DBE Energy ESMF 2017 Approved

DEVELOPMENT BANK OF ETHIOPIA
Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev)

Component 3
of Ethiopia- Additional Financing for Energy Access Project
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

For
Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program and Ethiopia
Clean Cooking Energy Program
(Final)
February 2017
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean
Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................................................IV

LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF PLATES .............................................................................................................................................................IV
LIST OF ANNEXES ...........................................................................................................................................................V
LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................................................VI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................ VII
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 RATIONALE .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS .............................................................................. 6
2.1 ETHIOPIA’S RELEVANT POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ......................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 The Constitution of the FDRE ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) II Related to Energy .............................................................................. 7
2.1.3 Relevant Policies of Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1.3.1 Environment Policy of Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.3.2 National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia ................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.3.3 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy............................................................................................................. 9
2.1.3.4 Energy Policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4 Strategies ........................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.1 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................. 10
2.1.4.2 Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy Strategy ................................................................................................... 11
2.1.5 Regulations, Proclamations and Procedural Guidelines .................................................................................... 11
2.1.5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 299/2002) ......................................................... 11
2.1.5.2 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002) ............................................................. 11
2.1.5.3 A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No. 295/2002)12
2.1.5.4 A Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation
(Proclamation No. 455/2005) .................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.5.5 Water Resources Management Proclamation (197/2000) ............................................................................................ 12
2.1.5.6 Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (No. 209/2000) ...................................................... 12
2.1.5.7 Labor Proclamations ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.5.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines Series (Series 1 and 2) ....................................................... 13
2.1.6 Administrative/Institutional Framework ........................................................................................................... 14
2.1.6.1 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change ............................................................................................ 14
2.1.6.2 The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE) ............................................................................................ 15
2.1.6.3 Regional Environmental Organs .................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.6.4 Institutional Aspects of Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) Related to the Programs .............................................. 15
2.2 APPLICABLE WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES .................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01) ........................................................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP4.11) ........................................................................................................... 17
2.2.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12) .............................................................................................................. 17
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAMS ........................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
3.2 OFF GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM ............................................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Solar Lantern ...................................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.2 Solar Home Systems (SHS) ................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.3 Solar PV Mini Grid .............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.3 CLEAN COOKING ENERGY PROGRAM......................................................................................................................... 22
4. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS ................................................................ 24
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Development Bank of Ethiopia
4.1 AFAR NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ........................................................................................................................... 24

4.1.1 Bio–Physical Environment .................................................................................................................................. 24
4.1.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 TIGRAY NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ........................................................................................................................ 27
4.2.1 Bio-Physical Environment................................................................................................................................... 27
4.2.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.3 AMHARA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE...................................................................................................................... 29
4.3.1 Bio - Physical Environment ................................................................................................................................. 29
4.3.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.4 THE OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ............................................................................................................... 31
4.4.1 Bio- Physical Environment .................................................................................................................................. 31
4.4.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.5 BENISHANGUL GUMUZ NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ................................................................................................ 33
4.5.1 Bio-Physical Environmental Conditions .............................................................................................................. 33
4.5.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.6 GAMBELA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE .................................................................................................................... 35
4.6.1 Bio-physical Environment................................................................................................................................... 35
4.6.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
4.7 SOMALI NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ........................................................................................................................ 37
4.7.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
4.8 THE SOUTHERN NATIONS, NATIONALITIES AND PEOPLES REGIONAL STATE ............................................................. 40
4.8.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.9 THE HARARI NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ................................................................................................................ 41
4.9.2 Social Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
4.10 DIRE DAWA ADMINISTRATIVE COUNCIL.................................................................................................................. 43
4.10.1 Physical Characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 43
4.10.2 Social Issues ..................................................................................................................................................... 44
4.11 ADDIS ABABA CITY ADMINISTRATION .................................................................................................................... 45
4.11.1 Physical Characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 45
4.11.2 Social Issues, Ethnicity and Religion ................................................................................................................. 46
4.12 BROADER PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ................................................................................................... 46
4.12.1 Road infrastructure .......................................................................................................................................... 46
4.12.2 Telecommunications ........................................................................................................................................ 46
4.12.3 Water Supply ................................................................................................................................................... 47
4.12.4 Education ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
4.12.5 Health Services ................................................................................................................................................. 47
5. PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION DURING ESMF PREPARATION ........................................................... 48
5.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
5.2. STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED .................................................................................................................................... 49
5.3 RESULTS OF THE STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION ..................................................................................................... 50
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES.................................................................. 59
6.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 59
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...................................................................................................... 60
6.2.1 Positive Environmental and Social Impacts ....................................................................................................... 60
6.2.2 Negative Environmental and Social Impacts ..................................................................................................... 63
7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ................................................................................. 72
8. SUBPROJECT SCREENING, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................ 88
8.1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES ................................................................................................................................................. 88
8.2 PROCEDURES AND STEPS............................................................................................................................................ 89
9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN ..................................................................................................... 98
9.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PLAN.................................................................................................................................... 98
9.1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 98
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9.1.2 Objectives of the Plan ........................................................................................................................................ 98

9.1.3 Principles of Consultation Plan........................................................................................................................... 98
9.1.4 Structure of the Consultations ........................................................................................................................... 99
9.2 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE .................................................................................................................................................. 99
9.2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 99
9.2.2 Public Disclosure Plan ...................................................................................................................................... 100
10 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ...................................................... 101
10.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 101
10.2 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MAJOR ACTORS ............................................................................... 102
11. CAPACITY BUILDING ............................................................................................................................................ 107
11.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 107
11.2 TRAINING ............................................................................................................................................................... 108
11.3 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 115
12. ESMF MONITORING, ANNUAL AUDIT, EVALUATION AND REPORTING................................................................. 116
12.1 MONITORING.......................................................................................................................................................... 116
12.2 ANNUAL AUDIT ..................................................................................................................................................... 117
12.3 END-OF-PROJECT EVALUATION .............................................................................................................................. 118
12.4 REPORTING ............................................................................................................................................................ 118
13. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE.............................................................................................................................. 120
14. BUDGET REQUIREMENT FOR ESMF IMPLEMNTAION ........................................................................................... 122
15. FEEDBACK AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSING REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM) ............................................................ 126
15.1 FEEDBACK AND GRIEVANCE MECHANISM .............................................................................................................. 126
15.2 WORLD BANK GROUP (WBG) GRIEVANCE REDRESS SERVICE .............................................................................. 127
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................. 128
ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................................................... 130
ISSUING AUTHORITY AND EFFECTIVE DATES ............................................................................................................. 162
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List of Figures
FIGURE 1: GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK OF THE PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES (POA) FOR ECCEP................................................ 19
FIGURE 2: GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK OF THE PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES (POA) FOR EOREP ............................................... 20
FIGURE 3 DIAGRAM OF A DOMESTIC BIOGAS PLANT ......................................................................................................................... 22
FIGURE 4: ECCE PROGRAM ACTIVITY SCREENING PROCESS FLOWCHART .............................................................................................. 91
FIGURE 5: EORE PROGRAM ACTIVITY SCREENING PROCESS FLOWCHART .............................................................................................. 92
FIGURE 6: SUBPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION CYCLE UNDER THE PROPOSED EORE AND ECCE PROGRAMS .................................................... 97
FIGURE 7: TRANSACTION FLOW FOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCT ..................... 102
FIGURE 8: PROJECT COMPONENT IMPLEMENTATION WITHIN DBE ................................................................................................... 103
List of Tables
TABLE 1 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIOGASES, THEIR DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES AND THEIR DESCRIPTION 53
TABLE 2 MAJOR ISSUES IN BIOGAS, SL, SHS, SPMG SUBPROJECTS, THEIR DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ............... 56
TABLE 3: LIST OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 61
TABLE 4: SUMMARY OF ANTICIPATED SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SOLAR PV MINI-GRID, SOLAR
HOME SYSTEM AND SOLAR LANTERN.................................................................................................................................. 68
TABLE 5: SUMMARY OF ANTICIPATED SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES FOR BIOGAS SYSTEMS................... 70
TABLE 6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SOLAR HOME SYSTEM, SOLAR LANTERN AND SOLAR PV MINI-GRID
SUBPROJECTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 74
TABLE 7: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BIOGAS SUBPROJECT ........................................................................ 77
TABLE 8: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN FOR SOLAR PV MINI-GRID, SOLAR HOME SYSTEM AND SOLAR LANTERN
SUBPROJECTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 80
TABLE 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BIOGAS SUBPROJECT ........................................................................ 84
TABLE 10: SAMPLE CRITERIA FOR REQUIRING A FIELD APPRAISAL ...................................................................................................... 94
TABLE 11: TRAINING AND SENSITIZATION REQUIREMENTS.............................................................................................................. 110
TABLE 12: PROPOSED TRAINING PACKAGES................................................................................................................................. 112
TABLE 13: SAMPLE-TRAINING AGENDA FOR A DAY ........................................................................................................................ 113
TABLE 14: ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR TRAINING ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................................. 114
TABLE 15: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR ESMF...................................................................................................................... 121
TABLE 16: ESTIMATED BUDGET REQUIREMENTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMF ................................................................... 123
TABLE 17: SUMMARY OF ESMF BUDGET .................................................................................................................................... 125
List of Plates
PLATE 1: CONSULTATION WITH OFFICIALS AT REGIONAL AND WEREDA LEVEL MFIS - SNNPR .............................................................. 49
PLATE 2 CONSULTATION WITH OFFICIALS AT SNNPR, WATER, MINES AND ENERGY BUREAU ............................................................... 49
PLATE 3 CONSULTATION WITH OFFICIALS AT WENDO GENET WEREDA WATER, MINES AND ENERGY OFFICE ........................................... 49
PLATE 4 BRIEFING BY ATO ATENAFU (THE BENEFICIARY) ABOUT BIOGAS IMPORTANCE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUGARCANE USING BIO SLURRY
(WENDO GENET WEREDA) ................................................................................................................................................ 50
PLATE 5 BRIEFING BY BENEFICIARIES ABOUT BIOGAS OPERATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE (WENDO GENET WEREDA) .................................... 51
PLATE 6: BENEFICIARIES STIRRING THE DUNG BEFORE INLET TO BIO DIGESTER (ADA WEREDA, OROMIA) .................................................... 51
PLATE 7: BRIEFING FROM BIOGAS BENEFICIARY ABOUT COMPOST PREPARATION FROM BIO SLURRY (ADA WEREDA, OROMIA ........................ 51
PLATE 8 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES (LIGHT AND COOKING STOVE) TO BENEFICIARIES FROM BIOGAS PROJECT ....................................... 52
PLATE 9 DISCUSSION WITH SOLAR HOME SYSTEM BENEFICIARY AT BAFENA WEREDA, HAWASSA ZURIA WEREDA, SNNPR .......................... 56
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List of Annexes
ANNEX 1: LIST OF SUBPROJECTS THAT ARE NOT ELIGIBLE FOR FUNDING ............................................................................................. 130
ANNEX 2: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF OFF-
GRID RENEWABLE ENERGY AND CLEAN COOKING ENERGY PROGRAMS ..................................................................................... 131
ANNEX 3: SUGGESTED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FIELD APPRAISAL FORM FOR A SUBPROJECT ......................................................... 138
ANNEX 4: GUIDELINE FOR THE PREPARATION OF SITE SPECIFIC ESMP ............................................................................................... 141
ANNEX 5: SUGGESTED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) TEMPLATE FOR A SUBPROJECT .............................. 144
ANNEX 6: PROCEDURES FOR CHANCE FIND OF PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................. 145
ANNEX 7: GUIDELINES FOR ANNUAL REVIEWS ............................................................................................................................. 147
ANNEX 8: SUGGESTED ANNUAL REPORT TEMPLATE FOR A SUBPROJECT ............................................................................................ 150
ANNEX 9: SUGGESTED FORMS FOR ESMF REPORTING, TRAINING AND FOLLOW-UP ............................................................................ 153
ANNEX 10: SAMPLE TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) FOR ESIA PREPARATION ....................................................................................... 154
ANNEX 11: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ............................................................................................................................ 157
ANNEX 12: NAMES OF BENEFICIARIES, BENEFITS GAINED AND CONCERNS RAISED .............................................................................. 158
ANNEX 13 OFFICIALS/EXPERTS CONSULTED DURING THE FIELDWORK ............................................................................................... 160
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List of Acronyms
CSA Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia

