1- How could you set up Live Rendering?

The attribute @IBDesignable lets Interface Builder perform live updates on a particular view. IB Designable

requires Init frame to be defined as well in UI View class.

2- What is the difference between Synchronous & Asynchronous task?

Synchronous: waits until the task have completed Asynchronous: completes a task in the background

and can notify you when complete

3- Explain Compilation Conditions

Compilation Conditions to use if DEBUG … end if structure to include or disable given block of code ve

separate targets.

4- What is made up of NS Error object?

There are three parts of NS Error object a domain, an error code, and a user info dictionary. The domain is

a string that identifies what categories of errors this error is coming from.

5- What is Enum or Enumerations?

According to Apple’s Swift documentation:

Managing state, the bits of data that keep track of how the app is being used at the moment, is an important

part of a developing your app. Because enumerations define a finite number of states, and can bundle

associated values with each individual state, you can use them to model the state of your app and its internal

processes.

Enum is a type that basically contains a group of related values in the same umbrella but case-less enum

won’t allow us to create an instance.

Reference: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/swift/maintaining_state_in_your_apps
6- What is the bounding box?

The bounding box is a term used in geometry; it refers to the smallest measure (area or volume) within

which a given set of points.

7- Why don’t we use strong for enum property in Objective-C?

Because enums aren’t objects, so we don’t specify strong or weak here.

8- What is @synthesize in Objective-C?

synthesize generates getter and setter methods for your property.

9- What is @dynamic in Objective-C?

We use dynamic for subclasses of NSManagedObject. @dynamic tells the compiler that getter and setters

are implemented somewhere else.

10- Why do we use synchronized?

synchronized guarantees that only one thread can be executing that code in the block at any given time.

11- What is the difference strong, weaks, read only and copy?

strong, weak, assign property attributes define how memory for that property will be managed.

Strong means that the reference count will be increased and

the reference to it will be maintained through the life of the object

Weak ( non-strong reference ), means that we are pointing to an object but not increasing its reference

count. It’s often used when creating a parent child relationship. The parent has a strong reference to the

child but the child only has a weak reference to the parent.

 Every time used on var

 Every time used on an optional type

 Automatically changes itself to nil

Read-only, we can set the property initially but then it can’t be changed.

Copy means that we’re copying the value of the object when it’s created. Also prevents its value from

changing.

for more details check this out

12- What is Dynamic Dispatch?

Dynamic Dispatch is the process of selecting which implementation

of a polymorphic operation that’s a method or a function to call at run time. This means, that when we

wanna invoke our methods like object method. but Swift does not default to dynamic dispatch

13- What’s Code Coverage?

Code coverage is a metric that helps us to measure the value of our unit tests.

14- What’s Completion Handler?

Completion handlers are super convenient when our app is making an API call, and we need to do

something when that task is done, like updating the UI to show the data from the API call. We’ll see

completion handlers in Apple’s APIs like dataTaskWithRequest and they can be pretty handy in your own

code.

The completion handler takes a chunk of code with 3 arguments:(NSData?, NSURLResponse?, NSError?)

that returns nothing: Void. It’s a closure.

The completion handlers have to marked @escaping since they are executed some point after the enclosing

function has been executed.

15- How to Prioritize Usability in Design ?

Broke down its design process to prioritize usability in 4 steps:

 Think like the user, then design the UX.

 Remember that users are people, not demographics.

 When promoting an app, consider all the situations in which it could be useful.

 Keep working on the utility of the app even after launch.

16- What’s the difference between the frame and the bounds?

The bounds of a UI View is the rectangle, expressed as a location (x,y) and size (width, height) relative to

its own coordinate system (0,0).

The frame of a UI View is the rectangle, expressed as a location (x,y) and size (width, height) relative to the

super view it is contained within.

17- What is Responder Chain ?

A Responder Chain is a hierarchy of objects that have the opportunity to respond to events received.

18- What is Regular expressions?

Regular expressions are special string patterns that describe how to search through a string.

19- What is Operator Overloading?

Operator overloading allows us to change how existing operators behave with types that both already exist.

Operators are those little symbols like +, *, and /

20- What is TVML Kit?

TVML Kit is the glue between TVML, JavaScript, and your native tv OS application.

21- What is Platform limitations of tvOS?

First, tv OS provides no browser support of any kind, nor is there any Web Kit or other web-based
rendering engine you can program against. This means your app can’t link out to a web browser for

anything, including web links, OAuth, or social media sites.

Second, tv OS apps cannot explicitly use local storage. At product launch, the devices ship with either 32

GB or 64 GB of hard drive space, but apps are not permitted to write directly to the onboard storage.

tvOS app bundle cannot exceed 4 GB.

22- What is Functions?

Functions let us group a series of statements together to perform some task. Once a function is created, it

can be reused over and over in your code. If you find yourself repeating statements in your code, then a

function may be the answer to avoid that repetition.

Pro Tip, Good functions accept input and return output. Bad functions set global variables and rely on other

functions to work.

23- What is ABI?

ABIs are important when it comes to applications that use external libraries. If a program is built to use a

particular library and that library is later updated, you don’t want to have to re-compile that application (and

from the end user's standpoint, you may not have the source). If the updated library uses the same ABI,

then your program will not need to change. ABI stability will come with Swift 5.0

24- Why is design pattern very important ?

Design patterns are reusable solutions to common problems in software design. They’re templates

designed to help you write code that’s easy to understand and reuse. Most common Cocoa design patterns:

 Creational: Singleton.

 Structural: Decorator, Adapter, Facade.

