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Eng .Hassan Hammami: This Note Is Allowed Only For Personal Use Not For Commercial Use
Eng .Hassan Hammami: This Note Is Allowed Only For Personal Use Not For Commercial Use
The Contents :
2. 2. What is the concept of the allowable value of the deflections and what are the corresponding 5
type of the deflection ?
5
2.1 - Type1 , Visually offensive sag and Ponding of water on the roof , Controlled by the Total deflection
5
2.1.1 - The concept of the total deflection and its limits
2.1.2 - The Total deflection limits in ACI code and other references 6
2.2 - Type2 , Damage to ceiling or floor finishes, cracking of masonry walls and other brittle partitions, 7
improper functioning of sliding windows and doors, tilting of storage racking and so on ,
Controlled by the Incremental Deflection
7
2.2.1 - The concept of the incremental deflection and its limits
2.2.2 - The incremental deflection limits in ACI 318 code and other references
9
2.2.2.1 - Relative deflection limits as per ACI 318 code for The incremental deflection 9
2.2.2.2 - Absolute deflection limits as per ACI 318 code for The incremental deflection 12
2.2.2.3 - Relative and Absolute deflection limits as per other references for The incremental 12
deflection
2.3 -Type3 , The perceptible springy vertical motion of floor systems and other vibration-related problems , 13
Controlled by live load deflection
3. 3. What are the minimum thickness of the Slab/Beams to control the deflection without checking 13
the deflection ?
4. 13
3.1 - For Beams and one-way Slabs
3.2 - For Two way having a ratio of long to short span not greater than 2 ( otherwise follow the value of Beams 13
and one-way slabs )
13
3.2.1 - if the slabs are without interior beams spanning between the supports
3.2.2 - if the slabs are with beams spanning between the supports on all sides 13
5.1-Design techniques 19
5.2-Construction techniques 20
5.3-Materials selection 20
8. 6. What are the special requirements to check the deflection at a Planted column ? 20
6.1 – The deflection at the slab / beam below the planted column 20
6.2 – The differential settlements in the levels above the planted column 20
21
7. How to calculate and check the deflections using SAFE software ( with solved example ) ?
7.2.3.b – CSI Procedure to calculate the long term deflection ( Second method - Incremental deflection ) 26
7.2.4 – The definition of effective parameters for the deflection calculation in SAFE . 30
9. Reference 41
Even through the building may be perfectly safe , Excessive deflections may cause severe serviceability problems , such as :
2. What is the concept of the allowable value of the deflections and what are the corresponding type of the deflection ?
Type 1 : Visually offensive sag and Ponding of water on the roof , Controlled by the Total deflection
Type 2 : Damage to ceiling or floor finishes, cracking of masonry walls and other brittle partitions, improper functioning of
sliding windows and doors, tilting of storage racking and so on , Controlled by the Incremental Deflection
Type 3 : The perceptible springy vertical motion of floor systems and other vibration-related problems , Controlled by live
load deflection
2.1 - Type1 , Visually offensive sag and Ponding of water on the roof , Controlled by the Total deflection :
They include visually unacceptable sagging (or hogging) of slabs and beams and ponding of water on roofs.
Type 1 problems are generally overcome by limiting the magnitude of the Total deflection to some appropriately low
values .
The Total Deflection ( dtot ) of a beam / slab in a building is the sum of the short-term and long-term
deflections caused by all loads (including the self-weight) .
Short-Term deflection ( immediate deflection ) is the deflection which occurs immediately after application of
service load .
Long-Term deflection ( creep deflection ) is the deflection which occurs over a long period of time due to creep
and shrinkage (does not include the immediate deflection )
When the total deflection exceeds about span/200 below the horizontal Structures it may become visually
unacceptable [Ref1] . Total deflection limits that are appropriate for the particular member and its intended
function must be selected by the designer The codes suggest deflection limits which should be respected also
as per the studied condition
There are two kinds of deflections limits , Relative deflection limit and Absolute deflection limit.
Relative deflection limit is The unitless limit of the deflection which related to L length of the span .
