Acid bases and salts

Best notes made by

Husain abbas Zaidi

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Introduction
115 different chemical elements are known to us at
present these element combined to form a large
number of compound on the basis of their chemical
properties all the compounds can be classified into
three groups
1. Acids
2. Bases and
3. Salts
so let's discuss about these all three types of
compound acid bases and So letter start with how
do we came to know that the colorless compound is
an acid or base or a salt we came to know no that a
substance is acid or base by a thing call indicator let
us discuss what is acid base indicator in detail

Indicator for testing acid and bases

• an indicator is a dye that changes colour when it is

put into acid or base
• an indicator tells us whether the substance we are
testing is an acid or base by changing its colour

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 • The three most common indicators to test for acid
and bases are litmus methyl orange and
phenolphthalein

Let’s discuss the change we came two notice in the

indicators one by one

Litmus

• the most common indicator for testing acid and

base in laboratory is litmus
• litmus can be used in the form of litmus solution
or in the form of litmus paper
• It is of two types
• Blue litmus and red litmus
• An acid turns blue litmus to red
• A base aur alkali turn red litmus to blue

Methyl orange
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 • The neutral colour of methyl orange is orange
• The colour changes which take place in methyl
orange are as follows
• First methyl orange indicator gives red colour in
acidic solution
• Methyl orange indicator gives yellow colour in basic
solution
• Trick
• My (Acid) is red my (base) is yellow

Phenolphthalein
• Phenolphthalein indicator is colorless in acidic
solution
• Phenolphthalein indicator give pink colour in basic
solution

Some other indicators are also there

• Like turmeric is also a natural indicator turmeric for haldi

contains 6 yellow dye it turns red in basic solution

Many times you have noticed that yellow stain of curry on a

white cloth turns reddish brown when soap is applied on it this
is due to the fact that soap solution is basic in nature which
changes the colour of turmeric in the Kari strain to red brown

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 The red cabbage extract obtain from red cabbage leaves is
also a natural indicator
The red cabbage extract remains red in acidic solution but
turns green on adding basic solution

Olfactory indicators
1. The term olfactory means relating to the sense of smell
substance whose smell changes in acidic or basic solution are
called olfactory indicators

➢ onion has a characteristic is smell when a basic solution like

sodium hydroxide is added to a cloth strip treated with onions
the onion smell cannot be detected and onion restore it smell
while adding in acidic solution

➢ Vanilla extract has a characteristics pleasant smell if basic

solution is added to Vanilla extract that we cannot detect the
characteristic smell of vanilla and acid solution restore it smell

Acids
Physical properties of acids

➢ Acids are those chemical substance which have sour taste

➢ Acid changes the colour of blue litmus to red
➢ Acid when dissolved in water produce hydronium ion(H+)

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 HCL = H+ + CL-
➢ which can conduct electricity
➢ Acid solution conduct electricity they are called electrolytes

Example hydrochloric acid slphuric acid nitric acid citric acid

etc.

Types of acid
There are two main types of acid

1. Organic acid
2. Mineral’s acid

Organic acid
• The acid present in plant materials and animals are called
organic acid
• it is not harmful to eat or drink substances containing
naturally occurring acid in them
➢ Examples are acetic acid in sirka present in lemon and oranges
lactic acid present in curd tartaric acid present in tamarind

❖ Acetic Acid ethanoic acid formic acid citric acid tartaric acid
and carbonic acid are weak acid
Therefore they cannot ionize water completely

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Mineral’s acid
❖ Acid prepared from the minerals of earth are called Mineral
acid
❖ concentrated mineral acid are very dangerous they can burn
our hand and clothes
❖ these assets should be handled with care in the laboratory
acids are generally mix with water to dilute them such assets
are called dilute acid
✓ example of hydrochloric acid slphuric acid nitric acid

so hydrochloric acid slphuric acid and nitric acid are the strong
acids
they are strong acids so they can ionize water completely

Chemical properties of acid

1 Acid react with metal to form hydrogen gas

➢ Metal + acid = Salt + hydrogen gas

Ex
✓ Zn + H2so4= znso4 + H2

most of the acid react with metal to form salt and

evolve hydrogen gas

Note point

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 this can be tested by bringing a burning candle
near a gas filled soap bubble which is been
produced by a soap solution by the delivery of gas
produce by mixing and acid and metal