DBE Development Bank of Ethiopia
EA Environmental Assessment
ECCEP Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program
EEP Ethiopian Electric Power
EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
EEU Ethiopian Electric Utility
EMP Environmental Management Program
ENREP Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project
EOREP Ethiopia Off Grid Renewable Energy Program
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
ESMS Environmental and Social Management Systems
FDRE The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
GHC Grievance Hearing Committee
GRS Grievance Redress Service
IPS Industrial Projects Services
km2 Square kilometer
KWP Kilo Watt Peak
LED Light-emitting diode
masl Meters above sea level
MoANR Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
MoWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
mts Meters
MWP Mega Watt Peak
NBPE National Biogas Program of Ethiopia
PAPs Project affected Peoples
PAS Peasant Association
PCRs Physical Cultural Resources
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PSE Private Sector Enterprises
PV Photovoltaic
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RPF Resettlement Policy Framework
SFA & RFIP Special Fund Administration and Rural Financial Intermediation Program
SHS Solar Home System
SNNPRS Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State
SPMG Solar PV Multi-grid
TA Technical Assistance
ToR Terms of Reference
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
WB World Bank
WME Water, Mines and Energy
WMEB Water, Mines and Energy Bureau
WP Watt Peak
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) has been selected as a financial intermediary in the “Ethiopia
Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) of Activity” with the planned installation of 39,178 units of
household biogas digesters and Ethiopia off-grid renewable energy program (EOREP) of activity which
incorporates installation of 214,850 solar home systems and dissemination of 2.8 million solar lanterns within
the period between 2015 and 2020. These two Programs of Activities (PoA) are embodied under Ethiopia
Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project’s (ENREP) Component 3: Market Development for
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Products. For the two Programs of Activities, Private Sector
Enterprises (PSEs) and Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) have been set up to provide financing for stand-
alone renewable energy systems and energy efficient products, such as solar home systems (SHSs), Solar
Lanterns (SL), Solar PV Mini-grid (SPMG), and Biogas.
The rationale for scaling up of the market development for renewable energy and energy efficient products
(ENREP’s Component 3) is due to the requirement needed for off-grid solutions for millions of people who
reside in remote rural areas of Ethiopia. A wider use of renewable energy for lighting and more efficient
cooking practice together with the spread of energy efficient products can significantly reduce greenhouse gas
emissions associated with household energy consumption.
Under the two proposed programs (EOREP and ECCEP), there are four subprojects (Solar Lantern (SL), Solar
Home System (SHS), Solar PV Mini-grid (SPMG), and Biogas) and their specific sites are not known at this
stage. These subprojects could have limited adverse environmental and social impacts and risks specifically
related with installations and construction activities. Therefore, the DBE has prepared this ESMF based on the
environmental and social safeguards requirements of the Government of Ethiopia and the World Bank
operational policies and procedures so as to avoid/minimize/mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance
beneficial impacts of the subprojects. This ESMF is customized from the previous ESMFs prepared for
Parent–ENREP and AF-ENREP, which is acceptable to the World Bank, specifically for the distribution
investment (ENREP’s Component 1 and 2), and disclosed in Bank’s Info Shop on January 20, 2012 and April
5, 2016, respectively. While in-country" disclosure for Parent-ESMF and AF-ENREP ESMF were on
February 07, 2012 and AF-ENREP April 05, 2016.
The general objective of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is to provide process
and guiding principles for assessing potential environmental and social impacts and risks of the proposed
subprojects. The ESMF provides a comprehensive framework for environmental and social impact screening,
assessment, and monitoring; consultations with concerned stakeholder groups; and capacity building
measures.
The ESMF was prepared using various methods, including extensive literature reviews on GoE environmental
and relevant sectoral policies and legal and administrative frameworks, World Bank Policies, Project appraisal
document and other related Bank’s financed projects’ safeguards instruments. Accordingly, pertinent
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environmental and social provisions in the Constitution of the FDRE, Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP)
II Related to Energy, relevant Policies (including Environment Policy of Ethiopia, National Social Protection
Policy of Ethiopia, and Energy Policy of Ethiopia), Strategies (Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia and
Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy), Regulations (including Environmental Impact
Assessment Proclamation -No. 299/2002, Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation- No. 300/2002, a
Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of
Compensation -No. 455/2005, Labor Law, proclamation 377/2003 and Proclamation on Research and
Conservation of Cultural Heritage (No. 209/2000) have been considered. From administrative/institutional
framework point of view, relevant institutions namely, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change; the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity; Regional Environmental Organs, and the
Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) have been taken into account.
The two Programs (ECCEP and EOREP) triggered the following WB Safeguard Policies: Environmental
Assessment (OP/BP4.01), Physical Cultural Resources (PCRs) (OP/BP4.11) and Involuntary Resettlement
(OP/BP4.12). In accordance with OP/BP 4.01, they (ECCEP and EOREP) are categorized as “Category B’
(i.e. Partial Assessment), same as with the parent Project, in that their potential adverse social and
environmental impacts on environmentally important areas or human populations are typically site-specific,
reversible in nature, and less adverse than those of Category “A” projects and readily addressed through
mitigation measures.
The ESMF underpins the importance of continuous consultation with relevant stakeholders throughout the
project implementation cycle so as to ensure the success of the two programs. It identifies the measures, which
need continuous consultations, and then defines the structure of the consultations and the reporting and
disclosure requirements. The field visit, focus group discussions, consultations and interviews were held with
key resource persons at the relevant national, regional, and Wereda level institutions and beneficiaries at the
local level. A series of consultations have been carried out with various stakeholders and beneficiaries
between November 22, 2016 and November 26, 2016. The discussions were facilitated and conducted by two
experts from DBE. In the course of the consultation process, the major objectives of the program have been
raised from the team and various information, including likely positive and negative impacts have been
garnered through discussion. Discussions have been made with officials and experts and biogas program
coordinators working in Water, Mines and Energy sector in Oromia Region and Southern Nations,
Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS), officials/experts in Hawassa Zuria Wereda and Wendo
Genet Weredas from SNNPRS and Ada Wereda in Oromia. Discussion has also been made in the same period
with officials and experts in Omo micro finance institutions S.C. at head office, and sub branches in Aleta
Wendo and Dore Bafana town. Furthermore, discussions and site visits have also been conducted with five
biogas beneficiaries in Ada and Wendo Genet Weredas and one solar energy beneficiary and heads of two
associations for solar energy in Dore Bafana town (capital of Hawassa Zuria Wereda) and its environs.
The major benefits of the program include improve access to reliable lighting and reduce indoor air pollution
with resulting health benefits, creation of direct or indirect job opportunities, development of new skills,
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reduce expenditure for kerosene, reduce the burden of women in collection of fuel wood, improve local
market opportunities, improve access and delivery to social services such as education, and health, reduce
deforestation and forest degradation in areas where non-renewable biomass is used as a source of fuel and
strengthen private sector involvement in renewable energy access. Besides, biogas residue has the advantage
of enriching soil fertility, which could otherwise be done by bought fertilizers from market.
Potential negative environmental and social impacts that may occur during various phases include problems
related to loss of biodiversity, land expropriation, inappropriate waste management, loss of vegetation cover,
occupational health and safety impacts, social conflicts and temporary visual intrusion. The following
mitigation measures have been proposed:
▪ Ensure that no beneficiaries selected with roof tops that would place the panels in a manner which
would reflect light into an immediate neighbors’ buildings and houses (for solar home system only);
▪ Identify suppliers that have products, particularly solar panels and inverters, which comply with ISO
or other industry best practice standards (for solar home system only);
▪ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning a sensitive species and indigenous trees; and
Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for indigenous trees and
plan for replanting of trees.
▪ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization programs;
▪ Make Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) available at the site and support during construction,
advise and monitor the proper use of PPE;
▪ Avoid or minimize land acquisition, where avoidance is not possible a related Resettlement Action
Plan(RAP) will be prepared and implemented;
▪ Encourage and consider the employment of local labor for semi-skilled and unskilled people including
women; and
▪ Ensure the participation of stakeholders, including the beneficiaries at the outset to improve level of
ownership and sustainability of the program.
The environmental and social management process during implementation of the two programs starts with
the program activity planning and demand creation process. This include identification of program activities
based on beneficiaries’ demands and subsequent technical support and advice received from MFI and Wereda
Water, Mines and Energy offices to prepare their proposal and loan request application documents to be
benefited from the proposed subprojects. Based on the type and scale of selected subprojects by the
beneficiaries, loan applications/proposals will be submitted to DBE for subprojects that will be implemented
at national level and to the MFI branch offices for those planned to be implemented at regional, Wereda and
community level (see Figures 4 and 5). The DBE and MFI with the support from regional and Wereda water,
mines and energy offices, if required will conduct desk appraisal of the respective subprojects’
proposal/request loan document, prior to commencing the loan eligibility and environmental and social
safeguards screening.
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The screening process will be carried out against the pre-set criteria for eligibility of the program activities
and environmental and social safeguards compliance by staffs/team of experts from DBE at national level
and from MFI Brach offices at regional and Wereda level using the screening checklist attached in annex 2.
Once these two (DBE, MFI) institutions completed the initial screening process, the safeguards officers
or any appointed trained person will ensure the screening process and document the results together with
the recommendations to send for respective environmental offices and MoWIE. Therefore, the program
activity plan or loan request proposal, screening reports, notes of recommendations will be complied and
send to MoWIE for national subprojects and to regional or Wereda environmental offices for regional
and local level subprojects implementation for further review and approval.
Environmental offices or MoWIE will review the plan of activities, screening results and
recommendations from DBE or MFIs and provide decisions of approval or pass recommendations, if
any design modifications or additional safeguards instruments are required. If program activities of any
significant environmental concerns are included, then the plan document will be directed to the attention
of the DBE or MFIs. The MoWIE, regional, or Wereda environmental offices will also review and clear the
additional safeguards instruments after prepared by DBE or MFIs. The final clearance and approval of the
plan document by MoWIE, regional, or Wereda environmental offices will be referred to the respective
institutions (DBE or MFIs) with all the enclosed environmental and social screening documents and final
decision reports. The final safeguards clearance and approval by the MoWIE, regional, or Wereda
environmental offices will be with or without conditions. The overall environmental management process is
indicated in the below process flowcharts and cycle (see Figures 4, 5 and 6).
As stated above various institutions have responsibilities to manage and complete the overall process of
environmental management and implementation of this ESMF. In this regard, DBE, MoWIE, Regional and
Wereda WME bureaus and offices, Regional and Wereda Environmental offices, Wereda administrations,
other relevant line ministries are major actors for the implementations of the proposed programs. The details
of institutional responsibilities have been discussed under section 10.
One of the key elements in the framework is the importance of the development and implementation of cost
effective and accessible grievance handling mechanism. Grievances from the beneficiaries will be actively
managed and tracked to ensure that the right resolution and actions are taken in an appropriate and timely
manner, with corrective actions being implemented and the complaints handled as early as possible to address
specific concerns raised by the project-affected persons.
The ESMF also outlines that the successful implementation of the programs activities will require dynamic
and multi-disciplinary professionals. Therefore, regular short and tailor made training courses and workshops
will be required to reinforce the capacity and skills of the direct implementers, stakeholders and beneficiaries
during the entire subproject period. The existing capacity of the implementing institutions, particularly DBE,
