See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/339945825

Development of Improved Asphalt Mixture for the City of St. John's: A Literature
Review on Asphalt Binder Additives and Modifiers

Technical Report · February 2020

CITATIONS READS

0 246

2 authors:

Towhidul Islam Kamal Hossain

Memorial University of Newfoundland Memorial University of Newfoundland
8 PUBLICATIONS   2 CITATIONS    60 PUBLICATIONS   119 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Designing Tiger Pass Intersection as Roundabout and Presenting its Possible Benefits for Sustainable Transportation View project

Effect of Aging on Surface Free Energy Properties of Asphalt Binder and Aggregates View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Towhidul Islam on 16 March 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Development of Improved Asphalt
Mixture for the City of St. John’s:

A Literature Review on Asphalt

Binder Additives and Modifiers

Advanced Road and Transportation Engineering Lab (ARTEL)

Department of Civil Engineering, Memorial University
 Development of Improved Asphalt Mixture for the City of St. John’s:

A Literature Review on Asphalt Binder Additives

and Modifiers

Towhidul Islam, B. Sc. Eng.

M. Eng. Candidate, Pavement Engineering

Kamal Hossain, Ph.D., P. Eng.

Assistant Professor, Pavement Engineering

Advanced Road and Transportation Engineering Lab (ARTEL)

Department of Civil Engineering
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John’s, NL, Canada
A1B 3X5

February 2020
 Disclaimer
This research was performed in cooperation with the City of St. John’s and Advance Road and
Transportation Engineering Lab (ARTEL) of Memorial University of Newfoundland. The
contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the opinions,
findings, and conclusions presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official
views or policies of the City of St. John’s and Memorial University. This report does not constitute
a standard, specification, or regulation.

Page 1 of 38
 Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the City of St. John’s.

Page 2 of 38
 Executive Summary
Asphalt binder plays a significant role in the performance of asphalt pavement. It is well known
that asphalt mixture is a complicated material and it is difficult to fully understand the behavior of
this material. Various performance analysis techniques are used to understand the behavior of
asphalt mixtures, particularly when small amounts of additives or modifiers are added to the
asphalt mixtures. And, these additives or modifiers are used to develop more durable and stable
asphalt mixtures. These new mixtures can increase the structural capacity of the pavements and
can better resist extreme weather conditions and stress from the ever increased traffic loading. The
ultimate goal of this research project is to develop an asphalt mixture through various performance
analysis tests and techniques to enhance rutting and moisture-induced damage resistance in
asphalt. A detailed review has been conducted and is presented in this report as an initial task of
this project. This review summarizes current practices on the usage of asphalt additives and
modifiers in other provinces in Canada, and in the U.S. Again, this review focuses on compiling
recent developments on rutting and moisture resistance additives and this summary will be used
for optimal experimental design for laboratory investigation.

Page 3 of 38
 Table of Contents
Disclaimer ...................................................................................................................................1
Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................2
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................3
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................4
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................5
List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................6
1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................7
2 ROADWAY CONDITIONS OF ST. JOHN’S .....................................................................8
3 PAVEMENT SURFACE DISTRESSES ..............................................................................8
3.1 Rutting ..........................................................................................................................8
3.2 Potholes and Delamination ............................................................................................9
3.3 Raveling...................................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Cracking and Roughness ............................................................................................. 11
3.5 Patching ...................................................................................................................... 11
4 ASPHALT ADDITIVES AND MODIFIERS ..................................................................... 12
4.1 Reasons to modify an asphalt binder ........................................................................... 12
4.2 Polymer Additives ...................................................................................................... 13
4.2.1 Elastomers ........................................................................................................... 13
4.2.2 Plastomers ........................................................................................................... 15
4.2.3 Crumb Rubber (GTR) .......................................................................................... 19
4.3 Other Nonbituminous Modifiers .................................................................................. 20
4.3.1 Antioxidants ........................................................................................................ 20
4.3.2 Antistripping Agents ............................................................................................ 21
4.3.3 Polyphosphoric Acid ............................................................................................ 24
4.3.4 Gilsonite .............................................................................................................. 25
4.3.5 ZycoTherm .......................................................................................................... 26
4.3.6 Nanomaterials ...................................................................................................... 28
4.3.7 Steel and Copper Slag .......................................................................................... 30
5 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 31
Reference list ............................................................................................................................ 34

Page 4 of 38
 List of Figures
Figure 1: Asphalt design-related rutting (permanent deformation on wheel path) on Torbay and Stavanger
(left), and Torbay and Gleneyre (right), St. John’s ................................................................................... 9

Figure 2: Abrasive loss related rutting on Kenmount and Columbus Rd, St. John’s ................................ 9

Figure 3: Moisture induced damage pothole, and delamination in different streets of St. John’s............. 10

Figure 4: Micro-cracking and raveling of new binder mix in different city streets in St. John’s. ............. 10

Figure 5: Representative illustrations on cracking in different city streets in St. John’s. ......................... 11

Figure 6: Representative illustrations on patching in different city streets in St. John’s. ......................... 12

Figure 7: Representative illustrations of (a) SBS (Adapted from “SBS block copolymer,” 2017) ; (b) SBR
(Adapted from “SBR copolymer,” 2014) ; (c) EVA (Adapted from “EVA-resin,” n.d.) ; and (d) Elvaloy
(Adapted from "Farooq," 2018) ............................................................................................................. 13

Figure 8: Representative illustrations of (a) LDPE (Adapted from “Low Density Polyethylene,” n.d.); (b)
HDPE (Adapted from “HDPE-granule,” n.d.) ; (c) LLDPE (Adapted from “LLDPE granules,” n.d.)..... 16

Figure 9: Representative illustrations of crumb rubber. Adapted from “Crumb Rubber (GTR),” 2013. . 19

Figure 10: Representative illustrations on Bentonite. (Adapted from “Bentonite Rheological Additive,”
n.d.)....................................................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 11: Representative illustrations of hydrated lime (Adapted from “Hydrated-lime,” 2015) ........... 22

Figure 12: Representative illustrations of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (Adapted from “Polyphosphoric-
acid-ppa,” n.d.) ...................................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 13: Representative illustrations of gilsonite (Adapted from “Gilsonite - Natural Asphalt,” 2019) 25

Figure 14: Representative illustrations on Zyco-soil (Adapted from “Zycosoil - Capillary Rise
Demonstration,” n.d.) ............................................................................................................................ 26

Figure 15: Representative illustrations of (a) steel slag (Adapted from “Steel slag briquetting machine,”
n.d.) ; and (b) copper slag (Adapted from “Marco Abrasives-Copper Slag,” n.d.) .................................. 30

Page 5 of 38
 List of Tables
Table 1: Generic Classification of Asphalt Modifiers (Roberts, Kandhal, Brown, Lee, & Kennedy, 1996)
................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Table 2: Effect of elastomer on asphalt performance ............................................................................. 13

Table 3: Effect of plastomer on asphalt performance ............................................................................. 16

Table 4: Crumb rubber’s performance ................................................................................................... 19

Table 5: Reviews on antioxidants .......................................................................................................... 20

Table 6: Effect of antistripping agents on asphalt performance .............................................................. 22

Table 7: Review on polyphosphoric acid ............................................................................................... 24

Table 8: Reviews on gilsonite ............................................................................................................... 25

Table 9: Reviews on ZycoTherm .......................................................................................................... 27

Table 10: Effect of nanomaterials on asphalt performance ..................................................................... 28

Table 11: Reviews on steel and copper slag........................................................................................... 30

Table 12: Name, optimum dosage rate, and the name of the suppliers of the selected additives .............. 32

Page 6 of 38
1 INTRODUCTION
The City of St. John’s is responsible for the construction, management, and maintenance of
approximately 1,100 kilometers of paved roads. More than 90% of the roads managed by the City
are paved with asphalt surfacing. An adverse weather climate is persistent almost year-round in
the region. This adverse climate has a serious impact on the performance of asphalt pavement.

