GROUP 4

Acids and Bases

Members

Luyong, Kian Clyd (Leader)

Julian, Veronica Papa (Secretary)
Losentales, Kraissantha Mae (Secretary)
Iradiel, Carlo Olojan
Labareño, Rexiene Jane
Lorio, Mario Angelo

Objectives

1. To know the use of pH scale.

2. To determine if the solution is acid or base.
3. To classify substances as acids or bases using their characteristics and properties.

Theory

Acid-base Theory - The base is a chemical that takes an H+ ion or a proton to

generate its conjugate acid, and the acid is a substance that contributes an H+ ion or a
proton to form its conjugate base, according to the Bronsted-Lowry hypothesis.
Supported by Arrhenius, a scientist who proposed the concept of acid and base based
on the theory of ionization, conclude that bases are hydroxide compounds that generate
OH ions when they dissociate in water, whereas acids are hydrogen-containing
compounds that give H+ ions or protons when they do the same in water.

Lewis's Theory of Acid-base Reactions - Therefore, anything that can receive

a pair of nonbonding electrons, like the H+ ion, is a Lewis acid. In other words, an
electron-pair acceptor is what a Lewis acid is.
Equipment and Apparatus

Gloves

- Protect against skin absorption of chemicals, chemical burns,

thermal burns, lacerations, and cryogenic liquid exposure.

Lab coat

- Provide protection of skin and personal clothing from incidental

contact and small splashes.

Blender

- Used for mixing liquids and soft foods together or turning fruit
or vegetables into liquid.

Funnel

- used to channel liquid or fine-grained substances into

containers with a small opening

Coffee filters

- Filter large particles and pick up fine dust particles.

Goggles

- intended to shield the eyes against liquid or chemical splash,

irritating mists, vapors, and fumes.

Drinking glass
- for holding fluids
Chemical

1. Baking Soda - The chemical compound sodium bicarbonate, sometimes

referred to as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, has the formula
NaHCO3. It is a salt made up of the cation sodium and the anion
bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate is a white, crystalline substance that
frequently takes the form of a fine powder.
2. Vinegar - Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical
compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent
smell. It has the chemical formula of CH3COOH.
3. Water - Water is a chemical compound and polar molecule, which is liquid
at standard temperature and pressure. It has the chemical formula H2O,
meaning that one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom.

Definition of Terms

1. Acid - a chemical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some

metals, and turns litmus red; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of
this kind.
2. Base - a substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen
ions. Most bases are minerals that react with acids to form water and
salts. Bases include the oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates of metals.
3. Conjugate - a compound formed by chemically joining two or more
different substances.
4. Cryogenic - pertaining to the production or use of very low temperatures.
5. Dissociate - the breaking up of a compound into simpler constituents that
are usually capable of recombining under other conditions.
6. Hydroxide - is a diatomic anion with the chemical formula OH⁻. It consists
of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond
and carries a negative electric charge.
7. Ionization - is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a
negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons.
8. PH Scale - a measure of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is.
pH is measured on a scale of 0 to 14. On this scale, a pH value of 7 is
neutral, which means it is neither acidic nor basic.
9. Prevalent - widespread in a particular area or at a particular time.
10. Proton - a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of every atom. The
particle has a positive electrical charge, equal and opposite to that of the
electron.
Procedure

First, put 4 cups of warm distilled water in the blender, add 2 red cabbage leaves
then blend it. The second step of the experiment is to take a coffee filter inside the
funnel to prevent any small piece of cabbage from getting into our solution and pour the
blended solution through the coffee filter. The third step is to take the blended cabbage
solution and pour it into several different glasses. Put all the solution in each glass to
see the reaction and to differ if it is acid or base.

Data and Analysis

SOLUTION ODOR TEXTURE COLOUR

BAKING SODA ODORLESS/ NO When combined Baking soda and

SMELL with red cabbage, red cabbage
baking soda has a combine to quickly
liquefiable texture. transform the color
of the base and
acid into blue.

VINEGAR PUNGENT SMELL Red cabbage has a Red coloring results

liquified texture from the acidity of
when combined the vinegar when
with vinegar. red cabbage is
combined with it.

LEMON JUICE CITRUSY SMELL Red Cabbage and Crimson cabbage

Lemon Juice turns red when
combine to create a combined with
thick fluid. lemon juice
because it is acidic.

AMMONIA SMELL LIKE Red cabbage's Red cabbage will

URINE OR SWEAT texture is blended become blue or
when ammonia and green when
it are joined. ammonia is added
to it.
ANTACID TABS ODORLESS/ NO Red cabbage and Red color results
SMELL antacid tablets from mixing red
combined produce cabbage with
bubbles. antacid tablets.

WATER ODORLESS/ NO Red cabbage and Red cabbage turns

SMELL water when purple when paired
combined do not with regular water.
produce any
results.

Guide Questions

1. How can you tell if a compound is an acid?

2. How can you know if a substance is a base?
3. What is the main purpose of a pH scale?
4. Why does the tap water only close to neutral rather than neutral?
5. What is the significance of acid and base in our daily lives?

Summary of Findings

At the end of the experiment, the Science Students learned the use of a
pH scale, wherein measures how acidic or basic a substance or solution is. pH is
measured on a scale of 0 to 14. On this scale, a pH value of 7 is neutral, which
means it is neither acidic nor basic. A pH value of fewer than 7 means it is more
acidic, and a pH value of more than 7 means it is more basic. The group also
finds out that pH is determined by the number of hydrogen and/or hydroxide
molecules a solution has. Lastly, based on the experiment, the group observed
that the vinegar and lemon juice are acidic because when mixed in the pH
indicator the solution turns bright red or pink in color while the ammonia and
baking soda solutions are basic, and the tap water is slightly basic but close to
neutral.
Conclusion

The group come up with the conclusion that acids and bases are very important
in our daily lives however it also has adverse effects on our body if it is not balanced.
Both acids and bases can be dangerous depending on their pH level, or how strong
they are. For example, a strong acid would be more dangerous than a weak base, and
the other way around. In the experiment conducted by the group, vinegar and lemon
juice are acidic, if taken regularly can cause enamel erosion or tooth decay. Too much
acid can also lead to heartburn, nausea, vomiting, and other gastroesophageal reflux
symptoms. The aforementioned examples of bad effects can be avoided if we learn to
balance the intake of the said substances. Everyone is in contact with acids and bases
every single day, whether we realize it or not. It is in our body and in our surroundings. If
acids and bases had not been discovered the world would look so much different from
how it looks now.

Appendices

The Sci Guys (2014). The Sci Guys: Science at Home - SE2 - EP4: Red
Cabbage pH Indicator - Acid-Base Indicator.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I18K2upEHLc&t=75s