MWMB, MFI, PSE, Line and Sector Ministries to implement the ESMF and other environmental and social
safeguard instruments are also required to be aided by checklists for screening; formats for appraisal and
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approval of proposed subprojects along with a format for Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP) that are included in the ESMF.
The programs have provided for capacity building and technical support to all relevant implementing agents
from National, Regional and Wereda levels. Thus, to capacitate and fill the gaps due to the prevailing less
capacity of DBE, MFI and other institutions to implement this ESMF, the development and implementation of
capacity development and training plan is inevitable. The required capacity development, training and
monitoring activity plan are stated under this ESMF, including the required budget over the two years (2017-
2019) additional financing period. Thus, for successful implementation of the ESMF, earmarked budget of an
estimated amount of USD 123, 266 (One hundred twenty three thousand two hundred sixty six) will be
required. This includes training on various topics, annual review and end-program-evaluation of the impacts
of the ESMF by a consultant. Apart from the allocation of money, integration and coordination of various
actors both at federal, regional and Wereda levels has of paramount importance for the successful realization
of the subprojects. Timely monitoring, evaluation and follow-up need also be considered in an integrated
manner in collaboration with the various role players.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has established fund for the purpose of
increasing the flow of carbon finance to low-income countries for low carbon investment in programs which
are intended to generate Emission Reductions, and to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life in the
poorer areas of developing countries including, in particular, the least developed countries, and to expand the
reach of carbon finance and Clean Development Mechanism Projects to developing countries.
According to the information obtained from the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (January 2015),
from the years 2011 to 2014, 6,577,083 improved firewood saving stoves had been distributed in Ethiopia as a
result of which 96,361 hectares of forest had been rescued from deforestation, carbon emissions of 6,675,485,
ton had been reduced, job opportunity for 7,831 persons (1525 male and 6306 female) has been created, and
income of households had been improved due to increased time dedicated for enhancing productivity and
improvement of health. In the same period, 24,371 PV solar systems had been installed that benefited about
121,855 households. Moreover, 270 PV solar systems had been installed in rural schools and benefited
135,000 persons while in rural health posts, 345 solar systems had been erected that benefited 1,725,000
people. The data for the whole GTP I was relatively higher. In this respect, as far as alternative sources of
energy were concerned, within GTP I there was a plan to plant and distribute 9,415,000 improved stoves,
26,000 bio-gas technology and 3,160,000 solar lantern technology while the implementation was 8,875,000;
11,618 and 2,032 million respectively (National Planning Commission, December 2015).
The Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) is executing two programs, namely Rural Electrification Program
(being operational as of 2005) and Market Development for Rural Energy and Energy Efficient Products since
2012. Through these two programs, the DBE has managed to make 1,500 biogas, 11,145 solar home system,
and nearly 500,000 solar lanterns in different parts of the country. Out of these two programs, projects that are
operational since 2015 including biogas, solar lantern and solar home system will be accommodated in the
new program which is named as “Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP) of Activity” which
incorporates installation of 39,178 units of household biogas digesters in the period between 2015 and 2020
and Ethiopia off-grid renewable energy program (EOREP)of activity which incorporates installation of
218,850 solar home systems and dissemination of 2.8 million solar lanterns to be constructed and distributed
in the period between 2015 and 2020.
The two proposed Programs (EOREP and ECCEP) comprises four subprojects: provision of Solar Lantern
(SL), installation of Solar Home System (SHS), installation and construction of Solar PV Mini-grid (SPMG)
and construction of Biogas system. During implementation of these subprojects activities, potential positive
1
and negative environmental and social impacts are expected to be generated and affect the nearby biophysical
and social environment. Therefore, to preclude and manage environmental and social issues and risks of
ECCEP and EOREP subprojects, it is essential to prepare the pertinent environmental and social safeguards
instruments, including ESMF. This ESMF has been prepared based on the environmental and social
safeguards requirements of the Government of Ethiopia and the World Bank and customized from the Parent
Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP) and AF-ENREP’s ESMFs,
which have been prepared, consulted up on and disclosed in Bank’s Info Shop on January 20, 2012 and April
5, 2016, respectively. While in-country disclosure for were on for parent ENREP ESMF February 07, 2012
and AF-ENREP ESMF on April 05, 2016.
The ESMF first set out the principles, laws, regulations, guidelines and procedures to assess the
environmental and social impacts related to the EORE and ECCE programs. It analyses the environmental
and social policies and legal requirements of the Government of Ethiopia and safeguard policies of the
World Bank and ensures that environmental and social issues are dealt with in a proper and efficient
manner meeting all the compliance requirements of the Government of the Ethiopia and the World Bank.
1.2 Objectives
The main objective of the environmental and social management framework (ESMF) is to frame guidelines
and provide procedures to deal with environmental and social impacts associated with the implementation of
the subprojects under ECCE and EORE programs and assessment and management of environmental and
social aspects of the Program activities. It will help to establish a mechanism to systematically identify,
predict, evaluate, and manage beneficial and adverse environmental and social impacts of the Program
activities, designing enhancement measures for beneficial impacts, and recommend and implement mitigating
measures for adverse impacts. The specific locations and details of the Program activities are not identified at
this stage and their impacts cannot be determined until planning is started by grass root level implementing
stakeholders.
The specific objectives include the following:
▪ To develop/establish clear procedures and tools (including checklists, guidelines) for environmental
and social impacts assessment, review, approval, implementation and monitoring of subprojects to be
financed under the Program interventions;
▪ To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities of various institutions/actors in different tiers, and
outline reporting procedures and mechanisms for managing and monitoring environmental and social
concerns related to the subprojects
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▪ To prepare Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan which, among others, constitutes the
specific likely negative impacts, mitigation measure along with indicators to be monitored, specific
responsible institutions and the required budget;
▪ To determine the capacity building components (including training and technical assistance) for the
successful realization of the provisions stated in the Environmental and Social Management
Framework; and,
▪ To indicate implementation strategies of the major issues outlined in the Environmental and Social
Management Framework and Environmental and Social Management Plan.
1.3 Scope
The Program covers rural areas in the nine regions of Ethiopia and Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa city
administrations in which the specific locations will be decided later on in consultation with the Regions/City
Administrations and Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity. For this specific task, however, the study
has been based on four rural villages of Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional
State.
Cognizant of the proposed subproject activities, the respective adverse impacts, and the need for safeguards
instruments to enhance positive impacts and avoid/minimize/mitigate the anticipated adverse impacts, the
assignment is to prepare Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).
This ESMF defines the steps, processes, and procedures for screening, scoping, assessment, and monitoring,
to be undertaken during planning, design, procurement, construction, and post construction stages of the
two programs. The framework also designed to present a sample Environmental and Social Management
Plan (ESMP), outlining the measures that will be taken to minimize/mitigate the potential adverse
environmental and social impacts, avoid them, or minimize them to acceptable levels. It contains
measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts,
provisions for estimating and budgeting the costs of such measures, and information on the relevant
institutions responsible for addressing project impacts. In addition, it identifies institutional and capacity
building needs for environmental and social impact management in the Ethiopia.
1.4 Rationale
As it has been clearly pointed out in the Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project
(ENREP), (Report no. PAD1691), the rationale for scaling up of the market development for renewable energy
and energy efficient products is due to the requirement needed for off-grid solutions for millions of people
who reside in remote rural areas of Ethiopia. Clean cooking technologies are also picking up among
3
households, leading to a larger and diversified demand for loans to be accommodated by the Micro Finance
Institutions (MFIs). A wider use of renewable energy for lighting and more efficient cooking practice together
with the spread of energy efficient products can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with
household energy consumption.
1.5 Methodology
The ESMF has been prepared in accordance with applicable National and World Bank safeguard policies. The
task has been conducted by using both primary and secondary sources. The distinct methodologies adopted for
the preparation of this ESMF are include literature review; consultations and focal group discussions with key
institutions, stakeholders, and beneficiaries; and site visits at the existing subproject locations in the selected
two regions and four beneficiary villages. An account of the existing biophysical and social environment
conditions were assembled and discussed under the baseline information section of this ESMF and used in the
environmental assessment of the proposed subprojects activities. The outcomes of the consultations are
discussed under consultation section and list of participants are attached in annexes 12 and 13.
• Literature Review
Review on the existing baseline information and relevant literature materials were undertaken that
helps in obtaining further and deeper understanding of the proposed programs. A desk review of the
GoE policies and legal framework and World Bank environmental and social safeguards policies and
procedures were also reviewed to get relevant information. Among the documents that were
reviewed, include World Bank Safeguards policies and procedures, ESMF documents prepared for
Parent and AF- ENREP’s ESMFs, Aide-Memoires of the Parent project, Bank’s Appraisal Project
Documents (PAD) for related projects, GoE Environmental and relevant sectoral policies and legislative
documents, and other relevant published and unpublished literatures.
• Field visit
The study team comprises of two experts from DBE undertook site visit to selected regions and Weredas
between November 22, 2016 and November 26, 2016. The team visited Hawassa Zuria Wereda and Wendo
Genet Weredas from SNNPRS and Ada Wereda in Oromia National Regional State. The field surveys enabled
the team to identify the environmental and social settings of the proposed subprojects area and identify some
of the existing conditions and gaps during the implementation of the two programs. In addition, the site visits
allowed conducting consultations with Wereda level stakeholders, MFIs focal persons and project
4
beneficiaries on their feelings of the existing subprojects advantages and problems, as well as the potential
impacts of the proposed installation and construction activities of the subprojects and subsequent operations.
• Stakeholder Consultations
A series of stakeholder consultations have been carried out with key resource persons, beneficiaries,
institutions at the national, regional, and local level between November 22, 2016 and November 26, 2016. The
discussions were conducted and facilitated by two experts from DBE. A list of consulted stakeholders and
concerns raised are depicted in annexes 12 and 13. Some of the consultations were round table discussions
and/or focus group discussions. During consultations and focus group discussions, the major objectives of the
program have been raised from the study team and various information including the likely positive and
negative impacts and the respective mitigation measures have been pinpointed by the
stakeholders/beneficiaries.
Discussions have been made with officials, experts and biogas program coordinators working in Water, Mines
and Energy sector in Oromia Region and South Nation, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State (SNNPRS),
officials and experts in Hawassa Zuria Wereda and Wendo Genet Weredas from SNNPRS and Ada Wereda in
Oromia National Regional state. Interactive discussions have also conducted in the same period with officials
and experts in Omo micro finance institution S.C. at the head office, and sub branches in Aleta Wendo and
Dore Bafana town. A discussion and site visit had also been conducted with five biogas beneficiaries in Ada
and Wendo Genet Weredas and one solar energy beneficiary and heads of two associations for solar energy in
Dore Bafana town (capital of Hawassa Zuria Wereda) and its environs.
5
2. RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS
2.1 Ethiopia’s Relevant Policy and Legal Frameworks
The effects of development projects on the environment should be assessed in order to ensure that projects, as
much as possible, must be in harmony with the environment. In one way or another, this ultimately contributes
to ensure sustainable development. In this regard, policies, legislative frameworks, guidelines and standards
have been developed by governmental and non-governmental organizations so as to contribute for the
enhancement of sustainable development. The relevant policy, legal and administrative frameworks of the
Government of Ethiopian and the policies of the World Bank have been stated in the following sections.
2.1.1 The Constitution of the FDRE

