Road Map

PRETEST

5. Acid present in lemon and oranges

 Two main source of chemical substance 

Animals and plants 

• Minerals and rocks (inorganic compounds)

•
 Based on taste 

• Acid  sour   (latin word acere)

• Base  bitter
• Salt  some salts similar taste to that of common salt  so called salty
• Some salts have very unpleasant taste and poisonous
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DwfmwZe_jo
 Taste the following fruits…
• The term acid, came from the Latin term acere, which means ‘sour’.
What are Acids? Acids are substances that  tastes sour and
donates protons or hydrogen ions  to another substance.
• An acid is a substance or compound that releases hydrogen ions
(H+) when in solution. In a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl),
all hydrogen ions (H+), and chloride ions (Cl-) dissociate (separate) when
placed in water and these ions are no longer held together by ionic
bonding
Types of Acids
Citric acid/Formula
C₆H₈O₇
C4H6O6. Tartaric acid
Lactic acid/Formula
C3H6O3
 Properties of acids
• Discuss the following points.
• Taste 
• What is corrosion?
• They have a tendency of damaging the surface they come
in contact including metals
• Solubility
• Soluble in water .acids may be concentrate or 
dilute depending on their ratio with wat
How can we store acids? Why?
Not stored in metal containers
Stored in glass containers
Exposure of eyes skin to acids could be dangerous. Be
careful
Precautions when diluting an acid: heat is
produced when strong acid is mixed with water
1. Never add water to an acid.
2. Slowly add acid to water in small amounts.
3. Constantly stir the solution.
The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being
neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity,
whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a
base. pH is really a measure of the relative
amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in
the water
Reaction of acids with metal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55mqdJd7hos
pH scale is a scale used to find whether a
substance is acidic or basic
Which is the strongest acid 1 or 6
Which is the strongest base 8 or 14
ph meter
 What is pH paper used for
?

       
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yfIHGlG6fE
The level of pH is measu
red with pH paper and
will determine if a solutio
n is acidic, alkaline, or
This is done by dipping th neutral.
e pH paper into a solution
observing the change in and
color of the paper. The pa
with a color-coded scale per comes
with the colors represen
values.8 ting certain
 Uses of acids Inorganic acids
Organic acids • HCl-It is used for removing rust from iron and
steel before using them in various industrial
• HCl-Digestion processes.
• In the production of various compounds such as
• Vinegar-as a food PVC as well as in the preparation of cleaning
preservative. liquids.
• Ascorbic acid • Which acid is known as the king of chemicals?
Why?
• It is one of the mostcommonly used acids.Because
of its widespread use it is called king of chemicals
• It is used in car and inverter batteries.
• It is used in manufacture of fertilisers.
• It is used in manufacture of dyes, detergents,
explosives, drugs an synthetic fibres such as rayon.
 Bases
• Substances such as that are bitter in taste and feel slippery when touched are called
bases.
• They are present in household cleaners, dishwashing liquids, soaps, detergents and
toothpastes.
• Egs. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2.
 Litmus paper test (Activity)

Acid turns blue litmus___________

Bases turn red litmus ______________

 Bases
Substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH−) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste

bitter.  

Strong Weak
• Ammonium hydroxide
• Copper hydroxide
• Zinc hydroxide
 Properties of bases
1.They usually taste bitter.
2.They are usually slippery or soapy to touch. Bases that are soluble in water are
3.They turn red litmus blue called alkalis. For example,
sodium hydroxide and potassium
4.They produce salt and water on reacting hydroxide are alkalis.
with acids.
5.Not all bases are soluble in water.
 Sodium hydroxide (N
6.Bases that are soluble in water are called hydroxide (KOH), stro
aOH), potassium
ng bases
alkalis. Copper hydroxide, zinc
hydroxide and
7.Bases have pH above 7 on pH scale ammonium hydroxide
weak bases
 Uses of Bases
• Calcium hydroxide(Slaked lime)
• It is used in many agricultural pesticides.
• Excessive use of fertilisers sometimes make soil acidic which is not good for the
growth of plants. The farmers add slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to the soil to
neutralise acid.
• Whitewash, a low-cost paint, has slaked lime as the chief ingredient.
• Wastewater from factories is highly acidic in nature. So, it is usually treated with
calcium hydroxide before being disposed of into water bodies.
• Potassium hydroxide(caustic potash)
• Used in the production of disinfectants, as well as liquid soaps, shampoos and drain
cleaners

• Sodium hydroxide(caustic soda) is a strong base.

