Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Report Assignment on
Seismic Design Code II
Part 1: History of Algerian Seismic Regulations
Part 2: Comparison of Algerian Seismic Design Code with Japanese and
European Seismic design codes
Submited by
Rafik TALEB
Supervised by
Prof. S. SUGANO
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 2
2 HISTORY OF SEISMIC DESIGN REGULATION IN ALGERIA .................................................................... 2
3.1 AFTER THE 1716 ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE .......................................................................................................... 2
3.2 AFTER 1954 EL-ASNAM EARTHQUAKE.............................................................................................................. 3
3.3 AFTER 1980 EL-ASNAM EARTHQUAKE.............................................................................................................. 4
3.4 AFTER 2003 BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE ........................................................................................................... 5
3 COMPARISON OF RPA99 REV. 2003 WITH BSL AND EUROCODE 8 ........................................................ 6
3.1 SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR ...................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 GROUND MOTION ............................................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 SOIL CLASSIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................ 8
3.4 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM ............................................................................................................................ 9
3.5 IMPORTANCE FACTOR ...................................................................................................................................... 12
3.6 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR (BEHAVIOR FACTOR) ................................................................................. 14
3.7 APPROXIMATE FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD ............................................................................................................ 16
3.8 DESIGN BASE SHEAR COEFFICIENT ................................................................................................................... 18
3.9 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMIC FORCES .................................................................................................. 20
3.10 WEIGHT OF THE BUILDING ............................................................................................................................... 22
3.11 STORY DRIFT LIMIT .......................................................................................................................................... 23
3.12 LIMIT OF STRUCTURAL FACTORS IN RC BUILDINGS ......................................................................................... 23
3.13 IRREGULARITY FACTOR ................................................................................................................................... 25
3.14 TARGET PERFORMANCE ................................................................................................................................... 28
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................. 29
1
1 Introduction
In this report, an overview of the development of seismic design regulations in Algeria is presented.
In the second part, a comparison is made between Algerian seismic design code (RPA), Japan
seismic design code (BSL) and European code (Eurocode 8).
Several pathologies were recorded which were the main cause of the damage. The three main
pathologies (vulnerabilities) are listed in what follows:
The absence of links between the walls which caused their collapse;
The bad construction of masonries which was a direct cause to its destruction and the collapse;
The absence of anchoring of the floors to the load-bearing walls and the absence of their linkage
which contributed to the collapse of the higher floors.
Following that earthquake disaster, it is deferred that the authority of that time, in fact the “Dey”
(Governor of Algiers) imposed to the Algiers population a preventive construction measures. The
“Casbah” of Algiers built in 1520 by the Ottomans. Some of these structural countermeasures are
summarized as follows:
Use alternate crossing of wood logs to consolidate the angles of main walls and well connect
with partition walls. The links are realized every 50 cm in height with wood logs of about 2 m
long (Figure 1).
Floor is built by superposition of two layers of wood logs inserted in all width of bearing walls
(rigid diaphragm) (Figure 2).
Frontal balcony overhanging and supported by wood logs forming an angle with bearing-wall
(Figure 3).
2
Figure 1 – Wood logs to consolidate structural walls corners
3
Figure 4 - Seismic zone map adopted for Algeria in the "AS55"
In 1976 a study was launched with the collaboration of Stanford University to investigate the
seismic risk in Algeria, which was achieved two years later. The results of this investigation were
used as a basis for the development of the first version of the actual code. In 1978, a macrozonation
map and a preliminary version of the Algerian seismic regulations were established inspiring from
the American code (UBC 73/76). The seismic forces are calculated based on equivalent static
method.
Investigations of the damages induced indicated that the redesigned and constructed buildings was
done without following the elementary rules of seismic resistant design and construction which had
been know for many years and some of which were contained in the seismic code specifications “AS
55”.
