in acidic medium and violet in

basic medium.
6) Geranium: The dye extracted from the petals of this flower is used as a indicator.
it is bluish red in acidic and violet blue in basic medium
 SYNTHETIC INDICATORS
1) METHYL ORANGE: It is a substance which is used an acid base indicator due to its clear and distinct color
variation in different substances. It is red in acidic solution and yellow in basic solution.
2) PHENOLPHTHALEIN: It is a colorless chemical substance which shows different colors in different substances.
It is colorless in acidic solution and turns to pink color in basic solution.
3)CHINA ROSE INDICATOR: It is the solution of china roses in water. it is red in color and turns into magenta
color in acidic medium and green color in basic medium.
 INDICATORS AND THEIR COLOR CHANGE
SERIAL INDICATOR COLOR IN NEUTRAL COLOR IN ACIDIC COLOR IN BASIC
NO. SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION

1. Litmus Purple Red Blue

2. Turmeric Deep yellow Deep yellow Reddish brown
3. Red cabbage extract Purple Red Bluish green
4. Hydrangea Purple Blue Reddish pink
5. Petunia Purple Reddish purple Violet
6. Geranium White Bluish Red Violet blue
7. Methyl orange Orange Red Yellow
8. Phenolphthalein Colorless Colorless Pink
9. China rose indicator Red Magenta Green
 INDICATORS AND THEIR COLOR CHANGE
SERIAL INDICATOR COLOR IN COLOR IN ACIDIC COLOR IN BASIC
NO. NEUTRAL SOLUTION SOLUTION
SOLUTION
1. Litmus Purple Red Blue
2. Turmeric Deep yellow Deep yellow Reddish brown
3. Red cabbage extract Purple Red Bluish green
4. Hydrangea Purple Blue Reddish pink
5. Petunia Purple Reddish purple Violet
6. Geranium White Bluish Red Violet blue
7. Methyl orange Orange Red Yellow
8. Phenolphthalein Colorless Colorless Pink
9. China rose indicator Red Magenta Green
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE
SERIAL TEST SOLUTION EFFECT ON RED LITMUS EFFECT ON BLUE INFERENCE
NO. PAPER LITMUS PAPER
1. Tap water Neutral
2. Detergent solution Changes to blue No change
3. Aerated drink Acidic
4. Soap solution Changes to blue
5. Shampoo Changes to red
6. Common salt solution No change No change
7. Sugar solution Neutral
8. Vinegar No change Changes to red
9. Baking soda solution Basic
10. Milk of magnesia Changes to blue
11. Distilled water No change
12. Lime water Basic
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE
SERIAL EFFECT ON RED EFFECT ON BLUE
TEST SOLUTION INFERENCE
NO. LITMUS PAPER LITMUS PAPER
1. Tap water No change No change Neutral
2. Detergent solution Changes to blue No change Basic
3. Aerated drink No change Changes to red Acidic
4. Soap solution Changes to blue No change Basic
5. Shampoo No change Changes to red Acidic
6. Common salt solution No change No change Neutral
7. Sugar solution No change No change Neutral
8. Vinegar No change Changes to red Acidic
9. Baking soda solution Changes to blue No change Basic
10. Milk of magnesia Changes to blue No change Basic
11. Distilled water No change No change Neutral
12. Lime water Changes to blue No change Basic
 OLFACTORY INDICATORS
• Retains its smell in acidic medium.
ONION • Loses its smell in basic medium.

VANILLA • Retains its smell in acidic medium.

ESSENCE • Loses its smell in basic medium.

• Retains its smell in acidic medium.