2) Acid react with metal carbonate and metal hydrogen

carbonate to form carbon dioxide gas

Metal carbonate + acid =salt + carbon dioxide + water

Ex
➢ Na2co3 + 2HCL = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Metal hydrogen carbonate + acid =salt + carbon dioxide +

water
Example
➢ Nahco3 + HCL = NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Note point

And the carbon dioxide gas which is evolved during this type of
reactions can be tested by lime water experiment because carbon
dioxide has a tendency to turn lime water into milky

Neutralization reaction of acid

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 1. Acid reacts with base to form salt and water

Acid + base =salt + water

This is called neutralization reaction

Ex

✓ NaOH + HCL = NaCl + H2O

Acid react with metal oxide to form salt and water

✓ Metal oxide + acid =salt + water

Acids have corrosive nature

The Mrinal acid cause severe burns on skin and attack and eat of
materials like cloth wood metal structures and stone work so
they are said to be corrosive

Diluting acid

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The dilution of concentrated acid should be always be done by adding
concentrated acid to water gradually by steering have and not by
adding water to concentrated acid But question arises why ???
1. When a concentrated acid is added to water for preparing a
dilute acid then the heat evolved gradually and can be easily
absorbed by water because water is in a big amount as
compared to acid
2. If however water is added to concentrated acid to dilute it
then a large amount of heat is evolved at once

✓ This heat changes some of the water to steam

explosively which can splash the acid on our face
or clothes and cause excessive heating an acid
burn
Bases
Bases are those chemical substances which have bitter taste
Chemical properties of bases are just opposite of acid have we
can also say bases are chemically opposite of acid
We can also define a base as follows our base is a chemical
substance which can neutralize an acid
Examples sodium oxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide,
sodium hydroxide ,ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate
,calcium carbonate ,sodium hydrogen carbonate
A base when dissolve in water produce hydroxide iron (OH-)

NAOH(WATER) = NA+ + OH-

Note point
Have most of the bases do not dissolve in water but
some bases dissolve in water those bases which
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 can dissolve in water without any chemical
reaction have I special name they are called alkalis
a base which can soluble in water is called an
alkali examples sodium hydroxide potassium
hydroxide calcium hydroxide ammonium hydroxide
magnesium hydroxide are water soluble base
called alkali

Strong bases
A base which completely ionize in water and thus produce a large
amount of hydroxide ions is called a strong base or are strong
alkali example sodium hydroxide

Weak bases
A base which can partially ionize in water is called
weak bases or weak alkali
Example calcium hydroxide magnesium hydroxide

Physical properties of bases

Bases have better taste
Bases feel soapy to touch
Base turn red litmus to blue
Base conduct electricity in solution they are electrolytes

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Chemical properties of bases
➢ Bases react with some metal to form hydrogen gas

2NaOH + Zn --- Na2ZnO2 + H2

You have to tell the name of the product form???

➢ Bases react with acid to form salt and water

2 NaOH + H2SO4 ---- Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

➢ Bases react with nonmetal oxide to form salt and water

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ---- CaCO3 + H2O

Uses of bases
1. Sodium hydroxide is used as manufacturer of soap paper and a
synthetic fiber called rayon
2. Calcium hydroxide or slaved line is used in the manufacture of
bleaching powder
3. Magnesium hydroxide is used as an antacid neutralize access
acid in the stomach and cure in digestion
4. Sodium carbonate is used as washing soda and for softening
hard water
5. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as baking soda in cooking
food for making baking powder as an antacid to cure
indigestion and an soda fire extinguisher

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Strength of acid and base
solution pH scale
Firstly, in pure water the concentrations of hydrogen ions and
hydroxide ions are equal due to this pure water is neither acidic or
nor basic it is neutral

Now
1. Acid produce hydronium ion in water so when acid is added to
water acidic solutions have excess of hydrogen ion or
hydronium ion
2. bases produce hydroxide ions so when base is added to water
the basic solution have excess of hydroxide ion

✓ In 1990 Sorenson device scale known as pH scale on which

the strength of acidic solution as well as basic solution could
be represent by making the use of hydrogen ion
concentration,in,them

✓ The pH scale has values from 0 to 14

✓ One neutral substance have pH exactly 7

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 Acidic solution has pH less than 7 for example
a solution having a pH of 4 will be acidic in
nature more acidic a solution is the lower will
be its pH for example a solution of pH 1 is
much more acidic than the solution of PH 4

Basis or basic solution have a pH of more than 7

the more basic solution have a higher PH for
example a solution of PH 14 will be much more
basic than another solution of PH 10