4
Figure 5 - Seismic zones in the RPA81, RPA81 Rev.83, RPA88 and RPA99
Edition of the first Algerian seismic regulations “RPA81”, which became “RPA81 Rev. 83”. The
“RPA81 Rev. 83” has been revised in 1988 (“RPA88”) and in 1999 (“RPA99”). The mains revised
features in the “RPA99” are:
The seismic zoning map is revised to include the recently affected area in zone III
Restriction on the number of stories for buildings with reinforced concrete frames and
recommends the use of concrete shear walls
Restrictions on open space at the ground floor level to avoid the soft story problem
5
3 Comparison of RPA99 Rev. 2003 with BSL and Eurocode 8
According to Algerian Seismic Design Code (RPA99 Rev. 2003), the Algerian territory is subdivided
into five (05) zones (Figure 6):
ZONE III
BOUMERDES
ALGER
ANNABA
SKIKDA
ZONE II b TIZI-OUZOU JIJEL EL TARF
BEJAIA
TIPAZA
BLIDA
ZONE II a CHLEF
AIN DEFLA MILA GUELMA
CONSTANTINE
MOSTAGANEM BOUIRA
ZONE I SETIF
B.B. ARRERIDJ SOUK AHRAS
MEDEA
Tunisie
ZONE 0 RELIZANE
ORAN
O.EL BOUAGUI
TISSEMSSILT
AIN TEMOUCHENT
MASCARA
BATNA
SIDI BELABES
M'SILA
TIARET TEBESSA
Maroc
KHENCHELLA
TLEMCEN DJELFA
SAIDA
BISKRA
NAAMA LAGHOUAT
EL BAYADH
El OUED
Adrar
According to the seismic zone and the Building Category, the Zone acceleration coefficients are
given in Table 1
Table 1 - Zone Acceleration Coefficient A
Zone
Category
I IIa IIb III
1A 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.40
1B 0.12 0.20 0.25 0.30
2 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
3 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.18
6
Figure 7 - Seismic zone factor (BSL)
7
Time history representation of the earthquake motion is allowed, but no details mentioned for the
selection of time history record. Hence, this representation is not used in the practice.
It is notable that Japan has adopted a system of design peer-review. The review is mandated for
special structures like highrise structures (defined as those not shorter than 60 m) and base-
isolated structures. In the peer-review, seismic hazard at the site is considered; site specific ground
motions are chosen; and nonlinear pushover and nonlinear time history analyses are carried out to
check whether or not the adopted structure satisfies the design criteria.
The ground motion can also represented by a “design ground displacement” corresponding to the
design ground acceleration.
As an alternative to represent the seismic action, Time-history can be used as well as Spatial model
of the seismic action when necessary (multi-support excitation)
S3 (soft site) Thick deposits of moderately dense gravel and sand or moderately stiff clay with
0.15 0.50
Vs 200m / s from a depth of 10 meters.
S4: (very soft Loose sands deposits with or without soft clay with Vs 200m / s within the 20 first 0.15 0.70
site)
meters. Soft to moderate stiff clay with Vs 200m / s within the 20 first meters.
8
Table 3 - Soil Classifications (BSL)
is available. Otherwise the value of SPT test should be used. The average shear wave velocity Vs ,30
should be computed in accordance with the following expression:
30
Vs ,30 N
hi
i 1 Vi
Table 4 - Ground types (EC8)
Parameters
Ground type Description of stratigraphic profile Vs ,30 N SPT cu (kPa)
9
T Q
1.25A1 2.5 1 0 T T1
T1 R
Q
2.51.25A T1 T T2
S a R
2/3
Q T2
2.51.25A
g
T2 T 3.0s
R T
2/3 5/3
2.51.25A T2 3 Q T 3.0s
3 T R
T
1.25 A1 2.5 1 0 T T1
T1
2.5 1.25 A T1 T T2
Se
2/3
T
g 2.5 1.25 A 2 T2 T 3.0s
T
2/3 5/3
2.5 1.25 A T2 3 T 3.0s
3 T
0 T Tc Rt 1
2
T
Tc T 2Tc Rt 1 0.2 1
Tc
T
T 2Tc Rt 1.6 c
T
Where the period Tc is determined according to the soil type and is equal to 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 sec for
soil types 1, 2 and 3, respectively (Table 3).
For moderate earthquakes, the ordinates of the elastic spectra Rt are multiplied by CO 0.2 .
10
Where,
a gR is the reference peak ground acceleration for ground type A (established in the national
annexes on the basis of the seismic risk maps). With reference to ordinary buildings, a gR equal to
0.40g, and equal to 5% viscous damping.
Elastic spectra corresponding to moderate earthquakes are obtained by multiplying the ordinates of
the reference spectra by a reduction factor . The values to be ascribed to for use in a country
may be found in its National Annex. The recommended values of are 0.4 for importance classes
III and IV and = 0.5 for importance classes I and II.
