Acids, Bases and Alkalis Cheat Sheet

by fongrsy via cheatography.com/65383/cs/16397/

Defini​tions Types of Reactions Ionic Equations (cont)

Acids Acids are compounds which Metal + Acid  Salt + Hydrogen Gas 5. For those reactants and products which are
ionise​/di​sso​ciate in water to produce Metal Carbonate + Acid  Salt + Water + unable to form ions, do not split the
hydrogen ions (H +). Carbon Dioxide compounds.
Metal Oxide + Acid  Salt + Water
Bases Bases are compounds that are metal 6. What is left will be the net ionic equation.
Metal Hydroxide + Acid  Salt + Water
oxides or hydroxides that react with an The coeffi​cients must be in the lowest ratio.
Base + Acid  Salt + Water (Neutr​ali​sation)
acid to give a salt and water only.
Alkali + Acid  Salt + Water (Neutr​ali​sation)
Alkalis Alkalis are bases that Polyatomic Ions
Alkali + Ammonium Salt  Salt + Water +
ionise​/di​sso​ciate in water to produce
Ammonia Gas Charge Name Chemical Formula
hydroxide ions (OH-).
Alkali + Salt  Metal Hydroxide + Salt
1+ Ammonium NH4+
Tests for Gases: Hydronium H3O+
Examples of Acids & Bases
Hydrogen Gas - Exting​uishes a lighted splinter
1- Nitrate NO3-
Acid Chemical Base Chemical with a 'pop' sound.
Formula Formula Carbon Dioxide Gas - Released as Hydroxide OH-
efferv​esc​ence. Reacts with limewater to form a
Hydroc​hl HCl Magnesium MgO Ethanoate CH3COO-
white precip​itate.
oric Acid Oxide
Ammonia Gas - Pungent odour. Turns red 2- Carbonate CO32-
Sulfuric H2SO4 Copper (II) CuO
litmus paper blue. Sulfate SO42-
Acid Oxide
3- Phosphate PO43-
Nitric HNO3 Sodium NaOH Notes:
Acid Hydroxide Base / Alkali + Acid is an exothermic reaction. Notes:
Citric C6H8O7 Potassium KOH Pb (s) + H2SO4 / HCl  PbSO4 / PbCl2 + H2 Silver ion: Ag+
Acid Hydroxide Lead reacts slowly then stops. Salt forms on Zinc ion: Zn 2+
the surface of the lead. The salt formed is
Ethanoic CH3CO2H Calcium Ca(OH)2
insoluble.
Acid Hydroxide Properties of Acids

Lactic C3H6O3 Aqueous NH3 1. Acids are corrosive.

pH Scale
Acid Ammonia 2. Acids have a sour taste.
Acidic solutions have pH values < 7. 3. Acidic solutions conduct electr​icity.
Acids 1 to 3 are known as mineral / inorganic
They contain more H+ ions and fewer OH- (Elect​rol​ytes)
acids while Acids 4 to 6 are known as organic
ions. 4. Acids change the colour of indica​tors.
acids.
Neutral solutions have pH values = 7. Litmus Paper: Blue to Red
They contain equal amounts of H+ ions and Methyl Orange Solution: Orange to Red
Bases 1 & 2 are insoluble bases while Bases 3
OH- ions. Universal Indicator Paper: Orange to Red
to 6 are soluble bases / alkalis.
Alkaline solutions have pH values > 7. Universal Indicator Solution: Green to Red
They contain more OH- ions and fewer H+
Metal Reactivity Series
ions. Properties of Alkalis

1. Alkalis have a soapy feeling and a bitter

Ionic Equations
taste.
1. Write a balanced chemical equation with 2. Alkaline solutions conduct electr​icity.
state symbols. (Elect​rol​ytes)
3. Alkalis change the colour of indica​tors.
2. Check which reactants and products can
Litmus Paper: Red to Blue
form ions in water. (Aqueous)
Methyl Orange Solution: Orange to Yellow
3. Split up these reactants and products into
Universal Indicator Paper: Orange to Violet
their respective ions. Universal Indicator Solution: Green to Violet
4. Check for ions that appear in both LHS &
RHS of the equation, these are spectator ions
that can be removed from the equation.