CLOVE OIL • Loses its smell in basic medium.
 CHEMICAL NATURE OF ACIDS
Take 4 test tubes A, B, C, and D and add 2-3
granules of zinc to each of them.
Add 2 ml of each dilute sulphuric acid,
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and acetic acid
in test tube A, B, C and D respectively.
OBSERVATION: Hydrogen gas is evolved in
all test tubes.
CONCLUSION: All acids contain hydrogen.
 SOME COMMON ACIDS
S No. NAME OF THE ACID CHEMICAL FORMULA
1. HYDROCHLORIC ACID HCl
2. SULPHURIC ACID H2SO4
3. NITRIC ACID HNO3
4. ACETIC ACID CH3COOH
5. FORMIC ACID HCOOH
6. CARBONIC ACID H2CO3
7. PHOSPHORIC ACID H3PO4
 SOME COMMON ACIDS
S No. NAME OF THE ACID CHEMICAL FORMULA
1. HYDROCHLORIC ACID HCl
2. SULPHURIC ACID H2SO4
3. NITRIC ACID HNO3
4. ACETIC ACID CH3COOH
5. FORMIC ACID HCOOH
6. CARBONIC ACID H2CO3
7. PHOSPHORIC ACID H3PO4
 ACIDS IN WATER
Solution of acids in water conducts electricity.
Conduction takes place only if ions are present in the solution.
Therefore acids produce hydrogen ions in water.
Each hydrogen ion combines with a number of water molecules and exist as
hydronium ions (H3O+).
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS

ZnS (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2S (g)
Chloride / Nitrates
• NaCl + H2SO4  HCl (white ) +Na HSO4
• Above Na2SO4
BASES
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Bitter taste.
Slippery or soapy touch.
Turn red litmus blue.
Corrosive in nature (produce burning sensation on skin).
Their solution in water conduct electricity.
Reacts with metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas.
 BASES IN WATER

Bases in water conduct electricity.

Conduction takes place only if ions are present in the
solution.
Bases produce hydroxide ions in water.
 ARRHENIUS CONCEPT

Bases are the substances which when dissolved in water

gives hydroxide ions in the solution.
 LIMITATION OF ARRHENIUS CONCEPT

All compounds
containing OH group
-

may not be basic. For

example C2H5OH
contains OH group but
it does not ionize in
water to give hydroxide
ions.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BASES
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF STRENGTH
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
AMOUNT OF OH- IONS.
 DILUTING A BASE

Strong bases: on dilution the OH- ion

concentration decreases per unit volume.
Weak bases: on dilution the OH- ion
concentration decreases per unit volume but
the total number of OH- ions in the solution
increases dissociation of weak acids increases
on dilution.
 DELIQUESCENT NATURE
Property to absorb such a large amount of moisture from the air that
they dissolve in it to become a liquid. For example NaOH, KOH.
 USES OF BASES
NAME COMMERCIAL CHEMICAL USE
NAME FORMULA
1. SODIUM CAUSTIC SODA NaOH In manufacture of soaps, artificial fibres, and
HYDROXIDE in paper industry.
2. POTASSIUM CAUSTIC POTASH KOH In manufacture of soft soaps, nickel-iron
HYDROXIDE battery and for absorbing CO2
3. CALCIUM SLAKED LIME Ca(OH)2 In manufacture of bleaching powder, in
HYDROXIDE white washing and for testing CO2
4.MAGNESSIUM MILK OF MAGNESIA Mg(OH)2 To neutralize acid in stomach.
HYDROXIDE
5. ALUMINIUM - Al(OH)3 For removing grease from clothes in dry
HYDROXIDE cleaning.
 NEUTRALIZATION REACTION
• The process in which acid reacts
with a base to form a salt and
water.
• The reaction occurs between
hydronium ion from acid and
hydroxide ion from base to form
water.
• It is always an exothermic
process.
 ACIDITY AND
ALKALINITY OF A
SOLUTION IN
TERMS OF pH
INTRODUCTION
Water is a molecular compound, it does not break apart
into ions (weak electrolyte).
When two molecules of water collide, there can be a transfer of a
hydrogen ion from one molecule to the other. This process is known as
self-ionization of water.
 INTRODUCTION

Ionic product of water (KW): At 25 ⁰C the product of H+ ion concentration

and OH- ion concentration is always equal to 10-14.
 INTRODUCTION

pH: It is the magnitude of

the negative power to
which 10 must be raised
to express the hydrogen
ion concentration of the
solution in moles per litre.
 pH VALUES OF SOME COMMON SOLUTIONS