Absolute deflection limit is The unit limit of the deflection ( not related to L length of the span )
Most codes and references have Relative deflection limits but only a few of them have Absolute deflection limit
ACI 318 code doesn’t put limit for the total deflection , but it is mentioned in ACI 435R-95 -2.4.3. that “ Where
excessive deflection may result in a functional problem , such as visual sagging or ponding of water, the total
deflection should be considered. “ Without specifying limit for the total deflection
AS 3600-2009 (Australian code ) requires that a limit on the total deflection be selected that is appropriate to the
structure and its intended use, but that limit should not be greater than L /250 for a span supported at both ends and
L/125 for a cantilever .
Eurocode 2 and BS 8110-2 recommends limits on total deflection of L/250 for a span supported at both ends and
L/250 for a cantilever .
where L for the Relative deflection is any Critical distance could be visible and observable along any direction :
Note : For spans have differential deflection at their ends ( Like middle strips and secondary beams and
cantilevers supported on deflected beams ) the deflections could be measured from the deflected ends ( see
figures 2.1.2.1.a & 2.1.2.1.b)
Fig 2.1.2.1.a – The parameters to check the total deflection for Type1– without deflected ends
Fig 2.1.2.1.b – The parameters to check the total deflection for Type1– with deflected ends
Only a few references have Absolute deflection limits for the Total deflection dtot .
ACI , Eurocode and BS 8110 Codes do not have Absolute deflection limits for Total deflection .
in ISO 4356 The deflection limits are 30 mm for mid span and 15 mm for cantilever [Ref2] .
The Total deflection dtot for the beam/slab with deflected ends could be measured as mentioned in figures
2.1.2.1.a & 2.1.2.1.b
To avoid these problems, a limit must be placed on that part of the deflection that occurs after the attachment of the non-
structural elements , which called Incremental Deflection.
The non-structural elements do not be affected by Nor the deflections which happened before their installation and
Neither the immediate deflection due to themselves-weight because it could be arranged during the installation
As example and for more clarification , the incremental deflection affecting the behavior of the partition consist of the
following components : [Ref3]
“ 1− Long term deflection under the already present permanent loads (self-weight, other building elements)
2− Long term deflection under the new permanent loads (self-weight of the wall, other building elements)
3− Elastic deflection under the permanent loads placed after the erection of the partitions
4− Elastic deflection under the transient loads “
Actually The non-structural elements consist of many components ( ceiling , floor finishes ,masonry walls etc. )
To simplify the calculations , Most of the codes and references deal with The non-structural elements as package
( Super dead loads) so that they will be installed almost at the same time .
As per ACI 318 Code and PCA NOTES ON ACI CODE , The incremental deflection ( dincrt ) is
{ The long-term deflection ( creep deflection ) due to all of the sustained loads + the short-term deflection due
to the transitory (non-sustained) live load }
Fig 2.2.1.a – load-time history and corresponding deflection-time history - simplified assumptions of ACI code .
dincrt = di,LL sus + d(cr,sw+SDL+LL sus) + di,LL unsus = d(cr,sw+SDL+LL sus) + di,LL
Example 2.2.1 : discuss the formula of the incremental deflection equation considering two components [ Partitions
and floor finishes ] for the non-structural elements :
Assuming the Partitions will be installed at time ( t1) and the floor finishes will be installed after the
Partitions at time ( t2) , the incremental deflection formula could be expressed as the following using
Fig 2.2.1.b ,
Fig 2.2.1.b – load-time history and corresponding deflection-time history – detailed stages
We have two incremental deflections should be checked , incremental deflection for the partition and incremental
deflection for the floor finishes
The partition will be affected by the parts of deflections which happen after the installation of the partition
dincrt (part) = dcr 2 ,sw + part + di,finish + dcr 3 ,sw + part + finish + di,LL sus + dcr 4 ,sw + part + finish + LLsus
+ di,LL unsus
The finishes will be effected by the parts of deflections which happen after the installation of the finishes
dincrt (finish) = dcr 3 ,sw + part + finish + di,LL sus + dcr 4 ,sw + part + finish + LLsus + di,LL unsus
We can see that the calculations as per the actual situation is more complicated than the simplified calculations
based on the assumptions of the codes . but the actual calculations could result less values because it remove the
part of the long term deflection which happen before installation the considered element .
