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Acids Bases and Salts

Understanding the Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases
Olfactory indicators: Show odour changes in acidic or basic media. E.g. onion and clove.

Litmus solution: It is a natural indicator. It is a purple dye extracted from Lichens. Other examples are Red
Cabbage and coloured petals of Petunia and turmeric.

Reaction with metal

Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen

2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
2HNO3 + Zn → Zn(NO3)2 + H2
H2SO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + H2
2CH3 COOH + Zn → (CH3COO) 2Zn + H2

Pop test: When a burning candle is brought near a test tube containing hydrogen gas it burns with a Pop
sound. This test is conducted for examining the presence of hydrogen gas.
Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO + Na2 ZnO + H2
Sodium Zincate
Note– Such reactions are not possible with all the metals.

Reactions of metal oxides with acids

MetalOxide + Acid → Salt + Water
𝐶𝑢𝑂 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Note: Appearance of blue green colour of the solution because of formation of CuCl2.Metallic oxides are
said to be basic in nature because they give salt and water on reacting with acids. Some metallic oxides react
with both acids and base and are called AMPHOTERIC OXIDES.

All acidic solutions conduct electricity because of formation of (H+)ions in aq. solution.

Glowing of bulb indicates that there is a flow of electric current through the solution.
Acids or bases in a Water Solution
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-
H3O+: Hydronium ion.
H+ ion cannot exist alone. It exists as H+(aq) or (H3O+) hydronium ion.
i.e. Base provide OH-(aq) ions in the presence of water
𝐻2 𝑂
NaOH(s) → Na + (aq) + OH-(aq)

𝐻2 𝑂
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𝐻2 𝑂
KOH(s) → K+(aq) + OH-(aq)
𝐻 𝑂 2
Mg(OH)2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

The reaction of base with different solutions

The reaction of Acid with different solution

Reaction of a Non-metallic Oxide with Base: Bases react with non-metallic oxides to form salt and water.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⟶ CaCO3 + H2O

Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids: Acids react with metal to form salt and water.
Metal oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen carbonates React with bases

Base + Metal Carbonate/ Metal Hydrogen Carbonate ⟶ No Reaction

Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen carbonates React with Acids

When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate then a salt, carbon dioxide and water are produced.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Reaction of Bases with Metals:

Base + Metal ⟶ Salt + Hydrogen gas
2NaOH + Zn ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2 ↑

Reaction of Acids with Metals: When an acid reacts with a metal, then a salt and hydrogen gas is formed.
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas

Phenolphthalein is colourless in an acidic solution and gives a pink colour in a basic solution.

Methyl orange indicator gives a red colour in an acidic solution and gives a yellow colour in a basic solution.

Turmeric: Turmeric contains a yellow dye which turns red in basic solutions. A stain of curry on a white
cloth becomes reddish-brown when soap is applied because soap is basic in nature

Litmus: Litmus solution is a purple dye extracted from lichen. When the litmus solution is neither acidic nor
basic, its colour is purple. An acid turns blue litmus to red and a base or an alkali turns red litmus to blue.

OLFACTORY INDICATORS: These substances have different odour in acids and bases. E.g. Vanilla,
clove oil, onion extract

SYNTHETIC INDICATORS: These are chemical substances. E.g. Phenolphthalein ,Methyl Orange

NATURAL INDICATORS: These are found in plants. E.g. Litmus, red cabbage leaves extract, flowers of
hydrangea plant ,turmeric
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INDICATORS: These are the substances which change their colour/smell in different types of solutions

SALTS: These are the compounds formed from reaction of acid and base Example: NaCl, KCl

Alkalis: These are bases which are soluble in water [NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2].

Strong Bases: Completely ionized in water like NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2

Weak Bases: Partially ionized in water like NH4OH

Bases: These are the substances which are bitter in taste and soapy in touch. They turn red litmus solution
blue. They give OH- ions in aqueous solution.

Concentrated Acid: Having more amount of acid + less amount of water

Dilute Acid: Having more amount of water + less amount of acid

Strong Acids: Completely ionized in water like HCl, H2SO4, HNO3

Weak Acids: Partially ionized in water like CH3COOH, Oxalic acid, Lactic acid

Acids: These are the substances which have sour taste. They turn blue litmus solution red.
They give H+ ions in aqueous solution. The term ‘acid’ has been derived from the Latin word, acidus, which
means sour.

Salts have various uses in everyday life and in industries.

Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of a
salt in its crystalline form.

Mixing concentrated acids or bases with water is a highly exothermic process.

Acidic and basic solutions in water conduct electricity because they produce hydrogen and hydroxide ions
respectively.

When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate, it gives the corresponding salt,
carbon dioxide gas and water.

When a base reacts with a metal, along with the evolution of hydrogen gas a salt is formed which has a
negative ion composed of the metal and oxygen.

When an acid reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas is evolved and a corresponding salt is formed.

Acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of H+(aq) ions in solution. Formation of OH-(aq) ions in
solution is responsible for the basic nature of a substance.

