SPE-187899-MS

The Prediction and Application of Sandstone Reservoirs with Coal-Bearing

Zone in South Turgay Basin, Kazakhstan

Sheng Xiaofeng, Lin Yaping, Zhang Mingjun, and Kong Linghong, Research institute of petroleum exploration &
development, CNPC

Copyright 2017, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference held in Moscow, Russia, 16-18 October 2017.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
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Abstract
The exploration in oil and gas of the South Turgay Basin has been carried out for more than 50 years.
During the years of exploration and development, the exploration degree of the basin has reached a very
high level. Almost all the shallow targets for drilling oil and gas in Cretaceous and Middle-Upper Jurassic
formations have been completed. According to the resource evaluation result, the recoverable oil and gas
resource can be found in the J1, J2 formations. And the resources of J1, J2 formations accounts for 55% of the
underexploited, which is the main direction of exploration in the future. In recent years, some oil and gas
have been found in one of layers in J1, called J1ab.However, the J1ab is facing several problems that need to
be solved. The most important one is the prediction of sandstone reservoirs containing coal seams, which
is difficult to predict because of the inundation reaction of coal seams.
In this paper, the wavelet decomposition technique was adopted to eliminate the influence of strong
interface caused by coal seams and to recover the seismic response characteristics of thin sandstone layers.
The thin sand layers were identified by renewed geo-statistical method. The results of reservoir prediction
coincide with the actual well drilling, and the ratio is up to 79%, which solves the problem of predicting
sandstone reservoir in coal bearing strata. This technique was applied in the South Turgay Basin, for the
21 drilled exploration wells, 14 of them were succeed in gaining oil and gas, and the rate was 67%. At the
same time four oil and gas structural belts were found. According to the application of this technology in
this study basin, an additional geological reserve of 22.6 million tons oil was discovered by now. And it
provides a way for sustainable development in this basin.

Introduce
After nearly 50 years of exploration and development, it has entered the stage of high exploration in the
Southern Turgay Basin. In the current, the number of drilled wells is up to 1300, most targets in shallow
formation were drilled, and the next step for exploration, new layers are needed to replace in urgent.
According to the results of the Chinese and the IHS organization resource evaluation, the reserves of
recoverable oil in the Southern Turgay Basin have been found to be nearly 300 million tons1. The amount
of oil recoverable resources is about 360 million tons, the oil and gas can be found in the J1, J2 formations,
2 SPE-187899-MS

which accounts for 55% of the underexploited in the basin. At present, commercial discoveries of oil and
gas have been made in the deep formations such as J1ab layer in this block , therefore, the next step for
exploration is the work on the J1ab layer.
During the J1ab depositional period, the water body is relatively shallow, and most of the sedimentary
environment is delta plain or leading facies. As the lake is silted into the swamp, the coal-gathering
environment is formed, resulting in the formation of lithology for three types as: sandstone, mudstone and
coal. Due to the submerged effect of coal seam reflection on sandstone reservoirs, it is difficult to predict
sandstone reservoirs2.

Overview of South TurgayBasin

The South Turgay basin is located in the middle of Kazakhstan (showed in Fig. 1), showing a long axis
of the north-south distribution. The area of basin is about 8 × 104km2. It is a basin of the Mesozoic Slip
Valley type3, and it is one of Kazakhstan's main oil and gas basins. PetroChina has three projects in the
basin, including seven exploration blocks (Fig. 3, Fig.4).

Figure 1—Distribution map ofpetroleum basins in Kazakhstan

Figure 2—Structural map of South Turgaybasin

SPE-187899-MS 3

Figure 3—Block map of South Turgay basin

Figure 4—Tectonic profile of South Turgay basin (east-west)

The South Turgay basin is divided into three sub-tectonic units3, from north to south: the Zhilanchik
depression in the north, the Mynbulak uplift in the middle and the Aryskum depression in the south. The
oil and gas found today are mainly concentrated in the southern Aryskum depression (Fig. 2).
The South Turgay basin is composed of tectonic units (Fig. 3), and the tectonic zoning of the basin
controls the formation and distribution of oil and gas. The lithologies are mainly rivers and lakes clastic
rocks in formation J-K; the source rocks are dark mudstone (coal series) in formation J1-J2, the kerogen is
type II2; the lithologies of reservoir are sandstone in J-K formation, carbonate and metamorphic rocks in
the former Mesozoic formation; The area cap is stabilized mudstone in the lower part of K.
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A brief history of exploration

