Workshop 2008E.

Safety , Safety sign and Safety instruction

Safety is the state of being “ safe” (from French sauf ) the condition of being protected
against physical ,social ,spiritual financial , emotional occupational , psychological ,
educational or other types or consequences of failure , damage , error , accidents , harm ,
or any other event that could be considered non-desirable.

Safety Sign is a visual alerting device in the form of a sign, label, decal, placard or other marking
which advises the observer of the nature and degree of the potential hazard(s) which can cause an
accident. It may also provide other directions to eliminate or reduce the hazard and advise of the
probable consequences of no avoiding the hazard.

Categories of Safety Signs

• Environmental safety sign: Sign or placard in a work or public area that provides safety
information about the immediate environment. (will be addressed)

• Product safety sign: Sign, label, or decal affixed to a product that provides hazard and safety
information about that product. (not addressed)

Classification of Safety Signs

 DANGER WARNING

 CAUTION NOTICE

 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS FIRE SAFETY & DIRECTIONAL SIGNS

Safety Sign Format

• Signal word panel: Contains signal word. Also contains safety alert symbol for personnel
hazards.

• Message panel: Contains those words relating to: Identification of the hazard, how to avoid
the hazard, and/or the probable consequence of not avoiding the hazard.

• Symbol/Pictorial panel: Contains symbol

Two-panel sign format

Signal
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Word
Three-Panel Sign Format

Message
___________
_________

___________
Safety
___________ Alert

Signal Word
• ___________
Panel
#It is used to alert to
potential personal injury
hazards. Obey all safety
….. messages
that follow to avoid possible injury or death.

___________
Word message

!
___________
Danger - Signal word panel
(ANSI ___________
535.2)
Symbol/Pictoria
• .
.
l # DANGER: Imminently hazardous .
situation which, if not avoided, will result in
..

. death or serious injury.

Panel
Danger - Alternate signal word panel
(ANSI 535.2, for Danger only)
• DANGER: Imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or
serious injury.

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DANGER !

Warning - Signal word panel

(ANSI 53.1, ANSI 535.2)
• WARNING: Potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or
serious injury.

• Alternate (older) black letters, on safety orange truncated triangle, on a black background.

WARNING

Caution - Signal word panel #1

(ANSI 53.1, ANSI 535.2)

# CAUTION: Potentially hazardous situation

, which if not avoided, may result in minor or
. moderate injury.

# Alternate safety yellow on black background

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!
 !
CAUTION Workshop 2008E.C

Caution - Signal word panel #2

(ANSI 53.1, ANSI 535.2)
!
• Used without the safety alert symbol indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not
avoided, may result in property damage.

CAUTION
Notice - Signal word panel
• NOTICE: Signs used to indicate a statement of company policy or information indirectly
related to the safety of personnel or protection of property.

NOTICE
General Safety-Signal word panel
• Indicates general instructions relative to safe work practices, reminders of proper safety
procedures, or location of safety equipment.

SAFETY
INSTRUCTIONS CAUTION
Word Message Panel
• Communicates information to an observer on the type of hazard, the consequence of not
avoiding the hazard and how to avoid the hazard.

NOTICE
• Some factors to consider:
– Can the hazard be inferred by the symbol?
– Reaction time required to avoid the hazard?
– Target audiences knowledge of the hazard?

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INSTRUCTIONS Workshop 2008E.C

Formatting the word message

(use “headline style”)

• Omit pronouns (this, that, they) , articles (a, the, an), verbs (is, are, were)

• Headline style Message examples: Hazardous voltage inside

Keep out!

Keep access door locked

Ordering the content of word message (example)

Keep out Avoidance or action Statement

Hazardous Type of Hazard Statement

Voltage inside

Can shock, burn Consequence Statement

or cause death

Action Statement

• Tells the viewer how to avoid the hazard

• Statement should be simple, direct and applicable to the hazard

• Examples:

Keep out! Wear hard hats

Keep away No smoking

Call before you dig

Hazard description statement

• Identify the hazard in clear simple language

• Action and consequence can be omitted if obvious (such as “slippery when wet”)

• Examples: Hazardous voltage inside

Buried underground cables

More than one source of voltage

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Consequence statement

• Tells the viewer in clear, simple language what will happen if the warning is ignored.

• Examples:

– Can shock, burn, or cause death

– Will disrupt electrical service

– Can irritate skin

– Can cause serious burns

– Exposure can cause nausea, and dizziness

Symbols / pictorial panel

(ANSI Z535.3-1998)
• SYMBOL: Graphic representation intended to covey a message. May represent a hazard,
hazardous situation or precaution to avoid a hazard, the result of not avoiding the hazard of
any combination of these messages.

