CHAPTER

02
c in

dby
Acids, Bases, and Salts
nd

All the chemical compounds can be classified on the basis of their chemical properties as Chapter Checklist
acids, bases and salts. They haye certain definite properties which distinguish these
compounds from each other. Most of the digestive fluids of humans and animals contain Acids
acids. The bitter taste of substances like bitter gourd, cucumber etc., is due to the bases Bases
present in them.
Indicators
Strength of an Acid or Base
Acids Clue scd pH Scale
9 Importance of pH in Everyday
Acids are those chemical substances which have a sour taste and change the colour
ofblue Life
litmus to red. Some common fruits such as unripe mango, lemon, orange, tamarind etc.,
are sour in taste. This suggeststhat these fruits contain acids. Some commonly used acids Salts
are hydrochloric acid (HCI), sulphuric acid (H,SO,), nitric acid (HNO,)etc. Water of Crystallisation
Some naturally occurring acids are:
Natural source Acid

Vinegar Acetic acid

Orange and lemon Citric acid
Tamarind Tartaric acid
Tomato Oxalic acid
Curd Lactic acid
|Ant sting Methanoic acid

Chemical Properties of Acids

() Reaction with metals Acids like dilute HCl and dilute H,SO,, react with certain
active metals like zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) etc., to form salt ahd evolves H, gas. Thus,
these acids or substances containing these kind of acids should not be kept in metal
containers.
Metal + Dilute acid ’ Salt + Hydrogen gas
e-g., Zn+ H,SO4 ’ ZnSO, +H,‘
 Allinone Science Class (a
34

e.g. Zn(s)+ 2NaOH(aq)’Na,ZnO,(9)

be
Test For H, gas Testing ofH, gas presence can
Sodium zincate
Zinc Sodium
hydroxide
and + H,g)
done by passing the gas through a soap solution bubble
then, bringing aburning splinternear the soap Hydrogen
gas
Hlled with the gas. If the gas burns with apopsound, it (i)Reaction with non-metallic oxide Bases react wi
confirms hydrogen gasis present. non-metallic oxides (being acidic in nature also call,
(i) Reaction with metal carbonate and hydrogen different acidic oxides) to produce salt and water.
carbonate Limestone, chalk and marble are This reaction proves that non-metallic Oxides
forms of calcium carbonate. Acids react with metal acidic in nature.
carbonates and hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonate) to ’Salt +Water
produce their corresponding salts, carbon dioxide gas Base + Non-metallicoxide
and water. e.g. CO,(g) +Ca(OH), (aq) ’CaCO, (9)
Slaked lime Calcium
Metal carbonate / Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid Carbon
dioxide
carbonate
’ Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
+H,0(0)
Water
e.g., CaCO,+2HCI-CaCl,+ H,0+ CO, T
The carbon dioxide gas is released with a,brisk Acids/ Bases in Water Solution
effervescence. In presence of water, all acids give H ion. As H ion cann
Test for CO,gas When CO, gas is passed through exist alone so it combines with water molecules and fot
lime water, it turns-milky due to_the formation-of H,0 (Hydronium ion). So, we can say in presence
white precipitate of CaCO, water, all acids give H"ion or H,0"ion.
But if CO, is passed in excess, milkiness disappears In the same way, in presence of water, all the bases gi
due to the formation of Ca(HCO,),which is soluble OH ion.
in water.

e.g. HCI+H,0 H,0° + CI

Ca(OH), (ag) +CO, (g)’CaCO, (G) +H,00)
Lime water Carbon Calcium Water
dioxide carbonate
(White ppt.)
H*+H,0H,0*
CaCO, ()+H,0() +C0,(g) ’ Ca(HC0),(aq)
Calcium bicarbonate
NaOH) H29 Na@ (ag) + OH (ag)
Calcium Water Carbon
carbonate dioxide (Soluble in water)
(Milkiness) (Excess) KOH. H2, Kt(ad) + OH aq)
(in) Reaction with metal oxides Acids react with certain
metal oxides (being basic in nature also called basic
oxides) to form salt and water. Mg(OH), ’ Mg(aq) + 20H" (aq)
Metal oxide + Acid ’ Salt + Water. Note All bases do not dissolves in water. An alkali is a base that
dissolves in water. Both acids and bases conduct electric
e.g. CuO+ 2HCI CuCl, +H,0 Current in their aqueous solutions due to the presence of
free ions.