When a wheel load is applied to a pavement, vertical compressive stress is induced along the
asphalt layer, and horizontal tensile stress is induced at the bottom of the asphalt layer. The HMA
must be resilient to resist these compressive stresses and prevent premature permanent
deformation. And, HMA also needs to be resilient to withstand repeated load applications without
premature fatigue cracking.
Highway agencies have acknowledged the benefits of using modified asphalt binders to reduce the
amount and severity of pavement distresses and to increase the service life of pavement. The
advantage of using these modified asphalts is improved rutting resistance, stripping resistance
(moisture damage) and improved mixture durability. A wide variety of materials may be used to
modify the behavior or properties of asphalt. Table 1 shows some of the typical categories of
modifiers.
The main goal of this research project is to reduce the rate of occurrence of these distresses by
designing and developing improved asphalt binder and asphalt mixtures appropriate for St. John’s
environmental and loading conditions. This research project will develop recommendations on
specifications for asphalt binders, modifiers, and asphalt mixtures to enhance the rutting and
moisture resistance of pavement. This report will focus on reviewing recent developments on
rutting and moisture resistance additives and will be used for optimal experimental design for
laboratory investigation.
Table 1: Generic classification of asphalt modifiers (Roberts et al., 1996)

Type of modifier Examples

1. Filler  Mineral Filler: crusher fines, lime, portland cement, fly
ash
 Carbon black
 Sulfur
2. Extender  Sulfur
 Lignin
3. Rubber  Natural rubber
 Natural latex  Styrene-butadiene or SBR
 Synthetic latex  Styrene-butadiene-styrene or SBS
 Black copolymer  Recycled tires
 Reclaimed rubber
4. Plastic  Polyethylene
 Polypropylene
 Ethyl-vinyl-acetate, EVA
 Polyvinyl chloride, PVC

Page 7 of 38
 5. Combination  Blends of polymers in 3 and 4
6. Fiber  Natural: Asbestos, rock wool
 Man-made: Polypropylene, polyester, fiberglass
7. Oxidant  Manganese salts
8. Antioxidant  Lead compounds
 Carbon
 Calcium salts
9. Hydrocarbon  Recycling and rejuvenating oils
 Hardening and natural asphalts
10. Antistrip  Amines
 Lime

2 ROADWAY CONDITIONS OF ST. JOHN’S

St. John’s region has an adverse weather climate condition that includes high amounts of rain
(1191 mm annually) and snowfall (3220 mm annually), frequent freeze-thaw cycle (from late fall
through early spring, a high frequency of temperature fluctuations above and below 0°C), drastic
temperature variation (-7°C to 20°C and rarely below -13°C or above 26°C), and extremely high
winds (“City of St. John’s,” 2016). In addition, traffic loading and tire pressures on the roads have
increased several folds over the last few decades. These can have very adverse effects on road
pavements and cause various pavement distresses and failures. Deteriorated road conditions can
impair the ability of drivers to operate their vehicles safely, significantly reduce roadway capacity,
and increase travel times. Transportation performance and road safety can be improved by
improving roadway conditions. The first step toward this is the understanding of how various road
conditions and distresses evolve.

3 PAVEMENT SURFACE DISTRESSES

Pavement surface distress is the irregularity of the road surface which affects the comfort and
safety of the road user. Because of the negative effects of various factors including traffic loading
and environmental factors, pavement deteriorates, which can result in rutting, cracking, raveling,
patching, potholes, polished slippery surfaces, and miscellaneous distress. The following presents
an overview of these pavement distresses.

3.1 Rutting

Surface depression in the wheel path is known as rutting. Pavement uplift may occur along the
sides of the rut. Ruts are particularly evident after a rain when they are filled with water. There are
two basic types of rutting: mix rutting and subgrade rutting. Rutting can occur as a result of
pavement being plastic and depressed by heavy loads, or by the grinding effect of studded tires.
The significant effect of studded tires is observed in the transportation jurisdictions where studded
tires are still allowed, specifically in northern states in the United States, Canada, and northern

Page 8 of 38
Europe. Moreover, inadequate compaction during construction will also result in rutting
because once the pavement is opened to traffic; it will continue to compact in the wheel paths
under traffic loading. Wheel paths with rutting can easily be filled with water from rain and
snowmelt. Figs. 1 and 2 show certain types of rutting that might have occurred primarily due to
studded tires or due to use of poor asphalt mix design. Splashed-water from the rutted strips by a
vehicle in front of a vehicle in an adjacent lane can suddenly cover windshields with muddy water,
and thus it can impair a driver’s vision for safe driving.

Figure 1: Asphalt design-related rutting (permanent deformation on wheel path) on Torbay

and Stavanger (left), and Torbay and Gleneyre (right), St. John’s

Figure 2: Abrasive loss related rutting on Kenmount and Columbus Rd, St. John’s

3.2 Potholes and Delamination

Potholes are small, bowl-shaped depressions in the pavement surface that penetrate all the way
through the HMA layer down to the base course. Potholes often form in areas that have poor
drainage, high traffic volumes, or frequent cracks from other pavement distresses such as fatigue
or thermal cracking. Also, freeze-thaw cycles during the winter months are strongly associated

Page 9 of 38
with pothole creation. During freeze-thaw cycles, expansion and contraction occur in pavement
materials. These expansions and contractions induce stresses in pavement and result in micro-
cracking. These small cracks turn into a bigger hole with the stresses from traffic loading. Fig. 3
shows some patterns of potholes in a service lane.

Figure 3: Moisture induced damage pothole, and delamination in different streets of St. John’s

3.3 Raveling

Raveling is defined as the “wearing away of the pavement surface caused by the dislodging of
aggregate particles and loss of asphalt binder”, and it is one of the most common asphalt pavement
distresses that occur on Canadian highways. Raveling will increase pavement roughness, which
results in poor ride quality and road and tire noise. Loose stones that can break windshield glass
and raveling that can cause hydroplaning and it shortens pavement longevity. Fig. 4 shows some
examples of raveling in different city streets.

Figure 4: Micro-cracking and raveling in different city streets in St. John’s.

Page 10 of 38
3.4 Cracking and Roughness

Several different types of pavement cracking such as fatigue, thermal, moisture and aging-related
cracking can be caused in the life of a road pavement which has been shown in Fig. 5. The
extremely cold temperatures, excessive precipitation, salting, and strain from winter tires can cause
severe cracks in the pavement. Although it is not possible to prevent all cracks, addressing the
causes behind them can help to determine the best way to reduce cracks in the asphalt pavement.
As indicated before, if pavement cracks are not treated, they can lead to bigger holes, “potholes”,
which can have severe consequences on traffic safety. Pavement roughness is generally defined as
a form of unevenness in the pavement surface that affects safety.

Figure 5: Load and aging related cracking in different city streets in St. John’s.

3.5 Patching

All flexible pavements require patching sometimes during their service life sometimes. Generally,
pavement patching is conducted temporarily to repair local distresses. A thin layer is removed
from the faulty area of the pavement and replaced with a new paving material. Patching contributes
to address road safety and ride quality issues. In general, less preparation and care are taken to
conduct a patching project which leads to cracking and unevenness of the pavement which
presented in Fig. 6.

Page 11 of 38
 Figure 6: Patching related issues in different city streets in St. John’s.

4 ASPHALT ADDITIVES AND MODIFIERS

Asphalt modification has been in practice for over 150 years (Mund, Adams, & Marano, 2009).
Changes in traffic volumes and loading, new refining technology, copolymer chemistry,
environmental pressure to recycle waste (rubber tires, shingles), and performance graded (PG)
asphalt specifications have all contributed to spectacular wide-reaching growth in the use of
modified asphalt binders over the last ten to fifteen years (Mund et al., 2009). Since there is usually
some economic cost associated with modification, it is important to identify the specific
performance parameters that might be improved with additives or process changes. Specific binder
and mix properties can be designed by selecting the right binder, and ensuring the additive used is
well-suited to the asphalt.

This report presents a summary of physical properties, testing standards, and comparative field
trials of different types of modifiers such as elastomeric and plastomeric polymers, crumb rubber,
special relining processing methods, oxidation, chemical catalysts, and other chemical additives,
gelling agents, oils and softening agents, bituminous extenders, fillers, and fiber.

4.1 Reasons to modify an asphalt binder

Depending on the asphalt source and the average climatic conditions, the main reasons for the
use of asphalt modification are the following (Roberts et al., 1996):

 minimize the rutting by making the binder stiff at high temperatures,

 minimize the thermal cracking by making the binder soft and increasing the elasticity
of mixture at low temperatures,
 improve the resistance of the mixture due to fatigue,
 reduce moisture sensitivity by improving binder-aggregate bonding,

Page 12 of 38
  improve the resistance due to abrasion by reducing raveling,
 reduce bleeding issues,
 improve aging or oxidation resistance,
 improve pavement durability results in reduction of life cycle costs of pavement
 reduce the layer thickness of pavement, and
 develop the overall performance of HMA pavement.