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia had issued in August 1995 with several
provisions, which provides basic and comprehensive principles and guidelines for environmental protection,
and management in the country. The relevant articles with environmental provisions among others are
pinpointed below:
Article 35- Rights of Women

▪ The historical legacy of inequality and discrimination suffered by women in Ethiopia taken into
account, women, in order to remedy this legacy, are entitled to affirmative measures. The purpose
of such measures shall be to provide special attention to women so as to enable them to compete
and participate on the basis of equality with men in political, social and economic life as well as in
public and private institutions;
▪ Women have the right to full consultation in the formulation of national development policies, the
designing and execution of projects, and particularly in the case of projects affecting the interests
of women;
▪ Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use and transfer property. In particular, they
have equal rights with men with respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land. They
shall also enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of property; and,
▪ Women shall have a right to equality in employment, promotion, pay, and the transfer of pension
entitlements.
Article 40- The Right to Property

▪ The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is exclusively
vested in the State and in the peoples of Ethiopia. Land is a common property of the Nations,
Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other means of
exchange.
6
Article 43- The Right to Development

▪ The Peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia in
particular have the right to improved living standards and to sustainable development; and,
▪ Nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted
with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
Article 44- Environmental Rights

▪ All persons have the right to a clean and healthy environment; and,
▪ All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result
of State programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation,
including relocation with adequate State assistance.
Article 90- Social Objectives

▪ To the extent the country’s resources permit, policies shall aim to provide all Ethiopians access to
public health and education, clean water, housing, food and social security; and,
▪ Education shall be provided in a manner that is free from any religious influence, political
partisanship or cultural prejudices.
Article 92- Environmental Objectives

▪ Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment;
▪ The design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not damage or
destroy the environment;
▪ People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the planning and
implementations of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly; and,
▪ Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment.
2.1.2 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) II Related to Energy

The GTP consists of qualitative and quantitative targets in the spheres of macro-economic performance,
performance of economic and social sectors (including energy) and crosscutting sectors (including
environment and climate change). The GTP aims at building a ‘Green Economy’ and implementing the
existing environmental laws as part of the key strategic directions to be pursued during the plan period. Up to
the end of GTP II, there are plans to get 300 MW energy from solar power and 257 MW from biomass.
With regard to alternative sources of energy, the main focus areas pointed out in GTP II are the following:
▪ To build the capacity of stakeholders (Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity, Regions and
others) through development and expansion of alternative sources of energy in a sustainable manner
so as to enable the society to use modern energy;
7
▪ To strengthen the direction of scaling-up of renewable sources of energy from water, wind, geothermal
and solar energy without polluting the environment in a bid to satisfy the energy requirements;
▪ Reducing the need for firewood by improving the energy utilization of the society and introducing and
promoting new sources and technologies of energy so as to protect desertification; and,
▪ To enhance social and economic activities by using wind energy for electric supply and water pumps
(National Planning Commission, December 2015).
2.1.3 Relevant Policies of Ethiopia

2.1.3.1 Environment Policy of Ethiopia
The first comprehensive statement of Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was approved by the Council of
Ministers in April 1997 that was based on the policy and strategic findings and recommendations of the
Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia. The policy is aimed at guiding sustainable social and economic
development of the country through the conservation and sustainable utilization of the natural, man-made and
cultural resources and the environment at large. The overall policy goal is to improve and enhance the health
and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable social and economic development through the
sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and the environment as a whole so
as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
The Specific Policy Objectives among others seeks to:
a. Ensure that the benefits from the exploitation of non-renewable resources are extended as far into the
future as can be managed, and minimize the negative impacts of their exploitation on the use and
management of other natural resources and the environment;
b. Incorporate the full economic, social and environmental costs and benefits of natural resource
development into the planning, implementation and accounting processes by a comprehensive
valuation of the environment and the services it provides, and by considering the social and
environmental costs and benefits which cannot currently be measured in monetary terms;
c. Prevent the pollution of land, air and water in the most cost-effective way so that the cost of effective
preventive intervention would not exceed the benefits;
d. Conserve, develop, sustainably manage and support Ethiopia’s rich and diverse cultural heritage; and,
e. Raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between environment and
development.
Specifically, with regard to Energy Resource, the three major relevant policies issued in the Environment
Policy of Ethiopia are the following:
8
a. To adopt an inter-sectoral process of planning and development which integrates energy

development with energy conservation, environmental protection and sustainable utilization of
renewable resources;
b. To promote the development of renewable energy sources and reduce the use of fossil energy
resources both for ensuring sustainability and for protecting the environment, as well as for their
continuation into the future; and,
c. To locate, develop, adopt or adapt energy sources and technologies to replace biomass fuels.
2.1.3.2 National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia

The main objectives of Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia are the following:
a. Protect poor and vulnerable individuals, households, and communities from the adverse effects
of shocks and destitution;
b. Increase the scope of social insurance;
c. Increase access to equitable and quality health, education and social welfare services to build
human capital thus breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty;
d. Guarantee a minimum level of employment for the long term unemployed and under-
employed;
e. Enhance the social status and progressively realize the social and economic rights of the
excluded and marginalized; and,
f. Ensure the different levels of society are taking appropriate responsibility for the
implementation of social protection policy.
2.1.3.3 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy

The overall goal of Ethiopian Water Sector Policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards the
efficient, equitable and optimum utilization of the available Water Resources of Ethiopia for significant socio-
economic development on sustainable basis. The objectives of Water Resources Policy are the following:
• Development of the water resources of the country for economic and social benefits of the people, on
equitable and sustainable basis;
• Allocation and apportionment of water based on comprehensive and integrated plans and optimum
allocation principles that incorporate efficiency of use, equity of access, and sustainability of the
resource;
• Managing and combating drought as well as other associated slow on-set disasters through, inter-alia,
efficient allocation, redistribution, transfer, storage and efficient use of water resources;
• Combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation, prevention, rehabilitation and other
practical measures; and,
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• Conserving, protecting and enhancing water resources and the overall aquatic environment on
sustainable basis.
2.1.3.4 Energy Policy of Ethiopia

Ethiopia has energy policy document drafted in 1994.The policy document has encouraged the use of
indigenous resources and renewable energy. The general objectives of the Energy policy are:
• To ensure a reliable supply of energy at the right time and at affordable prices, particularly to support
the country's agricultural and industrial development strategies adopted by the government;
• To ensure and encourage a gradual shift from traditional energy sources use to modern energy sources;
• To stream-line and remove bottlenecks encountered in the development and utilization of energy
resources and to give priority to the development of indigenous energy resources with a goal toward
attaining self-sufficiency;
• To set general guidelines and strategies for the development and supply of energy resources;
• To increase energy utilization efficiency and reduce energy wastage; and,
• To ensure that the development and utilization of energy is benign to the environment.
Currently, this National Energy Policy is under review to identify the gaps between what is stated in the 1994
National energy policy and the existing status, as well as the anticipated energy resource development. The
potential areas that are considered in updating the Ethiopia National Energy policy (1994) include: among
others are current technological levels, bottlenecks in the energy development including cross cutting issue,
etc.
2.1.4 Strategies
2.1.4.1 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, which was approved by the Council of Ministers, provided a strategic
framework for integrating environmental planning into policies, programs and projects. With regard to
development of alternative energy resources and their utilization, the relevant strategies include the following:
▪ Develop alternative energy sources (e.g. solar power, wind, biogas, agricultural bio-fuel, liquid
bio-fuel or small hydroelectric plants) for towns and villages remote from the national grid;
▪ Acquire, develop, test and disseminate appropriate and improved energy use technologies (e.g.
improved stoves, charcoal kilns, solar powered cookers and heaters); and,
▪ Demonstrate and support the use of other energy sources (e.g. geothermal, solar, etc.) in the
various economic sectors where it is currently little used such as in transportation, irrigation, crop-
drying, food processing, fish drying, and thermal heating.
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2.1.4.2 Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy Strategy

