Name: JAMIL C.

ACOB Date: FEBRUARY 28, 2022 Score:

Section: BSN1-B Instructor: JevieLyn Peralta Tan Nery
Group Number/Members: Group 4 ( Celina Sanchez, Shainna Guillen, Jamil Acob, Joash
Valenazuela, Xeirej Ostique )

LABORATORY 3: ACIDS, BASES, AND pH

LABORATORY OBJECTIVES
At the end of the laboratory experiment the learners should be able to:
1. Classify substance as acidic or basic by using pH papers and pH meter.
2. Test the acidic or basic character of solution by using pH indicators.
3. Calculate pH of a solution, and alternatively, hydronium, and ion concentrations.

INTRODUCTION
An acid is any hydrogen-containing substance that is
capable
of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance. A
base
is a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an
acid.
Acidic substances are usually identified by their sour taste.
An acid
is basically a molecule which can donate an H +ion and can
remain
energetically favourable after a loss of H +. Acids are known
to turn
blue litmus red.
Bases, on the other hand, are characterized by a bitter taste
and a slippery texture. A base that can be dissolved in water is
referred to as an alkali. When these substances chemically react with
acids, they yield salts. Bases are known to turn red litmus blue.
Acids have long been recognized as a distinctive class of compounds whose
aqueous solutions exhibit the following properties:
• Acids are corrosive in nature.
• They are good conductors of electricity.
• Their pH values are always less than 7.
• When reacted with metals, these substances produce hydrogen gas.
 ALLIED HEALTH DEPARTMENT | BIOCHEMISTRY
Laboratory PAGE 1 Caintic, K.J. (2021).
BIOCHEMISTRY Laboratory Manual(1st ed.). Davao
City: Brokenshire College
Acids are sour-tasting substances. Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7, with lower pH
values corresponding to increasing acidity. Common examples of acids include acetic
acid (in vinegar), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and tartaric acid (used in baking).
There are three common definitions for acids:
• Arrhenius acid: any substances that increases the concentration of hydronium
ions (H3O+) in solution. • Brønsted-Lowry acid: any substance that can act as a
proton donor.
• Lewis acid: any substance that can accept a pair of electrons.

Acid Strength and Strong Acids

The strength of an acid refers to how readily an acid will lose or donate a proton,
oftentimes in solution. A stronger acid more readily ionizes, or dissociates, in a
solution than a weaker acid. The six common strong acids are:
• hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• hydrobromic acid (HBr)
• hydroiodic acid (HI)
• sulfuric acid (H2SO4; only the first proton is considered strongly acidic)
• nitric acid (HNO3)
• perchloric acid (HClO4)
Some properties, like a bitter taste, are owned by all bases. The bases feel slippery, too.
Dream on what slippery soap looks like. And this is a foundation. Furthermore, when
immersed in water, bases conduct electricity because they consist of charged particles in
the solution.

• They are found to have a soapy texture when touched.

• These substances release hydroxide ions (OH– ions) when dissolved in water.
• In their aqueous solutions, bases act as good conductors of electricity.
• The pH values corresponding to bases are always greater than 7.
• Bases are bitter-tasting substances which have the ability to
turn red litmus paper blue. There are three common definitions of
bases:

• Arrhenius base: any compound that donates an hydroxide ion (OH–) in solution.
• Brønsted-Lowry base: any compound capable of accepting a proton.
• Lewis base: any compound capable of donating an electron pair.
 • In water, basic solutions will have a pH between 7-14.

ALLIED HEALTH DEPARTMENT | BIOCHEMISTRY

Laboratory PAGE 2 Caintic, K.J. (2021).
BIOCHEMISTRY Laboratory Manual(1st ed.). Davao
City: Brokenshire College
Most alkali metal and some alkaline earth metal hydroxides are strong bases in solution. These
include:
• sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• potassium hydroxide (KOH)
• lithium hydroxide (LiOH)
• rubidium hydroxide (RbOH)
• cesium hydroxide (CsOH)
• calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
• barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)
• strontium hydroxide (Sr(OH)2)
Neutral Substances
The neutral substance is a substance which has no acid
or base properties, has the same amount of hydrogen
and hydroxyl ions, and does not modify the colour of
the litmus surface.
• These substances do not display any acidic or basic characteristics.
• Their pH values approximate to 7.
• Neutral substances have no effect on red or blue litmus paper.
• The pH of pure water is exactly 7.
• Examples: Water, Common salt (NaCl)

Define pH:

pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base ten) of

hydrogen ion concentration in moles/ liter.