It was the initial exploration stage for the South Turgay basin before 1983, some pre-exploration and
parameter wells were been drilled, but no large oil or gas fields had been found4. In 1983, the exploration of
the basin reached a new height, and the Kumkol and the Aryskum oil field were discovered. After several
oil fields were discovered, the exploration peak was in the late 1980s. For example, 10 new exploration
wells were drilled in 1989 and 1990. By the earlyto the middle of the 1990s, the exploration work was a
low tide, with an average of only two new wells explored each year. Until the late 1990s, with the entry of
Western oil companies and local Kazakhstan companies, the investment of exploration gradually increased,
the exploration increased actively. Up to now, more than 1300 wells have been drilled in the basin.

The Geological Characters ofthis basin

The basin foundation is a former Mesozoic fold belt, and the sedimentary strata are mainly composed of
two sets of large tectonic layers, which are Jurassic fault and Cretaceous-Paleogene depression (Fig. 5).
The basement of the South Turgay basin was consolidated in the early Paleozoic and middle-Late Paleozoic
formation of clastic rock - carbonate rock transition layer. The basin experienced a strong difference in
sedimentation and deposition of thick terrestrial strata. The settlement of the Early Jurassic is the largest,
and the settlement of the Late Jurassic is decreasing.

Figure 5—Comprehensive histogram of this Basin

It is mainly composed of lacustrine sediments in the Late Triassic formation. Especially in the early -
Middle Jurassic period, mainly in sedimentary mudstone. The edge of the graben sometimes changes into
a gravel-like fan-like deposition, originating from the uplift of the edge of the graben.
At the end of the Jurassic period, the rift deposits were stopped and the activity was stopped. The whole
basin was transferred to the slow depression and gradually ceased to be deposited, and some areas were
eroded to form the sandstone and conglomerate layer at the bottom of the Cretaceous.
In Cretaceous-Tertiary, it is mainly composed of sand formed by river and lake and alluvial facies.
SPE-187899-MS 5

The Characteristics of Coal Distribution

The Distribution Characteristics in Vertical
Based on the whole analysis of the South Turgay basin, a representative block with coal seams in the
southern part of the basin was selected as the research object. At the same time, nine wells that drilled
through the J1ab formation were analyzed, and coal seam, sandstone and effective reservoir data (Table
1) were collected and statisticed, and the distribution of coal and sandstone was summarized (Fig. 6).
According to the statistical results, the coal content is about 7.1% -18.4%, the coal thickness is about 2-11m;
the sandstone content is from 14.1% to 35.6%, the thickness of sandstone is from 1m to 10m; the ratio
of effective reservoir is about 1.3% -7.8%, and the thickness of effective reservoir ranges 3m to10m. It is
believed that the sandstone is not developed in the development of coal, and also the coal is not developed if
the sandstone is in good development. In addition, the relationship between sandstone and effective reservoir
is not so positive. That the high thickness of sandstone dose notmean the high thickness of effective reservoir
(Fig. 5), liking in well T-24 and B-6. It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the sandstone content of well T-24 is
higher than that of well B-6, but the effective reservoir of well B-6 is thicker than that of well T-24. It can be
seen that the sandstone and the effective reservoir are not directly related to the distribution of the study area.

Figure 6—the content of coal, sandstone and effective reservoir in formation J1ab

Table 1—the statistics of coal and reservoir from drilled wells in this Block

T-27 T-10 T-24 B-6 B-1 T-2 T-4 T-28 T-30

Coal(%) 18 16 10 14 14 13 14 12 7

Sandstone(%) 23 33 36 25 14 15 19 15 30

Effective reservoir(%) 5 3 3 6 5 1 8 5 3

The Distribution Characteristics in horizon

Based on the statistical analysis of the thickness of the coal seam in the study area, and the distribution of
the thickness of the J1ab coal is built. It can be seen from the thickness plane distribution that the coal seam
shows a thick distribution in the regions except the sporadic distribution in the northwest and southwest
regions of the study area (Fig. 7), and the average thickness of coal seam is more than 30m, the coal bed is
the thickest in the eastern part of the study area near the well B-3, it can be as high as 60m or more.
6 SPE-187899-MS

Figure 7—The thickness of J1ab coal seam in the study area

The Controlling factors and lithology of sandstone reservoirs

The Controlling Factors of Sandstone Reservoir
Based on the analysis of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies (Fig. 8), the controlling factors
of sandstone effective reservoirs are summarized. It is controlled by the favorable reservoir facies (the
underwater distributary channel and the estuary dam) of the delta front in horizon, and by controlled the
favorable unconformity and the four-level sequence interface in the longitudinal direction. The coal seams
are deposited in the sedimentary sequences formed during the rise of the datum plane. The sedimentary layer
of the reservoir is located in the four-stage rotation interface, mainly in underwater distributary channel and
estuary dam of the delta.