The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has initiated the Climate-Resilient Green
Economy (CRGE) initiative to protect the country from the adverse effects of climate change and to build a
green economy that will help realise its ambition of reaching middle-income status before 2025.
Ethiopia’s green economy plan is based on the following four pillars:
1. Improving crop and livestock production practices for higher food security and farmer income while
reducing emissions;
2. Protecting and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as carbon
stocks;
3. Expanding electricity generation from renewable sources of energy for domestic and regional markets;
and,
4. Leapfrogging to modern and energy-efficient technologies in transport, industrial sectors, and buildings.
2.1.5 Regulations, Proclamations and Procedural Guidelines

2.1.5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 299/2002)
Environmental Impact Assessment is used to predict and manage the environmental effects of a proposed
development activity as a result of its design siting, construction, operation, or an ongoing one as a result of its
modification or termination, entails and thus helps to bring about intended development.
The proclamation is an effective means of harmonizing and integrating environmental, economic, cultural and
social considerations in to the planning and decision making processes thereby promoting sustainable
development. Moreover, it serves as a basic instrument in bringing about administrative transparency and
accountability, to involve the public and the communities in particular, in the planning and execution of
development programs that may affect them and their environment. The objective of undertaking the
assessment study is to ensure the impacts of a development project and the incorporated mitigating measures
for the adverse significant impacts, and policy programs are adequately considered while decisions are put into
effect.
2.1.5.2 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002)

This proclamation is aimed at eliminating or, when not possible, to mitigate pollution as an undesirable
consequence or social and economic development activities. It has also an objective of protecting the
environment and safeguarding of human health, as well as the maintaining of the biota and the aesthetic value
of nature are the duty and responsibility of all citizens. The Proclamation, among others has considered control
of pollution; management of hazardous waste, chemical and radioactive substances; management of municipal
wastes; the importance and need to respect environmental standards; and punitive and incentive measures.
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2.1.5.3 A Proclamation to Provide for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Proclamation No.
295/2002)
The first objective of this proclamation is to assign responsibilities to separate organizations for environmental
development and management activities on the one hand, and environmental protection, regulations and
monitoring on the other, which is instrumental for the sustainable use of environmental resources. The second
objective is to establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among
environmental protection agencies at federal and regional levels.
2.1.5.4 A Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of
Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005)
The major objectives/rationales for the formulation of this proclamation were the need of the government to
use land for development works it carries out for public services; to provide land through redevelopment
schemes for the construction of dwelling houses, infrastructure, investment and other services and supply of
land for development works in rural areas and to define the basic principles that have to be taken into
consideration in determining compensation to a person whose landholding has been expropriated. For the
specific subprojects at hand, expropriation of land holdings for public purposes is not expected as the
installation/construction is supposed to be conducted in one’s premises.
2.1.5.5 Water Resources Management Proclamation (197/2000)

The purpose of the Proclamation is to ensure that the water resources of the country are protected and utilized
for the highest social and economic benefits of the people of Ethiopia, to follow up and supervise that they are
duly conserved, ensure that harmful effects of water are prevented, and that the management of water
resources is carried out properly.
2.1.5.6 Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (No. 209/2000)

The Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) has been established by
Proclamation No. 209/2000 as a government institution with a legal personality. The Proclamation has also
provisions for management of cultural heritages in part two, exploration, discovery and study of Cultural
Heritages in part three and miscellaneous provisions in part four.
Article 41 of the Proclamation deals on Fortuitous Discovery of Cultural Heritages and Sub-Article 1 states
that, any person who discovers any Cultural Heritage in the course of an excavation connected to mining
explorations, building works, road construction or other similar activities or in the course of any other
fortuitous event, shall forthwith report to the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage
(ARCCH), and shall protect and keep it intact, until the Authority takes delivery thereof. Sub-Article 2, on the
other hand states that, the Authority shall, upon receipt of a report submitted pursuant to Sub- Article (1)
hereof, take all appropriate measures to examine, take delivery of and register the Cultural Heritage so
discovered.
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2.1.5.7 Labor Proclamations

Ethiopia has issued proclamations in the effort to improve employment relations and outcomes, protect against
child labor exploitation, and maintain proper occupational health and safety. The transitional government of
Ethiopia has issued Labor Proclamation No. 42/1993. This proclamation was amended and replaced with
Labor Proclamation No. 377/2003. The Labor Proclamations have had detailed provisions pertaining to
workers’ suspension and protects their rights. Besides, there are other labor related proclamations such as the
provisions of the Employment Exchange Service Proclamation (Proclamation No. 632/2009) and the Right to
Employment of Persons with Disability (Proclamation No. 568/2008) enacted to govern the relations between
employers and employees.
The Labor Law protects Children against Child Labor abuse. Under the provisions of the Revised Family
Code (2000), a child or minor is defined as “a person of either sex who has not attained the full age of eighteen
years”. Proclamation No. 377/2003, Article 89 prohibited employment of less than 14 years. The
proclamations states “It is prohibited to employ persons under 14 years of age”. It is also prohibited to employ
young workers which on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endangers the
life or health of the young workers performing it. "Young worker" means a person who has attained the age of
14 but is not over the age of 18 years (Article 89 Sub-Article 3).
The Labor Proclamation mandates employers to protect occupational safety, health and create better working
environment for their workers. Article 92 states that “An employer shall take the necessary measure to
safeguard adequately the health and safety of the workers…” The proclamations have details about the safety
and health of workers. For instance, it forces employers to i) take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are
properly instructed and notified concerning the hazards of their respective occupations and the precautions
necessary to avoid accident and injury to health; ii) ensure that directives are given and also assign safety
officer; establish an occupational, safety and health committee of which the committee's establishment, shall
be determined by a directive issued by the Minister; iii) provide workers with protective equipment, clothing
and other materials and instruct them of its use; etc.
2.1.5.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines Series (Series 1 and 2)

In order to facilitate the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation
299/2002), the then Environmental Protection Authority had formulated four procedural guidelines, namely,
Review Guideline Series 1: Guidelines for Review Approach; Review Guideline Series 2- Guidelines for
Contents and Scopes of Report; Review Guideline Series 3- Checklist of Environmental Characteristics and
Review Guideline Series 4- Review Criteria. Review Guideline Series 1 and 2 will be elaborated to a certain
extent.
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A) Procedural Guideline Series 1 -Guidelines for Review Approach
This guideline pointed out roles and responsibilities of EPA and Regional Environmental Agencies, the
proponent, consulting firm, interested and affected parties, and the licensing agency. In the guideline, the EIA
processes and requirements, and comprehensive description of the EA process has been stated. It also outlined
projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts, and may, therefore, require full EIA
(Schedule 1), projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have the potential to cause some
significant environmental impacts but not likely to warrant an environmental impact study (Schedule 2) and
projects which would have no impact and does not require environmental impact assessment (Schedule 3)
B) Procedural Guideline Series 2 - Guidelines for Contents and Scopes of Report
This guideline among others indicates structure and content of the Environmental Impact Study Report and
describes the contents including the administrative, legal and policy requirements, assessment and mitigation
measures. The guideline indicates the following main types of mitigating measures, which need due
considerations:
▪ Preventing, reducing or minimizing impacts before they occur;

▪ Eliminating an actual impact over time by incorporating appropriate maintenance measures during the
life of the project;
▪ Rectifying an impact by repairing, rehabilitating or restoring the affected environment;
▪ Compensating for an impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments as well as
contingency plans in case of emergencies; and,
▪ Maximizing beneficial impacts through specific additional actions.
2.1.6 Administrative/Institutional Framework

2.1.6.1 The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
As per proclamation 916/2015, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change have bestowed
among others with the following powers and duties:
a) Coordinate activities to ensure that the environmental objectives provided under the Constitution and
the basic principles set out in the Environmental Policy of the Country are realized;
b) Establish a system for evaluating and decision making, in accordance with the Environmental Impact
Assessment Proclamation, the impacts of implementation of investment programs and projects on
environment prior to approvals of their implementation by the concerned sectoral licensing organ or
the concerned regional organ;
c) Coordinate actions on soliciting the resources required for building a climate resilient green economy
in all sectors and at all Regional levels; as well as provide capacity building support and advisory
services; and,
14
d) Establish an environmental information system that promotes efficiency in environmental data

collection, management and use.
2.1.6.2 The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE)

According to Proclamation no. 916/2015, the mandates of The Ministry of Water, Energy and Electricity
include promoting the development of water resource and electricity and promoting the growth and expansion
of the country's supply of electric energy. The Ministry has an Environment and Climate Change Directorate
so as to manage issues related to environment and climate change of the sector.
2.1.6.3 Regional Environmental Organs

