Practical no.

4 – MIRROR DRAWING

OBJECTIVE:

INTRODUCTION
 (Introduction of Learning)

 The process of learning begins from the birth of the child and continues till his death. When the child
is born, his mind is just like a clean slate. As soon as he comes in contact with his environment, he
starts reacting and in this process of interaction of the individual and his environment, the
foundation of learning are laid down. Learning occupies an important position in the whole field of
psychology. Psychology of learning is very important for teachers, parents, animal trainers for all
those who are interested in understanding, controlling and predicting behaviour.

 Melvin H. Marx defines learning in the following words: “Learning is a relatively enduring change in
behaviour which is a function of prior behaviour (usually called practice).” Thus four attributes of
learning as a process.

1. Learning is a permanent change in behaviour.

2. Learning is not directly observable.
3. Learning that is result in same change of in behaviour.
4. Learning depends upon practice and experience.

Definitions
According to Cambridge School Dictionary “how quickly or slowly someone learn a new skill”
According to Skinner, “learning is both Acquisition and retention.”
According to Kimble, “Learning prefers to more or less permanent change in behaviour which occurs
as a result of practice.”
According to Munn, “To learn is to modify behaviour.”
According to Gates, “Learning is modification of behaviour through experience and training.”
According to Crow and Crow, “Learning is the acquisition of habits knowledge and attitude.”
According to Pavlov, “Learning is habit formation resulting from conditioning.”

Meaning
Transfer of learning stands for the carryover from one act of learning to another or transfer of learning
means person’s learning in one situation influences his learning and performance in other situation.
Definition of Transfer of Learning
According to Crow and Crow, “The carryover of habit, thinking, feeling, working of knowledge or of skills
from one learning area to another usually it referred as transfer of training.”
According to Guthrie and Power, “Transfer may be defined as a process of extending and applying
behaviour.”
According to Sorenson, “Transfer refers to the transfer of knowledge training and habits acquired in one
situation to another situation.”
According to Peterson, “Transfer is generalization, for it is extension of idea to a new field.”
Types of Transfer of Training
1. Positive Transfer: - When learning of one activity facilitates the learning of another activity.
2. Negative Transfer: - When previously learnt activity interferes with the learning of another activity.
3. Zero Transfer: - When learning of one activity neither facilitates nor transfers with learning of a new tasks.
Theories of Transfer
1. Theory of mental Discipline this theory assumes that mind is composed of many independent faculties,
which are nothing but the muscles of mind and can be strengthened through exercises.
2. Apperception Theory apperception is defined as a process of relation new ideas or mental state to a store
of old ones or old experiences.
3. Theory of Identical element this theory asserts that transfer from one situation to another is possible to
the extent that there is common or identical element in the situation.

Bilateral Transfer
Human body is divided into two laterals left and right when training is imparted to one lateral automatically
it gets transferred to other lateral it is known as bilateral transfer of training it can be proved.
Bilateral Transfer of Learning ,From many experiments it appeared clear that skill acquired in a particular task
by practice on one hand can often be carried over to the other hand (Woodworth and Scholsberg,1971). This
Process is known as Bilateral Transfer.

For instance, once a person has learned to shoot a basketball with their right hand it is
not difficult to transfer that learning to the left hand. This transfer of learning is made
possible by the two-way information traffic that exists through the corpus callosum, the
band of fibers in the brain that allows the two hemispheres to communicate and transfer
information. A useful and helpful application is that following brain damage some skills
and knowledge can be transferred from one area of the brain to another.

HYPOTHESIS: Learning of Mirror Drawing by Right Hand facilitates its learning by the Left Hand.

VARIABLES: No
 Independent Variable- 1.Change of Hand
2. No of trials

 Dependent Variable.- 1. No of errors

2. Time taken

DETAILS OF THE SUBJECT:

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Educational Qualification:

Religion:

MATERIALS AND APPARTUS REQUIRED:

DESCRIPTION OF APPARTUS/ TOOL:

The current practical includes the short version test of the original Myers Brigg Type Indicator Inventory.
There are total 20 items in the scale, each of which has 2 options. One option which is preferred by the
subject is selected. There are 5 items belonging to underlying 4 categories of the type Indicator.

Psychometric Properties : NO
a. Reliability

b. Validity

c. Norms

PROCEDURE
a. Pre arrangements:

b. Instructions: This is a test which has 20 itmes. There are 2 options for every item given. You have to tick
the one which is most preferred by you, or which suits you the best. There is no time limit but try to
answer the questions immediately without giving much thought and the options which feels is favourable.
Once you’re done kindly submit the sheet to me. Please let me know if you havent understood the
instructions.

c. Actual administration:

PRECAUTIONS AND CONTROL:

IT was checked wether the subject has answered all questions or not.
It was made sure that the subject didn’t waste too much time on each item and marked the option
instantly.
INTROSPECTIVE REPORT

SCORING:

RESULT AND INTERPRETATlON

After the scoring was done,

CONCLUSlON
The personality type of the subject using MBTI test was found out to be which shows he has the
personality of _________________

REFERENCES

 _
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