Figure 9 and figure 10 shows a comparison of reference elastic response spectrum for level 1 and
level 2 design. It should be noted that Algerian seismic design does not consider level 1 design.
A big deference in acceleration level is observed for level 1 design between BSL and EC8 which can
be explained by ductility permission for EC8 even for level 1 design.
11
Reference elastic response spectrum
EC8 (Soil A)
1.40 EC8 (Soil B)
BSL (Hard soil)
RPA (Soil S1)
1.20
RPA (Soil S2)
1.00
0.80
Se/g
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
P e r i o d ( se c )
Figure 9 – Comparison of reference elastic spectra of the RPA, BSL and EC8 (Level 2)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Period (sec)
Figure 10 – Comparison of reference elastic spectra of the BSL and EC8 (Level 1)
The degree of safety for each type of structure, required by the code, varies according to the type of
building occupancy. Three return periods, 500, 100 and 50 years are assigned to structures in the
following categories.
12
Table 6 - Building Category in the RPA99 Rev. 2003
Group Constructions
Vital Construction
Vital constructions should stay operational after major earthquake for the needs of the region, the public safety and
the national defense, that is;
- buildings housing strategic decision making centers
- building housing staff and equipment for rescue and/ or national defense having an operational role such as civil
1A defense centers, police or military barracks, parking lots for emergency and rescue equipment and vehicles
- public health department buildings such as hospitals and centers equipped with emergency and surgical services
- public communication department buildings such as centers for telecommunication, broadcasting and reception of
information (radio and television), radio relays, airport and air traffic control
- drinking water production and storage facilities of vital importance
- historical and cultural public buildings of national importance
- energy production and distribution facilities of national importance
- administrative or any other buildings that should stay operational in case of an earthquake occurrence
Construction of high importance
Public buildings of national importance or having a great social, cultural and economical importance
- library or depository buildings of regional importance, museum, etc.
- health department buildings other than those in group 1A
- energy production or distribution facilities other than those in group 1A
- water towers and water tanks with high to moderate importance
Current constructions or those of moderate importance
13
3.6 Response modification factor (behavior factor)
14
3.6.3 European Seismic Design Code (Eurocode 8)
In EC8, earthquake-resistant structures are classified in three structural ductility classes with
reference to the available ductility of their members: low (DCL), medium (DCM) and high (DCH).
In addition, two different approaches may be used in design. According to the first approach, the
expected structural behavior is low in energy dissipation. The design internal forces are evaluated
by means of elastic analysis, the structure may belong to the low ductility class (DCL), and a q-
value greater than 1.5 is not allowed. A q-value equal to 1.5 takes into account the overstrength of
the structure and, therefore, the expected behavior is elastic. The second approach takes into
account the capability of the structure to resist the earthquake through the inelastic behavior of its
members. In this case the structure has to belong to the DCM or DCH ductility classes and q-
values greater than 1.5 are allowed.
Earthquake resistant buildings shall be designed in accordance with one of the following concepts
(Table 10):
The upper limit of reference values of b behavior factors for systems regular in elevation are given
in Table 11 .
Table 11 - Upper limit of reference values of behavior factors for systems regular in elevation (EC8)
STRUCTURAL TYPE Ductility Class
DCM DCH
a) Moment resisting frames 4 5 u / 1
b) Frame with concentric bracings
Diagonal bracings 4 4
V-bracings 2 2.5
c) Frame with eccentric bracings 4 5 u / 1
d) Inverted pendulum 2 2 u / 1
e) Structures with concrete cores or concrete walls See section 5
f) Moment resisting frame with concentric bracing 4 5 u / 1
g) Moment resisting frames with infill 2
Unconnected concrete or masonry infills, in contact with the frame 2
Connected reinforced concrete infills See section 7
Infills isolated from moment frame (see moment frames) 4 5 u / 1
If the building is non-regular in elevation, the upper limit values of q listed in Table 11 should be
reduced by 20 %.
15
1 is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied in order to first reach
the plastic resistance in any member in the structure, while all other design actions remain
constant;
u is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied, in order to form plastic
hinges in a number of sections sufficient for the development of overall structural instability,
while all other design actions remain constant. The factor u may be obtained from a nonlinear
static (pushover) global analysis.
Where,
hN : height measured in meters from the basis of the structure to the top of last level.