Typical Symbol

• Symbols - Recognition by a multi-ethnic, highly mobile, population derived from a

multiplicity of social and educational backgrounds, with different reading skills and word
comprehension.

Electrical

Hand with wire

Safety Sign Color

DANGER
Signal word: White letters on a safety red background, safety red exclamation mark

(Alternate): White letters on safety red oval with white outline on black rectangle

Message word : Black or red letters on white background, or white letters on black background

Symbol/pictorial:Black, safety red, or black and safety red on a white background

WARNING
Signal word: Black letters on a safety orange background, safety orange exclamation mark

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(Alternate): Black letters within a safety orange truncated diamond on a black background

Message word: Black letters on a white background, or white letters on a black background

Symbol/pictorial: Black symbol on a white background. Alternate safety orange. background

CAUTION
Signal word: Black letters on a safety yellow background, safety yellow exclamation mark

(Alternate): Black letters within a safety orange truncated diamond on a black background

Message word: Black letters on a white background, or white letters on a black background

Symbol/pictorial: Black symbol on a white background. Alternate safety yellow background.

Hazardous Voltage Inside

Will cause death or

Serious injury

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2. Electrical hand tools (EHT)

 Pliers
pliers available as many different types and sizes. used for holding, gripping, cutting, and
crimping .usually forged from hardened steel and then machined

Slip-joint Pliers : jaws have hardened cross teeth to help in gripping the object.never
use pliers for turning nuts or bolts b/c teeth will round off corners and damage bolt or nut

Needle-nose Pliers: some incorporate a wire cutter. used to hold objects that are in
tight confines, etc.... available as round nose pliers. useful for bending wires into curves

Side Cutting Pliers: Diagonal cut head or face. Hardened steel cutting edges. allow to
cut wire etc. close to the surface

Channel lock pliers : are used to take knockouts outs of the boxes , tighten down
romex connectors in the boxes , and adjust expansion –type ceiling boxes.

Linesman pliers : these pliers are used do-it-all pliears . they cut , twists wires together
, and grip wires for pulling . they have a squared off end that is great for twisting wires
together , a center cutting blade for cutting wire , and grip area b/n the handles to pull
wire

Electrical Pliers :Cutters, strippers and crimpers. available for different types of wire.
some are multi-function. better quality units are individual such as stripper or cutter only

 Screwdrivers
A tool used to tie and untie a screw. great variety of screwdrivers types and sizes available.
length of screwdriver is measured form to to where handle joins the blade. shorter
screwdrivers known as stubbies . most screwdrivers bits available for screw guns or as
socket wrenches. someTypes of screw driver :

 Blade Screwdrivers
 Phillips Screwdrivers
 Robertson Screwdrivers
 Clutch Screwdrivers
 Torx Screwdrivers
 Fish tape: is used to pull stranded or solid wire through metals or PVC conduit. Cable
lube is available to assists you in pulling the wires though the pipe
 tape measure : is used to measure heights for switch and outlets . you will also need it to
center lighting fixture boxes

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 Voltmeter: is used to check voltage and verify that ckt are indeed “live” .there are many
manufactures of these tester with various options available . choose the voltmeter serves
your need.
 Hammer : is used to secure boxes equipped with nail on backers to studs in home . you will
also need it to drive romex straps when adding new romex wiring in a home.
 Wire stripper : are used to cut the insulation off of the wire. They are equipped with d/t
sized cutting teeth for various sized wires . they also have a cutoff portion in order to cut the
wire .
 Non –contact voltage detector : a voltage detector is used for quick safety check to see if
there is voltage or current flow present . some of these devices are automatic and some
must be turned on via a switch . simply place the end of the tracer beside a wire breaker or
cord to see if its energized .
 Torpedo level : a level is used to make sure your work is level and plumb . a great
installation starts with straight switch and outlets covers .
 Flashlight : a light comes in handy in those places where lighting is limited . never try to
reach into a panel without proper lighting .
 Hex set : are used to tighten headed screaws in your electrical panel .
 Razor blade (utility knife) : thise knife is needed to cut the insulation off romex wiring .
you will also need to open boxes when doing installation and this tool will come in handy .
 Straight-blade screwdriver : is used for straight slot screws , you will likely need more
than one size for your project . if you have to choose just , pick a medium blade . it will suit
most projects .
 Wire crimpers : this tools strips the wire and also crimps lugs onto the wire

3. Splicing and Joining

Splicing is an electrical and mechanical connection b/n tw peaces of
wires or cables.
TYPES OF SPLICES

1 Western Union Splice

2 Staggering Splices
3 Rattail Joint
4 Fixture Joint

1. Western union splice

1. Prepare the wires for splicing. Enough insulation is removed to make the splice. The
conductor is cleaned.
2. Bring the wires to a crossed position and make a long twist or bend in each wire.
3. Wrap one end of the wire and then the other end four or five times around the straight
portion of each wire.