By fongrsy Published 21st July, 2018. Sponsored by ApolloPad.com

cheatography.com/fongrsy/ Last updated 26th July, 2018. Everyone has a novel in them. Finish Yours!
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 Acids, Bases and Alkalis Cheat Sheet
by fongrsy via cheatography.com/65383/cs/16397/

Balancing Chemical Equations Uses of Acids (cont) Strength of Alkalis

Step 1: Write down the chemical equation. Ethanoic Acid Used as a food preser​vative Strong Alkalis Weak Alkalis
Step 2: List down the atoms (or polyatomic Carbonic Acid Used in making soft drinks Sodium Hydroxide Aqueous Ammonia
ions) involved in both sides.
Potassium Hydroxide
Step 3: Count the number of atoms on both
Uses of Alkalis
sides. Calcium Hydroxide
Step 4: Compare both sides and change the Sodium Used in making soap
Strong Alkalis ionise completely to produce
coeffi​cients (not subscr​ipts) so that the atoms Hydroxide
large amounts of OH - ions.
on the left side are equal to the atoms on the Calcium Used in making toothpaste and Weak Alkalis ionise partially to produce small
right side. Hydroxide to reduce acidity in soil amounts of OH - ions.
(Tip: Balance the Metals first, then the
Aqueous Used in making fertil​isers and
Non-​Met​als, and then the Oxygen atoms and
Ammonia as a bleaching agent How to Carry Out Titration
Hydr​ogen atoms.)
Aqueous Used in making fertil​isers and
Step 5: Double check both sides to make sure 1. For solid samples, weigh the solid and
the atoms on both sides are equal. Ammonia as a bleaching agent dissolve in a known volume of solution (usually
Potassium Used in electr​opl​ating and in 100cm3).
Soluble Salts Hydroxide making cement and plaster 2. Use a pipette to measure a known volume of

Magnesium Used as a detergent the solution (e.g 10cm 3) and empty into an
Solu​ble Inso​luble
Hydroxide Erlenmeyer flask.
All nitrates None 3. Add a few drops of indicator into the solution.
Most sulfates Lead sulfate, barium Strength of Acids 4. Put the second chemical into a burette. This
sulfate and calcium other solution will react with the synthe​sised
Strong Acids Weak Acids chemical sample in the flask. Often the solution
sulfate
Hydroc​hloric Acid Citric Acid in the burette is an acid or alkali, and it must be
Most chlorides, Silver chloride, silver
of a precise, known concen​tra​tion.
bromides and bromide, silver iodide, Sulfuric Acid Tartaric Acid
5. Drop by drop, mix the chemical in the burette
iodides lead chloride, lead Nitric Acid Ethanoic Acid into the Erlenmeyer flask until the end point is
bromide, lead iodide
Strong Acids: reached. A colour change indicates the correct
Sodium carbonate, Most other carbonates amount has been added to react completely
React very fast & vigorously
potassium with the chemical in the sample.
Ionise completely to produce large amounts of
carbonate, 6. Take note of the volume of the solution
H + ions
ammonium added from the burette.
carbonate
Weak Acids:
Sodium hydroxide, Most other hydroxides React slowly & less vigorously
potassium Ionise partially to produce small amounts of H+
hydroxide, ions
ammonium
hydroxide Do not confuse the strength of an acid with
the concen​tration of an acid. The strength
Uses of Acids tells you how many H + ions are produced

Citric Acid Used as a sour flavouring while the concen​tration tells you how much

agent in food of an acid is dissolved in water.

Hydroc​hloric Used as a rust remover

Acid

Sulfuric Acid Used in car batteries

Nitric Acid Used in fertil​isers

By fongrsy Published 21st July, 2018. Sponsored by ApolloPad.com

cheatography.com/fongrsy/ Last updated 26th July, 2018. Everyone has a novel in them. Finish Yours!
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