CT coefficient, function of the lateral force resisting system and of the type of infill (Table 12)
Table 12 - Values of the coefficient CT (RPA 99 Rev. 2003)
Case Resisting System CT
1 Steel Moment Resisting frames without infill masonry 0.085
2 Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting frames without infill masonry 0.075
3 Steel or Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting frames with infill masonry 0.050
4 Partially or totally RC Shear walls, Braced Frames and Masonry Walls 0.050
Where,
D is the dimension of the building measured at its basis in the direction of calculation. In this case
the smaller value between the values given by the two formulas is considered.
The values of T , calculated using numerical or analytical methods must not exceed those
estimated by appropriate empirical formula of more than 30%.
T 0.02 0.01 H
ratio of total height of stories to the total building (for steel building only).
16
3.7.3 European Seismic Design Code (Eurocode 8)
For the determination of the fundamental period of vibration period T1 of the building, expressions
based on methods of structural dynamics (for example the Rayleigh method) may be used.
For buildings with heights of up to 40 m the value of T1 (in sec) may be approximated by the
following expression:
3
T1 Ct H 4
Where,
H is the height of the building, in m, from the foundation or from the top of a rigid basement.
CT coefficient, function of the lateral force resisting system and of the type of infill (Table 13)
Table 13 - Values of the coefficient CT (EC8)
Case Resisting System CT
1 Steel Moment Resisting space frames 0.085
2 Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting spaces frames and eccentrically braced steel frames 0.075
3 All other structures 0.050
Alternatively, for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls the value CT in expression may
be calculated as follow:
Ct 0.075 AC
AC Ai .0.2 lwi H
2
Ac is the total effective area of the shear walls in the first storey of the building, in m2;
Ai is the effective cross-sectional area of the shear wall i in the first storey of the building, in m2;
lwi is the length of the shear wall i in the first storey in the direction parallel to the applied forces,
in m, with the restriction that lwi / H should not exceed 0,9.
4.0
BSL
3.5 EC8-RPA (Ct=0.085)
EC8-RPA (Ct=0.075)
EC8-RPA (Ct=0.050)
3.0
2.5
Period (sec)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Height (m)
17
3.8 Design base shear coefficient
The total seismic load V, applied to the base of the structure, must be calculated successively in two
orthogonal and horizontal directions, according to the following formula:
ADQ
V W
R
Hence, the base shear coefficient is:
ADQ
C
R
Where,
2.5 0 T T2
D 2.5 T2 T 3
2
T2 T 3.0s
2.5 T2 3.03 3.0 T 3
2 5
T 3.0s
Pq Penalty to be applied depending on whether the criteria of quality are satisfied or not (Table 14)
Table 14 - Values of Penalties Pq
Pq
Criteria Q
Observed not observed
1. Minimal conditions on bracing lines 0 0.05
2. Redundancy in plan 0 0.05
3. Regularity in plan 0 0.05
4. Regularity in elevation 0 0.05
5. Control of material quality 0 0.05
6. Control of construction quality 0 0.10
18
3.8.2 Japan Seismic Design Code (BSL)
Level 2 seismic forces are stipulated by a distribution of the minimum required story shear
strength as follows:
2Vi 2 Ci .W j
j 1
2 Ci Z .Rt . Ai .2 C0
Vun,i is the required strength,
Ds ,i is the structural characteristic factor (conceptually, the inverse of the behavior factor q )
Fes ,i is the shape factor set according to the distribution of the story stiffness and eccentricity of the
plan.
A specified subscript “i” indicates that the quantity is referred to the i -th story.
w j is the weight evaluated for the seismic design situation at the jth floor,
Rt is the ordinate of the response spectrum corresponding to the fundamental period of the building
2 CO is the standard shear coefficient for the Level 2 seismic force equal to 1.0.
The distribution factor Ai , which takes into account the higher mode effects, is given as a function
of fundamental period of the structure, such that:
1 2T1
Ai 1 i
1 3T1
i
N w
i j
j i W
Where,
1 Ci Z .Rt . Ai .1 C0
where
19
1 Ci is the Level 1 story shear coefficient at the ith story
1 CO is the shear coefficient for the Level 1 seismic force equal to 0.2, taken as one-fifth the Level 2
shear coefficient 2 CO .
The seismic design base shear V1 due to the reference seismic forces is given by,
V1 Sd m
Where,
m is the total mass of the building estimated by taking into account the presence of the dead
gravity load and a fraction of the live gravity load
S d is the ordinate of the design spectrum corresponding to the fundamental period of the building
The design spectrum S d is obtained by reducing the ordinates of the reference elastic spectrum by
means of the behavior factor q , which allows for the ductility expected for the structural system.