4.2 Polymer Additives

4.2.1 Elastomers

The most common polymer additives are styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer, SBR, and EVA
(Yildirim, 2007; Rahi et al., 2014). Polymers are macromolecules made by smaller molecules to
form long chains. The sequence and chemical structure of the monomers determines the physical
properties of the resulting polymer. Figure 7 shows illustration of the physical look of some
elastomeric polymers and Table 2 summarizes some major findings from the study on these
polymers.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 7: Illustrations of (a) SBS (Adapted from “SBS block copolymer,” 2017) ; (b) SBR
(Adapted from “SBR copolymer,” 2014) ; (c) EVA (Adapted from “EVA-resin,” n.d.) ; and (d)
Elvaloy (Adapted from "Farooq," 2018)

Table 2: Effect of elastomer on asphalt performance

Author Study Additives used Test method Major findings
objectives (Trade name of used
additives, company
name, chemical
compositions, dose
rate, key information
related to material
properties)
Yildirim, Investigating  Styrene–  Elastic  SBS modified binders
2007 the butadiene– recovery test have been found to

Page 13 of 38
 temperature styrene (SBS) perform better at low
susceptibility  Styrene– temperatures.
of polymer butadiene rubber  Elvaloy increases
modified (SBR) pavement moisture
asphalt  Elvaloy resistance.
binders.  Rubber  Polymer modified
 Ethylene vinyl binders have had proven
acetate (EVA) success in the field and
 Polyethylene the laboratory.
Mcdaniel, Incorporating  PAC  Field test  The Novophalt binder
Shah, the asphalt  Novophalt  Laboratory increased the brittleness
Transportatio additives to  Multigrade test of the binder and
n, Lafayette, control asphalt cement mixture, leading to
& Report, rutting and  Polyester fiber extensive cracking.
2003 cracking.  Neoprene  The SBR, PAC and
 SBR Asphalt Rubber sections
 Asphalt rubber exhibited the least
 Two control cracking and good
sections using rutting performance.
AC-20
Gorkem & Predicting  Hydrated lime  The  Mixtures prepared with
Sengoz, 2009 stripping and  Plastomeric and Nicholson SBS and EVA PMB
moisture- elastomeric type stripping test display reduced moisture
induced polymers (3%) (ASTM D susceptibility.
damage of 1664)  The mixtures prepared
asphalt  Modified with basalt–limestone
concrete Lottman test aggregate exhibit more
prepared with (AASHTO moisture susceptibility
polymer- T283) than the mixture
modified prepared with limestone
bitumen and aggregate.
hydrated
lime.
Guan, Li, Investigating  ZQ-1 additive is  Lab: High  High asphalt content
Zhang, & Li, the use of used to design temperature resulting in high
2012 ZQ-1 high rutting performance, workability, water
additive to resistance water resistance, and
make new asphalt sensitivity, durability.
high rutting mixtures. low  High additive content
asphalt  Composition of temperature and hard asphalt
mixture for ZQ-1, Polymer, performance, resulting in high rutting
heavy traffic cellulose, sensitivity resistance.
Ethylene vinyl analysis.  Hard aggregate resulting
acetate  Field: in high skidding
copolymer, Compaction, resistance.
Styrene- rutting
butadiene resistance
rubber, and skidding
Functional agent resistance
and Antioxidant test.

Page 14 of 38
 agent.
Fernandes, Replacing of  Bitumen (35/50)  Fourier  B35/50 & Motor Oil &
Peralta, bitumen with with 10% waste infrared SBS PG64-22 & cryo
Oliveira, waste motor motor oil and spectra and MBO both are active in
Williams, & 5% (SBS) as an dynamic rutting resistance.
oil and
Silva, 2017 elastomer shear  New mixture with waste
elastomer
modifier. rheology motor oil and SBS
modifiers for  (B35/50)  Water performs better than the
improving supplied by sensitivity conventional mixture
asphalt Cepsa Portugal  Fatigue B35/50.
mixture (located in cracking
Performance. Matosinhos, resistance
Portugal);  Dynamic
 SBS elastomer, modulus
supplied by  Rut
Indústrias resistance
Invicta S.A. performance
(located in was
Porto, Portugal) evaluated.
(MotorOil) from
heavy vehicles
supplied by
Correia &
Correia (located
in Sertã,
Portugal)
Ahmedzade, Investigating  Styrene  Penetration,  SBS and Entira_Bond 8
2013 and butadiene  Softening polymers improve elastic
comparing styrene (SBS) point, properties and rutting
the effects of and SBS with  Fraas resistance of bitumen.
SBS and SBS new reactive breaking  SBS and Entira_Bond 8
with new terpolymer point as well polymers reduce
reactive (Entira_Bond 8) as rotational temperature
terpolymer (1%). viscometer susceptibility of bitumen
on the  The SBS (RV), which allows increasing
rheological polymer used  Dynamic the stiffness of the
properties of was Kraton D- shear binder at high
bitumen 1101 supplied rheometer temperature to reduce
by the Shell (DSR), and rutting.
Chemicals  Bending
Company. beam
rheometer
(BBR) test
methods.

4.2.2 Plastomers

Plastomers are also popularly called “polyethylene”. Low-density polyethylene LDPE, high-
density polyethylene (HDPE), and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) are the most common
Page 15 of 38
plastics (Daly, 2017). Other polyolefins employed include polypropylene and ethylene-propylene
copolymer, and EVA copolymer. The most recent studies on using plastomers are mentioned here
in Table 3. And Fig. 8 shows some of these plastomers.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 8: Illustrations of (a) LDPE (Adapted from “Low Density Polyethylene,” n.d.); (b)
HDPE (Adapted from “HDPE-granule,” n.d.) ; (c) LLDPE (Adapted from “LLDPE granules,”
n.d.)
Table 3: Effect of plastomer on asphalt performance
Author Study objectives Additives used Test method Major findings
(Trade name of used
additives, company
name, chemical
compositions, dose
rate, key
information related
to material
properties)
Md. Yusoff, Investigating the  Nano clay  Indirect tensile  The addition of
Ibrahim, moisture  2 and 4% by test. polymer appears to
Memon, & damage on weight of result in the greatest
Othman, 2017 asphalt mixtures bitumen potential benefit
modified with polymer amongst the
additives and modified modified binders and
polymer. bitumen least susceptible to
(PG76) moisture damage.
 Hydrated lime
 Cement.
Toraldo & Evaluating the  (3%, 6% and  Comparative  EVA and LDPE
Mariani, 2014 effects of 9% by weight investigation exhibit the best
polymer of bitumen) of simulative performance in
additives on ethyl-vinyl- mechanical terms of Rut Depth
bituminous acetate (EVA) tests. and Wheel Tracking
mixtures.  low density Slope, EVA-9%
polyethylene shows the best

Page 16 of 38
 (LDPE) result.
polymers.
Ahmedzade & Investigating the  AC-10, AC-5  Marshall  AC-10 with 0.75%
Yilmaz, 2008 effect of and AC-10 stability and PR binder has better
polyester resin with 0.75% flow physical properties
additive on the Polyester Resin  Indirect tensile than AC-5 control
properties of (PR). stiffness asphalt binder.
asphalt binders modulus  PR has an effect on
and mixtures. (ITSM) improving a
 Indirect tensile mixture’s resistance
strength (ITS) to moisture damage
 Creep stiffness and strength
test properties.
Punith, Characterizing  Reclaimed  Dynamic  The rutting potential
Veeraragavan, the behavior of polyethylene creep test and temperature
& asphalt concrete (PE) 2.5, 5.0, (unconfined) susceptibility can be
Amirkhanian, mixtures with 7.5, and 10%  Indirect tensile reduced by the
2011 reclaimed by weight of test inclusion of PE in
polyethylene as asphalt were  Resilient the asphalt mixture.
additive. blended with modulus test  A PE content of 5%
80/100 paving  Hamburg by weight of asphalt
grade asphalt. wheel track is recommended for
tests. the improvement of
the performance of
asphalt concrete
mixtures.
Shen, Earnest, Observe the  Polyethylene  Mixture  The wet process
& Xie, 2016 high- terephthalate performance mixture exhibited
temperature (PET)- tests better rutting
properties of modified HMA  Hamburg test resistance and a
recycled cements.  Indirect tensile higher tensile
polyethylene  Both wet and strength test strength ratio (TSR)
terephthalate dry process  Asphalt than the control.
(pet) modified mixtures mixture  The dry process
asphalt binders. contained 10% performance mixture exhibited
PET by weight tester better resistance to
of the base (AMPT). permanent moisture
asphalt. damage.
Baghaee Investigating the  Polyethylene  In the first  PET modified
Moghaddam, rutting terephthalate, step, bulk asphalt mixture had
Soltani, & performance of PET (0%, specific different rutting
Karim, 2014 polyethylene 0.1%, 0.2%, gravity test, behavior under static
terephthalate 0.3%, 0.4%, Marshall test, and dynamic
modified asphalt 0.5%, 0.6%, indirect tensile loadings.
mixtures under 0.7%, 0.8%, stiffness  Using PET might
static and 0.9% and 1% modulus test superior
dynamic loads. by weight of and indirect modification for the
mixed tensile pavements facing
aggregates) strength test. dynamic loadings
 In the second than under static