At regional level there are environmental bureaus to implement environmental related issues including the
preparation of directives within their respective regions.
2.1.6.4 Institutional Aspects of Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) Related to the Programs
The Bank had prepared and approved a new organizational structure as of October 2015 owing to limitations
of the DBE’s organizational structure. This new organizational structure takes in to account the business
nature of the Bank, which are intended to improve the service efficiency, effectiveness and create value for
customers and stakeholders and is also expected to facilitate smooth execution of the five years strategic
targets.
The World Bank Group and DBE have a successful track record of partnership. DBE was selected by the
World Bank as the wholesaling institution for the Women’s Entrepreneurship Development Project (WEDP)
and energy related projects (Market Development) based on its track record of managing lines of credit and on
its management commitment to the project.
Under the Vice President for Credit Management, there is Special Fund Administration and Rural Financial
Intermediation Program (SFA & RFIP) Coordination Directorate having seven teams, one of which is named
as Energy Coordination Team. This Team is the focal entity for supporting, follow-up and monitoring of
ongoing energy related projects, Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy
Program within SPFA & RFIP Coordination Directorate of DBE.
DBE has strengthened its Internal Audit process and Compliance and Risk Management Process of the Bank
and has a well established risk management policy framework and internal audit function. Internal Audit
process and Compliance and Risk Management Process of the Bank will conduct an audit and review of the
pertinent energy programs.
DBE has prepared human resources policy appropriate to its size and workforce that set out its approach to
managing workers consistently. In addition, DBE has a strong Workers Union led by a president elected from
the employees and have a collective agreement signed between the union and the employees.
15
Thus, DBE will put in place and implement an adequate environmental and social management framework
(ESMF), acceptable to the Bank, endorsed by Executive Management and approved by Board of Management
of the Bank. The Executive Management will lead the effort and support implementation of sustainable
environmental and social management system in the Bank.
2.2 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies
The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help
ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. According
to the World Bank project screening criteria and based on the scale and nature of the two proposed programs
(Off-grid Renewable Energy and Clean Cooking Energy), similar with the parent project, they are categorized
EA category “Category B i.e. Partial Assessment-Project”. A proposed project is classified as Category “B”
if its potential adverse social and environmental impacts on environmentally important areas or human
populations are typically site-specific, reversible in nature, and less adverse than those of Category “A”
projects and readily addressed through mitigation measures.
For the two Programs under consideration (Off grid renewable energy and clean cooking energy programs),
three operational policies namely, Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01), Physical Cultural Resources
(OP/BP4.11), and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12) are of potential relevance as it is the case with the
parent project (i.e. Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project). Hence, they are described
below as follows.
2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01)

The objectives of this operational policy are to help ensure the environmental and social soundness and
sustainability of investment projects and to support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects
into the decision making process.
The core requirement of this policy is that screening should be done as early as possible for potential impacts
and select appropriate instrument to assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts. Environmental
Assessment (EA) ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as part
of project design. It also deals with the public consultation process and ensures that the views of Project
Affected Persons (PAPs) and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are incorporated as early as
possible for Category A and B projects.
It is worth noting that OP 4.01 applies to all components of a project with financing from the World Bank,
including co-financed components by the Borrower or by other funding agencies to ensure that they are
environmentally and socially sound and sustainable.
16
The normal World Bank Policy for Environmental Assessment is guided by Operational Policy/Bank
Procedure (OP/BP) 4.01 and consists of seven basic elements:
• Screening;
• Environmental assessment (EA) documentation requirements;
• Public consultation;
• Disclosure;
• Review and approval of EA documentation;
• Conditionality in loan agreements; and,
• Arrangements for supervision, monitoring, and reporting.
2.2.2 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP4.11)

The objective of Physical Cultural Resources (PCRs) Operational Policy is to assist in preserving physical
cultural resources and avoiding their destruction or damage. This policy addresses PCR, which are defined as
movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes
that have archeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural
significance. They may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above or below ground or under
water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial, or national level, or within the international
community.
2.2.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12)

The objectives of this policy are the following:
(i) Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable
alternative project designs;
(ii) Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and
executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable
the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be
meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing
resettlement programs; and,
(iii) Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of
living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior
to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment
projects and are caused by:
17
▪ The involuntary taking of land resulting in:

❖ Relocation or loss of shelter;
❖ Loss of assets or access to assets; or
❖ Loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move
to another location.
▪ The involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in
adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons.
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3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAMS
3.1 Background
Component 3, i.e. Market Development for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Products is one of the
four components under ENREP. This component leverages the market-based approach developed under the
umbrella of the Lighting Africa Program to support the spread of off-grid renewable energy systems among
households residing in areas far removed from the grid, or those in areas under the grid who cannot afford a
connection. Specifically, under this component, credit facilities to Private Sector Enterprises (PSEs) and Micro
Finance Institutions (MFIs) have been set up to provide financing for stand-alone renewable energy systems
and energy efficient products, such as solar home systems (SHS), solar lanterns, improved cook stoves, biogas,
and so on. The Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE) serves as financial intermediary. MFIs provide
financing to households or small businesses in rural areas interested in installing biogas plants (Figure 1).
PSEs are approved retailers that can access the credit line to import and commercialize products, as well as
installation of Solar PV mini-grids (Figure 2). For the future, the role of the private sector is supposed to be
strengthened. Even though a special and distinct institution has not yet been set for solar energy, the existing
government structures working on the alternative energy sector at federal, regional, zonal and Wereda levels
do play their part in promoting solar energy. The role of micro financial institutions and the private sector in
the distribution of solar equipment is worth mentioning.
Figure 1: General implementation framework of the Program of Activities (PoA) For ECCEP
tCO2
Carbon Initiative for Development Bank of Ethiopia National Biogas Program as

Development (CiDev) (DBE) as CME tCO2 CPA Implementer
ERPA
Emission Reduction Transfer Agreement (ERTA)
Carbon Finance $ $ Carbon Finance $ Carbon Finance $ tCO2
BCE-1 RBP-1 CBO-1

Micro Finance Institutions $
(MFIs)
Groups of Households
$
Source: Program Design Document form for Small-Scale CDM Programs of Activities
19
Figure 2: General implementation framework of the Program of Activities (PoA) For EOREP

(DBE) as CME DBE as CPA Implementer
O2
tC
Carbon Finance $ tCO2
POs
$
ERPA
$
ce
an
Solar Solar Other
in
Importer- Importer- Private
Carbon Initiative for
F
1 2 Enterpris
on
Development (CiDev) e-1
rb
Ca
$ Carbon Finance $ tCO2
Emission Reduction Transfer Agreement (ERTA)
Micro Finance Institutions

(MFIs) Households / Institutions
$
Under the Ethiopian Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), there are 2 programs having four subprojects.
The first program is Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program of Activities with three (3) subprojects viz.
a) Distribution of 2.8 million solar lanterns, b) 214,850 Solar Home Systems and c) Installation of Solar PV
mini-grids. The planning period is supposed to be implemented from 2015 to 2020 with an estimated amount
of 1.1 million Certified Emission Reduction (CER) generation from 2016 to 2024. The second program
under the CDM is Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program of Activity with a plan for the
installation of 39,178 units of household biogas digesters in the period between 2015 and 2020 with
an estimated amount of 803,167 Certified Emission Reduction (CER) generation from 2016 to 2024.
The subprojects overview for the two programs is discussed below.
3.2 Off Grid Renewable Energy Program
3.2.1 Solar Lantern

These comprise zero-emissions off-grid lighting products or systems that are stand-alone, rechargeable and
can be installed and operated by their user. Each unit has a retail price typically less than US$100 and includes
three main components: usually, a 1 to 5 W solar panel as the electricity source, a rechargeable battery, and a
lantern or lamp, usually with an LED bulb. The solar panel is placed in the sun during the day to generate
electricity that recharges the battery, and at night the electricity is available to power the lamp. These units will
provide lighting for individual households and may also provide cell-phone charging or similar. Only units
that comply with the Lighting Global Minimum Quality Standards and have a warranty period of two (2) years
will be eligible to be included in the program. Prior to the project, off-grid households relied on kerosene
20
lamps for lighting, most of which are relatively inefficient tin lamps with a simple wick and no cover. Burning
of kerosene generates CO2.
3.2.2 Solar Home Systems (SHS)

SHS are solar photovoltaic (PV) units that provide zero-emissions electricity supply to homes for a variety of
uses, such as lighting, television sets and other small appliances. Each system will consist of at least a PV
module to convert solar energy into electrical energy, a battery to store the electrical energy, a charge
controller to protect the system from attaining an overcharged and undercharged condition, and cables and
connecting devices. System capacities are expected to range between approximately 10 and 200 WP. Only
units that have a warranty period of one - two (1-2) years will be eligible to be included in the program. Prior
to the project, off-grid households relied on kerosene lamps for lighting, most of which are relatively
inefficient tin lamps with a simple wick and no cover. In the baseline, off-grid lighting would have been
provided by kerosene while batteries or diesel generators would have charged small appliances. Burning of
kerosene and diesel generates CO2.
The expected installed capacity of each of the technologies is up to 5 WP for solar lanterns, up to 200 WP for
solar home systems, up to 500 WP for institutional solar PV plants, and up to 5 kWP for solar pumps for
irrigation.
3.2.3 Solar PV Mini Grid