SOLUTION pH SOLUTION pH
1. 1M Hydrochloric acid 0 11. Urine 5.5 – 7.5
2. Battery acid 0.5 12. Milk 6.8
3. Gastric juice 1.0 – 3.0 13. Human saliva 6.5 – 7.5
4. Lemon juice 2.2 – 2.4 14. Human blood 7.4
5. Vinegar 2.4 – 3.4 15. Sea water and white of egg 7.8
6. Soft drinks 3.0 16. Milk of magnesia 10
7. Wine 2.8 – 3.8 17. Lime water 10.5
8. Tomato juice 4.0 – 4.4 18. 1M NH3 solution 11.6
9. Beer 4.0 – 5.0 19. 0.1M NaOH 13
10. Coffee 4.5 – 5.5 20. 1M NaOH 14
 MEASUREMENT OF STRENGTH OF ACIDIC AND BASIC SOLUTIONS

• The solution of all strong acids or all strong bases are not
equally strong.
• Similarly solutions of all weak acids and all weak bases are
not equally weak.
• The strength of a solution depends upon nature of acid or
base and extent of dilution.
• To measure exact strength of a solution, we determine pH of
a solution we using universal indicator.
 UNIVERSAL INDICATOR
• It is a mixture of number of indicators and it shows different colors at
different pH values. A paper strip impregnated with the universal
indicator is used.
ROLE OF pH IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
 ANIMALS

Reactions taking place in

our body are in narrow pH range of 7.0 – 7.8.
If the pH falls below or rises above this range, the
survival of organisms becomes difficult.
When acid rain flows into rivers, the river water
becomes acidic (its pH falls). The survival of
aquatic animals and plants becomes difficult.
 IN OUR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Hydrochloric acid produced in our stomach helps the digestion of food without causing
any harm to our stomach.
• When we eat spicy food, the amount of acid in our stomach increases and causes pain
and irritation in our stomach.
• To relieve the pain the acid is neutralized with a mild base known as antacid.
• Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) and baking soda is used as an antacid.
 TOOTH DECAY
Sugars in our mouth are degraded by the bacteria present in
our mouth and acids are formed.
When the pH in our mouth gets lower than 5.5 the tooth
enamel Ca3(PO)4 the hardest substance in our body gets
corroded.
The excess acid is removed by toothpaste which is alkaline.
 pH OF SOIL
• Plants require definite pH range for their proper
growth. Plants do not grow in highly acidic or
alkaline medium.
• Soils are generally acidic.
• Highly acidic soil is treated by spreading
quicklime, slaked lime or calcium carbonate to
lower its acidity.
 SELF DEFENSE OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS
• Honey bee injects methanoic acid in our body which make us feel
pain and irritation. To get relieve from pain we apply a mild base
(baking soda).
• The stinging hair of nettle plants cause pain due to formic acid. Dock
plant provides the base to neutralize the formic acid.
 SALTS
Ionic compounds.
Product of neutralization
reactions.
Cation is base radical.
Anion is acid radical.
Acidic salt contains one or more
replacable H+ ions.
Basic salt contaions one or more
replacable OH- ions.
pH of salt depends upon the pH
of acid and base from which it is
formed.
Salts containing same anion or
cation belong to same family of
salts.
The acids and base from which a
salt is formed is known by
hydrolysis of salt.
 FAMILIES OF SALTS
1) CHLORIDES: NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, BaCl2, CaCl2, MgCl2, AlCl3.

2) SULPHATES: Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, CuSO4.

3) NITRATES: NaNO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2.

4) CARBONATES: NaCO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, MgCO3.