 Behavioral: Observer, and, Memento

25- What is Singleton Pattern ?

The Singleton design pattern ensures that only one instance exists for a given class and that there’s a

global access point to that instance. It usually uses lazy loading to create the single instance when it’s

needed the first time.

26- What is Facade Design Pattern?

The Facade design pattern provides a single interface to a complex subsystem. Instead of exposing the

user to a set of classes and their APIs, you only expose one simple unified API.

27- What is Decorator Design Pattern?

The Decorator pattern dynamically adds behaviors and responsibilities to an object without modifying its

code. It’s an alternative to subclassing where you modify a class’s behavior by wrapping it with another

object.

In Objective-C there are two very common implementations of this pattern: Category and Delegation. In

Swift there are also two very common implementations of this pattern: Extensions and Delegation.

28- What is Adapter Pattern?

An Adapter allows classes with incompatible interfaces to work together. It wraps itself around an object

and exposes a standard interface to interact with that object.

29- What is Observer Pattern?

In the Observer pattern, one object notifies other objects of any state changes.

Cocoa implements the observer pattern in two ways: Notifications and Key-Value Observing (KVO).

30- What is Memento Pattern?

In Memento Pattern saves your stuff somewhere. Later on, this externalized state can be restored without

violating encapsulation; that is, private data remains private. One of Apple’s specialized implementations of

the Memento pattern is Archiving other hand iOS uses the Memento pattern as part of State Restoration.
31- Explain MVC

 Models — responsible for the domain data or a data access layer which manipulates the data, think

of ‘Person’ or ‘PersonDataProvider’ classes.

 Views — responsible for the presentation layer (GUI), for iOS environment think of everything

starting with ‘UI’ prefix.

 Controller/Presenter/ViewModel — the glue or the mediator between the Model and the View, in

general responsible for altering the Model by reacting to the user’s actions performed on the View and

updating the View with changes from the Model.

32- Explain MVVM

UIKit independent representation of your View and its state. The View Model invokes changes in the Model

and updates itself with the updated Model, and since we have a binding between the View and the View

Model, the first is updated accordingly.

Your view model will actually take in your model, and it can format the information that’s going to be

displayed on your view.

There is a more known framework called RxSwift. It contains RxCocoa, which are reactive extensions for

Cocoa and CocoaTouch.

33- How many different annotations available in Objective-C ?

 _Null_unspecified, which bridges to a Swift implicitly unwrapped optional. This is the default.

 _Nonnull, the value won’t be nil it bridges to a regular reference.

 _Nullable the value can be nil, it bridges to an optional.

 _Null_resettable the value can never be nil, when read but you can set it to know to reset it. This is

only apply property.

34- What is JSON/PLIST limits ?

 We create your objects and then serialized them to disk..

 It’s great and very limited use cases.

 We can’t obviously use complex queries to filter your results.

 It’s very slow.

 Each time we need something, we need to either serialize or deserialize it.

 it’s not thread-safe.

35- What is SQLite limits ?

 We need to define the relations between the tables. Define the schema of all the tables.

 We have to manually write queries to fetch data.

 We need to query results and then map those to models.

 Queries are very fast.

36- What is Realm benefits ?

 An open-source database framework.

 Implemented from scratch.

 Zero copy object store.

 Fast.

37- How many are there APIs for battery-efficient location tracking ?

There are 3 apis.

 Significant location changes — the location is delivered approximately every 500 metres (usually up

to 1 km)

 Region monitoring — track enter/exit events from circular regions with a radius equal to 100m or

more. Region monitoring is the most precise API after GPS.

 Visit events — monitor place Visit events which are enters/exits from a place (home/office).

38- What is the Swift main advantage ?

To mention some of the main advantages of Swift:

 Optional Types, which make applications crash-resistant

 Built-in error handling

 Closures

 Much faster compared to other languages

 Type-safe language

 Supports pattern matching

39- Explain generics in Swift ?

Generics create code that does not get specific about underlying data types. Don’t catch this article.

Generics allow us to know what type it is going to contain. Generics also provides optimization for our code.

40- Explain lazy in Swift ?

An initial value of the lazy stored properties is calculated only when the property is called for the first time.

There are situations when the lazy properties come very handy to developers.

41- Explain what is defer ?

defer keyword which provides a block of code that will be executed in the case when execution is leaving

the current scope.

42- How to pass a variable as a reference ?

We need to mention that there are two types of variables: reference and value types. The difference

between these two types is that by passing value type, the variable will create a copy of its data, and the

reference type variable will just point to the original data in the memory.

43- How to pass data between view controllers?

There are 3 ways to pass data between view controllers.

1. Segue, in prepareForSegue method (Forward)

2. Delegate (Backward)

3. Setting variable directly (Forward)

44- What is Concurrency ?

Concurrency is dividing up the execution paths of your program so that they are possibly running at the

same time. The common terminology: process, thread, multithreading, and others. Terminology;

 Process, An instance of an executing app

 Thread, Path of execution for code

 Multithreading, Multiple threads or multiple paths of execution running at the same time.

 Concurrency, Execute multiple tasks at the same time in a scalable manner.

 Queues, Queues are lightweight data structures that manage objects in the order of First-in, First-out

(FIFO).

 Synchronous vs Asynchronous tasks

45- Grand Central Dispatch (GCD)

GCD is a library that provides a low-level and object-based API to run tasks concurrently while managing

threads behind the scenes. Terminology;

 Dispatch Queues, A dispatch queue is responsible for executing a task in the first-in, first-out order.