Solar PV Mini Grid (SPMG) that provide zero-emissions electricity supply to homes for a variety of uses, such
as lighting, television sets and other small appliances. The system will consist of at least PV modules to
convert solar energy into electrical energy, solar inverter to convert DC to AC, batteries to store the electrical
energy, charge controller to protect the system from attaining an overcharged and undercharged condition,
power house to store batteries and solar equipment’s, electric distribution lines and accessories, and cables and
connecting devices. System capacities are expected to range between approximately 5 KWP to 100 KWP.
Solar PV Mini-grid subproject is intended to generate electricity at the local level to benefit the rural
households from the generated electricity under the SPMG subproject. The private companies will implement
the proposed subproject and install the Solar PV mini grid nearby the local beneficiaries. The local
beneficiaries will pay one-time connection fee and monthly service charge. The project will benefit off-grid
households who used to relay on kerosene lamps for lighting, most of which are relatively inefficient in lamps
with a simple wick and no cover. In the baseline, off-grid lighting would have been provided by kerosene
while batteries or diesel generators would have charged small appliances.
The solar PV Mini Grids may demand use of small area of land plot in the target villages; land acquisition and
resettlement issues may be required owing to the location and size of the plot, as well as related impact. The
expected installed capacities for the solar PV mini grid is up to 100 KWP
21
3.3 Clean Cooking Energy Program
The subproject under this program is installation of biogas plants. Biogas is a clean and renewable
form of energy produced by anaerobic fermentation of animal dung and other waste in a digester
built from locally available materials. The target beneficiaries are households with four or more local
breed cattle (two in the case of hybrid), residing within thirty minutes walking distance from a water
source, and willing to pay in cash or through credit for the investment cost required in the installation
of the bio digester with an optional toilet connection. The biogas plants are installed for households
interested to use the Biogas plants on their land. The Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program of
Activity include the plan for the installation of 39,178 units of household biogas digesters in the
period between 2015 and 2020 with an estimated amount of 803,167 Certified Emission Reduction
(CER) generation from 2016 to 2024 (see figure 3).
In order to commercialize the biogas program in the country, institutional arrangements with different roles
and responsibilities has been established. The National Biogas Program of Ethiopia (NBPE) started its
operations in 2008 and is hosted and co-funded by the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE)
with financial support provided by the Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the
Netherlands managed by the Humanist Institute for International Development Cooperation (HIVOS) and
benefitting from technical support provided by the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV).
Figure 3 Diagram of a domestic biogas plant
Access to electricity services through off-grid, renewable-based solutions has the potential to improve life
standards and provide opportunities for productive uses of energy, which can be particularly empowering
22
women. The shift to clean cooking practices will reduce the time that women spend fetching biomass fuels for
cooking and reduce indoor pollution, which poses a severe threat to people’s health. To ensure equitable
benefits and opportunities under the two proposed Programs activities, several gender interventions will be
implemented.
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4. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
The baseline environmental and social conditions are described hereunder on the basis of the fact that the
locations of each of the subprojects are distributed in the whole country. Therefore, the approach followed in
this case is that, since these locations could be anywhere, it is better to describe the environmental situations of
the Regions that totally form the bulk of the country. That is, the environmental and social descriptions do not
refer to specific project sites. The country is composed of nine regional states and two City Administrations
under the Federal Administration for which description of the bio-physical environment and social baseline
situations are described below.
4.1 Afar National Regional State
4.1.1 Bio–Physical Environment
Afar region lies in the arid and semi-arid climatic zone within the Great Rift Valley of East Africa with an
irregular drainage systems and depressions. It lies in the geographic location between 8 049’ and 14030’ N
latitude and 39034’ to 42028’east longitude. The land area of Afar Region is about 94,817 km2, and is divided
into five Zones with 32 Weredas and 401 Kebele administrative structures.
a) Topography
The topography of the Afar region varies from hilly escarpment in the western and southern edges with an
altitude of 1,000 – 1,500 masl to low plain land areas in the north east and south east. The altitude of the
lowlands fall between 0 and 1,000 masl, while there are some areas below sea level. Over 95% of the Afar
Region lies in the altitude range below 1,000 masl. About 8% of the total land area lies below sea level. This
region is also known for its lowest altitudinal location (depression) in the world, having depths as low as 114
meters below sea level in the Danakil depression in the northern part of the region.
b) Climate
The region is one of the areas having high temperature and low rainfall. Temperature in the region ranges from
a mean maximum temperature of 42.5oC in the area of Doubti Wereda and mean minimum temperature of
17.8oC in the high altitude zone at Gewane. The area has moisture index of less than 0.25 and receives mean
annual rainfall of 200 mm.
Severe dry season occurs in May and June at regional level. This season has the hottest temperature. The main
rainy season occurs between July and September, while short rain stays between March and April. Rainfall
24
ranges from 500 mm on the western edges of the regional state to 200 mm in the lava plains to the eastern part
of the region.
c) Geology and Soils

According to geological map of Ethiopia (1996), the geological formation of the area includes:
▪ Afar series; mildly alkaline basalt with subordinate alkaline and pre-alkaline silicics (rhyolitic dome
and flows and ignimbrites).
▪ Basalt flows, spatter cones and hyaloclastites, (a) Transitional type between alkaline and tholeitic. (b)
Alkaline olivine basalt.
▪ Undifferentiated alluvial, lacustrine and beach sediments.
▪ Alkali granite and syenite.
▪ Rhyohitic Volcanic centres, obsidian pitchstone, pumice ignimbrite, tuff subordinate truchaytic flows
(alkaline and pre-alkaline composition), and
▪ Alluvial and lacustrine deposits: Sand silt clay diatomite, limestone and beach sand.
The major soils of the region in general include:
▪ Fluvisols /12.57 %/, which are fertile and easy to work with ( this soil type is found along the river
courses),
▪ Leptosols /20.60 %/ (found along plateau margins and steeper slops) that have rocky characteristics,
▪ Eutric Regosols /18.88 %/ (found on gentle /undulating/ rolling, moderate to high relief hills),
▪ Eutric Cambisols and Vertic Cambisols /8.06 %/, and
▪ Solonchaks /18.72 %/ which are typical soils that develop in arid climatic conditions and most plants
cannot grow on them.
The soils of the region have limited fertility value. The fertile soils of the region include fluvisols found
adjacent to major stream courses.
d) Vegetation Cover and Wildlife

The vegetation cover of Afar in general is sparse and the area is prone to desertification. Over 70% of the land
area in Afar region is bare land. The main vegetation types in the region include the following:
▪ Juniperous olea forest rising to less than 7m in height;

▪ Riparian Woodlands/ forest, species constituting varieties of acacia trees;
▪ Shrub land; predominantly acacia species and prosopis; and,
▪ Bushland; the dominant species include acacia and balanites species.
Wildlife resources of the region are rich. Wildlife of the area is those that are most adaptive creatures to the
arid and semi-arid lands of the region.
25
e) Land use / Land cover

As of 1999, the major portion of the land in the region is bare land (70.09% of the Region’s area) followed by
shrub land (13.68% of the Region’s area).
f) Water Resources
There are number of rivers in the region including: Awash, Mille, Kessem, Kebena, Awura, Gulina, Dawie,
Borkena, Telalk, Woama, Alaa and other streams. The other major water sources of the region are Lakes.
There are twelve relatively large lakes and five ponds in the region. Two of the largest lakes are Afdera Lake
and Abe Lake which are found in zone 1 and 2 of the Region. The smaller ones include Lake Asahle, Lake
Dalol, and Lake Gemeri. Groundwater is also the major source for potable water supply in the region.
4.1.2 Social Issues
a) Population, Religion and Ethnic Group

The population of Afar region was estimated at 1,559,001 in year 2011, with 873,041 males and 685,960
females. The majority of the population (86.6%) resided in rural areas and the remaining 13.4% in urban areas.
The regional population growth rate in the same year was estimated at 4.11% in urban areas, and 2.23% in
rural areas. The population density is 21.6 persons/square kilometre on an average. The major ethnic groups of
the regional state include Afar, Amhara, Tigray and others. The dominant occupation in the Region is
pastoralism. Over 90% of the population is pastoralist community. Afar Region is one of the pastoral areas in
Ethiopia, where extensive herding is practiced.
On the other hand, as per the estimations made by the CSA, for the year 2016 (July), the total population was
estimated to be 1,769,002 with a male population of 969,001 and female population of 800,001. In the same
period, the rural population the urban population was estimated to be comprised 81.5% and 18.5%
respectively.
b) Cultural Heritage and Tourism
Afar region is rich in cultural assets. The archaeological findings from the Region have revealed that it is one
of the cradles of mankind. The hominid relic of the world renown, “Lucy”, was found in Hadar area of the
Region. This site is considered as an attraction area for scientific research to decipher or figure out man’s
origin. The research sites such as Hadar and the middle Awash, that consist fossil and handicraft remains of
human ancestors, are attractive destinations for tourists all over the world.
There are potential for tourist attraction in the area, including paleo anthropologic and wildlife resources as
well as the Afar traditional way of life. Ertele and the Afar depression are sites of scientific research both of
natural science as well as human civilization.
The Yangu Dirasa National park, the Awash National Park hosts number of wildlife species for tourism and
biodiversity conservation.
26
The economic benefits from such tourism also termed as ‘paleotourism’ has not yet developed. But it could be
known that eleven new sites have been identified to be considered for research and eventually for
‘paleotourism’.
4.2 Tigray National Regional State
4.2.1 Bio-Physical Environment
a) Topography
Topography of Tigray Region is mainly the extension of the central highland and associated western lowlands
and is divided into two major blocs; the eastern bloc comprises of highlands while the western bloc is
predominantly lowland. Altitudes range from 500 meters up to 3,900 meters above sea level. It is situated
between 12015' N and 14057' N latitude and between 36059' E and 400 E longitudes with an estimated area of
53,638 km2.
b) Climate
Tigray Region falls within 6 ecological zones (desert, Kola, Woina Dega, Dega and Wurch). Part of the Tigray
regional state, that is, the eastern and southern zones, where Mekele is situated receive peak rain in April and
August, whereas the western and central part receive single maximum rainfall between June/July to
August/September and for the north western part, the wet period runs from April/ May to October/November.
The mean annual rainfall for the region ranges from 600 mm in the north-eastern part to 1,600 mm in the
western part of Welkait Wereda. Temperature ranges between 160 C and 200 C in the eastern and central
highland part while in the lowlands of the western zones it is 380C to 400C.
c) Geology and Soil Type

The geology of Tigray comprises low-grade Metamorphic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. Tertiary volcanic,
quaternary deposit and acidic to basic/ ultra basic intrusions are also some of geological feature of the region.
Major soil types of the region identified in a study conducted in 1976 is quoted by the Bureau of Planning and
Economic Development (Report of 1998) as: orthic Acrisels, chromic and Eutric cambisols, Humic cambisols,
Vertic cambisols and Vertic luvisols, Eurthic fluvisols, dystric nitosols, Eutric Nitosols, Euric rogosols, Haplic
Xerosols, Cambic Arenosols, and chromic Andisols.
d) Water Resources
There are three major river basins and a valley in the Tigray Region: Tekeze basin, Mereb basin, Afar basin
and Angereb valley. Some of the surface water sources comprise Tekeze River, Sure River, Mai Tell River
and Mai Hitsatsa River. Groundwater source is abundant and is the major water supply source in the area.
27
e) Vegetation and Wildlife

Due to human interference and early settlements in this part of the country, the major vegetation has been
destroyed. Currently the dominant ones are woodland and savannah, junipers woodlands, acacia woodland and
savannah.
Accordingly, the vegetation cover of the region is divided into forest, woodland savannah and grassland
regions.
The plant species include Acacia trees mixed with savannah, juniperus trees mixed with savannah, and mixed
deciduous woodland. The vegetation cover of the north-western zone of the region comprises of grass land,
scattered bush and scrub covered and dense forest covered land. There are protected forest areas in Tahitay
Adiabo and Atsgede Tsimbela Weredas of western zone. This includes Maikohni forest area, Adi Tsetser, Adi
Ascere areas and Enda Tanki protected site. The region has varied wildlife species including hyena, tiger,
monkey and fox.
4.2.2 Social Issues
a) Population, Ethnicity and Religious Groups