2.2.2 - The incremental deflection limits in ACI 318 code and other references :
2.2.2.1 - Relative deflection limits as per ACI 318 code for The incremental deflection :
In ACI 318 - Table 9.5 (b) , ACI 318 gives Relative limits for the incremental deflection :
The specification of all used non-structural elements should be known to classify them as sensitive or insensitive
elements for large deflection , the deflection should be not greater than nor the code limits neither the
specification limits .
To discuss the table above , we will talk about two of the main non-structural elements ( floor finishes and the
partitions )
For floor finishes , usually they are considered as insensitive elements for large deflection and L/240 is
enough to control the deflection , L should be check for any critical directions
( see 2.1.2.1 ) , In table 9.5 (b) L could be considered as the following :
Note : For spans have differential deflection at their ends ( Like middle strips and secondary beams and
cantilevers supported on deflected beams ) the deflections could be measured from the deflected ends
( see figures 2.2.2. a & 2.2.2.b)
Fig 2.2.2. a – The parameters to check the incremental deflection– without deflected ends
Fig 2.2.2. b – The parameters to check the incremental deflection– with deflected ends
For the brittle partitions , the specification of the used partition should be known to classify the partition as brittle or
non-brittle ) to know the deflection limit L/240 or L/480
If we know exactly the locations of the partitions and we ensure that these locations will not be changed we can check
L to be along each partition location otherwise we have to check L in all critical direction same as explained above
Usually most references deal with the plain ( unreinforced ) concrete block masonry partition as brittle and small
deflection limit ( like L/480 ) should be achieved .
Actually , It is impossible and not economic to provide supports stiff enough to exclude cracks occurring Completely
, It is also important to improve the construction details.
So The use of low amounts of reinforcement for crack control is recommended to increase the deformation
ability of unreinforced masonry without sustaining any visible cracking, given that severe deflection limits may
be unaffordable. (e.g. use of bed joint reinforcement in horizontal mortar layers and mesh reinforcement
renderings in general, near openings, intersection of walls or other interfaces with other elements) and this
procedure can be combined with provision of joints at the top/bottom of the partition/infill walls, in order to
allow the deformation of the support structure, without compromising the stability of those walls “
2.2.2.2 - Absolute deflection limits as per ACI 318 code for The incremental deflection :
ACI 318 does not give Absolute limits for the incremental deflection
2.2.2.3 - Relative and Absolute deflection limits as per other references for The incremental deflection :
BS 8110-2: Unless partitions, cladding and finishes, have been specifically detailed to allow for the
anticipated deflections, some damage can be expected if the deflection after the installation of such finishes
and partitions exceeds the following values:
a) L/500 (Relative) or 20 mm (Absolute) , whichever is the lesser, for brittle materials;
b) L/350 (Relative) or 20 mm (Absolute) , whichever is the lesser, for non-brittle partitions or
finishes;
where L is the span and the length of a cantilever .
Note : These values are indicative only.
EUROCODE2-2: Unless partitions, cladding and finishes, have been specifically detailed to allow for the
anticipated Deflections that could damage adjacent parts of the structure should be limited. For the deflection
after construction, span/500 is normally an appropriate limit for quasi-permanent loads.
Very little quantitative information for controlling this type of deflection problem is available in codes of practice.
The codes limits provide a minimum requirement on the stiffness of members that may, in some cases, be sufficient to
avoid type3 problems [Ref1].
The Live load Deflection ( dLL ) is the immediate ( short-term) deflection due to the total live
ACI-318 places limits In Table 9.5 (b) for the short-term deflection due to live load (di,LL ) For a floor that is not
supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflection of L/360 , and L/180 for a
flat roof .
Since the Live load is not applied at the beginning of the construction, the calculations of the live deflection should
include the effective inertia of the beam / slab after applying all other loads. so it is considered as the difference
between the total deflection d i, SW+SDL+LL and the dead load deflection d i, SW+SDL
the considerations of L in Table 9.5 (b) are same as explained in ( 2.2.2.1 ) for the incremental deflection
3. What are the minimum thickness of the Slab/Beams to control the deflection without checking the deflection ?
3.1 - For Beams and one-way Slabs , Minimum thickness stipulated in ACI 318-11 Table 9.5(a) shall apply .