Page 17 of 38
 step, loading.
permanent  Marshall, stiffness
deformation of and strength tests
PET modified which previously
asphalt were used cannot be
mixtures were appropriate criteria
assessed under to evaluate the
static and rutting resistance of
dynamic PET modified
loads. asphalt mixture.

Moghadas Evaluating the  High-density  Indirect tensile  Asphalt mixtures

Nejad, effect of HDPE polyethylene strength (ITS) with HDPE have
Azarhoosh, & as an anti- (HDPE).  Dynamic less rutting potential
Hamedi, 2014 stripping agent creep test. in both dry and wet
on the moisture conditions.
damage of
HMA.
Attaelmanan, Evaluating of  High density  Marshall  HDPE content of 5%
Feng, & Ai, HMA with high polyethylene Stability by weight of asphalt
2011 density (HDPE)  Marshall is recommended as it
polyethylene as blended with Quotient reduces the moisture
a modifier 80/100 paving (MQ) susceptibility and
grade asphalt.  Tensile temperature
strength ratio susceptibility.
 Flexural
strength and
resilient
modulus.
Gawande, Improving  Plastic waste  Aggregated  The use of modified
Zamare, desired (dry process < impact value bitumen with 5-10%
Renge, Tayde, mechanical 2%) (wet-  Los Angel’s waste plastic by
& Bharsakale, process 6-8%) abrasion test weight of bitumen
characteristics
2012
for particular  Marshall helps in improving
stability the Marshall
road mix by
 Softening stability, strength,
partial point test fatigue life and other
replacement of  Penetration desirable properties
waste plastic index test of bituminous
 Ductility concrete mix.
index test
 Softening
point test
 Flash and fire
point test.

Page 18 of 38
4.2.3 Crumb Rubber (GTR)

Currently, only two states mandate the use of GTR. One way to solve this disposal problem is by
grinding or breaking tire rubber into small crumb-like particles to be used in HMA pavements.
This crumb rubber material, also known as a crumb rubber modifier (CRM), can be blended with
HMA mixtures by either a wet process or a dry process (Lo Presti & Airey, 2013). Some of the
most recent efforts to use crumb rubber are summarized here in Table 4. And Fig. 9 represents
different mesh sizes of rubber.

Figure 9: Illustrations of crumb rubber. (Adapted from “Crumb Rubber (GTR),” 2013)
Table 4: Crumb rubber’s performance
Author Study Additives used Test method Major findings
objectives (Trade name of used
additives, company
name, chemical
compositions, dose
rate, key
information related
to material
properties)
Moreno- Improving  Acrylic fibers,  Marshall tests, water  The presence
Navarro, the AF-0.3%, and sensitivity tests of acrylic fiber
Sol- mechanical crumb rubber. (including freeze/thaw and crumb
Sánchez, behavior of cycles), rubber increase
Rubio- high  CR-1.5% were the resistance
Gámez, & modulus used to modify  Wheel tracking tests, to plastic
Segarra- asphalt the mechanical deformations
Martínez, mixes by properties of  Creep triaxial tests (at and also
2014 using an HMAM different temperatures), reduces their
Acrylic manufactured temperature
fibers and with a  Stiffness tests (at susceptibility.
crumb conventional different temperatures),
high modulus and
bitumen
B20/30.  Fatigue four-point
bending tests.

Page 19 of 38
 Kim, Evaluating  SBS modified  Dynamic shear  Rubberized
Mazumder, the binder was rheometer (DSR), PMA binders
Lee, & performance used as a base showed better
Lee, 2019 of polymer binder (PG 76-  Bending beam rheometer rutting
modified 22), (BBR), and resistance with
asphalt the increase of
(PMA)  Crumb rubber  Multiple stress creep GTR.
binders (5% and 10% recovery (MSCR) test.
containing by weight of  PMA binder
ground tire the base containing 10%
rubber binder) treated rubber
(GTR) exhibited the
 Normal tire best low
rubber & temperature
treated tired cracking
rubber resistance.

4.3 Other Nonbituminous Modifiers

4.3.1 Antioxidants

The use of an antioxidant as a performance enhancer in an asphalt binder could delay aging and
thus increase the life of an asphalt pavement. A significant reduction in asphalt mixture cracking
resistance has been observed through asphalt aging and cracking susceptibility was lower through
antioxidant use (Apeagyei, Buttlar, & Dempsey, 2008). Table 5 represents some of the most recent
efforts to use antioxidants. And Fig. 10 represents the physical look of an antioxidant.

Figure 10: Illustrations of bentonite. (Adapted from “Bentonite Rheological Additive,” n.d.)

Table 5: Reviews on antioxidants

Author Study Additives used Test method Major findings
objectives (Trade name of used
additives, company
name, chemical
compositions, dose

Page 20 of 38
 rate, key information
related to material
properties)
Ziari, Evaluating the  Bitumen modified  Conventional  More stiff
Babagoli, fatigue and with bentonite (10%, tests bitumen in
& Akbari, rutting 15%, 20%, 25% and (penetration, comparison with
2015 performance 30% by weight of softening point pure bitumen
of hot mix bitumen) obtained and ductility) that results in
asphalt (HMA) from Dorin-e kashan  Performance lower
mixtures company. tests, such as penetration
prepared by Marshall degree,
bentonite- stability, ductility and PI.
modified resilient Increase
bitumen modulus, viscosity.
dynamic creep  Marshall
and wheel track stability is higher
tests. and the flow
 Four-point does not follow
bending test in any particular
strain-controlled trend.
mode.  Better rutting
resistance and
fatigue life.
Guan et Investigating  Anti-rutting  High  High asphalt
al., 2012 the use of ZQ- additives can temperature content resulting
1 additive to improve rutting performance in high
make new high performance. ZQ-1  Water workability,
rutting asphalt additive is used to sensitivity water resistance,
mixture for design high rutting  Low and durability.
heavy traffic resistance asphalt temperature  High additive
mixtures. performance, content and hard
 The properties and  Sensitivity asphalt resulting
composition of ZQ- analysis of in high rutting
1 are Polymer, material resistance.
cellulose, Ethylene  Composition
vinyl acetate compaction
copolymer, Styrene-  Rutting
butadiene rubber, resistance
Functional agent and  Skidding
Antioxidant agent. resistance test.

4.3.2 Antistripping Agents

Antistripping agents are used to minimize or eliminate stripping of asphalt cement from the
aggregate in HMA mixtures. Both liquid antistripping additives and lime additives are used to
resist stripping (Daly, 2017). Many antistripping agents have been used in asphalt mixtures in the
past, including amido amines, imidazolines, polyamines, hydrated lime, organo-metallics, and

Page 21 of 38
acids (Daly, 2017). Figure 11 shows an illustration of the physical look of an antistripping agent
and Table 6 summarizes some major findings from the recent study on antistripping agents.