• It is commonly called caustic soda. It is used in unclogging drains at home and in the
manufacture of paper, textiles, soaps and detergents.
• Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia).
• It is a wonderful antacid that works by neutralizing excessive acidity in the
stomach.
• Ammonium hydroxide
• Used in the manufacture of household cleaners and many other chemicals.
How Litmus Paper Works. Red litmus contains a weak diprotic
acid. Upon exposure to a base, hydrogen ions from the acid react
with the base, producing a color change to blue. Blue litmus
paper, on the other hand, already contains the blue conjugate
base. https://www.google.com/search?
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6EQguEIAEELEDEIMBEMcBENEDOggIABCABBCxAzo
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&sclient=gws-
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 Indicators
An indicator is a substance which when added to a solution indicates whether the solution is acidic or
basic by changing its colour. If there is no change in colour, the solution is neither acidic nor basic.
• Indicators
Such substances are called neutral substances.

Synthetic
Natural
, turmeric solution acts as an indicator which changes its colour to brick red in basic
solution.Many natural dyes found in fruits, vegetables and flowers act as indicators.
For example, red cabbage extract turns red in acidic solution and green/yellow in
basic solution. China rose extract is also a natural indicator. Its colour changes to
magenta/red in acidic solution and yellow/greenish-yellow in a basic solution.

lichens
any of numerous Litmus is the most commonly used natural indicator. It
plantlike living is a dye extracted from lichens, which changes its
things made up of an colour in acidic and basic media. Litmus solution is a
alga and a fungus solution prepared from this extract. Litmus paper is
growing together on prepared by absorbing litmus on filter paper. It comes
a solid surface  in two colours—blue and red. An acidic substance
turns blue litmus paper red. A basic substance turns a
red litmus paper blue
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEvhhxg2yKA
 Salts -Salts are substances formed when an acid reacts with a base.

• Neutralization reaction-Reaction between acids and base to form a salt.

• Salts can also be prepared by a reaction between an acid and a metal. In such a
reaction, hydrogen gas is produced along with the salt.

Note:
The name of a salt has two parts. The first part
is usually the name of the metal that displaces
the hydrogen in the acid. The second part is
the radical in the acid.
 Uses of Salts
• Sodium chloride
• is the common salt used in food to enhance taste. It is a good preservative.
• used as freezing mixture by adding it to ice.
• It finds extensive use in the manufacture of pulp and paper and in setting dyes in
textiles and fabrics.
• It is also used for making soaps, detergents and other cleaning agents.
• Sodium carbonate (Washing Soda)
• Used in the manufacture of glass.
• Why Sodium carbonate known as washing soda?
• It is used for softening hard water to enhance the capacity of detergents.
• Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
• Used for baking cakes and breads. It is also used in some aerated drinks. It is also
useful in the preparation of many medicines and even in fire extinguishers.

• Copper Sulphate
• Used in the preparation of fungicides. baw·dow
• You can make your fungicide using copper sulfate crystals, calcium hydroxide, and
water. This mixture is called the Bordeaux mixture and has been used for years to
control fungal diseases on vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, and turf.
 Neutralisation Reactions in Everyday Life
1. Treating soil
• Acidic soil is treated with bases like slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to neutralise the
effect of the acid.
• Basic soils are neutralized by adding large quantities of acidic substances like composted
manure.
• 2. Insect sting(a small sharp-pointed organ at the end of the abdomen of bees, wasps, ants,
and scorpions, capable of inflicting a painful or dangerous wound by injecting poison.)
• Ant or Bee-Baking soda neutralizes the formic acid ( CH₂O₂)from the insect’s mouth. and
gives instant relief.
• Wasp sting on the other hand is basic. Vinegar (acetic acid)(CH₃COOH) is used for relief
from a wasp sting.
• 3.Acidity- Excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach is treated with
magnesium hydroxide.

• 4.Treating wastes from factories: Acidic wastes from factories are

disposed off in rivers, they are first treated with bases to get neutralised.
This prevents the river water from getting acidic.(calcium hydroxide)

• 5.Preventing tooth decay:Any kind of acid present in the mouth or teeth

cavities is neutralised. (Toothpaste are basic in nature.)
ASSET
      
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