Note 1 : The designer should especially note that this minimum thickness requirement is intended only for members not
supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections. For all other members,
deflections need to be computed ( ACI 318-11 , 9.5.2.1 ) and only for normal loads
( ACI 435R-95 , 2.4.2 )
3.2 - For Two way having a ratio of long to short span not greater than 2 ( otherwise follow the value of Beams and
one-way slabs ) :
3.2.1 - if the slabs are without interior beams spanning between the supports and, the minimum thickness shall be in
accordance with the provisions of ACI 318-11 Table 9.5(c) and shall not be less than the following values:
(a) Slabs without drop panels as defined in ACI 318-11 , 13.2.5................................................ 125 mm
(b) Slabs with drop panels as defined in ACI 318-11 , 13.2.5 ............................................... 100 mm
Note 2 : The minimum thicknesses in Table 9.5(c) are those that have been developed through the years. Slabs
conforming to those limits have not resulted in systematic problems related to stiffness for short- and long-term loads.
These limits apply to only the domain of previous experience in loads, environment, materials, boundary conditions, and
spans.
3.2.2 - if the slabs are with beams spanning between the supports on all sides, the minimum thickness, h, shall be as the
formulas 9-12 & 9 13 in ACI 318-11 .
From Note 1 & Note 2 , we can conclude that the minimum thickness method may be applied only in case the normal loads and no
non-structural element sensitive to deflection are attached . these values had been made based on the previous experience , So the
limiting computed deflections method can avoid any unacceptable result could be happen due to using the minimum thickness
method
4. What is the Procedure to calculate the deflection as per ACI 318 and PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 ?
As per ACI 318-14 and PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 , The Procedure to calculate the deflection will be explained as the following :
Self-weight (sw )
Super dead loads ( SDL )
Live load ( LL )
Sustained live load ( LL sus) = α LL : is the ratio of the sustained part from the total live load .
Un-Sustained live load ( LL unsus) = LL - LLsus : is the ratio of the un-sustained part from the total live load .
Ie : The effective moment of inertia , should be calculated for each main load case (DL , sus , total ) .
For prismatic members Ie may be considered at the mid span for the simple beams and at the support section for the
cantilever , For continuous prismatic and non-prismatic members PCA 9.5.2.4 suggests using the average Ie at the
critical positive and negative moment sections.
Ig : The gross moment of inertia for uncracked section .
Ma : The unfactored moment should be calculated for each main load case (DL, sus , total )
Mcr : The cracking moment , it is the moment value when the section starts cracking .
yt : distance from centroidal axis of gross section , neglecting reinforcement, to tension face .
Icr = b ( Kd )3 / 3 + n As ( d - Kd )2 + ( n – 1 ) As’ ( Kd – d’ )2
(𝑛−1)𝐴𝑠′ 𝑏
Where : n = Es / Ec , r = , B= , d’ = the cover to the centroid of the compression reinforcement
𝑛 𝐴𝑠 𝑛 𝐴𝑠
𝑑′
√ 2𝑑𝐵 ( 1+𝑟 )+ (1+𝑟)2 − (1+𝑟)
𝑑
Kd =
𝐵
a- For simple beam , cantilevers and continuous beams between inflection points with uniformed load w :
𝐾 .5/48 . 𝑀𝑎 . 𝐿2
Di =
𝐸𝑐 . 𝐼𝑒
Ma : the support moment for cantilevers and the midspan moment (when K is so defined) for simple and
continuous beams
L : the span length
K : the deflection coefficient For uniformly distributed loading w, the theoretical values of K are shown in
Table 10-3 in PCA
b- For other cases : The deflection should be calculated by the analytical equations or by the computer .
Then , The immediate deflections should be calculated for the following cases :
The long-term deflection ( creep deflection ) D LT is the additional deflection caused by the effects of shrinkage and creep.
Two approximate methods for estimating long-term deflection appear below :
λD : long-term multiplier
ρ′ : compression reinforcement ratio , shall be calculated at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and
at the support for cantilevers.