Figure 11: Illustrations of hydrated lime (Adapted from “Hydrated-lime,” 2015)

Table 6: Effect of antistripping agents on asphalt performance

Author Study Additives used Test method Major findings
objectives (Trade name of used
additives, company
name, chemical
compositions, dose
rate, key information
related to material
properties)
Mitchell, Evaluating the  Hydrated lime and  Indirect tensile  The moisture
Hao, & Liu, long-term Portland cement test with Lottman susceptibility of
2006 effectiveness  Liquid moisture asphalt mixtures
of antistripping conditioning with liquid
antistripping agents AST-3 and  Retained antistripping
additives. PA-1 were used, Marshall stability agents decreases
added at the rate of test compared with
0.3 %.  Immersion water the hydrated
 80/100-penetration tracking test. lime modified
grade asphalt with asphalt.
asphalt content of  Portland-cement
4.8 %. treated asphalt
mixture has
shown improved
moisture
susceptibility.
Costa, Incorporating  Polyethylene  Laboratory tests  The use of
Silva, the waste (high-density (basic crumb rubber or
Oliveira, & plastic in HDPE and low- characterization) ABS that appear
Fernandes, asphalt density LDPE)  Dynamic to have good
2013 binders to  Ethylene-vinyl viscosity storage stability
improve their acetate (EVA)  Resilience and (in this case,
performance  Acrylonitrile– storage stability. crumb rubber
butadiene-styrene the better

Page 22 of 38
 in the (ABS) choice).
pavement.  Crumb rubber
Hamedi, Evaluating the  Nano-CaCO3 as an  The surface free  Nano-additive
Moghadas effects of antistriping energy (SFE) makes the
Nejad, & nanomaterials, additive method mixtures more
Oveisi, as a new  Modified resistant to
2015 antistrip Lottman test moisture
additive, on  Indirect tensile damage.
moisture strength (ITS)
damage of hot
mix asphalt
(HMA)

Das & Investigating  Regular sized  Superpave rutting  Both RHL and
Singh, 2019 the influence hydrated lime factor NHL filler can
of nano-size (RHL)  Static shear creep enhance high
hydrated lime  Nano-sized  High stress temperature
filler on hydrated lime Multi-stress creep rutting
rutting (NHL) recovery (MSCR) performance of
performance asphalt mastic.
of asphalt
mastic
Souliman, Evaluating the  Four Nevada  The Hveem mix  The use of
Piratheepan, impact of aggregate (two design method lime reduced the
Hajj, hydrated lime from the north and  Moisture damage dry TS of the
Sebaaly, & on the two from the by dynamic mixture and all
Sequeira, mechanical south) modulus test samples passed
2015 and  A polymer-  Permanent minimum TSR
mechanistic modified binder deformation from value.
performances PG64-28NV repeated load  The lime-treated
of typical hot (Paramount triaxial test mixtures had
mixed asphalt Petroleum  Fatigue resistance higher flexural
(HMA) Company) for the from flexural stiffness ratios
mixture. northern part and a beam fatigue test as compared
PG 76-22NV with the
(Ergon Asphalt untreated
Products) for the mixtures.
southern part of the  The addition of
state lime improved
 Dry hydrated lime the rutting
on wet aggregate resistance
(3% moisture
above the saturated
surface dry
condition) at the
rate of 1.5% by dry
weight of
aggregate.

Page 23 of 38
4.3.3 Polyphosphoric Acid

Polyphosphoric acid is known as PPA, which is a liquid mineral polymer additive used either by
itself or with other polymers. The increasing popularity of PPA has led to its use as a partial
replacement for polymer modification (Fee, Maldonado, Reinke, & Romagosa, 2010). Figure 12
shows an illustration of the physical appearance of polyphosphoric acid and Table 7 summarizes
some major findings from the recent study on this additive.

Figure 12: Illustrations of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (Adapted from “Polyphosphoric-acid-

ppa,” n.d.)

Table 7: Review on polyphosphoric acid

Author Study Additives used Test method Major findings
objectives (Trade name of additives, used
company name, chemical
compositions, dose
rate, key information related
to material properties)
By et Investigating  Liquid anti-strip (LAS)  Illinois modified  PPA and hydrated
al., the effects of (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, Lottman lime or PPA with
2014 various and 1.0%). AASHTO T283- SBS to better
asphalt  Styrene butadiene 02 test understand the
binder styrene (SBS), (1.5%  Lottman PPA contribution
additives on SBS was added to PG AASHTO T283- to the mix
moisture- 64-22). 02 test with five performance.
susceptible  Polyphosphoric acid FT cycles  LAS or hydrated
asphaltic (PPA), (1.25% PPA was  Wheel tracking lime can be
mixtures. added to PG 64-22) and test effective in
hydrated lime (0.5% to  Fracture test controlling
2%). using semi- asphaltic mixture
circular bend moisture damage.
(SCB) specimens

Page 24 of 38
4.3.4 Gilsonite

In tropical countries, roads built with asphalt layers must be made with bituminous mixtures
containing asphalt that is reasonably stiff, to increase resistance against rutting. Gilsonite modified
HMAs were prepared using either wet or dry processes. Gilsonite increases stiffness and improves
the performance grade of a virgin binder at high temperatures of service (Quintana, Noguera, &
Bonells, 2016). Table 8 shows some of the recent studies done on the gilsonite. Fig. 13 illustrates
the physical appearance of the gilsonite.

(a) (b)
Figure 13: Illustrations of gilsonite (Adapted from “Gilsonite - Natural Asphalt,”
2019)

Table 8: Reviews on gilsonite

Author Study objectives Additives used Test method Major findings
(Trade name of used
additives,
company name,
chemical
compositions,
dose
rate, key
information
related to material
properties)
Ameri, Evaluating the  4%, 8% and  Rotational  The addition of
Mansourian, temperature 12% Gilsonite viscosity (RV) test gilsonite to
Ashani, & susceptibility of on two types  Dynamic shear base bitumen
Yadollahi, the Iranian of asphalt rheometer (DSR) can cause
2011 Gilsonite as an binders PG58- test improvement
additive for 22 and PG64-  Bending beam in high
modification of 22. rheometer (BBR) performance
asphalt binders test temperature; it
used in pavement has no positive
construction. impact on low
performance
temperature.

Page 25 of 38
 Yilmaz & Investigating the  4.0% SBS,  Marshall stability  4.0%SBS
Yalcin, effects of styrene– 11.0% AG and flow shows the
2016 butadiene–styrene and 10.0% IG  Indirect tensile maximum
(SBS), American were used stiffness modulus resistance to
gilsonite (AG) and with respect  Wheel-tracking moisture-
Iranian gilsonite to bitumen test induced
(IG) usage in weight. damage.
bitumen  Hydrated lime  11.0%AG
modification, and was used as provide
hydrated lime filler in maximum
usage in mixture proportion of resistance on
modification on the 2% with the base of
performance of hot respect to wheel-tracking
mix asphalts aggregate test.
(HMAs) weight.
Babagoli, Investigating the  Gilsonite  Conventional test  Gilsonite
Hasaninia, benefits of for Marshall improves the
& modifying asphalt stability performance of
Mohammad and stone matrix  Indirect tensile SMA mixture.
Namazi, asphalt (SMA) strength
2015 mixtures in flexible  Moisture
pavement. susceptibility
 Resilient modulus
 Rutting resistance
test

4.3.5 ZycoTherm

ZycoTherm's nanotechnology improves the coating of asphalt binder on aggregates, ensures

consistent and higher compaction, and eliminates stripping, making for durable asphalt pavements
over the life of the pavement (Khodaii et al., 2014). Zyco-soil as a new anti-stripping agent is easy
to use, mixed with asphalt and reacts with inorganic gravels (Khodaii et al., 2014). It also increases
the hardness of the asphalt. Fig. 14 represents the physical appearance of Zycosoil. In this report
following researches on using ZycoTherm as asphalt binder modifier is presented in Table 9.

Figure 14: Illustrations of Zyco-soil (Adapted from “Zycosoil - Capillary Rise

Demonstration,” n.d.)

Page 26 of 38
 Table 9: Reviews on ZycoTherm
Author Study objectives Additives used Test method Major findings
(Trade name of used
additives, company
name, chemical
compositions, dose
rate, key information
related to material
properties)
Ameri, Evaluating the  Asphalt binder  Marshall  The mixtures with
Vamegh, moisture 60-70penetration stability Zycotherm and
Chavoshian susceptibility of grade Texas boiling hydrated lime had the
Naeni, & asphalt mixtures  Evonik and test highest resistance
Molayem, containing Zycotherm  Indirect against moisture
2018 Evonik, (0.3% and 0.1%) tensile damage and rutting
Zycotherm and  Hydrate lime (1 strength respectively.
hydrated lime. and 2%) (ITS)  Evonik showed
 Modified inferior performance
Lottman tests comparing to mixtures
 Resilient modified with
modulus test Zycotherm though it
 Dynamic was satisfactory.
creep test
Khodaii et Evaluating the  Zycosoil (1.5%  Surface free  Zycosoil decreases the
al., 2014 effect of and 1.2% by energy (SFE) difference between the
zycosoil on weight for method free energy of the
moisture limestone and  Laboratory adhesion of aggregate
damage of hot- granite dynamic asphalt binder in dry
mix asphalt aggregate) modulus test and wet conditions.
using the  The optimum  Coating of the
surface energy asphalt content aggregate surface with
method. with limestone Zycosoil decreases this
and granite difference and
aggregates were subsequently causes
found to be 5.6% the mixture to be more
and 5.1%, resistant to moisture
respectively. damage.