 Serial Dispatch Queue A serial dispatch queue runs tasks one at a time.

 Concurrent Dispatch Queue A concurrent dispatch queue runs as many tasks as it can without

waiting for the started tasks to finish.

 Main Dispatch Queue A globally available serial queue that executes tasks on the application’s

main thread.

46- Readers-Writers

Multiple threads reading at the same time while there should be only one thread writing. The solution to the

problem is a readers-writers lock which allows concurrent read-only access and an exclusive write access.

Terminology;

 Race Condition A race condition occurs when two or more threads can access shared data and

they try to change it at the same time.

 Deadlock A deadlock occurs when two or sometimes more tasks wait for the other to finish, and

neither ever does.

 Readers-Writers problem Multiple threads reading at the same time while there should be only one

thread writing.

 Readers-writer lock Such a lock allows concurrent read-only access to the shared resource while

write operations require exclusive access.

 Dispatch Barrier Block Dispatch barrier blocks create a serial-style bottleneck when working with

concurrent queues.

47- NSOperation — NSOperationQueue — NSBlockOperation

NSOperation adds a little extra overhead compared to GCD, but we can add dependency among various

operations and re-use, cancel or suspend them.

NSOperationQueue, It allows a pool of threads to be created and used to execute NSOperations in

parallel. Operation queues aren’t part of GCD.

NSBlockOperation allows you to create an NSOperation from one or more closures. NSBlockOperations

can have multiple blocks, that run concurrently.

48- KVC — KVO

KVC adds stands for Key-Value Coding. It’s a mechanism by which an object’s properties can be accessed

using string’s at runtime rather than having to statically know the property names at development time.

KVO stands for Key-Value Observing and allows a controller or class to observe changes to a property

value. In KVO, an object can ask to be notified of any changes to a specific property, whenever that

property changes value, the observer is automatically notified.

49- Please explain Swift’s pattern matching techniques

 Tuple patterns are used to match values of corresponding tuple types.

 Type-casting patterns allow you to cast or match types.

 Wildcard patterns match and ignore any kind and type of value.

 Optional patterns are used to match optional values.

 Enumeration case patterns match cases of existing enumeration types.

 Expression patterns allow you to compare a given value against a given expression.

50- Explain Guard statement

There are three big benefits to guard statement.

One is avoiding the pyramid of doom, as others have mentioned — lots of annoying if let statements nested

inside each other moving further and further to the right. The second benefit is providing an early exit out of

the function using break or using return.

1- Please explain Method Swizzling in Swift

Method Swizzling is a well-known practice in Objective-C and in other languages that support dynamic

method dispatching.

Through swizzling, the implementation of a method can be replaced with a different one at runtime, by

changing the mapping between a specific #selector(method) and the function that contains its

implementation.

To use method swizzling with your Swift classes there are two requirements that you must comply with:

 The class containing the methods to be swizzled must extend NSObject

 The methods you want to swizzle must have the dynamic attribute

2- What is the difference Non-Escaping and Escaping Closures?

The lifecycle of a non-escaping closure is simple:

1. Pass a closure into a function

2. The function runs the closure (or not)

3. The function returns

Escaping closure means, inside the function, you can still run the closure (or not); the extra bit of the

closure is stored someplace that will outlive the function. There are several ways to have a closure escape

its containing function:

 Asynchronous execution: If you execute the closure asynchronously on a dispatch queue,

the queue will hold onto the closure for you. You have no idea when the closure will be

executed and there’s no guarantee it will complete before the function returns.
  Storage: Storing the closure to a global variable, property, or any other bit of storage that lives

on past the function call means the closure has also escaped.

for more details.

3- Explain [weak self] and [unowned self] ?

unowned ( non-strong reference ) does the same as weak with one exception: The variable will not

become nil and must not be optional.

When you try to access the variable after its instance has been deallocated. That means, you should only

use unowned when you are sure, that this variable will never be accessed after the corresponding instance

has been deallocated.

However, if you don’t want the variable to be weak AND you are sure that it can’t be accessed after the

corresponding instance has been deallocated, you can use unowned.

 Every time used with non-optional types

 Every time used with let

By declaring it [weak self] you get to handle the case that it might be nil inside the closure at some point

and therefore the variable must be an optional. A case for using [weak self] in an asynchronous network

request, is in a view controller where that request is used to populate the view.

4- What is ARC ?

ARC is a compile time feature that is Apple’s version of automated memory management. It stands

for Automatic Reference Counting. This means that it only frees up memory for objects when there

are zero strong references/ to them.

5- Explain #keyPath() ?
Using #keyPath(), a static type check will be performed by virtue of the key-path literal string being used as

a StaticString or StringLiteralConvertible. At this point, it’s then checked to ensure that it

A) is actually a thing that exists and

B) is properly exposed to Objective-C.

6- Explain Difference between SceneDelegate and AppDelegate

AppDelegateis part of the UIKit framework. The SceneDelegatetakes over this roles from the app delegate

with iOS13. The concept of a window is replaced by that of a scene. Multiple scenes allow us to build multi-

window apps on iOS and iPadOS.

7- What makes React Native special for iOS?

1. (Unlike PhoneGap) with React Native your application logic is written and runs in JavaScript,

whereas your application UI is fully native; therefore you have none of the compromises

typically associated with HTML5 UI.

2. Additionally (unlike Titanium), React introduces a novel, radical and highly functional approach

to constructing user interfaces. In brief, the application UI is simply expressed as a function of

the current application state.

8- What is NSFetchRequest?