ξ : the time-dependent factor for sustained loads shall be in accordance with ACI 318-14 Fig 24.2.4..1
If it is desired to consider the deflection of creep D cp and shrinkage D sh separately, approximate equations provided in
Branson (1965, 1971, 1977) and ACI Committee 435 may be used , This method is explained in PCA Notes ,
ACI 435R-95 has more details :
DLT = D cp + D sh
: D cp = λcp (Di) sus
λcp = 0.85/ (1+50ρ’ ) Ct
𝑡 0.6
Ct = ( ) Cu
10+𝑡 0.6
Ct creep coefficient at time t (days ) after application the load
Cu ultimate creep coefficient = 2.35γc
γc creep correction factor = Khc c c c c
Kd Ks Kf Kac Kto
c
Fig 2.1 , ACI 435R-95 – Creep correction factors for nonstandard condition
“The value for Cu suggested in the 1978 edition of ACI 435, based on relative humidity of 70%,
age at load application of 20 days and minimum dimension of 6 in. was Cu = 1.60 “ PCA Notes On
ACI 318-11 - 9.5.2.5
: D sh = Ksh . ∅sh . L2
Ksh the shrinkage deflection constant :
0.125 for simple beam
0.50 for cantilever
0.09 for Spans with one end continuous (multi spans)
0.08 for Spans with one end continuous (two spans)
0.07 for Spans with both ends continuous
∅sh = Ash . zsh / h
∅sh : curvature due to the shrinkage
h : overall thickness of a member
Ash : shrinkage deflection multiplier , from Fig 10.3 in PCA Notes
𝑡
zsh = ( ) z(sh) u for moist-cured concrete
35+𝑡
𝑡
zsh = ( ) z(sh) u for steam cured concrete
55+𝑡
z(sh) : shrinkage strain at time ( t )
where t (days ) is the time after 7 days from placing the concrete for moist-cured concrete and after 1-3 days
from placing the concrete for steam cured concrete
z(sh) u : ultimate shrinkage strain = 780 x 10 -6 γs
Fig 2.2 , ACI 435R-95 – shrinkage correction factors for nonstandard condition
Note : The procedure which illustrated above is for One way Slab and beams , same procedure could be used for
two-way slab where the procedure is applied on the column strips and middle strips , it is illustrated in PCA
Notes on ACI in details , Nowadays using the computers and FEM softwares can calculate the deflections
faster and more accurate .
Di LL = Di tot – Di DL
Di LL should be compared with L/180 or L/360 based on Table 9.5 (b)
Dinct = DLT + Di LL
Dinct should be compared with L/240 or L/480 as per the non-structural specification based on Table 9.5 (b)
5.1-Design techniques :
5. Prestressing application:
in case it is used , A prestressing force sufficient to produce satisfactory deflection response should be provided .
1. Concrete curing to allow gain in strength and to reduce shrinkage and creep :
The effect of good curing is very important to increase the strength which effect on the immediate deflection of the cracked/uncracked
section and to reduce the deflection due to the creep and shrinkage which effect on the long term deflection
5.3-Materials selection :
1. Selection of materials for mix design that reduce shrinkage and creep or increase the moduli of elasticity :
as explained in 4.6.2
6. What are the special requirements to check the deflection at a Planted column ?
To control the deflection at a planted column , we have to study the deflection at the slab / beam below the planted column and the
differential settlements in the levels above the planted column.
6.1 - The deflection at the slab / beam below the planted column :
For the slab / beam below the planted column ( Transfer system ) , The calculation and the checking of the defection is similar
to the normal procedure which explained in chapter 1 to chapter 5 .
The calculations of deflection should include all reactions of the planted column from all levels above considering the
construction sequence . ignoring the construction sequence in the calculation makes the structure behavior as if it all levels
constructed at the same time , this assumption reduces the calculated deflection because some value of the column reactions
will be resisted by the elements above .
Figure 6.2 below shows the case of planted column and its effects on the structure , L1 is used to check the deflection for the
direction in the Figure plan .
6.2 - The differential settlements in the levels above the planted column:
Because of the deflection in the slab / beam below the planted column , a settlement will happen in this column and the
differential settlements will happen between the the planted column and the adjacent columns . this differential settlements is
similar to the differential settlements of the footings where the both of them have same effects on the upper levels .
The differential settlement should be considered in the design of the upper elements. especially if its value is sufficient and
cannot be ignored .
