CHEMISTRY A+

AGATHUM, U CAN
DO IT!!!!

CHAPTER 7: ACID AND BASES

3rd FEBRUARY 2021 1

WHAT ARE WE GOING TO REVISE
TODAY?
 Meaning of acid and the example of strong acid and
weak acid
 Meaning of alkali and the example of strong alkali and
weak alkali
 The strength of acids and alkalis

 Chemical properties of acid and alkali

 Numerical problems involving neutralisation

What is an acid ?

an acid is a chemical substance

which ionises in water to produce
hydrogen ions, h+

Arrhenius

3
Acids in daily life

STRONG ACID

Nitric acid, HNO3

Hydrochloric acid, HCl

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Can you give example of 4
weak acid?
Monoprotic Acid
Examples : HCl , HNO3

* Monoprotic acid produces one mole of hydrogen

ion when it ionises in water.

Diprotic Acid
Examples : H2SO4

* Diprotic acid produces two moles of hydrogen ions

when it ionises in water.
 Acid Ethanoic Hydrochloric Sulphuric acid
acid acid
pH value 3 2 1

Type of Organic acid Mineral Acid

acid
Strength of Weak acid Strong acid Strong acid
acid
Degree of Ionise Ionise completely in water
ionisation partially
Basicity Monoprotic Monoprotic Diprotic
Concentrat Low High Higher or double than
ion of HCl acid
hydrogen
ion
Thermo- Heat of -57 kJmol-1 -114/higher
chemistry neutralizatio
n lower 6

Rate of Low High Higher than HCI

Reaction
A chemical substance which ionises Bases
in water to produce hydroxide ions,
OH-

Examples of bases:
Metal oxide, eg; ZnO, CuO, CaO ALKALI
Metal hydroxide, eg; zinc
hydroxide, ZnOH
A base that is
Most bases are not soluble in soluble in
water water
Bases which dissolve in water is called alkalis
WEAK ALKALI
strong alkalis

Sodium hydroxide pellets Ammonia

H2O NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-

NaOH → Na+ + OH- 8
 Alkali Ammonia Sodium Inference
solution hydroxide
solution

pH value 10 14 A strong alkali is a

solution that has higher
pH value and a weak
alkali is a solution that
has a lower pH
Strength of Weak alkali Strong alkali Ammonia solution is a
alkali weak alkali, sodium
hydroxide solution is
strong alkali
Degree of Ionise partially Ionise completely Sodium hydroxide
ionisation solution ionizes
completely and produce
Concentratio Low High higher concentration of
n of OH- ions compared to
hydroxide ammonia solution .
ion (OH-)
9
Rate of Low High
Reaction
 QUIZ

Define strong acid.

 QUIZ

Define strong alkali.

 QUIZ

Define weak alkali.

 QUIZ

Define weak acid.

 ACIDS & BASES

More acidic More alkaline

Strong Acid Weak Acid Weak Alkali Strong
(Low pH) (High pH) (Low pH) Alkali(High pH)

Ionises
completely in Ionises partially in
Ionises partially in Ionises completely
water - high water - low
water - low in water - high
concentration of concentration of
concentration of concentration of
hydrogen ions. hydrogen ions.
hydroxide ions hydroxide ions.
Eg: HCl, HNO3 , Eg: Ethanoic acid,
Eg: ammonia, NH3 Eg: NaOH, KOH
CH3COOH
H2SO4
 Examples of acidic, alkaline and neutral materials in aqueous solution

STRONG ACID WEAK ACID pH WEAK ALKALI pH STRONG ALKALI

NEUTRAL pH 7
pH <2 2-6 8-12 pH >12
NaHCO3 sodium
H2SO4 sulphuric hydrogen NaOH sodium
vitamin C
acid (battery acid) H2O water carbonate hydroxide pH 13-
(ascorbic acid)
pH 1 ('bicarb', baking 14
soda) pH 8
HCl hydrochloric
CH3COOH NaCl sodium KOH potassium
acid (in the lab is NH3 ammonia pH
acetic/ethanoic chloride (salt hydroxide pH 13-
same as your 11
acid (vinegar) water) pH 7 14
stomach!) pH 1
fruit juices eg MgSO4 Na2CO3 sodium oven cleaner
HNO3 nitric acid oranges and magnesium carbonate (may contain
pH 1 lemons contain sulphate (Epsom (washing soda) NaOH) pH can
citric acid pH 2-3 salts) pH 6.5-7.0 pH 11 be >12
rain water (pH 5.5
C6H12O6 sugar pH
normal, down to toothpaste pH 8
7
3.5 when polluted)
C2H5OH ethanol
milk Ph 6 bleach pH 11
(alcohol) pH 7
Ca(OH)2 calcium
wine/beer pH 6 hydroxide
(limewater) pH 10
Mg(OH)2
magnesium
hydroxide ('milk of
magnesia') pH 10
ROLE OF WATER IN SHOWING THE
PROPERTIES OF ACID/ALKALI
TRY OUT QUESTION 1 (a) and (b)
Chemical properties of acids