Universal indicator
Hamm so what is the need of universal indicator we have litmus paper
we have methyl orange so why do we need these universal indicators
could you tell a solution for how much concentrated it is acidic or
how much concentrated it is a base no you can't tell because litmus
only tells a solution is acid or a base but it does not tell how much a
solution is acidic or how much a solution is basic so therefore, we
need to use our universal indicator

➢ The universal indicator is the common indicator and can tell

the relative strength of acid or base to obtain an idea of how
acidic or how much basic a substance is universal indicator is
used

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 ✓ universal indicator is a mixture of many different indicators
which give a different color at different pH values of the
entire pH scale

Importance of PH in daily life

• The pH plays an important role in many activities of our daily

life for example pH of gastric juice is important in the process
of digestion the pH changes in mouth can became a cause of
tooth decay let us discuss all this in detail

PH in our digestive system

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 • Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid this hydrochloric acid
helps in digesting our food the excess acid in our stomach
cause in digestion which produce pain and irritation
• in order to cure in digestion and get rid of pain we take place
is called and acid antacid are group of mild base which have
no toxic effect on the body being basic in nature and acid
react with excess acid in the stomach and utilize it
• magnesium hydroxide milk of magnesia sodium hydrogen
carbonate baking soda is example of it

pH change as the cause of tooth decay

The bacteria present in our mouth break down the sugar to

form acid such as lactic acid does acid form in mouth after a
food has been eaten
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 This acid lowers the pH in mouth making it acidic tooth decay
starts when pH of acid form in the mouth falls below 5.5
The best way to prevent tooth decay is to clean the mouth
orally after eating food that's why we use the toothpaste that
is slightly basic it helps us to prevent tooth decay by
neutralizing the excess acid in our mouth

Plants and animals are sensitive to pH changes

soil PH and plant growth most of the plant grow best when
pH of the soil is close to 7 if soil is too acidic or two basic
the plant grow battery or do not grow at all
If the soil is too acidic former treat soil with materials like
quicklime (calcium oxide) aur slaked lime (calcium
hydroxide)

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pH change and survival of animal

The pH plays an important role in the survival of animal

including human beings our body works well within a
narrow range of PH 7.0 to 7.8 if this pH get disturb in the
body of a person then many aliments can occur

The aquatic animals like fish can you survive in a lake or

river water within a narrow range of PH

When the pH of water is about 5.6 it is called acid rain too

much acid rain can lower the pH of Lake water or river

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 water to such an extent and make it so acidic that the
survival of aquatic animal became difficult

Self-defense by animal and plant through chemical

warfare

when a honey bee stings a person, it injects an acidic liquid

into the skin and that liquid cause immense pain and irritation
if a bee stings a person, then rubbing a mild base like baking
soda solution gives relief
an ant sting injects methanolic acid into the skin of a person
causing burning pain

Salts
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 A salt is a compound formed from when acid react with bases
They can be acidic basic as well as neutral in nature

The pH of salt solution

✓ the pH of salt solution depends upon the making of the salt

and the reaction of acid and base which is performed during
the making of salt

1. If the salt is make by strong acid and strong base reaction then
the salt is neutral in nature and having the pH of 7
Ex -like sodium chloride NaCl is form by the reaction of strong
hydrochloric acid and strong base sodium hydroxide

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 2. If the salt is make by strong acid and weak base reaction then
the salt is acidic in nature and having the pH less than 7
Ex-Light ammonium chloride nh4cl is formed by strong hydrochloric
acid and weak base ammonium hydroxide reaction

3. The salt of weak acid and strong base give basic salt
EX-like sodium carbonate is a salt of reaction of weak carbonic
acid and strong base sodium hydroxide that's why the salt is basic
in nature

Common salt sodium chloride

The chemical name of common salt is sodium chloride NACL

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Formation

Sodium chloride is formed by the reaction of sodium hydroxide and

hydrochloric acid
NaOH + HCL --- NaCl + H2O

Uses

✓ common salt is used as a raw material for making a large

number of useful chemical in industry sectors caustic soda
washing soda baking soda
✓ common salt is used in cooking food and improve the flavour
of food
✓ common salt is used as preservative in pickles
✓ Common salt is used in manufacture of soap
✓ Common salt is used to melt ice which collects on road during
winter in cold countries

Chemical form of common salt

Sodium hydroxide

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Sodium hydroxide is commonly known as caustic soda
The chemical formula of sodium hydroxide is NaOH

Production of sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide is produced by electrolysis of concentrated aqueous

solution of sodium chloride which is called brain solution

2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O---- 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2

(Brine). Water.