Figure 8—the sedimentary facies diagram of J1ab layer in this Basin

SPE-187899-MS 7

Lithology configuration relations

In view of the J1ab layer in the South Turgay Basin, there are two configurations in the vertical direction
through a large number of mud-logging, logging, well comparison and seismic data: the distance type and
the interaction type. The distance type shows that the distance between sandstone and coal is far away (Fig.
9A a), the interaction type shows that sandstone and coal is close to each other (Fig. 9A b), and according to
the statistical, the interaction type accounts for more than 85% of the J1ab layer (Fig. 9B). At the same time,
it can be seen that form the correspondence diagram of profile and lithologic configuration of reservoir in
well section and the lithology configuration relations(Fig. 10). The patterns of the sandstone, mudstone and
coal distribution in the wells in the reservoir profile are both away from type and the interactive type, in
which the ratio of interaction type (well T-27, B-6, T-10) is more than that of far away from the type (well
T-24). That can reflect the actual configuration relationship of lithology in the study area.

Figure 9—Lithology configuration relations

Figure 10—Correspondence diagram of profile and lithologic configuration of reservoir in well section
8 SPE-187899-MS

The Prediction of Sandstone Reservoirs Containing Coal Seam

Aiming at the two lithologic configuration patterns (the away from type and interaction type) in the
longitudinal direction of the study area, the corresponding reservoir prediction process (Fig. 11) was
developed. For the distance type, because the coal seam and the reservoir is relatively far away, the coal
seam has little effect on the seismic response of the sandstone reservoir, so it can be used to predict the
sandbody directly based on the original seismic data.

Figure 11—Process of Reservoir Prediction with Coal Seam

The interaction type is the difficult to predict the sandstone and coal bed. The main feature of this model
is that the distance between the coal seam and the sandstone is relatively small, and the seismic response
of the coal seam to the sandstone has a flooding effect, which leads to the difficulty of sandstone reservoir
prediction. By attempting a variety of methods, repeated testing and screening, the wavelet decomposition
method is chosen finally. it is to eliminate or weak the strong reflection of the coal seam and highlight
the sandstone reservoir in the seismic section, in order to solve the study area of coal-bearing sandstone
reservoir prediction provided data base.
The prediction process of the interbedded coalbed reservoir is based on the characteristics of the coal
seam distribution, and then the forward modeling is carried out. Then, the wavelet decomposition technique
is used to eliminate the influence of the strong interface of the coal seam, and the seismic response
characteristics of the sandstone reservoir are restored. Third, the wave impedance inversion and physical
inversion are carried out. At last, the coal-bearing sandstone reservoir prediction is completed, which can
guide oil and gas exploration in this study block and the South Turgar basin.

Forward Simulation
Firstly, the model which is march the interaction type is set up by the forward model (Fig. 12). The upper
part of the red line frame in Fig. 12 is the distribution of the coal seam and the sandstone layer. In the seismic
section of the B ' This phenomenon is the actual situation reflected in the seismic section of the study area,
which indicates that the seismic response of the sandstone is submerged by the coal seam, and the seismic
features of the sandstone are not fully reflected in the seismic section.
SPE-187899-MS 9

Figure 12—Coal seam interaction with reservoir: raw well data, 1 ms sampling, 25 Hz wavelet

Wavelet decomposition principle

The seismic response is a comprehensive response of a variety of underground geological bodies, is
a composite signal of the common geological factors (lithology, thickness and combination) of the
underground5-7, and can predict the shapes and distributions of underground geological bodies8. According
to the characteristics of seismic reflection, it can represent the lithologies and physical properties of
underground strata, and thus the wavelet decomposition method is born9-15. Wavelet decomposition can
decompose the seismic data into seismic forms with different waveforms, different frequencies and different
energies16. The wavelet decomposition technique is based on the mathematical operation to transform the
seismic signals, and the properties such as frequency, amplitude and energy are different or the same Wavelet
database, and based on this wavelet database screening, optimization, to highlight the characteristics of a
particular geological body10-16.
Multi-wavelet decomposition can decompose the seismic signals into the Leike wavelet sets with a series
of different frequencies and amplitudes9 (Fig. 13). To the main targets in the study area, the wavelet, which
reflects the frequencies, amplitudes and energies of the target reservoirs, is superimposed on each layer to
complete the reservoir prediction. Based on the application of multi-wavelet decomposition, the reservoir
prediction can be carried out to the actual situation of the study area17.