NSFetchRequest is the class responsible for fetching from Core Data. Fetch requests are both powerful

and flexible. You can use fetch requests to fetch a set of objects meeting the provided criteria, individual

values and more.

9- Explain NSPersistentContainer
The persistent container creates and returns a container, having loaded the store for the application to it.

This property is optional since there are legitimate error conditions that could cause the creation of the store

to fail.

10- Explain NSFetchedResultsController

NSFetchedResultsController is a controller, but it’s not a view controller. It has no user interface. Its

purpose is to make developers’ lives easier by abstracting away much of the code needed to synchronize a

table view with a data source backed by Core Data.

Set up an NSFetchedResultsController correctly, and your table will mimic its data source without you have

to write more than a few lines of code.

11- What is the three major debugging improvements in Xcode 8?

 The View Debugger lets us visualize our layouts and see constraint definitions at runtime.

Although this has been around since Xcode 6, Xcode 8 introduces some handy new warnings

for constraint conflicts and other great convenience features.

 The Thread Sanitizer is an all new runtime tool in Xcode 8 that alerts you to threading issues

— most notably, potential race conditions.

 The Memory Graph Debugger is also brand new to Xcode 8. It provides visualization of your

app’s memory graph at a point in time and flags leaks in the Issue navigator.

12- What is the Test Driven Development of three simple rules?

1. You are not allowed to write any production code unless it is to make a failing unit test pass.

2. You are not allowed to write any more of a unit test than is sufficient to fail; and compilation

failures are failures.

 3. You are not allowed to write any more production code than is sufficient to pass the one failing

unit test.

13- Please explain final keyword into the class?

By adding the keyword final in front of the method name, we prevent the method from being overridden. If

we can replace the final class keyword with a single word static and get the same behavior.

14- What does Yak Shaving mean?

Yak shaving is a programming term that refers to a series of tasks that need to be performed before a

project can progress to its next milestone.

15- What is the difference open & public access level?

open allows other modules to use the class and inherit the class; for members, it allows others modules to

use the member and override it. For more information,

I recommend reading the Swift language guide chapter on access control.

public only allows other modules to use the public classes and the public members. Public classes can no

longer be subclassed, nor public members can be overridden.

16- What is the difference fileprivate, private and public private(set) access level ?

fileprivate is accessible within the current file from different classes or struct, private is accessible within

the current declaration. It not be visible outside the file.

public private(set) means getter is public, but the setter is private.

17- What is Internal access ?

Internal access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, but not in any

source file outside of the module.

Internal access is the default level of access. So even though we haven’t been writing any access control

specifiers in our code, our code has been at an internal level by default.

18- What is the difference between BDD and TDD?

The main difference between BDD and TDD is the fact that BDD test cases can be read by non-engineers,

which can be very useful in teams.

iOS I prefer Quick BDD framework and its “matcher framework,” called Nimble.

19- Please explain “Arrange-Act-Assert”

AAA is a pattern for arranging and formatting code in Unit Tests. If we were to write XCTests each of our

tests would group these functional sections, separated by blank lines:

 Arrange all necessary preconditions and inputs.

 Act on the object or method under test.

 Assert that the expected results have occurred.

20- What is the benefit of writing tests in iOS apps?

 Writing tests first gives us a clear perspective on the API design, by getting into the mindset of

being a client of the API before it exists.

 Good tests serve as great documentation of expected behavior.

  It gives us confidence to constantly refactor our code because we know that if we break

anything our tests fail.

 If tests are hard to write its usually a sign architecture could be improved. Following RGR

( Red — Green — Refactor ) helps you make improvements early on.

21- What is five essential practical guidelines to improve your typographic quality of mobile product

designs?

1. Start by choosing your body text typeface.

2. Try to avoid mixing typefaces.

3. Watch your line length.

4. Balance line height and point size.

5. Use proper Apostrophes and Dashes.

22- Explain Forced Unwrapping

When we defined a variable as optional, then to get the value from this variable, we will have to unwrap it.

This just means putting an exclamation mark at the end of the variable. The example of the implicitly

unwrapped optional type is the IBOutlets we created for your view controller.

We have to use Forced Unwrapping when we know an optional has a value.

23- How to educate app with Context?

Education in context technique helping users interact with an element or surface in a way they have not

done so previously. This technique often includes slight visual cues and subtle animation.24- What is

bitcode ?

Bitcode refers to to the type of code: “LLVM Bitcode” that is sent to iTunes Connect. This allows Apple to

use certain calculations to re-optimize apps further (e.g: possibly downsize executable sizes). If Apple

needs to alter your executable then they can do this without a new build being uploaded.
25- Explain Swift Standard Library Protocol ?

There are a few different protocol. Equatable protocol, that governs how we can distinguish between two

instances of the same type. That means we can analyze. If we have a specific value is in our array.

The comparable protocol, to compare two instances of the same type

and sequence protocol: prefix(while:) and drop(while:) [SE-0045].

Swift 4 introduces a new Codable protocol that lets us serialize and deserialize custom data types without

writing any special code.

26- What is the difference SVN and Git ?

SVN relies on a centralised system for version management. It’s a central repository where working copies

are generated and a network connection is required for access.

Git relies on a distributed system for version management. You will have a local repository on which you

can work, with a network connection only required to synchronise.

27- What is the difference CollectionViews & TableViews?

TableViews display a list of items, in a single column, a vertical fashion, and limited to vertical or horizontal

scrolling only.

CollectionViews also display a list of items, however, they can have multiple columns and rows.