5) PHOSPHATES: Ca3(PO4)2.
 pH OF SALTS SOLUTIONS
Depending upon the nature of acid and bases reacting to form salt, the
salts can be classified into four types.
NATURE OF NATURE OF NATURE OF pH OF SALT EXAMPLES
ACID BASE SALT
STRONG STRONG NEUTRAL 7 NaCl, NaNO3, KCl,
K2SO4

STRONG WEAK ACIDIC BELOW 7 NH4Cl, AlCl3, ZnSO4,

BaCl2

WEAK STRONG BASIC ABOVE 7 Na2CO3, NaHCO3,

CH3COONa,

WEAK WEAK NEUTRAL 7 CH3COONH4

 SOME COMMON SALTS
SALT FORMULA ACID INVOLVED ANION BASE INVOLVED CATION
Sodium chloride
Sodium sulfate
Sodium nitrate
Potassium nitrate
Copper sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Calcium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Calcium chloride
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium chloride
 SOME COMMON SALTS
SALT FORMULA ACID INVOLVED ANION BASE INVOLVED CATION
Sodium chloride NaCl HCl Cl- NaOH Na+
Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 H2SO4 SO42- NaOH Na+
Sodium nitrate NaNO3 HNO3 NO3- NaOH Na+
Potassium nitrate KNO3 HNO3 NO3- KOH K+
Copper sulfate CuSO4 H2SO4 SO42- Cu(OH)2 Cu2+
Zinc sulfate ZnSO4 H2SO4 SO42- Zn(OH)2 Zn2+
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 H2CO3 CO32- Ca(OH)2 Ca2+
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 H2CO3 CO32- NaOH Na+
Calcium chloride CaCl2 HCl Cl- Ca(OH)2 Ca2+
Ammonium sulfate Al2(SO4) H2SO4 SO42- Al(OH)3 Al3+
Ammonium chloride NH4Cl HCl Cl- NH4OH NH4+
 OCCURRENCE OF COMMON SALT
SEA WATER: Salt obtained by evaporation of water contains impurities of MgCl2, MgSO4
which are removed by suitable methods.
ROCK SALT: Solid deposits of salt formed as a result of drying of seas of very old times. Due
to presence of impurities it is often brown in color.
Inland lakes: large quantities of salt are formed by natural evaporation of water of inland
lakes.
 PROPERTIES OF COMMON SALT

COLOR AND STATE: Colorless

crystalline solid.
MELTING POINT: 820 ⁰C.
SOLUBILITY: 35.8 g per 100 g of
water at 20 ⁰C.
HYGROSCOPIC NATURE: Takes up
moisture from air.
 USES OF COMMON SALT
Essential constituent of our diet.
Preservative in packed fish and meat.
Mixed with ice it is used as freezing mixture.
Used in manufacture of soap.
Used in preparation of pottery glaze.
It is a raw material for production of many other chemicals.
 CHLOR - ALKALI PROCESS
Production of sodium hydroxide and Chlorine by by electrolysis of
brine (aqueous solution of sodium chloride).
 USES OF HYDROGEN
 In manufacture of ammonia which is further used for production of various
fertilizers like urea, Ammonium sulphate, Calcium ammonium nitrate.
 In hydrogenation of vegetable oils to form solid fats i.e. vanaspati ghee,
margarine.
 In metallurgy to reduce heavy metal oxides.
Liquid hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel.
 USES OF CHLORINE
Used as a disinfectant for sterilization of water in swimming pools.
Used in manufacture of bleaching powder, chloroform, HCl, CFC’s.
Used for bleaching wood pulp and cotton fabrics.
Used for manufacturing PVC and shoe soles
Used in manufacture of pesticides.
USES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Used for making aqua-regia.
Used for cleaning steel.
Used in textile industry.
Used in manufacture of medicines and cosmetics.
 USES OF CAUSTIC SODA
In paper industry and as a laboratory reagent
For degreasing metals.
In making artificial fibers like rayon.
In manufacture of dyes.
In petroleum refining.
In manufacture of soaps and detergents.
For mercerizing cotton i.e. making it unshrinkable.
BLEACHING
POWDER
 PROPERTIES
CaOCl2 (Calcium oxy chloride)

Yellowish white powder.

Gives strong smell of chlorine.
Soluble in cold water.
 PROPERTIES
Reacts with carbon dioxide in air
and produces calcium carbonate
and gives smell of chlorine.