Reaction of acids and bases with each other to give salt and water are called Neutralisation Reactions
Base + Acid → Salt + Water
e.g. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Actions of Acids with metal Carbonates and metal bicarbonates

MetalCarbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbondioxide + Water
Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Metalbicarnonate + Acid → Salt + Carbondioxide + Water
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Concentrated Acid: A concentrated acid contains a large amount of acid (higher concentration of hydronium
ions)and a small amount of water.

Acid: Base Indicators

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S.No Name of the Indicator Colour Change With Acid Colour Change with Base
A. Blue litmus solution To red No change
B. Red litmus solution No change To blue
C. Turmeric No change To red
D. Methyl orange To red To yellow
E. Phenolphthalein (colourless) No change To pink

Acid: Base Indicator Substances which indicate the presence of an acid or base in a solution.

Some naturally occurring acids

Vinegar Acetic Acid

Orange Citric Acid
Lemon Citric Acid
Tamarind Tartaric Acid
Tomato Oxalic Acid
Sour milk (Curd) Lactic Acid
Ant and Nettle sting Methanoic Ac
Acids Bases
Sour in taste Derived from Greek word' ACIDUS' Bitter in taste
Changes blue litmus into red Changes red litmus into blue
e.g. Hydrochloric acid HCl e.g. Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Sulphuric acid 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Potassium hydroxide KOH
Nitric acid 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 Calcium hydroxide 𝐶𝑎 (𝑂𝐻)2
Acetic acid 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 Ammonium hydroxide

Acids and Bases React with each other

The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water is called a neutralisation reaction
Base + Acid → Salt + Water
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

What do All Acids and All Bases Have In Common?

Alkalis
All bases do not dissolve in water. An alkali is a base that dissolves in water. Common alkalis are:

i. NaOH Sodium hydroxide

ii. KOH Potassium hydroxide
iii. Calcium hydroxide
iv. Ammonium hydroxide

Note: All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
Precaution must be taken while mixing acid or base with water. The acid must always be added to water with
constant stirring as it is a highly exothermic reaction.
When an acid or a base is mixed with water they become dilute. This results in the decrease in the
concentration of per unit volume in acids and bases respectively, i.e. no. of H+ ion and OH- ion reduces.

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Preparation of NaCl:
Sodium chloride is obtained by mining the deposits and brine solution is obtained by passing water into the
deposits. Hence the salts get dissolved then the solution is pumped out. Evaporation of the sea water is one of
the major processes used to obtain salt. The crystals obtained usually consists of impurities such as calcium
sulphate, sodium sulphate etc. Pure crystals are obtained by dissolving the salts with little water and filtering
the solution.

A base is a substance which dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions [OH-ions]. Bases which are soluble
in water are called alkalis.

An acid is a substance which dissociates (or ionises) when dissolved in water to release hydrogen ions.

Acids and bases neutralise each other to form corresponding salts and water.

The strength of an acid or an alkali can be tested by using a scale called the pH scale (0-14) which gives the
measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Reaction of Non Metallic Oxide with Base

Non-metallic oxide + Base → Salt + Water
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Note: Non Metallic oxides are said to be acidic in nature because on reacting with a base they produce salt
and water.

CO2 the following reaction takes place

𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3(𝑠) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) + 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑎(𝐻𝐶𝑂3 )2 𝑎𝑞
(soluble in water)

Lime water Test: On passing the evolved CO2 gas through lime water, we find that lime water turns milky.
𝐶𝑎 ( 𝑂𝐻 ) 2(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3(𝑠) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

All acids have H + ions in common.

Acids produce H + ions in solution which are responsible for their acidic properties.
All bases have OH− (hydroxyl ions) in common.

Acids produce H + ions in presence of water.

Bases when dissolved in water gives OH− ions.

How Strong are Acid or Base Solutions?

Strength of an Acid or Base
Strength of acids and bases depends on the no. of H+ ion and OH- ion produced respectively.
With the help of a universal indicator we can find the strength of an acid or base as it shows different colours
at different concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.

A scale for measuring hydrogen ion conc. in a solution called pH scale has been developed.
pH = Potenz in German means power.

When an acid or base solution is added to the universal indicator, it produces a new colour which is used to
find the pH value of the acid or the base solution by matching the colour with the colours on pH colour chart.

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The normal pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 as given below:

Living beings carry out their metabolic activities within an optimal pH range.

A neutral solution has a pH of exactly 7, while an acidic solution has a pH less than 7 and a basic solution a
pH more than 7.

Basic Salts: Strong base + weak acid

pH value is more than 7
e.g. CaCO3, CH3COONa

Acidic Salts: Strong Acid + weak base

pH value is less than 7
e.q. NH4Cl, NH4NO3

Neutral Salts: Strong Acid + Strong base

pH value is 7
e.g. NaCl, CaSO4

pH of a solution is the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in mole
per litre.
pH = –log10 (H+)
pH scale : It is a scale showing the relative strength of acids and alkalis.

A universal indicator produces green colour in a neutral solution, pH = 7.

The colour changes from blue to violet as pH increases from 7 to 14.
The colour changes from yellow to pink and then to red as pH decreases from 7

More about Salts

Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Sodium chloride is called a common salt. It is derived from seawater.
Rock Salt is mined like coal, is brown coloured and crystalline in shape.