Figure 13—the Flow diagram Wavelet decomposition principle

10 SPE-187899-MS

Wavelet Decomposition to Eliminate Coal Seam

The multi-wavelet seismic decomposition technology can effectively overcome the problems that can
not be overcome in conventional filtering. According to the research, it is necessary to carry out any
single-frequency or multi-frequencies seismic section in the decomposition frequency domain to realize the
interference of coal seam, improve the resolution and carry on a series of frequency-related The purpose
of lithologies identification. The wavelet decomposition technique can remove the influence of the strong
interface caused by the coal seam, restore the seismic response characteristics of the thin sandstone layer,
and lay the foundation for the further reservoir inversion.
Combined with the actual situation of the study area, the strong reflection axis on the seismic profile
is the superposition of the coal seam after flooding the sandstone (Fig. 14). In order to separate the
sandstone from the strong reflection axis of the coal seam, the seismic trace can be decomposed into a
group of different wave components. The strong reflection characteristics can be regarded as composed
of different components, different components reflect different levels of geological, stratigraphic and
lithological characteristics. Different amplitudes of the same component reflect changes in different
lithologies and stratigraphic structures at the same level. We try to peel off the components representing
different lithological features layer by layer, such as the first component reflects the largest common
waveform, the second component reflects the removal of the first component after the largest common
waveform, and so on. The steps should be repeated and combined with mud logging, seismic, well logging
and other information to carry out the exact inspection of lithologies characteristics, until to reach the coal
seam and highlight the purpose of sandstone at last.

Figure 14—Demonstration of coal seams in coal seam and sandstone interbed

Wavelet decomposition is a method of eliminating the submerged response of the coal seam to the
sandstone by stripping the components of the coal seam waveform and energy, and to highlight the sandstone
reflection characteristics. It is different from the spectrum decomposition method which is now widely used
in the oil industry to remove the influence of coal seam. The prediction effect will be reflected in the results
of this inversion.
The frequency of the seismic data of the study area is low to 20~25Hz. The wavelet decomposition
technique is used to the target layer J1ab to remove the components representing the coal seam layer by
layer, and finally to reduce the interference of the coal seam to the sandstone. Meanwhile, it highlights the
SPE-187899-MS 11

reflection characteristics of the sandstone reservoir. The foundation of the reservoir prediction work is given.
It can be seen from Fig. 15 that the reflection characteristics of the overlying sandstone formation on the
original seismic profile are highlighted after removal of the coal seam (shown in dotted linesaand c in Fig.
15). In Fig. 15, picture a is the original seismic section of the study area, picture b is the seismic reflection
profile representing the characteristics of the coal seam, and picture c is the sandstone and mudstone seismic
profile after reducing the coal affection.

Figure 15—The area of the coal seam is removed before and after the study area

Reservoir physical inversion

Aiming at the intertemporallithologic configuration pattern in this study area, during the above research and
process, the effect of the strong interface caused by the coal seam is eliminated by the wavelet decomposition
technique, which highlights the reflection characteristics of the sandstone reservoir in the seismic section.
The sandstone thin reservoir prediction is carried out by geostatistical inversion, and the effective reservoir
of thin sandstone is predicted by stochastic simulation of porosity. Finally, the sandstone reservoir is
predicted, which contains coal seams18-19. The results of the porosity inversion are in good agreement with
the actual wells (Fig. 16).

Figure 16—Study on porosity inversion zone of J1ab layer in study area

12 SPE-187899-MS

Effect Analysis and Application

Based on the analysis of the inversion results after removing the coal seam, comparing the thickness of
sandstone from inversion and the thickness of the sandstone from well logging interpretation in the selected
7 wells in the study area (Table 2), and the average coincidence rate can reach 79%. In the test well B-1,
the coincidence rate is 72%, so the sandstone reservoir inversion in the study area received a good effect
by the use of wavelet decomposition technology to remove coal.