28- What is Alamofire doing?

Alamofire uses URL Loading System in the background, so it does integrate well with the Apple-provided

mechanisms for all the network development. This means, It provides chainable request/response methods,

JSON parameter and response serialization, authentication, and many other features. It has thread

mechanics and executes requests on a background thread and call completion blocks on the main thread.
29- REST, HTTP, JSON — What’s that?

HTTP is the application protocol or set of rules, websites use to transfer data from the web server to client.

The client (your web browser or app) use to indicate the desired action:

 GET: Used to retrieve data, such as a web page, but doesn’t alter any data on the server.

 HEAD: Identical to GET but only sends back the headers and none of the actual data.

 POST: Used to send data to the server, commonly used when filling a form and clicking

submit.

 PUT: Used to send data to the specific location provided.

 DELETE: Deletes data from the specific location provided.

REST, or REpresentational State Transfer, is a set of rules for designing consistent, easy-to-use and

maintainable web APIs.

JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation; it provides a straightforward, human-readable and portable

mechanism for transporting data between two systems. Apple supplies the JSONSerialization class to help

convert your objects in memory to JSON and vice-versa.

30- What problems does delegation solve?

 Avoiding tight coupling of objects

 Modifying behavior and appearance without the need to subclass objects

 Allowing tasks to be handed off to any arbitrary object

31- What is the major purposes of Frameworks?

Frameworks have three major purposes:

  Code encapsulation

 Code modularity

 Code reuse

You can share your framework with your other apps, team members, or the iOS community. When

combined with Swift’s access control, frameworks help define strong, testable interfaces between code

modules.

32- Explain Swift Package Manager

The Swift Package Manager will help to vastly improve the Swift ecosystem, making Swift much easier to

use and deploy on platforms without Xcode such as Linux. The Swift Package Manager also addresses the

problem of dependency hell that can happen when using many interdependent libraries.

The Swift Package Manager only supports using the master branch. Swift Package Manager now supports

packages with Swift, C, C++ and Objective-C.

33- What is the difference between a delegate and an NSNotification?

Delegates and NSNotifications can be used to accomplish nearly the same functionality. However,

delegates are one-to-one while NSNotifications are one-to-many.

34- Explain SiriKit Limitations

 SiriKit cannot use all app types

 Not a substitute for a full app only an extension

 Siri requires a consistent Internet connection to work

 Siri service needs to communicate Apple Servers.

35- Why do we use a delegate pattern to be notified of the text field’s events?

Because at most only a single object needs to know about the event.

36- How is an inout parameter different from a regular parameter?

A Inout passes by reference while a regular parameter passes by value.

37- Explain View Controller Lifecycle events order?

There are a few different lifecycle events

- loadView

Creates the view that the controller manages. It’s only called when the view controller is created and only

when done programatically. It is responsible for making the view property exist in the first place.

- viewDidLoad

Called after the controller’s view is loaded into memory. It’s only called when the view is created.

- viewWillAppear

It’s called whenever the view is presented on the screen. In this step the view has bounds defined but the

orientation is not applied.

- viewWillLayoutSubviews

Called to notify the view controller that its view is about to layout its subviews. This method is called every

time the frame changes

- viewDidLayoutSubviews

Called to notify the view controller that its view has just laid out its subviews. Make additional changes here

after the view lays out its subviews.

- viewDidAppear

Notifies the view controller that its view was added to a view hierarchy.

- viewWillDisappear

Before the transition to the next view controller happens and the origin view controller gets removed from

screen, this method gets called.

- viewDidDisappear

After a view controller gets removed from the screen, this method gets called. You usually override this

method to stop tasks that are should not run while a view controller is not on screen.
- viewWillTransition(to:with:)

When the interface orientation changes, UIKit calls this method on the window’s root view controller before

the size changes are about to be made. The root view controller then notifies its child view controllers,

propagating the message throughout the view controller hierarchy.

38- What is the difference between LLVM and Clang?

Clang is the front end of LLVM tool chain ( “clang” C Language Family Frontend for LLVM ).

Every Compiler has three parts .

1. Front end ( lexical analysis, parsing )

2. Optimizer ( Optimizing abstract syntax tree )

3. Back end ( machine code generation )

Front end ( Clang ) takes the source code and generates abstract syntax tree ( LLVM IR ).

39- What is Class ?

A class is meant to define an object and how it works. In this way, a class is like a blueprint of an object.

40- What is Object?

An object is an instance of a class.

41- What is interface?

The @interface in Objective-C has nothing to do with Java interfaces. It simply declares a public interface

of a class, its public API.

42- When and why do we use an object as opposed to a struct?

Structs are value types. Classes(Objects) are reference types.

43- What is UIStackView?

UIStackView provides a way to layout a series of views horizontally or vertically. We can define how the

contained views adjust themselves to the available space. Don’t miss this article.

44- What are the states of an iOS App?

1. Non-running — The app is not running.

2. Inactive — The app is running in the foreground, but not receiving events. An iOS app can be

placed into an inactive state, for example, when a call or SMS message is received.

3. Active — The app is running in the foreground, and receiving events.

4. Background — The app is running in the background, and executing code.

5. Suspended — The app is in the background, but no code is being executed.

45- What are the most important application delegate methods a developer should handle?

The operating system calls specific methods within the application delegate to facilitate transitioning to and

from various states. The seven most important application delegate methods a developer should handle

are:
application:willFinishLaunchingWithOptions
Method called when the launch process is initiated. This is the first opportunity to execute any code within

the app.
application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions

Method called when the launch process is nearly complete. Since this method is called is before any of the

app’s windows are displayed, it is the last opportunity to prepare the interface and make any final

adjustments.
applicationDidBecomeActive

Once the application has become active, the application delegate will receive a callback notification

message via the method applicationDidBecomeActive.