ISO 4356 put allowed limits to the differential settlements due to the total deflection :
dtot < L/100 to control the floor slop ( L in the span length )
dtot < L/100 to control the damage at supports ( L in the span length )
dtot < L/500 to control the damage in the brittle partition ( L in the span length )
as per Serviceability Criteria For Building By Cooney And King dtot < L/300 to control the damage in the brittle
partition ( L in the span length )
as per Australian code and many references dtot < L/400 to control the damage in the brittle partition
Note : L should be checked for each span between the planted column and each column around it
( in Figure 6.2 , L which used to check the differential settlements is expressed as L2 )
Figure 6.2 – The case of planted column and its effects on the structure
7. How to calculate and check the deflections using SAFE software ( with solved example ) ?
“ The analysis method of SAFE software is based on the reference Concrete Structures, Stresses and Deformations, Third Edition,
A Ghali, R Favre and M Elbadry “ [Ref4]
Ghali-Favre approach is mentioned as Other method in ACI 435R-95 in addition to method1 and method2 which used in ACI and
PCA .
Method2 is similar to Ghali-Favre approach more than Method1 in the concept of that it considers the effects of the creep and the
shrinkage separately .
We will explain the deflection calculation and the deflection check in SAFE software using the following example for flat slab with
external beams .
Thickness 220 mm , fc’ = 30 MPa , fy = 460 MPa , main reinforcement mesh = T12@200 top/bot both direction
finishes load = 2 KN/m2 , Partitions load = 4 KN/m2 , Live load = 2 KN/m2
7.2.3.a – CSI Procedure to calculate the long term deflection ( First method - Total deflection ) :
CSI explained two methods to calculate the “long term deflection” in wiki.csiamerica.com , the first method is mentioned as
conservative method and the second method is more accurate method , the conservative method is explained also by a video in
csiamerica.com/products/safe/watch-and-learn.
Actually , The First method is conservative because it considers all parts of deflection (not only the deflection which happens
after the installation of the non-structural elements ) , So The First method results the total deflection not the incremental
deflection
The Next steps explain the first method to get the total deflection .
to get d i, SW+SDL+LL we make nonlinear load case ( cracked ) to include the cracking (C1 -Total Immediate Deflection)
to get d i, SW+SDL+LL sus we make nonlinear load case ( cracked ) to include the cracking (C2- Immediate Sustained Deflection)
Assuming that 25% of the live load is sustained ( this ratio is estimated by the designer as per the actual situation)
To get long-term deflection of the sustained loads , we make nonlinear load case ( long term cracked ) to include the
cracking with the creep and shrinkage due to the sustained loads ( C3- Long Term Sustained Deflection ).
Nonlinear load case ( long term cracked ) includes both of the immediate deflection and the creep-shrinkage deflection
so it will result di+cr ,sw+SDL+LL sus
The values of Creep coefficient and shrinkage strain could be obtained from the formulas of Ct and zsh respectively as
explained in 4.6.2 as per the actual specifications of the concrete mixture , the site conditions and the stages of the non-
structural elements installation .
Assuming practical conditions , we can find that the default values in SAFE ( Ct =2 and zsh=0.0005 ) give acceptable
results .
Using the default values can save a lot of effort in calculation Ct and zsh , anyway there will remain variability between
the actual deflections than the calculated deflections as per ACI 435R-95 - 4.7 .
To get dtot we make load combination Total Deflection to add the deflection components :
Total Deflection = C3 + C1 – C2
7.2.3.b – CSI Procedure to calculate the long term deflection ( Second method - Incremental deflection ) :
The second method ( accurate method ) considers the deflection which occurs after the installation of the non-structural
elements
To calculate the deflection as per The second method we subtract the deflection of the super dead load which occurs before
the attachment of non-structural elements from the total deflection which calculated according to the first method
Where a SDL is the part of the super dead load which applied before attachment of non-structural elements including the
self-weight of the non-structural elements .
a is The ratio of the super dead load which applied before attachment of non-structural elements to the total super dead
load
𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐨𝐧−𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐟−𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
a=
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐬
a changes for every considered component of the non-structural elements ( partitions, finishes … etc. . ) , using ratio a
is useful if we define all super dead loads as one load type (SDL) but if we separate the components of super dead loads (
as used in this example ) we only remove the components which is not effective ( as explained below )
In this example , we assumed that the finishes load = 2 KN/m2 and the Partitions load = 4 KN/m2
Assuming The Partitions will be installed before the finishes , So the immediate deflection of the Partitions self-weight
will not effect on the finishes and we can consider that the self-weight of the finishes also do not effect on themselves
(as explained before) so to check the deflection of the finishes afinish = (2+4)/(2+4) = 1 or we remove the Partitions and
finishes loads from the calculations .