18
 Burning
wooden
Splinter
Alkali Lime
acid water
Acid Acid
Calcium
Metal carbonate
Reaction of acids with reactive metal
 Produces salt and hydrogen gas.
 Metal, M must more electropositive (upper part) than
hydrogen in the Electrochemical Series.
 Chemical equation:

M + HX → MX + H2

metal acid salt hydrogen gas

QUESTION:
Describe one chemical test that can be used to identify the
presence of an acid.
Procedures:
1. Pour [2 – 5] cm3 of hydrochloric acid solution into a test tube.
2. Add magnesium powder into the test tube.
3. Put a burning wooden splinter near the mouth of the test tube.
4. Record the observation.

Chemical equations:
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Observation:
Colourless bubble gas release. A “pop” sound heard

Conclusion:
Hydrogen gas produces

Other Metal: Magnesium strip, Zinc powder/strip

Reaction of acids with metal carbonate
 Produces salt, water and carbon dioxide gas.
 Chemical equation:

MCO32- + HX → MX + H2O + CO2

metal carbonate acid salt water carbon

dioxide gas
 QUESTION:
Describe one chemical test that can be used to identify the
presence of an acid.
Procedures:
1. Pour 3 cm3 of hydrochloric acid solution into a test tube.
2. Add calcium carbonate powder into the test tube.
3. Pass through the gas liberated into lime water.

Chemical equations:
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Observation:
Colourless bubble gas release.
Lime water turns chalky/cloudy

Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide gas produces
 Red
litmus
paper
Alkali ammonia

Alkali + Metal ion

Acid ammonium + alkali
Heat salt
Reaction of alkalis with ammonium salt
 Heated and produces ammonia gas.
 Chemical equation:

NH4+X + MOH → MX + NH3 + H2O

Ammonium saltalkalis salt ammonia gas

Observation:
Colourless bubble gas release;
Pungent smell
Reaction of alkalis with metal ion
 Most metal hydroxides are insoluble in water.
 The reactions of metal ions with the hydroxides ion
produce precipitation of insoluble metal hydroxide.
 Chemical equation:

M+1X- + M+2OH- → M+1OH- + M+2X-

 Concentration/ mol pH value
dm-3 Exp. I Exp. II
(Sodium hydroxide) (Ammonia solution)
0.1 13 11

Explain why sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution have

different pH value.

P1: Sodium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali while ammonia

solution is a weak alkali.
P2: Sodium hydroxide ionise completely in water to produce
high concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-
P3: Ammonia ionise partially in water to produce low
concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-
P4: The higher the pH value, the higher the concentration of
hydroxide ion, OH- 27
TRY OUT QUESTION 1 (c)
QUESTION 2(a, b, c)
CONCENTRATION ???????

29
Concentration of acids & alkalis
 Is the Quantity of solute in a
 given volume of solution

unit
 for molarity
(mol
 dm-3) or molar (M)

30
Relationship between concentration and
molarity
÷ molar mass

concentration Molarity
(g dm-3) (mol dm-3)

x molar mass

Refer to examples in text book page 124.

31
 Concentrations of acids and alkalis

M = Concentration in mol dm-3 [Molarity]

V = Volume in cm3
1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

34
 Preparation of standard solutions

 A solution in which
its concentration is
accurately known is called
standard solution.

35
Dilution of solution
90 cm3
distilled water added

Only for dilution

M1V1 = M2V2 purpose involved
same solution
M1 = Molarity of original solution / mol dm-3
V1 = Volume of original solution / cm3
M2 = Molarity of the diluted solution / mol dm-3
V2 = Volume of original solution + volume of water added /cm3
 Neutralisation – Acid Base Titration

Acid Alkali
+ phenolphthalein

Pink Colourless
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
End point – the point in the titration at which the indicators
changes colour.
Indicator Colour in medium
Alkali Neutral Acid
Methyl orange Yellow Orange Red
Phenophthalein Pink Colourless Colourless
DO YOU KNOW THAT NEUTRALISATION IS
USED IN OUR DAILY LIFE ???

38
 NEUTRALISATION IN DAILY LIFE :
1. Agriculture : acidic soil is treated
with CaO
1. Industries : ammonia solution is used to
prevent coagulation of latex
3. Health :
a) Baking powder (NaHCO3) is used
to treat bee stings
b) Toothpaste is used to neutralise
39
acid in the mouth
This formula involve acid
and base only
Acid-base Titration
TRY OUT QUESTION 1 (d)
QUESTION 2(d)