This method is also called each time the app returns to an active state from a previous switch to inactive

from a resulting phone call or SMS.

applicationWillResignActive

There are several conditions that will spawn the applicationWillResignActive method. Each time a

temporary event, such as a phone call, happens this method gets called. It is also important to note that

“quitting” an iOS app does not terminate the processes, but rather moves the app to the background.
applicationDidEnterBackground

This method is called when an iOS app is running, but no longer in the foreground. In other words, the user

interface is not currently being displayed. According to Apple’s UIApplicationDelegate Protocol Reference,

the app has approximately five seconds to perform tasks and return. If the method does not return within

five seconds, the application is terminated.

applicationWillEnterForeground

This method is called as an app is preparing to move from the background to the foreground. The app,

however, is not moved into an active state without the applicationDidBecomeActive method being called.

This method gives a developer the opportunity to re-establish the settings of the previous running state

before the app becomes active.

applicationWillTerminate
This method notifies your application delegate when a termination event has been triggered. Hitting the

home button no longer quits the application. Force quitting the iOS app, or shutting down the device triggers

the applicationWillTerminate method. This is an opportunity to save the application configuration, settings,

and user preferences.

Two more delegate functions come with iOS13

configurationForConnecting

According to apple, it returns the configuration data for UIKit to use when creating a new scene.
didDiscardSceneSessions

This method is called as an app’s user closed one or more scenes via the app switcher.

I highly recommend read this post

46- What is the difference between property and instance variable?

A property is a more abstract concept. An instance variable is literally just a storage slot, as a slot in a

struct. Normally other objects are never supposed to access them directly. Usually, a property will return or
set an instance variable, but it could use data from several or none at all.

47- How can we add UIKit for Swift Package Manager?

Swift Package Manager is not supporting UIKit. We can create File Template or Framework for other

projects.

48- Explain the difference between SDK and Framework

SDK is a set of software development tools. This set is used for the creation of applications. A framework is

basically a platform which is used for developing software applications. It provides the necessary foundation
on which the programs can be developed for a specific platform. SDK and Framework complement each

other, and SDKs are available for frameworks.

49- What is Downcasting?

When we’re casting an object to another type in Objective-C, it’s pretty simple since there’s only one way to

do it. In Swift, though, there are two ways to cast — one that’s safe and one that’s not.

 as used for upcasting and type casting to bridged type

 as? used for safe casting, return nil if failed

 as! used to force casting, crash if failed. should only be used when we know the downcast will

succeed.

50- Explain Labeled Statements

Using a labeled statement, we can specify which control structure we want to break no matter how deeply

you nest our loops. This also works with continue. If we have a complex structure that contains nested for

loops, a labeled statement will allow us to break from an outer loop and continue on with the execution of

the method.

1- What is Nil Coalescing & Ternary Operator?

It is an easily return an unwrapped optional or a default value. If we do not have value, we can set zero or

default value.

2- What kind of JSONSerialization have ReadingOptions?

 mutableContainers Specifies that arrays and dictionaries are created as variables objects, not

constants.

 mutableLeaves Specifies that leaf strings in the JSON object graph are created as instances of

variable String.

 allowFragments Specifies that the parser should allow top-level objects that are not an instance of

Array or Dictionary.

3- How can you prevent a user from doing said action more than once on their device?

Apple has introduced DeviceCheck in iOS 10. This API allows us to access per-device, per-developer data
in an iOS device. The solution is better than UserDefaults or Advertising Identifier. DeviceCheck allows us

to store a boolean value.

4- What is DispatchGroup?

DispatchGroup allows for aggregate synchronization of work. We can use them to submit multiple different

work items and track when they all complete, even though they might run on different queues. This

behavior can be helpful when progress can’t be made until all of the specified tasks are complete.

— Apple’s Documentation

The most basic answer: If we need to wait on a couple of asynchronous or synchronous operations before

proceeding, we can use DispatchGroup.

5- What is RGR ( Red — Green — Refactor)?

Red, Green and Refactor are stages of the TDD (Test Driven Development).

1. Red: Write a small amount of test code usually no more than seven lines of code and watch it fail.

2. Green: Write a small amount of production code. Again, usually no more than seven lines of code

and make your test pass.

3. Refactor: Tests are passing, you can make changes without worrying. Clean up your code. There

are great workshop notes here.

6- Where do we use Dependency Injection ?

We use a storyboard or xib in our iOS app, then we created IBOutlets. IBOutlet is a property related to a

view. These are injected into the view controller when it is instantiated, which is essentially a form of

Dependency Injection.

There are forms of dependency injection: constructor injection, property injection and method injection.

7- Please explain types of notifications.

There are two type of notifications: Remote and Local. Remote notification requires connection to a server.

Local notifications don’t require server connection. Local notifications happen on device.

8- When is a good time for dependency injection in our projects?

There is a few guidelines that you can follow.

Rule 1. Is Testability important to us? If so, then it is essential to identify external dependencies within the

class that you wish to test. Once dependencies can be injected we can easily replace real services for

mock ones to make it easy to testing easy.

Rules 2. Complex classes have complex dependencies, include application-level logic, or access external

resources such as the disk or the network. Most of the classes in your application will be complex, including

almost any controller object and most model objects. The easiest way to get started is to pick a complex

class in your application and look for places where you initialize other complex objects within that class.