Behbahani, Evaluating the  Zycosoil (0%,  Stiffness  Zycosoil as an anti-

Ziari, performance 0.5%, 2.5% and modulus stripping agent can
Kamboozia, and moisture 4.5%)  Creep improve cohesion
Mansour sensitivity of  Glass particles compliance between aggregates
Khaki, & glasphalt (0 &10%)  Indirect and glass cullet.
Mirabdolazi mixtures (glasphalt tensile  4.5% zycosoil as anti-
mi, 2015 modified with mixtures) strength test stripping additive in
nano technology  One of these glasphalt samples can
zycosoil as an researches improve it’s moisture
anti-stripping showed that susceptibility.
additive. asphalt

Page 27 of 38
 pavements
containing 10%
crushed glass in
surface course
mixtures.
Arabani, Improving the  Zycosoil at three  Ductility  Zycosoil could
Tahami, & usage of CR contents of 1%,  Softening improve the moisture
Hamedi, using the dry 2.5% and 4% by point susceptibility than CR.
2018 process by weight of the  Penetration 2. 4%Zy + 1%CR,
modification of binder.  Rotational 2.5%Zy + 1%CR and
binder with  CR at three viscosity and 4%Zy + 3%CR were
nanomaterial contents of 1%,  DSR tests higher than control
namely 3% and 5% by  Moisture mixture.
Zycosoil. weight of susceptibility  3. 4%Zy + 3%CR,
aggregate  Indirect 2.5% Zy + 3%CR,
obtained from tensile 1%Zy + 3%CR, 4%Zy
Yazd Tire strength + 1%CR, 3%CR,
Company  Stiffness 2.5%Zy + 1%CR,
located at Yazd modulus 1%Zy + 1%CR,
in Iran. 1%CR had better
 Rutting
 60/70penetration resistance rutting performance.
grade obtained  Fatigue
from Isfahan
behavior
Mineral Oil
Refinery was
used.

4.3.6 Nanomaterials

Nano-scale materials show good performances on low-temperature cracking resistance and high-
temperature performance (Li et al., 2017). The properties of nanomaterials closely fulfill the
demands for present highway pavement. Thus researchers and engineers incorporated
nanotechnology into the fields of pavement materials, using nano-particles to modify asphalt.
Table 10 represents the most recent efforts to use the nanomaterial.

Table 10: Effect of nanomaterials on asphalt performance

Author Study objectives Additives used Test method Major findings
(Trade name of used
additives, company
name, chemical
compositions, dose
rate, key
information related
to material
properties)
Li et al., 2017 Developing the  Nano-carbon  Viscosity  The addition of nano-
nano materials  Nano-clay test clay, carbon fiber or
and technologies  Nano-fiber  Dynamic tube and spherical

Page 28 of 38
 on asphalt  Nano-TiO2 modulus particle (nano-ZnO,
materials.  Nano-SiO2.  Stiffness nano-SiO2, nano-
 Rut depth TiO2, and nano-
and CaCO3) significantly
 Indirect improved both the
tensile low-temperature
strength cracking resistance
test and high-temperature
performance.
 All of nano-SiO2,
nano-CaCO3, nano-
ZnO, and nano-clay
improve the moisture
resistance of asphalt
mixture. Among
them, nano-SiO2
exhibited the best.
Akbari & Investigating the  Nano-additives,  Indirect  Optimum NC and NL
Modarres, 2017 effect of NC and including tensile increase the adhesion
NL on the freeze- Nano-clay (NC) strength and durability against
thaw durability and Nano-lime (ITS) the Freeze-Thaw
of HMAs (NL).  Resilient cycle.
prepared by two  Limestone and modulus
different granite tests before
aggregate types, aggregates. and after
including  Nano additives one, three,
limestone and were blended and five
granite. with 60/70 freeze-thaw
bitumen at 3%, cycles.
6%, and 9% by  Surface
weight of free energy
bitumen. (SFE)
 Optimum NC concept
and NL as  Wilhelmy
equal to 3% and plate test
6%,
respectively.
Mansourian & Investigating the  Optimum NC  Indirect  NP not only improves
Gholamzadeh, effect of NP and NL as tensile the adhesion between
2017 (polypropylene/ equal to 3% and strength asphalt binder and
nanoclay) on the 6% test aggregate but also
moisture respectively.  Surface improves moisture
sensitivity of  Granite and free energy susceptibility.
HMA is limestone tests
evaluated in the  2% of  Wilhelmy
present study nanocomposite plate
(polypropylene/ methods
nanoclay) NP.

Page 29 of 38
 Nejad, Investigating the  Different types  Penetration  Nanoparticles caused
Tanzadeh, rutting properties of grade an increase in
Tanzadeh, & of the asphalt nanoparticles;  Ductility softening point,
Hamedi, 2016 mix after adding TiO2, Al2O3,  Softening ductility and flash
nanoparticles. Fe2O3, and point point and a decrease
ZnO.  Viscosity in penetration grade.
 Penetration
grade, ductility,
softening point
and viscosity.

4.3.7 Steel and Copper Slag

Steel slag is a residue formed by refining iron to steel. Steel slag has well-known good adhesion,
durability, and rutting resistance (Shafabakhsh & Ani, 2015). Copper slag is a derivative of copper
production that is mainly composed of heavy metals. A large amount of this material accumulated
around the world entails a serious environmental danger. Its use as a replacement of mineral
aggregate in asphalt mixtures would allow increasing the durability and resistance (Abdelfattah,
Al-Shamsi, & Al-Jabri, 2018). Fig. 15 shows illustration of the physical look of steel and copper
slag. And Table 11 summarizes some major findings from the recent study.

(a) (b)
Figure 15: Illustrations of (a) steel slag (Adapted from “Steel slag briquetting
machine,” n.d.); and (b) copper slag (Adapted from “Marco Abrasives-Copper
Slag,” n.d.)
Table 11: Reviews on steel and copper slag
Author Study Additives used Test method Major findings
objectives (Trade name of used
additives, company
name, chemical
compositions, dose
rate, key information
related to material
properties)
Shafabakhsh Investigating  Steel slag asphalt  Penetration  Nano TiO2 and
& Ani, 2015 the effect of mixture (SSAM) grade Nano SiO2 improve

Page 30 of 38
 Nano containing TiO2  Softening toughness and
TiO2/SiO2 and Nano SiO2 point, viscosity by an
modified particles.  Ductility average of 30% and
bitumen on the  Rotational 109%, respectively.
rutting and viscosity (RV)  The asphalt’s rutting
fatigue  Dynamic shear resistance and
performance rheometer fatigue life were
of asphalt (DSR) improved.
mixtures  Marshal test
containing  Repeated load
steel slag axial (RLA)
aggregates. test and fatigue
test
Abdelfattah Evaluating the  Limestone  The dynamic  The use of CS
et al., 2018 rutting aggregate modulus from reduced the dynamic
resistance of  60/70 binder MEPDG modulus |E*| values.
asphalt mixes  Copper slag performant  The results of the
containing  CS was used as a deformation rutting analysis
Copper Slag replacement of model. predicted by the
(CS) as a fine the 0–3mm size  Flow Number MEPDG permanent
aggregate with aggregate with a (FN) test deformation model
up to 40%, by percentage of 5, according to agreed with the
total aggregate 10, 15, 20, 30 and AASHTO relative values of
weight. 40%, by total TP79 resilient axial strain.
aggregate weight.