Where,
Ft force at the top of the building allows taking into account the influence of the high vibration
modes of the structure.
Fi
V Ft Whi
n
W h
j 1
j j
For a ten-story building with uniform mass distribution, the distributions along the height of the
shear strength required by EC8 and BCJ have been evaluated. Comparison is presented in Fig. 4
for two values of the fundamental period (T1 = 0.5 and 2.0 s). The abscissa is the required story
strength normalized with respect to the base shear
zi mi
Fi V1 N
z m
j 1
j j
Where,
10 10
EC8/RPA EC8/RPA
BCJ BCJ
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
story
story
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Vi/Vbase Vi/Vbase
21
For a ten-story building with uniform mass distribution, the distributions along the height of the
shear strength required by RPA, BSL and EC8 have been evaluated. Comparison is presented in
Figure 12 for two values of the fundamental period (T = 0.5s and 2.0 s). The abscissa is the required
story strength normalized with respect to the base shear. A very close distribution is observed.
W WGi .WQi
n
i 1
: Weighting coefficient depending on the nature and the duration of the live load (Table 15)
Table 15 - Weighting Coefficient β depending on Nature and Duration of Live Load
G k, j "" E ,i .Qk ,i
Where,
E,i is the combination coefficient for variable action Qk ,i . The combination coefficients E,i take
into account the likelihood of the Qk , i loads not being present over the entire structure during the
earthquake. These coefficients may also account for a reduced participation of masses in the motion
22
of the structure due to the non-rigid connection between them. E,i for use in a country may be
found in its National Annex.
Moment resisting space frames with rigid masonry infill walls: The building must not exceed five
(05) stories or 17m height in Zone I, four (04) stories or 14m height in Zone IIa, three (03) stories or
11m height in Zone IIb and two (02) stories or 8m height in Zone III.
Dual-system (Frames-shear walls interaction): The bearing of Strutural RC walls shall not exceed
20% of vertical loads. Frames shall resist at least 25% of the story shear forces.
Frames braced by RC walls: The bearing of Structural RC walls shall not exceed 20% of vertical
loads, and shall resist the total horizontal loads. Frames resist only vertical loads.
In seismic zone III, Frames shall resist at least 25% of the story shear forces.
23
With this system of bracing the buildings are limited to 10 levels or 33 meters in height
Nd
0.30
Bc . f c 28
Where,
bu d f c 28
Where, d 0.04 for short columns and d 0.075 otherwise
Min(b,h) ≥ 25 cm in Zone I an IIa, Min(b,h) ≥ 30 cm in Zone IIb an III and Min(b,h) ≥ he/20
For the circular column, the diameter D must satisfy those conditions:
The section of the columns in the side or the corner of the building shall be comparable than the
central column.
0.9% in Zone IIb and III, 0.8% in Zone Iia and 0.7% en zone I
24
Table 17 - limitation of structural factors (BSL)
Kind FA ( 6) FB( 4) FC( 2) FD
H0/D (Lower Limit) 2.50 2.00 - -
0/Fc (Upper Limit) 0.35 0.45 0.55 -
t(Upper Limit) 0.80 1.0 - -
u/Fc(Upper Limit) 0.10 0.125 0.15 -
N Ed
d 0.65
Ac . f cd
In addition, EC8 limit the class of concrete to be used according to the class of ductility
A. Regularity in plan:
At each level and for each design direction, the distance between center of mass and center of
rigidity should not be more than 15% of the building dimension perpendicular to the considered
direction of the seismic action.
The shape of the building should be compact with a length to width ration less than or equal to four
(04).
The sum of the dimensions of the re-entrant parts and setbacks in a given direction should not
exceed 25% of the global dimension of the building in that direction.
The total area of the floor openings should be less than 15% of the total area of the floor.
B. Regularity in elevation:
The bracing system should not present vertical discontinuous bearing element the load of which is
not transmitted directly to the foundation.
Mass ratio and stiffness ratio of two successive levels should be less or equal to 25% in the
considered direction of the seismic action.
In the case of setbacks in elevation, the variation of the horizontal dimensions of the building
between two successive levels should not be more than 20% in the two design directions, decreasing
along the height. The largest horizontal dimension of the building should not exceed 1.5 times its
smallest dimension.