Uses of NaCl:

i. It is used in cooking food.

ii. It is used as a preservative in pickles.
iii. It is used in the manufacture of soaps.
iv. It is used to melt ice.

Water of Crystallization: fixed number of water molecules present in on formula unit of salt.

i. CuSO4.5H2O
ii. CaSO4.2H2O
1
iii. CaSO4. H2O
2

Plaster of Paris373𝐾
1
CaSO4.2H2O → CaSO4 H2Oa
2

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When Plaster of Paris is mixed with water it changes to gypsum.

1 1
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4. 2 𝐻2 𝑂 + 1 2 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 .2𝐻2 𝑂
𝑃𝑂𝑃 𝐺𝑌𝑃𝑆𝑈𝑀
Making toys, decorative material and smoothening surfaces, plaster for fractured bones.
3
Gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate. When gypsum is heated to a temperature of 100 °C, it loses of its
4
water of crystallisation and forms plaster of paris.

Uses of Plaster of paris:

Doctors use POP for supporting fractured bones.

For making toys, material for decoration.
For making surfaces smooth.
1
Plaster of paris is calcium sulphate hemihydrates. Its chemical formula is: 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ⋅ 𝐻2 𝑂.
2
3
It is prepared by heating gypsum to a temperature of 100°C in a kiln; it loses of its water of crystallisation
4
and forms plaster of paris. ∘
Heatto⁡100 C
1 1
CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2 O → CaSO ⋅ H O + 1 2 H2 O
(373 K) 4 2 2
Gypsum Plaster of paris Water

The water molecules which form part of the structure of the crystal are called water of crystallization.
Example: CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O.

Properties of washing Soda:

It is transparent crystalline solid.

It is soluble in water.

Washing Soda (Na2CO3 ⋅ 10H2O) : Recrystallization of sodium carbonate gives washing soda. It is a basic
salt. Na2CO3 + 10H2O ⟶ Na2CO3 ⋅ 10H2O.

Baking soda is a substance added in food for its faster cooking. Its chemical name is sodium hydrogen
carbonate.
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is produced on large scale by reacting a cold and concentrated solution of
sodium chloride with ammonia and carbon dioxide.
NaCl + NH3 + H2O + CO2 ⟶ NaNCO3 + NH4Cl

Uses of bleaching powder:

For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry and for bleaching wood pulp in the paper
industry.
Used for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.

Bleaching powder is manufactured from chlorine gas.

It is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime [Ca(OH)2].
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⟶ CaOCl2 + H2O
It is represented as CaOCl2.

Uses of Sodium hydroxide:

H2 : Fuels, margarine,ammonia for fertilisers
Cl2 : Water treatment,PVC
NaOH : Degreasing metals, soaps and paper making·

Acid-base indicators are dyes or mixtures of dyes which are used to indicate the presence of acids and bases.
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Uses of Washing Soda:

i. manufacture of Borax.
ii. glass, soap and paper industries
iii. cleansing agent for domestic purposes

Preparation Washing Soda:

Recrystallisation of sodium
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
carbonate.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O

Uses of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate:

i. Used as ingredients of antacids

ii. Used in soda-acid extinguishers.
iii. or preparing baking soda (baking powder + mild edible acid)

Preparation of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate:

Used in baking/cooking
Heating NaHCO3 + H2O + CO2
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate: NaHCO3

Common name - Baking Soda. It is mild corrosive base

Uses of Sodium Hydroxide:

i. Used as disinfectant of water

ii. Used as an oxidising agent.

Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide:

Prepared by the method called chlor-alkali process. It is called so because we get chlorine and an alkali
(NaOH) in this process.

Sodium Hydroxide: NaOH, Common Name - caustic soda.

Salts of strong acid and a strong base are neutral, with a pH value of 7. For Example: NaCl, Na2SO4.
Salts of strong acid and weak base are acidic, with a pH value less than 7. For Example: Ammonium
chloride solution has pH value of 6.
Salts of weak acid and strong base are basic, with a pH value more than 7. For Example: Sodium
carbonate solution has a pH value of 9.

Common Salt:
​Chemical name: Sodium chloride
Common salt is a neutral salt and can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction of sodium hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ⟶ NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq)
It is an important raw material for products of daily use such as NaOH, baking soda, washing soda and
bleaching powder.

Sodium hydroxide is produced by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called brine).
The process is called the chlor-alkali process because of the products formed, i.e. ‘chlor’ for chlorine and
‘alkali’ for sodium hydroxide.
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(aq) ⟶ 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)

Uses of Baking soda:

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i. It is used as an antacid to remove acidity of stomach because it neutralises the excess acid present in
the stomach and relieves indigestion
ii. It is used in fire extinguishers.
iii. Used to make baking powder, which is used in preparation of cakes, breads, etc.

Uses of Washing Soda :

In glass, soap and paper industry.

Manufacture of borax.
Cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
For removing permanent hardness of water.

Uncategorized
Dilute Acid: A dilute acid contains a small amount of acid (lower concentration of hydronium ions) and a
large amount of water.

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