5 CONCLUSION
Asphalt pavement performance is largely dependent on asphalt binder properties to resist moisture-
induced cracking, raveling and to reduce rutting. The emergence of different asphalt additives and
modifiers has triggered attempts to obtain improved asphalt mixture to reduce life-cycle pavement
maintenance costs. This report summarizes the effects and properties of different additives and
modifiers. Based on the review, the following conclusions are drawn:
 Many studies in the literature show that asphalt additives and modifiers can improve the
rutting and moisture-induced damage resistance of the mixtures.
 The performance of rut resistant modifiers including ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA), acrylic
fiber, and gilsonite has been evaluated and they showed encouraging results. From our
review, we were not able to identify if the City of St. John’s has been using any of these
additives. And, these may be considered for further study in the experimental program of
this research project.
 For improving moisture resistance, performance of Ad-here, styrene-butadiene-styrene
copolymer, and hydrated lime were studied before. These were also in the current
specification of the City of St. John’s. In our experimental program, we may include to a
study of the current dose rate along with some new dose rates and new procedures to
enhance the overall performance of the mixture.
 During this review, it was found that many studies have been trying some new additives,

Page 31 of 38
 including different nanomaterials, ZychoTherm, and Zycosoil. These are also potential to
include in the experimental program.
 Based on the review, detailed information of a wide range of additives and modifiers is
summarized and presented in Table 12. The information include name of the products,
optimum dosage rate, name of suppliers and test methods that can be implemented to study
these products.

Table 12: Name, optimum dosage rate, and the name of the suppliers of the
selected additives
Asphalt Optimum dosage Name of the supplier Test methods
additives & rate
modifiers
Elasromer  AASHTO T 53: Standard
Method of Test for Softening
 SBS 4% by weight of Rogitex Inc. Point of Bitumen.
bitumen Quebec, H9R 1E3, Canada  AASHTO T 49: Standard
Method of Test for Penetration
 SBR (UP- 0.67% by weight The Miller Group of Bituminous Materials.
5000) of aggregate (Gormley)  AASHTO T 316: Standard
ON, L0H 1G0, Canada Method of Test for Viscosity
 EVA 7% by weight of Bamberger Polymer Corp. Determination of Asphalt
bitumen ON, L5N 1P7, Canada Binder Using Rotational
Viscometer.
 Elvaloy 3% by weight of Bamberger Polymer Corp.  ASTM D7490: Standard
bitumen ON, L5N 1P7, Canada Method of Test for Surface
Free Energy/Moisture
Plastomer Resistance Property using
Sessile Drop Device.
 HDPE 5% by weight of  AASHTO T 315: Standard
asphalt Method of Test for
Determining the Rheological
 LDPE 5 % by weight of Properties of Asphalt Binder
Bamberger Polymer Using a Dynamic Shear
asphalt
Rheometer (DSR) for Rutting
(Canada) Corp.
Parameter.
 LLDPE 6 and 9 % by ON, L5N 1P7, Canada.  AASHTO TP 70: Standard
weight of asphalt Method of Test for Multiple
Stress Creep Recovery
 PET 5 % by weight of (MSCR) Test of Asphalt
asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic
Shear Rheometer (DSR).
Acrylic fibers 0.3% by weight Tri-Art Manufacturing  AASHTO T 283: Standard
of asphalt ON, K7K 5B9, Canada Method of Test for Resistance
of Compacted Asphalt
Crumb rubber 5% and 10% by Crumb Rubber Mixtures to Moisture-Induced
weight of the Manufacturers Damage.
asphalt. Ontario, N3S7W4, Canada  AASHTO T324: Standard

Page 32 of 38
AD-here 0.5% by weight Road Science Method of Test for Hamburg
of asphalt Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA Wheel-Track Testing (Rutting
Test) of Compacted Hot Mix
Redicote C- 0.5% by weight Nouryon Asphalt.
2914 of asphalt Chicago, IL 60607-3823,  AASHTO T 342: Dynamic
USA (Complex) Modulus Test.
 AASHTO TP79: Repeated
Hydrated lime 2% by weight of Lafarge Canada Load Permanent Deformation
asphalt (Flow Number) Test.
ON, L4V 1S7, Canada
Gilsonite 11% by weight of Radiant Global Trading
asphalt Limited
Vancouver, BC, Canada.

ZycoTherm 4.5% by weight Aecon Materials

of aggregate Engineering
ON, L7C 3M6, Canada

Steel slag 50% by weight of Opta Minerals Inc.

aggregate ON, L0R 2H0, Canada

Copper slag 40% by weight of Opta Minerals Inc.

aggregate ON, L0R 2H0, Canada

Page 33 of 38
 Reference list
Abdelfattah, H. F. H., Al-Shamsi, K., & Al-Jabri, K. (2018). Evaluation of rutting potential for asphalt
concrete mixes containing copper slag. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 19(7), 630–
640. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1199875

Ahmedzade, P. (2013). The investigation and comparison effects of SBS and SBS with new reactive
terpolymer on the rheological properties of bitumen. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 285–
291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.090

Ahmedzade, P., & Yilmaz, M. (2008). Effect of polyester resin additive on the properties of asphalt
binders and mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 22(4), 481–486.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.11.015

Akbari, A., & Modarres, A. (2017). Effect of clay and lime nano-additives on the freeze–thaw durability
of hot mix asphalt. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(3), 646–669.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1182939

Ameri, M., Mansourian, A., Ashani, S. S., & Yadollahi, G. (2011). Technical study on the Iranian
Gilsonite as an additive for modification of asphalt binders used in pavement construction.
Construction and Building Materials, 25(3), 1379–1387.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.005

Ameri, M., Vamegh, M., Chavoshian Naeni, S. F., & Molayem, M. (2018). Moisture susceptibility
evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing Evonik, Zycotherm and hydrated lime. Construction and
Building Materials, 165, 958–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.113

Apeagyei, A. K., Buttlar, W. G., & Dempsey, B. J. (2008). Investigation of Cracking Behavior of
Antioxidant-Modified Asphalt Mixtures (With Discussion). Journal of the Association of Asphalt
Paving Technologists, 77(0270–2932), 517–548. Retrieved from
https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=890291

Arabani, M., Tahami, S. A., & Hamedi, G. H. (2018). Performance evaluation of dry process crumb
rubber-modified asphalt mixtures with nanomaterial. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 19(5),
1241–1258. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1302356

Attaelmanan, M., Feng, C. P., & Ai, A. H. (2011). Laboratory evaluation of HMA with high density
polyethylene as a modifier. Construction and Building Materials, 25(5), 2764–2770.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.037

Babagoli, R., Hasaninia, M., & Mohammad Namazi, N. (2015). Laboratory evaluation of the effect of
gilsonite on the performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures. Road Materials and Pavement
Design, 16(4), 889–906. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1042016

Baghaee Moghaddam, T., Soltani, M., & Karim, M. R. (2014). Experimental characterization of rutting
performance of Polyethylene Terephthalate modified asphalt mixtures under static and dynamic
loads. Construction and Building Materials, 65, 487–494.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.006

Behbahani, H., Ziari, H., Kamboozia, N., Mansour Khaki, A., & Mirabdolazimi, S. M. (2015). Evaluation
of performance and moisture sensitivity of glasphalt mixtures modified with nanotechnology
zycosoil as an anti-stripping additive. Construction and Building Materials, 78, 60–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.053

Page 34 of 38
Bentonite Rheological Additive. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://carhtech.en.made-in-
china.com/product/nSZQtVoOfhrd/China-RH-EO-Rheological-Additive-Bentonite-replace-
Bentone828-.html

By, P., Al-Qadi, I. L., Abuawad, I. M., Dhasmana, H., Coenen, A. R., & Trepanier, J. S. (2014). Effects of
Various Asphalt Binder Additives/Modifiers on Moisture-Susceptible Asphaltic Mixtures Illinois
Center for Transportation. (14).