So to calculate the incremental deflection as per the actual method , We need same nonlinear load cases C1,C2,C3
which explained in the First method and we will add new nonlinear load case C4 to consider the deflection
di (sw+ a SDL ) , we can check the incremental deflection for each of the partitions dinct,part and the finishes
dinct,finishes separately .
to get dinct,part we make load combination to add all required deflection components :
So in SAFE will make combination (Part. Incremental Deflection) to add same values :
to get dinct,finishes we make load combination to add all required deflection components :
So in SAFE will make combination ( finishes Incremental Deflection ) to add same values :
Note2 : One might think that there is discrepancy between the formulas of CSI Second method and ACI & PCA
method because in CSI Second method formula last term is di, LL unsus while in ACI & PCA method formula the
last term is di, LL . actually no discrepancy between the two methods because CSI Second method considers the
immediate un-sustained live load from ( C1 – C2 ) and it adds The immediate deflection of the sustained live
load in load case C3- Long Term Sustained Deflection then it subtracts the immediate deflection of only the super
dead loads in load case C4- Immediate Deflection before non-structural elements ( So, no live load deflection is
subtracted ) .
while the formula of ACI & PCA method considers only the long term deflection of the sustained loads ( no
immediate deflections ) and it adds the immediate deflection of total live load .
Finally , both methods add the immediate deflection of total live load which is correct .
Note3 : to calculate the incremental deflection , if the stages of the installation of the non-structural elements are
unknown or complicated , at least the immediate deflection of the self-weight of the concrete slab ( SW ) can be
subtract from the total deflection .
To get the immediate deflection of the total live load Di LL = Di tot – Di DL , we make nonlinear load case C5- Immediate dead
Deflection :
Then we make load combination Live load deflection presents the subtraction between the Total Immediate Deflection( C1) and
immediate deflection of all dead loads C5- Immediate dead Deflection :
7.2.4 – The definition of effective parameters for the deflection calculation in SAFE .
User specified Rebars ( slab rebar object ) , ( this option is usable for the slabs only ) :
By Selection this option , SAFE will use the rebars which the designer draws using the tool Draw slab rebar
The advantage of this option is that the reinforcement can be drawn as per the drawings exactly including both of
the main and additional reinforcement with different reinforcement values .
From Finite Element Based Design , ( this option is usable for the slabs and beams ) :
By Selection this option , SAFE will use the required reinforcement for the slab/beam design , we will use this
option In this example.
Quick tension rebar specification , ( this option is usable for the slabs only ) :
By Selection this option , SAFE will use the reinforcement which the designer insert in the adjacent boxes as one
value for each of the bottom and top reinforcement mesh .
in this example , the used reinforcement in the slab is T12@200 top/bot both direction as main mesh and the
thickness is 22 cm , so the minimum ratio we will insert in the option Minimum reinforcing ratio used for cracking
analysis for tension and compression reinforcement is (N*Ab ) / ( Thick * strip width 1m) =
(5*1.13 cm2 ) / ( 22 cm * 100 cm ) = 0.00257
N : is the number of the bars T12 in 1m strip , Ab : is the sectional area of the bar T12
Figure 7.2.4.2.b – the values which used in this example for the cracking analysis
Note 1 : For the cover of the reinforcement , the designer defines the cover of the reinforcement in option User
specified Rebars ( slab rebar object ) , while for other two options SAFE uses the defined cover in Design
Preferences
Note3 : For the deflection calculation of the ribbed / waffle slabs , When ribbed / waffle slabs are defined as Ribbed /
Waffle slabs in Slab Property Data , actually SAFE does not distinguish the slab to Ribs areas and Topping slab
areas , SAFE generates an equivalent slab has same inertia and same self-weight and has T-section for the design.
The option Finite Element Based and Minimum reinforcing ratio used for cracking analysis and option Minimum
reinforcing ratio used for cracking analysis work correctly .