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4. Press the ends of the wires down as close as possible to the straight portion of the
wire. This prevents the sharp ends from puncturing the tape covering that is wrapped
over the splice

2. Staggering Splices
If the splices are directly opposite each other, the overall size of the joint
becomes large and bulky.A smoother and less bulky joint can be made by
staggering the splices.

Figure 1 staggering splice

3. Rat tail Joint

A splice that is used in a junction box and for connecting branch circuits is the rattail joint.To
create a rattail joint, first strip the insulation off the ends of the conductors to be joined. You
then twist the wires to form the rattail effect.

Figure 2rat tail joint

4. Fixture joint
The fixture joint is used to connect a small-diameter wire, such as in a lighting
fixture, to a larger diameter wire used in a branch circuit. Like the rattail joint, the
fixture joint will not stand much strain.

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Figure 3 fixture joint

3.1Termination
Since most cable wires are stranded, it is necessary to use termination to hold the strands
together to aid in fastening the wires.
The terminals used in electrical wiring are either of the soldered or crimped type.
Terminals used in repair work must be of the size and type specified on the electrical wiring
diagram for the particular equipment

Figure 4 terminal lugs

Splices shall be terminated using one or

more of the following method

a. Lap Splice b. Lash Splice

c. Solder Sleeve d. Western Union

e. Solder Ferrule f. Crimped Contact

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g. Crimp Ferrule h. Wire In-Line Junction Devices (Jiffy Junctions)

4. WIRING MATERIALS AND ACCESSORIES

 In order to assemble properly and intelligently the great number of available
electrical devices, fittings, materials and equipment to form a complete wiring
system,

WIRE AND CABLE

bare conductors, whether single or stranded together are termed as Wire. Conductors
covered with insulation are termed as cables.

A Cable consists of three parts

1.The conductor or core:- the current carrying part of the metal.

2.The insulation or dielectric:- a covering of the conductor use to avoid leakage current
fromtheconductor.
3.The protective covering:- for protection of insulation from mechanical damage.

CONDUCTOR MATERIALS USED IN CABLES

1.Silver: is the best conductor but due to its higher cost it is hardly used any where.
2 Copper: It is cheaper comparatively silver.
 It is mechanically strong, hard, extremely tough, durable and ductile.
3. Aluminum: Aluminum is frequently used in place of copper for bare electric cables
used for long distance power distribution.
 The only application of aluminum cables for wiring in buildings is for a continuous
bus- bar system of distribution, used sometimes in blocks of flats or office buildings
for rising mains and sub-mains of larger sectional area.
INSULATING MATERIALS
The insulation material must possess the following properties:
-High resistivity
-High flexibility
-Non- inflammability
-High resistivity to moisture, acids

The various types of insulting materials used in cables are :-

1.Rubber:- Rubber may be natural or synthetic.
2.PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) :- is a man made thermo- plastic which is tough, non-
inflammable and chemically unreactive.

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3. Vulcanized India Rubber:- It is prepared by mixing India rubber with Minerals

such as sulphur, zinc red lead.

4. Impregnated Paper:- It is quite cheap , high dielectric Strength and high

insulation resistivity.
1.5. CONDUITS
 The commonest method of installing cables is to draw them into a conduit.
 The conduit can be steel or plastic.
i) Light gauge steel-plain (unscrewed) conduit
ii) Heavy gauge steel-screwed conduit
iii) Flexible conduit
iv) pvC conduit

Conduit Accessories and Fittings

 Conduit Couplers:
 Couplers are used to join two lengths of conduit.
 screwed conduit are always threaded at both ends on the outer side.
 Bends, Elbows and Tees:
 In general conduit fittings include bends, elbows and tees.
 Conduit Boxes:
 Conduit boxes are used in surface conduit wiring as well as concealed conduit
wiring.
Fuse and circuit breakers
 Designed to interrupt the power to a circuit due to
-The current flow exceeds safe level.
Fuse : it has narrow strip of metal which is designed to melt when current exceeds
the rated value.

Breakers
 It is a mechanical devices, when the current flow through the breaker exceeds the
rated value, a bimetallic strip heats up and bends. By bending it trips the latch.
 Fuse has higher risk of causing a fire than circuit breaker due to
-loosely screw
-contact corroding
-wrong size

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