Bases Reaction between Acids and Base

Bases are those chemical substances which are bitter in taste, Acids react with bases to produce salt and water. In th
soapy to touch and turn red litmus to blue. e.g. sodium
reaction, an acid neutralises a base, i.e. acid nullifies
hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide Ca(OH),etc. reduces the effect of a base or vice-versa, thus the reaction
known as neutralisation reaction.
Chemicat
()
Properties of Bases In general, neutralisation reaction can be written as :
Reaction with metals Strong bases react with active
metals to produce hydrogen gas. Thus, these bases Base + Acid- ’ Salt + Water
should not be kept in metal container (active metals). HX+ MOH ’ MX + HOH
Metal + Base ’ Salt+ Hydrogen gas Here, H represents hydrogen atom and M
atom, represents mc
A Allone Acids, Bases and Salts 35
Nata
H* (ag)+ OH (a4) ’ H,O()
e.g.
NaOH (aq)+ HCl(aq) ’ NaCl (aq) Indicators syuteRe
Sodium
hydroxide
Hydrochloric
acid
Sodium
chloride
Indicators are the substances that change their colour or odour
when added into an acid or an alkaline solution to indicate the
+ H,0U) presence of acid or base.
Water Indicators can be classified in the following ways :
Efect of Dilution on anAcid
or Base Natural Indicators
Mixing of an acid or base with water is called dilution.
These indicators are found in natåre in_the plants, e.g. litmus
It results in decrease in the concentration of jons solution isa purple colour dye extracted from the lichen plant
(H.0*/0H )per unit volume and the acid or base is belonging to the division (Thallophyta")
said to be diluted. Some Natural Indicators with Characteristic Colours
When acid or base is added to water, their molecules Indicator Colour in Acidic Colour in Alkaline
dissociate to form ions. Medium Medium

HCI+ H,0 H,0*+ CI Litmus Red Blue

Acid
Red cabbage juice (from Red Green
H,0+ Ht ’ H,0*(Hydronium ion) leaves)
Turmeric juice (haldi) Yellow Reddish brown
Or NaOHG) H0 Nat(aq)+ OH (a)
Base Flowers of Hydrangea plant Blue Pink
Dissolving an acid or a base in water is a highly
exothermic (heat generating) reaction, so care must be
taken while doing it. The acids must always be added Synthetic lndicators
slowly to water with constant stirring. The indicators which are synthesised in the laboratory or industry
Water should not be added to concentrated acid are known as synthetic indicators, e.g. methyl orange,
because if water is added, the heat generated may cause phenolphthalein, methylene blue and methyl red are synthetic
the mixture to splash out and cause burns. indicators.
Some Synthetic Indicators with Characteristic Colours
Indicator Colour in Colour in Basic Colour in Neutral
Acidic Solution Solution Solutioh

Warning sign displayed on containers

CHp Phenolphthaleir Colourless Pink Colourless
Containing concentrated acids and bases (VecH Methylorange Red Yellow Orange
(showing their corrosive nature)

Check Point 01
1 Which type of chemicalcompound found in citrus fruits?
2 Fill in the blank:
Allalkali are bases but all bases are alkali?
3 Bases should not be kept in active metal container. Why?
4 Give achernical reaction to prove that non-metallic Oxides
are acidic in nature.
5 State True or False for the following statement:
Everything that tastes sour contains an acid.
6 HowH,0* ion is formed in water solution?
7 What is the effect of dilution on an acid or base?
Olfaciory Indicators
Those substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic medium are
called olfactory indicators. Vanilla extract and onion can be used as
olfactory indicators. The smell of these two indicators can be
detected in presence of aacid only but not in the presence of abase.
Universal Indicators
To judge how strong a given acid or base is, a universal indicator
is preffered over litmus paper. It is a mixture of several indicators.
It shows different colours atdifferent concentrationsof hydrogen
ion in asolution,
 36
Allinone science Class l0t%

Strength of an Acid or Base When pH of rain water goes below 5.6, iti
called acid rain. When acid rain flows into the
Strength of an acid or base depends on the number of H* ions or OH rivers, it lowers the pH of the river water and
iöns produced by them respectively. Larger the number of H ions makes survival of aquatic life difficult.
produced by an acid, stronger is the acid. Similarly, larger the number of
OH ions produced by a base, stronger is the base. pH of the Soil
Every type of plant requires aspecific pH rang
The pH Scale for healthy growth. Therefore, the nature o!
soil is known first by testing its pH and then:
It is ascale used for measuring hydrogen ion concentration. The pin pH particular crop is grown in it. It is also suitabi.
stands for potenz which means power in German. for selecting the fertiliser for a particular cro
It has values ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline). pH is a by knowing the pH of the soil.
number which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution.
Higher the hydronium ion concentration present in the solution, lower is pH in Our Digestive System
its pH value (pH means power of hydrogen ions]. HCI present in the stomach helps in th
Acidic nature increasing
Neutral
7
Basic nature increasing digestion of food.
OH
During indigestion,the stomach produces to
much acid, which causes pain and irritation,
Increase in H ion concentration ’ Decrease in H ion concentration
To correct the disturbed pH range, milk o
Variation of pH with the change in magnesia (a mild base) is used as a medicine
concentration of (ag) and - (ag) ions
which is also called antacid as it reduces the
" IfpH >7, solution is basic. effect of acid (or acidity).
" IfpH <7, solution is acidic.
IfpH=7, solution is neutral. pH Change Leads to Tooth Decay
Pure water is neutral because of the absence of free ions. A paper Tooth enamel is made of calciun
impregnated with the universal indicator is used for measuring pH. phosphate and is the hardest substance in th:
Now-a-days, pH meter, an electronic device, is used to measture the pH body. If the pH inside the mouth decrease
value. below 5.5,(acidic), the decay of tooth enam:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14
begins.
The bacteria present in the mouth degrades tht
sugar and left over food particles and produc
acids that remains in the mouth after eating.
Gastric Lemon juice Pure water Milk of Sodium
The best way to prevent this is to clean th:
juice (about 2.2) magnesia hydroxide
(about 1.2) blood
(10) solution mouth after eating food. To prevent toot
(7.4) (about 14) decay, toothpastes (basic) are used which
pH of some common substances shown on a,pH paper neutralise the excess acid.