Reacts with acids to liberate

chlorine gas (available chlorine)
along with formation of salt and
water. Greater is the amount of
available chlorine better is its
quality.
 PRINCIPLE OF MANUFACTURE

Action of chlorine gas on slaked lime.

Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCL2 + H2O

Solution turns milky because unreacted

Chlorine is always present.

Hasenclever plant is used for manufacture

of bleaching powder.
 USES OF BLEACHING POWDER
In textile industry to bleach cotton and linen.
In paper industry for bleaching wood pulp.
In laundary for bleaching washed clothes.
For making wool unshrinkable.
 USES OF BLEACHING POWDER
The liberated chlorine kills germs, hence is used to sterilize water.
It is used in manufacture of cosmetics.
Used in production of chloroform.
Used by dentist for bleaching of teeth.
HOW IS BLEACHING OF FABRIC DONE

●
The fabric is dipped in solution of bleaching powder.
●
Passed through a tank containing dilute H2SO4, HCl.

STEP 1
BAKING SODA
 PROPERTIES
1) White crystalline solid, stable in air.
2) Sparingly soluble in water (alkaline solution).
3) On treating with acid it gives brisk effervescence.
4) On heating its aqueous solution it gives out Na2CO3, H2O, CO2.
 PRINCIPLE OF MANUFACTURE

Aqueous solution of sodium chloride saturated with ammonia is allowed

to react with carbon dioxide. Sodium hydrogen carbonate (sparingly
soluble in water) and ammonium chloride (highly soluble in water) is
formed.
 USES OF BAKING SODA

1) ANTACID : The excess acid

formed in stomach due to eating
of spicy food is easily neutralized
by sodium hydrogen carbonate.
 USES OF BAKING SODA
2) ADDITIVE IN FOOD AND DRINKS : Banking powder (mixture of
baking soda and tartaric acid or citric acid) is used in food stuffs (cakes,
breads) and drinks. CO2 causes the bread to rise and make it porous.
Tartaric acid neutralizes the effect of Na2CO3 formed during heating.
 USES OF BAKING SODA
3) FIRE EXTINGUISHER: A solution of
sodium hydrogen carbonate is placed in
an iron cylinder fitted with a nozzle.
A bottle containing sulphuric acid is
also fitted it it.
As the knob is pressed the bottle of
sulphuric acid breaks and reacts with
sodium hydrogen carbonate.
NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 +
H2O + CO2
WASHING SODA
 PRINCIPLE OF MANUFACTURE

●
Solvay process or Ammonia soda process
●
Manufacture of sodium hydrogen carbonate. Sodium chloride, ammonia and calcium carbonate are
required.

STEP 1
 PROPERTIES
 Transparent when freshly prepared.
White in air because it loses 9 molecules of water
(efflorescence).
Dissolves in water to form alkaline solution.
On heating it does not decompose but forms soda ash.
Reacts with acids to give CO2 with effervescence.
Hard water becomes soft when washing soda is added to it.
Calcium and magnesium forms carbonates.
 USES
In laundry for washing
clothes.
For removing permanent
hardness of water.
Used in manufacture of
glass, soap, paper, borax,
caustic soda.
As a laboratory reagent.
PLASTER OF PARIS
 PLASTER OF PARIS
• 
Found in Paris.
CHEMICAL NAME: Calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
CHEMICAL FORMULA: CaSO4.1/2 H2O or (CaSO4)2.H2O.
Half molecule of water means that one water molecule is
share between two formula units of CaSO4.
Obtained by heating gypsum to a temperature of 100 ⁰C
CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.
 PROPERTIES
•  White powder.
REACTION WITH WATER: It sets to a hard mass when left
undisturbed for some time. This is because of rehydration
of plaster of Paris to gypsum.
CaSO4.H2O + 1H2O CaSO4.2H2O
 USES
Used in dentistry.
Used for setting fractured bones in right position.
Used for making toys statues, decorative materials jewellary and cosmetics.
Used to make decorative designs on ceilings, pillars.
Used to making surfaces of ceilings, pillars and walls smooth.
Used for making chalk.