City of St. John’s. (2016). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from http://www.stjohns.ca/visiting-our-
city/plan-your-visit/about-st-johns

Costa, L. M. B., Silva, H. M. R. D., Oliveira, J. R. M., & Fernandes, S. R. M. (2013). Incorporation of
waste plastic in asphalt binders to improve their performance in the pavement. International Journal
of Pavement Research and Technology, 6(4), 457–464.
https://doi.org/10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2013.6(4).457

Crumb Rubber (GTR). (2013). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from

https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2013/07/alternate-universe-americas-highways-are-paved-
rubber/6148/

Daly, W. H. (2017). Relationship Between Chemical Makeup of Binders and Engineering Performance.
https://doi.org/10.17226/24850

Das, A. K., & Singh, D. (2019). Influence of Nano size hydrated lime filler on rutting performance of
asphalt mastic. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 0(0), 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1660208

EVA-resin. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://5.imimg.com/data5/LS/LC/MY-

42162361/eva-resin-500x500.jpg

Farooq, U. (2018). Evaluation of rutting potential of polymer modified asphalt binder using multiple
stress creep and recovery method. Retrieved February 17, 2020, from Pak. J. Engg. Appl. Sci.
website:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323410905_Evaluation_of_rutting_potential_of_polymer_
modified_asphalt_binder_using_multiple_stress_creep_and_recovery_method

Fee, D., Maldonado, R., Reinke, G., & Romagosa, H. (2010). Polyphosphoric acid modification of
asphalt. Transportation Research Record, (2179), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.3141/2179-06

Fernandes, S., Peralta, J., Oliveira, J. R. M., Williams, R. C., & Silva, H. M. R. D. (2017). Improving
asphalt mixture performance by partially replacing bitumen with waste motor oil and elastomer
modifiers. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 7(8), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7080794

Gawande, A., Zamare, G., Renge, V. C., Tayde, S., & Bharsakale, G. (2012). An overview on waste
plastic utilization in asphalting of roads address for correspondence. Journal of Engineering
Research, III(II), 1–5.

Gilsonite - Natural Asphalt. (2019). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from

https://www.zeninternational.net/gilsonite/

Gorkem, C., & Sengoz, B. (2009). Predicting stripping and moisture induced damage of asphalt concrete
prepared with polymer modified bitumen and hydrated lime. Construction and Building Materials,
23(6), 2227–2236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.12.001

Page 35 of 38
Guan, Y., Li, H., Zhang, Z., & Li, X. (2012). A New High Rutting Resistance Asphalt Mixture for
Intersection Maintenance under Heavy Traffic. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 40(7), 20120126.
https://doi.org/10.1520/jte20120126

Hamedi, G. H., Moghadas Nejad, F., & Oveisi, K. (2015). Investigating the effects of using nanomaterials
on moisture damage of HMA. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 16(3), 536–552.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1020850

HDPE-granule. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://4.imimg.com/data4/CD/SV/MY-

2224081/virgin-hdpe-granule-500x500.jpg

Hydrated-lime. (2015). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://www.pestellminerals.com/wp-

content/uploads/2015/05/macro-minerals-hydrated-lime-spraylime.jpg

Khodaii, A., Khalifeh, V., Dehnad, M. H., & Hamedi, G. H. (2014). Evaluating the effect of zycosoil on
moisture damage of hot-mix asphalt using the surface energy method. Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, 26(2), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000819

Kim, H. H., Mazumder, M., Lee, M. S., & Lee, S. J. (2019). Evaluation of High-Performance Asphalt
Binders Modified with SBS, SIS, and GTR. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2035954

Li, R., Xiao, F., Amirkhanian, S., You, Z., & Huang, J. (2017). Developments of nano materials and
technologies on asphalt materials – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 143, 633–648.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.158

LLDPE granules. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://5.imimg.com/data5/GM/KJ/MY-

30027428/lldpe_virgin_plastic_granules-500x500.jpg

Lo Presti, D., & Airey, G. (2013). Tyre rubber-modified bitumens development: the effect of varying
processing conditions. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 14(4), 888–900.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.837837

Low Density Polyethylene. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://www.dow.com/en-
us/product-technology/pt-polyethylene/pg-polyethylene-ldpe.html

Mansourian, A., & Gholamzadeh, S. (2017). Moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt containing asphalt
binder modified with nanocomposite. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(6), 1434–1447.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1211961

Marco Abrasives | Copper Slag. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from
http://www.marco.us/abrasives/copper-slag

Mcdaniel, R., Shah, A., Transportation, J., Lafayette, W., & Report, F. (2003). Asphalt Additives to
Control Cracking and Rutting. 7(2). https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284313147.This

Md. Yusoff, N. I., Ibrahim, A. N. H., Memon, N. A., & Othman, A. (2017). The effects of moisture
damage on asphalt mixtures modified with additives and polymer. Jurnal Kejuruteraan, S(1), 3–8.
https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-s-01-01

Mitchell, D., Hao, P., & Liu, H. (2006). A Laboratory Study of the Effectiveness of Various Additives on
Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 34(4), 12715.
https://doi.org/10.1520/jte12715

Page 36 of 38
Moghadas Nejad, F., Azarhoosh, A., & Hamedi, G. H. (2014). Effect of high density polyethylene on the
fatigue and rutting performance of hot mix asphalt - a laboratory study. Road Materials and
Pavement Design, 15(3), 746–756. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.876443

Moreno-Navarro, F., Sol-Sánchez, M., Rubio-Gámez, M. C., & Segarra-Martínez, M. (2014). The use of
additives for the improvement of the mechanical behavior of high modulus asphalt mixes.
Construction and Building Materials, 70, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.115

Mund, D. J., Adams, R. C., & Marano, K. M. (2009). A historical review of additives and modifiers used
in paving asphalt refining processes in the united states. Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Hygiene, 6(11), 705–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620903248994

Nejad, F. M., Tanzadeh, R., Tanzadeh, J., & Hamedi, G. H. (2016). Investigating the effect of
nanoparticles on the rutting behaviour of hot-mix asphalt. International Journal of Pavement
Engineering, 17(4), 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2014.993194

Polyphosphoric-acid-ppa. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from

https://tiimg.tistatic.com/fp/1/005/129/105-polyphosphoric-acid-ppa-cas-no-8017-16-1-233.jpg

Punith, V. S., Veeraragavan, A., & Amirkhanian, S. N. (2011). Evaluation of reclaimed polyethylene
modified asphalt concrete mixtures. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology,
4(1), 1–10.

Quintana, H. A. R., Noguera, J. A. H., & Bonells, C. F. U. (2016). Behavior of Gilsonite-Modified Hot
Mix Asphalt by Wet and Dry Processes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(2),
04015114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001339

Rahi, M., Fini, E. H., Asce, M., Hajikarimi, ; Pouria, & Nejad, F. M. (2014). Rutting Characteristics of
Styrene-Ethylene/ Propylene-Styrene Polymer Modified Asphalt.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001102

Roberts, F. L., Kandhal, P. S., Brown, E. R., Lee, D.-Y., & Kennedy, T. W. (1996). Hot mix asphat
materials, mixture design and construction. Second eddition.

SBR copolymer. (2014). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from http://www.plastcor.org/wp-

content/uploads/2014/12/SBR-bale.jpg

SBS block copolymer. (2017). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from

https://becmaterials.wordpress.com/2017/06/07/sbs-rubber-t6302h-styrene-butadiene-styrene-block-
copolymer-materials/

Shafabakhsh, G. H., & Ani, O. J. (2015). Experimental investigation of effect of Nano TiO2/SiO2
modified bitumen on the rutting and fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures containing steel slag
aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 98, 692–702.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.083

Shen, J., Earnest, M., & Xie, Z. (2016). High Temperature Properties of Recycled Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET) Modified Asphalt Binders. Retrieved from https://trid.trb.org/view/1393177

Souliman, M. I., Piratheepan, M., Hajj, E. Y., Sebaaly, P. E., & Sequeira, W. (2015). Impact of lime on
the mechanical and mechanistic performance of hot mixed asphalt mixtures. Road Materials and
Pavement Design, 16(2), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1017520

Steel slag briquetting machine. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from http://www.briquetting-

Page 37 of 38
 machine.com/news/Steel-slag-briquetting-machine-European.html

Toraldo, E., & Mariani, E. (2014). Effects of polymer additives on bituminous mixtures. Construction
and Building Materials, 65, 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.108

Yildirim, Y. (2007). Polymer modified asphalt binders. Construction and Building Materials, 21(1), 66–
72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.07.007

Yilmaz, M., & Yalcin, E. (2016). The effects of using different bitumen modifiers and hydrated lime
together on the properties of hot mix asphalts. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 17(2), 499–
511. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1091376

Ziari, H., Babagoli, R., & Akbari, A. (2015). Investigation of fatigue and rutting performance of hot mix
asphalt mixtures prepared by bentonite-modified bitumen. Road Materials and Pavement Design,
16(1), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2014.982156

Zycosoil - Capillary Rise Demonstration. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_5qxf1uxlM

Page 38 of 38

View publication stats