Self Defence by Animals and

Importance of pH in Everyday Life
Following are the examples showing importance ofpH in everyday life:
Plants through Chemical Warfare
When insects like honeybee, ant etc., bite, the
Plants and Animals are pH Sensitive inject an acid into the skin, that causes pa!
Living organisms can survive only in a narrow range of pH change, Our
and irritation. Ifa mild base like baking soda
body works normally within a pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. applied on the affected area, it gives relief.
 Allinone Acids, Bases and Salts 37

pH in Plants 1Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide(NaOH)]

Stinging h¡ir of nettle leaves injects methanoic acid in dhe When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of
the
skin which causes burning pain. It is cured by rubbingoften sodium chloride (called brine), it decomposes to form sodium
affected area with the leaves of dock plant, which hydroxide. This process is called chlor-alkali process because of
the products formed, i.e. chlor for chlorine and alkali
grows beside the nettle plant.
for sodium hydroxide.
Check Point 03 2NaCl (ag) +2H,0 ()
Electric current
2NaOH(aq)
solution? Sodium chloride Water Sodium hydroxide
1Which indicator gives pink colour in basic
ab. 2 In which pH range our body works?
3 Fill in the blank:
+ Cl,(g) + H,(g)
(At anode) Chlorine Hydrogen (At cathode)
To prevent tooth decay, toothpaste are used which are
in nature. In this process, chlorine gas is given off at the anode and
4Name the chemical which is injected into the skin of a hydrogen gas at the cathode and sodium hydroxide solution is
person during wasp's sting and during the nettle leaf hair formed near the cathode. The following three products
sting. produced in this process are very useful.
5 State True or False for the following statement:
The colour of gastrìc juice on pH paper is blue. SALTSALT|
6 Write the role of HCl present in the stomach. t Al cathode tAl anode

Salts
h
Salts are produced by the neutralisation reaction HY |NaOH
Tong acid and a sstrong
between acid and base. Salts of strong
base are neutral with pH value of 7. De-greasing metals, soaps
and detergents, paper
Fuels, margarine Water treatment, swimming pools,
Salts of a strong acid and weak base are acidic with pH ammonia for fertilizers PVC, disinfectants, CFCs. pesticides making, artificial fibres

ar value less than 7. Salts of strong base and weak acid are HYDROCHLORIC ACID
basic in nature with pH value more than 7. Now, we will
BLEACH
For: cleaning steel, ammonium chloride, For: household bleaches.

study about preparation and properties of some salts. medicines, cosmetics bleaching fabric

Important products from the chlor-alkali process

Common Salt [Sodium Chloride (NaCi)]
Common salt is formed by the combination of 2)BleachingPowder [Calcium Cxychloride
t hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. It is (Ca0cI,]
che salt that we use in food. Sea water contains many salts It is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime. It is
dissolved in it. k isobtained on large scale from sea water represented as CaOCl,, hough the actual composition is quite
by separating other salts from it. It may also be obtained complex.
from rock salt.
Deposits of solid salt are also found in several parts of the Ca(OH), +t Cl, CaOCl, +H,0
Slaked lime Chlorine Bleaching powder Water
world. These large crystals are often brown due to
impurities. This is called rock salt. Beds of rock salt were On standing for a longer time, it undergoes auto-oxidation due
formed when seas of bygone ages dried up. Rock salt is to which bleaching action decreases.
2 mined like coal.
Uses gf Bleaching Powder
Common salt is an important raw material tor varjous
k) ft is used for bleaching cotton and linen in textile
i materials of daily uss Hike sodium hydroxide, baking
ai soda, washing soda., industry, for bleaching wood pulp in paper industry and
blcaching.powder etc. for bleaching washed clothes in laundry.
 Allinone Science Closs IO

38
preservative for rmilk
Summer. also acts
it isisadded
a
totheas milk. as milk decompEe
soda
Note Baking makes milk sOur
It is also used as a disinfectant for water to make it free from acid which
release lactic with acid to form salt and watet
germs. NaHCO, reacts acidic effect and milk does not
) It is used as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries. neutralisesthe
SOur.