25
Figure 13 - Criteria for geometric regularity in elevation (RPA99 Rev.2003)
Fs 1.0 if Rs 0.6
Rs
Fs 2.0 if Rs 0.6
0.6
Where,
rsi 1 Ri
n
rsa rsi n
i 1
Fe 1.0 if Re 0.15
Fs 1.5 if Re 0.3
26
e eccentricity distance between centers of gravity and translational stiffness along principal axis of
the building.
re elastic radius defined as square root of torsional stiffness divided by the translational stiffness
in the considered direction.
K Ri K Ri
rex , rey
K Xi KYi
With regard to the implications of structural regularity on analysis and design, separate
consideration is given to the regularity characteristics of the building in plan and in elevation (Table
18).
With respect to the lateral stiffness and mass distribution, the building structure shall be
approximately symmetrical in plan with respect to two orthogonal axes.
For each in-plan set-back, the area between the outline of the floor and a convex polygonal line
enveloping the floor does not exceed 5% of the floor area.
The aspect ration Lmax / Lmin of the building in plan shall be not higher than 4.
At each level and for each direction of analysis x and y, the structural eccentricity e0 and the
torsional radius r shall be in accordance with the two conditions below, which are expressed for the
direction of analysis y:
e0 X 0.30.rX
rX lS
Where,
e0 X is the distance between the centre of stiffness and the centre of mass, measured along the x
direction, which is normal to the direction of analysis considered
27
rX is the square root of the ratio of the torsional stiffness to the lateral stiffness in the y direction
(“torsional radius”)
ls is the radius of gyration of the floor mass in plan (square root of the ratio of the polar moment of
inertia of the floor mass in plan with respect to the centre of mass of the floor to the floor mass).
All lateral load resisting systems, such as cores, structural walls, or frames, shall run without
interruption from their foundations to the top of the building or, if setbacks at different heights are
present, to the top of the relevant zone of the building.
For gradual setbacks in elevation preserving axial symmetry, the setback at any floor shall be not
greater than 20 % of the previous plan dimension in the direction of the setback.
For a single setback within the lower 15 % of the total height of the main structural system, the
setback shall be not greater than 50 % of the previous plan dimension
If the setbacks do not preserve symmetry, in each face the sum of the setbacks at all stories shall be
not greater than 30 % of the plan dimension at the ground floor above the foundation or above the
top of a rigid basement, and the individual setbacks shall be not greater than 10 % of the previous
plan dimension
For the current constructions, the aimed objectives are to provide the structure with:
28
A sufficient strength and stiffness in order to limit the non-structural damages and to avoid the
structural ones through an essentially elastic behavior of the structure while facing a relatively
frequent moderate seismic event.
An adequate ductility and capacity of energy dissipation to allow the structure to undergo
inelastic displacements with limited damages and no collapse nor loss of stability while facing a
rare major seismic event.
The seismic action to be taken has a probability of exceedance, 10%, in 10 years and a return period
of 95 years
No-collapse requirement (level 2): The structure shall be designed and constructed to withstand the
design seismic action without local or global collapse, thus retaining its structural integrity and a
residual load bearing capacity after the seismic events.
The seismic action to be taken has a probability of exceedance, 10%, in 50 years and a return period
of 475 years
References
[1]. D. Benouar and A.A. Foufa, INVESTIGATION OF THE 1716 ALGIERS (ALGERIA) EARTHQUAKE AND THE
TRADITIONAL SEISMIC PREVENTIVE MEASURES FROM HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS SOURCES, The 14 th World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.
[2]. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, El-Asnam, Algeria Earthquake of October 10, 1980: A Reconnaissance and
Engineering Report, Report No. CETS CND-022, January 1983.
[3]. Sugano, S., Seismic Design codes II, International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE), Building
Research Institute (BRI), IISEE Lecture Note 2009-2010, March 2010.
[4]. RPA99 Rev. 2003 Algerian seismic Regulation, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Planing, January 2004.
[5]. RPA99 Algerian seismic Regulation, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Planing, January 2000.
[6]. RPA88 Algerian seismic Regulation, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Planing, January 1989.
[7]. RPA81 Rev. 83 Algerian seismic Regulation, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Planing, January 1984.
[8]. European Committee for Standardization. prEN 1998-1-1:2003. Eurocode 8, Design of Concrete Structures, Part 1: General
Rules and Rules for Buildings. Revised final draft, Brussels, Belgium, December 2003.
29