Chlorine gas is produced at anode and hydrogen gas produce at

cathode sodium hydroxide is formed near the cathode

✓ The process of electrolysis of sodium chloride solution is called

chloralkaline process
✓ The three very useful product obtained by the electrolysis of
sodium chloride solution called brine or chloroalkyl process are
sodium hydroxide chlorine and hydrogen

Uses of sodium hydroxide

✓ Sodium hydroxide is used for making soaps and detergents
✓ sodium hydroxide is used for making artificial textile fibers
such as rayon
✓ sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of paper

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 ✓ sodium hydroxide is used in purifying bauxite ore from which
aluminum metal is extracted
✓ Sodium hydroxide is used in degreasing metal and making dyes

Uses of chlorine
✓ Chlorine is used to sterilize drinking water supply and the
water swimming pool this is because chlorine is a disinfectant
which kill germs like bacteria present in water and make it
safe
✓ Chlorine is used in the production of bleaching powder
✓ chlorine is used in the production of hydrochloric acid
✓ chlorine is used to make plastic such as polyvinyl chloride

Uses of hydrogen
Hydrogen is used in hydrogenation of oil to obtain solid fat
vegetable ghee and margarine
Hydrogen is used in the production of hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen is used to make ammonia for fertilizer

Washing soda
washing soda is sodium carbonate containing 10 molecules of water of
crystallization
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The formula of washing soda is Na2CO3.10 H2O

Formation
1) asp cold and concentrated solution of sodium chloride called brine
is reacted with ammonia and carbon dioxide to obtain sodium
hydrogen carbonate

NaCl + NH3 + H2O + CO2 ---NaHCO3 + NH4CL

2) sodium hydrogen carbonate is separated by filtration dried and

heated on heating sodium hydrogen carbonate decomposes to form
sodium carbonate

2NaHCO3 ---- Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

3)anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in water and recrystallized

to get washing soda crystal containing 10 molecules of water of
crystallization

Na2CO3 + 10 H2O-----Na2CO3.10H2O

Properties of washing soda

1. Washing soda is a transparent crystalline solid
2. Washing soda is one of the few metal carbonate which are
soluble in water
3. The solution of washing soda in water is alkaline which turns
red litmus to blue

Uses of sodium carbonate or washing soda

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 1. sodium carbonate is used as a clean icing agent for domestic
purpose like washing cloth
2. Sodium carbonate is used for removing permanent hardness of
water
3. Sodium carbonate is used in manufacture of glass
4. Sodium carbonate is used in the manufacture of sodium
compounds such as borax

Baking soda

The chemical name of baking soda is sodium hydrogen

carbonate nahco3

Formation

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sodium hydrogen carbonate is produced on a large scale by reacting a
gold a concentrated solution of sodium chloride with ammonia and
carbon dioxide

NaCl + NH3 + H2O + CO2---NaHCO3 + NH4CL

Properties
1. Sodium hydrogen carbonate consists of white crystals which
are soluble in water
2. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is mild non-corrosive base
3. Uses of sodium hydrogen carbonate
4. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an antacid in medicine
to remove acidity of stomach
5. sodium hydrogen carbonate or baking soda is used in making
baking powder is used in making cake bread except
6. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in fire extinguishers

Bleaching powder

Bleaching powder is calcium oxychloride

The chemical formula of bleaching powder is CaOCl2

Preparation

Ca(OH)2 +Cl2--- CaOCl2 + H2O

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Uses of bleaching powder

1. Used for bleaching cotton and linen

2. Bleaching powder is used for disinfecting drinking water supply
3. Bleaching powder is used in manufacture of chloroform
4. Used for making wood unshrinkable
5. Used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries

Plaster of Paris

Plaster of Paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrate

The formula of plaster of Paris is CaSO4.1/2H2O

PLASTER OF PARIS PREPARATION

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Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating gypsum at hundred degree
Celsius

CaSO4.2H2O----- CaSO4.1/2H2O + 1 1/2H2O

Uses of plaster of Paris

Is used in hospital for setting fractured bone in the right
position.
Plaster of Paris is used for making toys decorative materials
Is used in fireproofing material
Is used in chemistry laboratory fore sealing air tight gaps in
the apparatus where air tight arrangement is required

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