Rules 3. If an object is creating instances of other objects that are shared dependencies within other objects

then it is a good candidate for a dependency injection.

9- What kind of order functions can we use on collection types ?

 map(_:): Returns an array of results after transforming each element in the sequence using the

provided closure.

 filter(_:): Returns an array of elements that satisfy the provided closure predicate.

 reduce(_:_:): Returns a single value by combining each element in the sequence using the provided

closure.

 sorted(by:): Returns an array of the elements in the sequence sorted based on the provided closure

predicate.

To see all methods available from Sequence, take a look at the Sequence docs.

10- What allows you to combine your commits ?

git squash
11- What is the difference ANY and ANYOBJECT ?

According to Apple’s Swift documentation:

 Any can represent an instance of any type at all, including function types and optional types.

 AnyObject can represent an instance of any class type.

Check out for more details.

12- Please explain SOAP and REST Basics differences ?

Both of them helps us access Web services. SOAP relies exclusively on XML to provide messaging

services. SOAP is definitely the heavyweight choice for Web service access. Originally developed by

Microsoft.

REST ( Representational State Transfer ) provides a lighter weight alternative. Instead of using XML to

make a request, REST relies on a simple URL in many cases. REST can use four different HTTP 1.1 verbs

(GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE) to perform tasks.

13- What is your favorite Visualize Chart library?

Charts have support iOS,tvOS, OSX The Apple side of the cross-platform MPAndroidChart.

Core Plot is a 2D plotting framework for macOS, iOS, and tvOS

TEAChart has iOS support

A curated list of awesome iOS chart libraries, including Objective-C and Swift
14- What is the difference Filter and Map Function?

Map, we pass in a function that returns a value for each element in an array. The return value of this

function represents what an element becomes in our new array.

Filter, we pass in a function that returns either true or false for each element. If the function that we pass

returns true for a given element, then the element is included in the final array.

15- What is CoreData ?

Core data is an object graph manager which also has the ability to persist object graphs to the persistent

store on a disk. An object graph is like a map of all the different model objects in a typical model view

controller iOS application. CoreData has also integration with Core Spotlight.

But Core Data is not thread safe, meaning that, if you load a managed object on one thread, you can’t pass

it to another thread and use it safely. This becomes an issue when we want to start introducing threading for

performance, so we have two choices.

The first is to keep everything on the main thread, which just means it’s single threaded. Or the second

means making changes on background threads and passing managed object IDs and then loading those

objects again on the main thread, but that would mean that you’re on the main thread, which puts us right

back where we started. Both of these kind of ruin the point of using threading within Core Data and they can

add a lot of complexity to the data layer.

There’s also another option for that and it’s to convert the managed object to a plain old Swift object, or a

POSO.

16- Could you explain Associatedtype ?

If you want to create Generic Protocol we can use associatedtype. For more details check this out.
17- Which git command saves your code without making a commit ?

git stash

18- Explain Priority Inversion and Priority Inheritance.

If high priority thread waits for low priority thread, this is called Priority Inversion. if low priority thread

temporarily inherit the priority of the highest priority thread, this is called Priority Inheritance.

19- What is Hashable?

Hashable allows us to use our objects as keys in a dictionary. So we can make our custom types that can

be compared for its equality using it’s hashValue

20- When do you use optional chaining vs. if let or guard?

We use optional chaining when we do not really care if the operation fails; otherwise, we use if let or guard.

Optional chaining lets us run code only if our optional has a value.

Using the question mark operator like this is called optional chaining. Apple’s documentation explains it like

this:

Optional chaining is a process for querying and calling properties, methods, and subscripts on an optional

that might currently be nil. If the optional contains a value, the property, method, or subscript call succeeds; if

the optional is nil, the property, method, or subscript call returns nil. Multiple queries can be chained together,

and the entire chain fails gracefully if any link in the chain is nil.

21- How many different ways to pass data in Swift ?

There are many different ways such as Delegate, KVO, Segue, and NSNotification, Target-Action,

Callbacks.

22- How do you follow up clean code for this project ?

I follow style guide and coding conventions for Swift projects of Github and SwiftLint.

23- Explain to using Class and Inheritance benefits

 With Overriding provides a mechanism for customization

 Reuse implementation

 Subclassing provides reuse interface

 Modularity

 Subclasses provide dynamic dispatch

24- What’s the difference optional between nil and .None?

There is no difference. Optional.None (.None for short) is the correct way of initializing an optional variable

lacking a value, whereas nil is just syntactic sugar for .None. Check this out.

25- What is GraphQL ?

GraphQL is trying to solve creating a query interface for the clients at the application level. Apollo iOS is a

strongly-typed, caching GraphQL client for iOS, written in Swift.

26- Explain Common features of Protocols & superclasses

 implementation reuse

 provide points for customization

 interface reuse

 supporting modular design via dynamic dispatch on reused interfaces

27- What is Continuous Integration ?

Continuous Integration allows us to get early feedback when something is going wrong during application

development. There are a lot of continuous integration tools available.

Self-hosted server

 Xcode Server

 Jenkins

 TeamCity

Cloud solutions

 TravisCI

 Bitrise

 Buddybuild

28- What is the difference Delegates and Callbacks?

The difference between delegates and callbacks is that with delegates, the NetworkService is telling the

delegate “There is something changed.” With callbacks, the delegate is observing the NetworkService.

Check this out.

29- Explain Linked List

Linked List basically consist of the structures we named the Node. These nodes basically have two things.