Table 2—Survey area of logging and reservoir inversion area

thickness
thickness Absolute Coincidence
Well from Remark
from well(m) error(%) rate(%)
inversion(m)

10.0 8.4 -1.6 84.0

11.0 9.4 -1.6 85.5

T-1
17.0 13.7 -3.3 80.6

9.0 10.7 1.7 81.1

14.5 12.4 -2.1 85.5

T-4
12.0 9.3 -2.7 77.5

5.0 4.1 -0.9 82.0

15.0 11.9 -3.1 79.3

T-5
10.0 11.7 1.7 83.0

13.0 15.5 2.5 80.8

10.0 8.1 -1.9 81.0

8.0 6.6 -1.4 82.5

T-6
12.0 13.6 1.6 86.7

10.0 12.6 2.6 74.0

9.0 7.1 -1.9 78.9

6.0 7.4 1.4 76.7

T-8
12.0 9.2 -2.8 76.7

15.0 12.5 -2.5 83.3

9.0 10.4 1.4 84.3

B-4 5.0 6.7 1.7 66.0

9.0 7.7 -1.3 85.9

4.0 5.4 1.4 65.0

3.5 4.6 1.1 68.6 Inspection

B-1
11.0 13.5 2.5 77.3 well

6.5 7.9 1.4 78.5

Average - - - 79.4

Reservoir inversion results are also well verified in plane prediction. It is obvious from the results of
the physical inversion of the sandstone reservoirs (Fig. 17) and the results of the uncapped coal seam
(Fig. 18). The results of the reservoir inversion are quite different from the sandstone reservoirs predicted
by conventional attributes. In the well areas T-6, T-5 and T-1 showed in Fig. 17, the inversion predicted
sandstone reservoirs are relatively developed and the commercial oil and gas are found, which consists
SPE-187899-MS 13

with the actual wells drilling. But the reservoir prediction of the conventional attributes shows negative
result, there are big differences between the two forecast results. In addition, it shows that there is a large
difference between the results of inversion and the results of attribute prediction in the area of well T-8 in
Fig. 17. Compared with the actual drilled wells and test data, the inversion result after removal of coal seam
is consistent with the actual situation. Hence, the result of inversion of sandstone reservoir after removal of
coal seam is consistent with the actual geological condition.

Figure 17—Study plan inversion layer region J1ab

Figure 18—-15ms RMS amplitude Study plan view of the top surface area J1ab

Therefore, the method of predicting the sandstone reservoir by using the wavelet decomposition
technique is feasible in the study area. The inversion results are proved by the drilled wells and the
application of the prediction results showed in newly drilled wells. It is proved that the method is suitable
for the study area and it has achieved good results. The technology has been widely used in other research
14 SPE-187899-MS

blocks in the south Turgay Basin. In this way, 21 exploration wells have been drilled and 14 of them gain
oil and gas here, with a success rate of 67%.
At the same time, four oil and gas structural zones are found, and the new petroleum geological reserve
is up to 22.6 million tons, which provides important technical support and guarantees for the sustainable
development of oil and gas in the south Turgay basin.

Conclusions
According to the results of resource assessment in the south Turgay basin, the J1ab layer is the main direction
of the exploration of the basin, but the J1ab layer is coal-bearing strata. Itis difficult to predict the sandstone
reservoir due to the submerged effect of the seismic response by coal seam.
According to the practical application, that the technology is effective in this study area by using the
wavelet decomposition to identify the effective reservoir by reducing the coal seam effect to have reservoir
inversion, and it can guide the further exploration of this basin. It solves the bottleneck problem of the
prediction of sandstone reservoirs in the J1ab layer of the southern Turgay basin, which lays the technical
foundation for the deep exploration here.
It is the first time to predict sandstone reservoirs by using wavelet decomposition technology to remove
the affection of coal seams in the south Turgay basin, and it has achieved good results oil and gas exploration.
The success rate of exploration wells reached 67%, the new petroleum geological reserves is up to 22.6
million tons, and the oil geological resources is about 210 million tons. It provides an important guarantee
for oil and gas sustainable development of the basin.

Acknowledgement
The authors woukd like to thank the "Global oil and gas resources assessment and constituencies with
research" to support this study, the fund numbersare 2016ZX05029and 2016D-4301.

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