We can measure the pH value from 0 to 14 on a pH

scale. The pH value for an acidic solution is always less
than 7 and the pH for a basic solution is always greater
than 7. The pH of a neutral solution is 7. The higher the
concentration of H+ions, the lower is the pH value. The
increase of pH from 7 to 14 indicates the increase in the
concentration of OH ions.

ALLIED HEALTH DEPARTMENT | BIOCHEMISTRY Laboratory PAGE 3

Caintic, K.J. (2021). BIOCHEMISTRY Laboratory Manual(1st ed.). Davao City: Brokenshire College
The acidic and basic nature of various substances can be studied using different acid-
base indicators. Acidic and basic substances can be identified by noting the change in the
color of the indicator in the acidic and basic medium. Some commonly used acid-base
indicators are given below.
INDICATOR ACIDIC MEDIUM BASIC MEDIUM
Methyl orange Orange-red Yellow

Phenolphthalein Colorless Pink

Methyl red Red Yellow

Phenol red Yellow Red

MATERIALS
APPARATUS and EQUIPMENT

• pH papers EXPERIMENTS
• pH meter
CHEMICALS and REAGENTS
• Test tubes
• Test tube rack
• Pipettes ( 5mL, 10 mL) • • Lemon Juice
Erlenmeyer flask • Water
• Milk
• Coffee
• Baking Soda
• Sugar Solution
• Salt
• Vinegar
 • Tea

REAL LABORATORY PROCEDURES

A. Determination of pH using Litmus paper

1. Prepare ten tubes and label each with samples below.

2. Place 3 mL each of the samples to the corresponding tubes.
3. Insert or drop a pH paper to each test tube.
4. Observe if there is or there is no color change in the pH paper.
5. Record results and interpretations.

B. Determination of pH using pH METER / pH electrode

1. Place 10 mL of the sample and determine the pH of the given samples using pH
meter. 2. Record results and interpretations in the table provided below

ALLIED HEALTH DEPARTMENT | BIOCHEMISTRY Laboratory PAGE 4

Caintic, K.J. (2021). BIOCHEMISTRY Laboratory Manual(1st ed.). Davao City: Brokenshire College

YouTube Virtual Laboratory

A, Determination of pH using Litmus paper
Title: Blue and Red Litmus paper test
Username: Penreach NGO
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BfxiSJ5-hY&t=124s

B. Determination of pH using pH METER / pH electrode

Title: pH of 10 Common Household Liquids | Chemistry | acid or base | pH scale
Username: Socratica
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHQOEOrcajg

OBSERVATIONS

A. Determination of pH using LITMUS PAPER

Substance Blue Litmus paper Red Litmus paper Interpretation

1. Lemon Juice Turns into red No color change Acidic

2. Water No color change No color change Neutral

 3. Milk Turns into pale red No color change A little bit acidic

4. Coffee Turn into red No color change Acidic

5. Baking Soda No color change Turns into blue Basic

6. Sugar Solution No color change No color change Neutral

7. Salt No color Change No color change Neutral

8. Vinegar Turns into red No color change Acidic

9. Tea Turns into red No color change Acidic

B. Determination of pH using pH METER / pH electrode

Substance ph Value Interpretation

1. Tap water 7.5 Neutral

2. Coffee 5.07 Acidic

3. Window cleaner 9.94 Basic

4. Soda /Cola 2.87 Acidic

5. Moisturizer 5.24 Acidic

6. Vinegar 2.27 Acidic

7. Sriracha 3.93 Acidic

8. Shampoo 6.10 Slightly Acidic

9. Milk 6.58 Slightly acidic

10. Lemon Juice 2.42 Acidic

ALLIED HEALTH DEPARTMENT | BIOCHEMISTRY Laboratory PAGE 5

Caintic, K.J. (2021). BIOCHEMISTRY Laboratory Manual(1st ed.). Davao City: Brokenshire College

L
EARNI
NG
EVALU
 ATION\
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Fill the necessary information.
1. Different parts of the human body have different pH levels. Within the digestive system,
pH values range from extremely acidic to slightly alkaline.
Body part/fluid Role pH level

Saliva Saliva keeps your mouth moist and comfortable. Helps you chew, taste, 6.2-7.6 with 6.7
and swallow. Fights germs in your mouth and prevents bad breath. being the
average pH

Stomach digests food 1.5-3.5

Small intestine It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs 6-7.4
nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water
from food so they can be used by the body.

Large intestine The large intestine turns food waste into stool and passes it from the 5.4-7 depends
body when you poop. on the colon

Skin The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate between 4.7 and
body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold. 5.75.