3. Baking Soda [Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate or 4 WashingSoda

Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3l]) Carbonate (Na,CO,10H,O||
ISodium
The soda commonly used in the kitchen for making tasty crispy
pakoras is baking soda. It is a mild non-corrosive base. It is the carbonate is a white crystalline solid L
Sodium alkaline in nature (turns red litrg
major constituent of baking powder. Sometimes, it is added for solutionin water is
fast cooking. Chemically, it is sodium hydrogen carbonate. It is blue).
produced by using sodium chloride as one of the raw material. removee dirt and grease from din
It has the property to washing soda.
Manufacture of baking soda is shown in reaction given below: cloches, thus it is called
Sodium carbonate can be obtained by heating bakia
NaCl (aq) + H,0()+CO, (g) +NH, (g) sodium carbonate oi
of
Brine Carbon Ammonia
dioxide soda. The recrystallisationbasic salt.
washing soda. It is also a
’ NH,CI(g)+ NaHCO, ()
Ammonium
chloride
Sodium
hydrogen Na,CO, (s) +10H,0()’Na,CO,-10H,0
.carbonare, Uses of Washing Soda
The following reaction takes place when it is heated during
cooking : It is used in glas, soap and paper industries.
Heat
’ Na,C0, +H,0+ CO,‘ iy It is used for the manufacture of sodiue
2NaHCO, compounds like borax.
Sodium hydrogen Sodium carbonate
carbonate fiin) It also removes permanent hardness of water.
Uses of Baking Soda (in) It is used as a cleansing agent (detergent) i
() For making baking powder, which is a mixture of baking houses and laundries.
soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and a mild edible acid
such as tartaric acid. When baking powder is heated or 5)Plaster of Paris (Calcium Sulphate
mixed in water, the following reaction takes place: Hemihydrte(CaSO,- 1/2H,01
NaHCO, +H+ ’ CO,+H,0 It is obtained by heating gypsum (CaSO 2H,0)2
Sodium hydrogen (From Carbon Water 373 K.
carbonate any acid) dioxide
+ Sodium salt of acid Atthis temperature, gypsum loses water molecules and
Carbon dioxide produced during the reaction causes bread forms plaster of Paris.
373 K 1
or cake to rise making them soft and spongy. CaSO 2H,0 CasO,H,0+ 1-H9
Gypsum Heat
(i) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is also an ingredient of 2 2
Plaster of Paris
antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in the
stomach and provides relief. When gypsum is heated above 400 K, dead bu
plaster (anhydrous CaSO,) is obtained which does
NaHCO, (G)+ HCI) ’ NaCl(aq) + H,0) have the property of hardening.
Sodium hydrogen Hydrochloric Sodium Water
carbonate acid chloride Plaster of Paris is a white powder and
+CO, (g) water, it on mixing
Carbon
changes to gypsum giving3a hard solid mas
dioxide
CaSO,- ½
Plaster of ParisH,0 +
(in) It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
1H,0CaSO,·2H;0 Gypsum
 Allinone Acids, Bases and Salts
39

Uses of Plaster of Paris

16 It is used by doctors for joining the fractured bones at right position, i.e. for making plaster to
It is also used for making decorative piecesand for making designs on ceilings.
support fractured bones.

Water of Crystallisation
Crystals of some compounds seem to be dry (or anhydrous) but actually contain some water molecules
water is called water of crystallisation and such salts are called hydrated salts. attached to them. This
Water of crystallisation is the(fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a saD Five
present in one formula unit of copper sulphate (blue vitriol; CuSO,,5H,0). Other salt which possesses water molecules are
is gypsum (CaSO, 2H,0). It has two water molecules as water of crystallisation. This water is water of crystallisation
crvstals of the hydrated salt. Plaster of Paris possesses 1/2 molecule of water of crystallisation. removed by heating the

Check Point 03
1 Fill in the blank:
The salt that we used in food is a ..... salt.
2 State True or False for the following statement:
Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in fire extinguisher.
3 Name the chemical compound which is used as a disinfectant for water.
4 Whena sodium compound Xwhich is also used in soda-fire extinguisher is heated, gives a sodium compoundY alongwith water and carbon
dioxide. Yon crystallisation forms compound Z. ldentify X, Yand Z.
5 Write the chemical formula of blue vitriol.

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