The first one is the one we want to keep. (we do not have to hold single data, we can keep as much

information as we want), and the other is the address information of the other node.

Disadvantages of Linked Lists, at the beginning, there is extra space usage. Because the Linked List have

an address information in addition to the existing information. This means more space usage.

30- Do you know Back End development ?

Depends. I have experienced PARSE and I am awarded FBStart. I decided to learn pure back end. You

have two choices. Either you can learn node.js + express.js and mongodb. OR, you can

learn Vapor or Kitura.

Don’t you like or use Firebase?

Firebase doesn't have a path for macOS X developers.

If you want to learn Firebase, please just follow one month of Firebase Google Group.

31- Explain AutoLayout

AutoLayout provides a flexible and powerful layout system that describes how views and the UI controls
calculates the size and position in the hierarchy.

32- What is the disadvantage to hard-coding log statements ?

First, when you start to log. This starts to accumulate. It may not seem like a lot, but every minute adds up.

By the end of a project, those stray minutes will equal to hours.

Second, Each time we add one to the code base, we take a risk of injecting new bugs into our code.

33- What is Pointer ?

A pointer is a direct reference to a memory address. Whereas a variable acts as a transparent container for

a value, pointers remove a layer of abstraction and let you see how that value is stored.

34- Explain Core ML Pros and Cons

Pros of Core ML:

 Really easy to add into your app.

 Not just for deep learning: also does logistic regression, decision trees, and other “classic” machine

learning models.

 Comes with a handy converter tool that supports several different training packages (Keras, Caffe,

scikit-learn, and others).

Cons:

 Core ML only supports a limited number of model types. If you trained a model that does something

Core ML does not support, then you cannot use Core ML.

 The conversion tools currently support only a few training packages. A notable omission is

TensorFlow, arguably the most popular machine learning tool out there. You can write your own
converters, but this isn’t a job for a novice. (The reason TensorFlow is not supported is that it is a low-

level package for making general computational graphs, while Core ML works at a much higher level of

abstraction.)

 No flexibility, little control. The Core ML API is very basic, it only lets you load a model and run it.

There is no way to add custom code to your models.

 iOS 11 and later only.

For more information.

35- What is pair programming?

Pair programming is a tool to share information with junior developers. Junior and senior developer sitting

side-by-side this is the best way for the junior to learn from senior developers.

Check out Martin Fowler on “Pair Programming Misconceptions”, WikiHow on Pair Programming

36- Explain blocks

Blocks are a way of defining a single task or unit of behavior without having to write an entire Objective-C

class. they are anonymous functions.

37- What is Keychain ?

Keychain is an API for persisting data securly in iOS App. It is secured using a hardware module and is

backed up to iCloud. I highly recomend a good library - Locksmith

38- What is the biggest changes in UserNotifications ?

 We can add audio, video and images.

 We can create custom interfaces for notifications.

 We can manage notifications with interfaces in the notification center.

 New Notification extensions allow us to manage remote notification payloads before they’re

delivered.

39- Explain the difference between atomic and nonatomic synthesized properties

atomic : It is the default behaviour. If an object is declared as atomic then it becomes thread-safe. Thread-

safe means, at a time only one thread of a particular instance of that class can have the control over that

object.
nonatomic: It is not thread-safe. We can use the nonatomic property attribute to specify that synthesized

accessors simply set or return a value directly, with no guarantees about what happens if that same value is

accessed simultaneously from different threads. For this reason, it’s faster to access a nonatomic property

than an atomic one.

40- Why do we use availability attributes ?

Apple wants to support one system version back, meaning that we should support iOS9 or

iOS8. Availability Attributes lets us to support previous version iOS.

41- How could we get device token ?

There are two steps to get device token. First, we must show the user’s permission screen, after we can

register for remote notifications. If these steps go well, the system will provide device token. If we uninstall

or reinstall the app, the device token would change.

42- What is Encapsulation ?

Encapsulation is an object-oriented design principles and hides the internal states and functionality of

objects. That means objects keep their state information private.

43- What is big-o notation ?

An algorithm is an impression method used to determine the working time for an input N size. The big-o

notation grade is expressed by the highest value. And the big-o notation is finding the answer with the

question of O(n). Here is a cheat sheet and swift algorithm club. For example;

For Loops big-o notation is O(N). Because For Loops work n times.

Variables (var number:Int = 4) big-o notation is O(1).

44- What Is Dependency Management?

If we want to integrate open source project, add a framework from a third party project, or even reuse code

across our own projects, dependency management helps us to manage these relationships. Check this

out

45- What is UML Class Diagrams?

UML Class Diagram is a set of rules and notations for the specification of a software system, managed and

created by the Object Management Group.

46- Explain throw

We are telling the compiler that it can throw errors by using the throws keyword. Before we can throw an

error, we need to make a list of all the possible errors you want to throw.

47- What is Protocol Extensions?

We can adopt protocols using extensions as well as on the original type declaration. This allows you to add

protocols to types you don’t necessarily own.

48- What is three triggers for a local notification ? Location, Calendar, and Time Interval. A Location

notification fires when the GPS on your phone is at a location or geographic region. Calendar trigger is

based on calendar data broken into date components. Time Interval is a count of seconds until the timer

goes off.

49- Explain Selectors in ObjC Selectors are Objective-C’s internal representation of a method name.

50- What is Remote Notifications attacment’s limits ?

We can be sent with video or image with push notification. But maximum payload is 4kb. If we want to sent

high quality attachment, we should use Notification Service Extension.