For options Quick tension rebar specification and User specified Rebars ( slab rebar object ) the calculation of
the deflection is not well understood because the locations of the reinforcement which SAFE generates using
these options are not clear , and there is no clarification from CSI about this issue yet .
7.2.5 – The results of the deflections and the comparison with the deflection limits .
Using the explanation and the limits values which explained in Section 2 . We will check {the incremental deflection and the
live load deflection } as per ACI code and the { Total deflection } as per other reference .
All critical locations should be checked , in this example looking at the deflection contour for each load case we will see that
the critical locations are at Mid spans of the panel at grids B/3 – C/2 and at the Cantilever .
Show the result of deflection due to the load combination Total deflection
We will check all critical directions ( The upper column strip Lcx1 , The lower column strip Lcx2 , The left column
strip Lcy1 , The right column strip Lcy2 , The shorter diagonal direction Ld , The middle strip along x-direction
Lmx , The middle strip along y-direction Lmy)
Figure 7.2.5.b – the critical deflections to check the deflection for the panel
For the total deflection we will compare with L/250 and 30 mm (see 2.1.2 ) using Figure 7.2.5.b for the length and
Figure 7.2.5.c for the deflection values :
Note and conclusion : in the flat slab in this example , the diagonal direction and the long column strips
direction are the critical directions to check the Total deflection in the panel ( non-cantilevered slab ) .
however , Usually No need to check all directions , The designer can decide which directions has to check
based on the deflection contour and his experience .
As per the contour of the deflection , the critical area of the cantilever is between grids A and B .
We will check all critical directions ( The upper column strip Lcx1 , The lower cantilever edge Lx2 , The left
column strip Lcy1 , The right column strip Lcy2 , The middle strip along y-direction Lmy)
The upper column strip Lcx1 and The lower cantilever edge Lx2 have no cantilever behavior , so they will be
checked as at Mid span ( same as 7.2.5.a.1)
Figure 7.2.5.d – the critical deflections to check the deflection for the cantilever
Note and conclusion : the cantilever has two directions , usually one of them has non-cantilever behavior and the
other has cantilever behavior , in some cases the direction with non-cantilever behavior ( X-direction in this
example ) is the critical , so both directions should be checked .
We can check the incremental deflection of the partition and finishes separately by Showing the result of deflection due to
the load combination part. incremental deflection to check the incremental of partition and finishes incremental deflection
to check the incremental of finishes ( in case using all super dead load in one load case SDL we will check one load
combination incremental deflection )
As per the situation of this example where the finishes will be installed after the installation of partitions , we will check
only part. incremental deflection because it has greater values than finishes incremental deflection .
If the concrete block masonry partitions has been reinforced and have sufficient specifications to be insensitive to large
defections the deflection limit L/240 could be considered , otherwise the deflection limit L/480 should be considered , in
this example we will check the both limits .
We will check same critical directions which we used for total deflection
Figure 7.2.5.b – the critical deflections to check the deflection for the panel
Note and conclusion : in the flat slab in this example , the diagonal direction and the long column strips
direction are the critical directions to check the Total deflection in the panel ( non-cantilevered slab ) .
however , Usually No need to check all directions , The designer can decide which directions has to check
based on the deflection contour and his experience .
As per the contour of the deflection , the critical area of the cantilever is between grids A and B .
We will check same critical directions which checked for total deflection
Figure 7.2.5.d – the critical deflections to check the deflection for the cantilever
4- The right column strip Lcy2 = 2 m ( same The left column strip )
Note and conclusion : the cantilever has two directions , usually one of them has non-cantilever behavior and the
other has cantilever behavior , in some cases the direction with non-cantilever behavior ( X-direction in this
example ) is the critical , so both directions should be checked .
Show the result of deflection due to the load combination Live load deflection to check the Live load deflection
The procedure is similar to the check of incremental deflection , but the ACI limits are L/360 for floor and L/180 for
flat roof ( L is twice of the cantilever length ) and there are no absolute values for the limits .
Looking at live load deflection below , we will see that the values are small and all of them are less than the limits .
Reference :
[Ref1] Time-Dependent Behavior of Concrete - Raymond Ian Gilbert and Gianluca Ranzi
[Ref3] Defects in Masonry Walls. Guidance on Cracking: Identification , Prevention and Repair