Blood Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming 7.35 to 7.45
blood clots to prevent excess blood loss. carrying cells and antibodies (BASIC)
that fight infection.

Vaginal fluid An acidic vaginal environment is protective. It creates a barrier that 3.8 to 4.5
prevents unhealthy bacteria and yeast from multiplying too quickly (ACIDIC)
and causing infection.

2. What is alkalosis? What causes the alkalosis?

- Alkalosis occurs when the body has too many bases. This can be caused by low blood levels of the
acid carbon dioxide. It can also be caused by elevated blood levels of the base bicarbonate.This
condition may also be associated with other underlying health problems, such as hypokalemia and
hypokalemia. The faster it is recognized and processed, the better the result. There are four main types
of alkalosis. Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there is not enough carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
It is often caused by hyperventilation, which often occurs in anxiety, high fever, oxygen deficiency,
salicylate poisoning, high altitude stay, liver disease, lung disease. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when the
body loses too much acid or adds too much base. Hypochloremic alkalosis occurs when chloride levels
in the body drop significantly. This may be due to persistent vomiting or sweating. Chloride is an
important chemical needed to maintain the balance of body fluids and is an essential component of the
body's digestive juices. Hypokalemia alkalosis occurs when the body is deficient in the normal amount
of mineral potassium. You usually get potassium from your diet, but inadequate intake of it rarely
causes potassium deficiency. Kidney disease, excessive sweating, and diarrhea are several ways in
which you can lose excess potassium.

3. What is acidosis? What causes the acidosis?

-If the body fluid contains too much acid, it is called acidosis. Acidosis occurs when the kidneys and
lungs are unable to balance the body's pH levels. Many processes in the body produce acid. The lungs
and kidneys can usually correct slight pH imbalances, but problems with these organs can cause
excess acid to build up in the body. There are two types of acidosis, each with different causes. The
types of acidosis are classified as either respiratory acidosis or metabolic acidosis, depending on the
underlying cause of acidosis. Respiratory acidosis occurs when excess CO2 accumulates in the body.
Normally, when you breathe, your lungs remove CO2. However, your body may not be able to emit
enough CO2. Metabolic acidosis begins in the kidneys, not in the lungs. It happens when they can't get
rid of enough acid or they get rid of too many bases.

4. Leslie and her lab mates are given an assortment of food and beverage based lab samples. They
are asked to identify each sample as either acidic or basic and list all characteristics of that sample that
helped them identify it as one or the other. Their first sample is lemon juice which they have
determined to be acidic. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lemon juice they would have
recorded in their data table?

a. turned blue litmus paper to red

b. A pH of 2
c. Slippery to touch
d. Sour to taste

5. What is the role of the lungs in controlling the balance of acid-base in the body?
-The lungs maintain the pH balance of your body by releasing carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a gas
that is somewhat acidic. It is also a byproduct of the body's cells when they consume oxygen. It is
released by the cells into your circulation, where it is delivered to your lungs. When you exhale, you
release carbon dioxide, which helps to maintain your body's pH balance by reducing acidity. How
 deeply you inhale or exhale determines how much CO2 you exhale. Your brain constantly analyzes
this to ensure that your body's pH is balanced.

6. What is the role of the kidney in controlling the balance of acid-base in the body? -The kidney is in
charge of maintaining a key aspect of acid-base balance management, which is connected to the
body's alkaline reserve and the excretion of fixed acids. The basic processes of H-ion secretion along
the nephron, which are responsible for bicarbonate reabsorption, titratable acid production, and
ammonia excretion, are reviewed in this article. The processes of tubule acidification along the
proximal tubule, thick ascending limb, cortical distal tubule, and collecting duct are discussed, keeping
the apical and basolateral membranes in mind.

CONCLUSION

Acids and bases do not just occur in scientific laboratories. They are used in more and more places in
today's society. Acids and bases are involved in our daily lives, from digesting food to taking medicines and
cleaning agents used. The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity (base). This pH test
measures the number of hydrogen ions present in a particular solution. High-concentration hydrogen ions
bring low pH (acidic substance), and low-concentration hydrogen ions bring high pH (alkaline substance).
Moreover, the experiment about the bases, acids, and pH levels was really fun. We learn a lot of things that
we can apply in the real world. I’ve learn that there are acidic substances or liquids that we usually drink or
use everyday. This activity could also be a reminder for us to be aware of what we are taking or using in
our daily lives. Just like the coffee and tea to avoid having hyperacidity, I should moderately consume those
two since I’m a heavy drinker of coffee and tea. Nevertheless, We were able to determine the solutions and
substances if they are acids, bases or even neutrals and doing it together with my group was such a great
experience.