According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Tigray Administrative Region was
4,862,998, out of which 2,363,000 are male and 2,439,998 are female, with an annual growth rate of 3% in
urban areas. The density in Tigray Region in this time was 116 persons /square kilometre. There are a number
of ethnic groups that inhabit the Region. Tigray being the major ethnic group, there are also Kunama, Saho,
Agew, Argoba and others in smaller proportions.
According to the population estimates of the CSA, for July 2016, the total population of Tigray was 5,151,998
out of which 2,539,997 were estimated to be male while the remaining 2,612,001 were female. In terms of this
estimate, 74.2% were rural inhabitants while the balance, i.e. 25.8% was urban inhabitants.
b) Cultural and Historical Heritage
Tigray has rich cultural and historical resources and high potential for the tourism industry. In Tigray Region,
the colossal obelisks, rock-hewn churches, ruined temples, palaces, mosques, church paintings, stone
inscription and manuscripts are some of the ancient Ethiopian properties that have tourist attraction values.
The Axum Obelisks, the rock-hewn churches are the major tourist attractions of the Region.
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4.3 Amhara National Regional State
4.3.1 Bio - Physical Environment
a) Topography and Climate

The Amhara National Regional State has diverse topographic features, with rugged mountains, extensive
plateau and scattered plain separated by deeply cut gorges, steep slopes and cliffs. The elevation varies from
600 masl at Matera up to 4,620 masl at Raps Dashed.
The Amhara National Regional State is located between 90 N and 130 45' North latitude and 360 to 40030' East
longitude. It is bounded by Tigray in the north, Oromia in the south, Benishangul Gumuz in the west and Afar
region in the east. The Regional State has a land area of about 161,828 km2 (15% of the land area of Ethiopia).
b) Climate
The climatic condition of the Region is divided into temperate (Dega), subtropical (Woina Dega) and arid
(Kola) agro-climatic zones. Mean annual rainfall of the Region varies from 700 mm to over 2,000 mm and the
temperature range is between 100 C and 260 C. There are two rainy seasons, while short rain occurs during
March, May, and April, heavy rain is during June, July and August.

The Precambrian rocks, Cenozoic rocks and Mesozoic rocks cover most part of the Amhara Region. The soil
of the region includes: Arthic Acrisds, cambisols, Rendizinas, phaeozems, Lithisols, Aluvisds, and vertislols.
Soil erosion is the major environmental degradation problem in the Region due to lack of vegetation cover and
rugged topography. Soils in the Region are highly eroded as compared to other parts of the country. According
to a study conducted in 1984 E.C, the quantity of soil loss in Amhara Region was estimated at 1.1 billion tons
per year. This accounts for 58% of the total annual soil loss of the country in general during the time.
d) Water Resources
There is an abundant water resource in the Region. The major water resource basins in the region are the Abay
River /Blue Nile/, Tekeze River and Awash River basins. There are also several lakes like Lake Tana, Lake
Zengena and Haik. Ground water resource is abundant and it is the major water supply source in the region.

The natural forest in the Region is heavily depleted and degraded by intensive human interference, mainly for
agricultural purpose and for energy (firewood) production. Currently less than 10% of the total estimated
forest area is considered to be natural forest in the Region. The rest are scattered wood lots (planted by
individual farmers on different land use types) and plantation forests (those that have been planted for different
purposes).
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Indigenous tree/shrub in the area include: olea, africana, Juniperous procera, podocarpus falcatus, Acacia
species, hygenia abyssinica, ximenia american and Ficus are some of the indigenous plant species diminishing
in the area due to human activities.
Wildlife availability among other factors depends on the extent of vegetation cover of a given area. Parks of
the Siemen Mountains are preserved for the most endangered species, such as Walia Ibex, Siemen Fox, Gelada
Baboons and different species of birds, most of which are endemic to Ethiopia. Endangered bird species in the
region include: Harwood, Francolin and Ostrich.
The Siemen Mountain National Park and protected areas of main bird sanctuaries like, Lake Tana, Ankober -
Debre Sina mountain, Awi Zone, Choke Mountain, Fogera, Guasa/ in Menze/, Jama and Jara valley, Middle
Abay valley, Gofa Forest are found in the region.
f) Land Use/ Land Cover

As of 2002, the Region is largely covered by grazing land, which is followed by cultivable land having 30%
and 28.2% respectively of all the area coverage of the region during the time.
4.3.2 Social Issues
a) Population, Ethnic and Religious Group

According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of the Amhara Region was
18,528,997, in that 9,292,994 were male and 9,236,003were female. Out of this, only 10.98% were urban
residents while the remaining constituted rural population. The population density of the region during this
period was 119.8 persons/ square kilometre.
As per the population estimates of the CSA, in July 2016 the Region’s total population was estimated to be
20,769,985, which constituted 10,401,995 males and 10,367,990 females. In the same estimation, the rural
population was estimated to be 83.2% whereas the urban population constituted 16.8%.
b) Socio-Cultural and Historical Heritage
The Amhara Region is rich in cultural and historical heritages. Very old Monasteries, rock-hewn churches,
palaces and castles are found in the region. The Lalibella Rock-hewn Churches, the Gondar Castle that are
registered as International Cultural Heritage sites are found in this Region. There are several monasteries in
Lake Tana Islands, which is also the origin of Blue Nile (Abay) River. The Blue Nile Falls is found just few
kilometres downstream of the Regional Capital, Bahir Dar, which is a tourist attraction site.
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4.4 The Oromia National Regional State
4.4.1 Bio- Physical Environment
a) Topography and area

The Oromia National Regional State is located in the central part of the country and extends from south-east,
bordering with Kenya in the south part and up to the Sudan border in the western part. It has an area of
353,690 km2 (32 % of the country). Oromia National Regional State lies between 30 40’ N and 100 35’ N
latitude and 340 05’ E and 43011’ E longitude.
The topographic features of the Region have been characterized by immense geographical diversity consisting
of high rugged contoured mountains dissected by the great African Rift Valley. The high mountains include
Tulu Dimtu in Bale (4,307 masl), Kecha (4,245 masl), Ankolo (4,300 masl) in Arsi, Gara Mulat in East
Hararge (3,492 masl) and Bada Roge in Shewa (3,350 masl).
The Regional State has topographic features of mountainous and rolling terrain in the north-western and north-
eastern parts, valleys and gorges in the central and eastern, flat and plain land in the south and south-eastern
part. Altitude in the Region varies from 500 masl in the south eastern part to 4,300 masl in the central and
north western parts.
b) Climate
The east and southern parts are dominated by arid climate while the central and north western parts are more
of temperate climate. The lowlands (500 - 1,500 masl) experience mean annual temperature of 200 C – 250C,
areas of altitude 1,500 - 2,300 masl have mean annual temperature of 150 C – 200 C, while the highland areas
(2,300 - 3,300 masl) have mean annual temperature range of 100 C – 150 C. Mean annual rainfall ranges
between 200 mm in the south east to 2,000 mm in the north western part of the Region.
c) Geology, Physiographic Divisions and Seismicity

The major part of Oromia falls in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa and is tectonically unstable. It appears to
be a zone of volcanic and seismic activities. There are six physiographic sub-regions in Oromia: the Rift lakes
plain, the transitional scrap slopes, the young lava plain, zone of ancient crystalline rocks, the central lava
highlands and massifs and zone of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The geology of the region consists of: Rocks
of the Precambrian era, Rocks of the Paleozoic era, Rocks of the Mesozoic era, and Rocks of the Cenozoic era.
d) Soil
The major soil types of the area constitute Luvisols, Fluvisols, Andosols and Fluvisols are commonly found in
the plain lands of river banks and lake shores. This soil type is good for agricultural use. Andosols are formed
from volcanic ash parent material. They are light, loose, porous, have high drain capacity and easily eroded by
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rain or wind action. Andosols have limited agricultural value. Luvisols on the other hand are good for
agriculture.
e) Water Resource of the Region

There is an abundant water resource including surface and ground sources. Oromia possess three major
drainage systems or river basins: Rivers that drain to the Blue Nile (Abay) and the Mediterranean Sea, Rivers
that drain to the Indian Ocean and the Rift Valley Closed drainage system. Major rivers in the country like
Blue Nile (Abay), Jemma, Muger, Guder and Anger Didessa, Awash, Gibe, Wabe Shebele, Dawa, Genale,
Weyb, Dabuss, traverse the Oromia Region. Most of the rift valley lakes in Ethiopia, like Lake Langano,
Zeway, Abiyata, and Shalla are found in Oromia. The wetland ecosystem of these water bodies has significant
environmental and socioeconomic values.
f) Vegetation Cover and Wildlife

Oromia region possesses most of flora and fauna types found in Africa, and several endemic species. There are
about 12 million ha of woodland and bush land covering 32% of the Region. There is also 70 percent of the
national forest priority areas located in Oromia: the Munesa (1,385 ha), Tiro Boter Becho (8,500 ha),
Menagesha Suba (9,000 ha) are set aside as Nature Reserves.
The region has dense forest cover in the central, south western and western areas, while southern and south-
eastern areas are covered mainly by sparse vegetation, bushes and scrubs. The vegetation types are varied
including Coniferous forest, broad leaved forest, woodland and savannah, grassland, riverine forests and
wetland vegetation.
There are parks and protected sites in the region, including Awash National park (partly) Abijatta–Shala
National Park, Bale Mountain National Parks, Yabelo mountains, Controlled hunting zone of Borena, wildlife
Reserves (Sanctuaries) of Babile, Senkele, and Yabelo. There are also Game Reserves in Arsi, Bale and
Borena with over 20 Main Bird Sanctuaries. Those parks and protected areas host variety of wildlife and
important bird species Wide varieties of wild animals exist in the Region. They include, Mountain nyala, the
Giant molerat, Ethiopian Wolf, Minilik’s Bushbuck, Bohor reed buck, Grey duiker, Oribi, Klipspringer,
Grant’s Gazelle, Greater Kudu, Lesser kudu, Swayen’s hartebeest, Gerenuk, Burchell’s Zebra, Warthog, Giant
forest hog, Bush pig, Colobus, Monkey, Anubis baboon, Spotted hyaena, Serval cat, Lion, Leopard, Golden
jackal and African Hunting.
4.4.2 Social Issues

According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Oromia Region was estimated to be
30,397,990 (15,309,996 were male and 15,087,994 were female).Ethnic group residing in the region is also
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varied, the majority being Oromo, followed by Amhara, and several other ethnic groups. The density of the
population is 106.8 persons / square kilometre.
For the year July 2016, the CSA estimated the total population of Oromia Region as 34,575,008 that
comprised of 17,345,004 male and 17,230,004 female. In this estimation, the urban population and the rural
population constituted 85.2% and 14.8% respectively.
b) Archaeological and Cultural Heritages
The Sof Oumar Cave, the Aba Jiffar palace, etc are found in the Oromia National Regional State as sites of
cultural heritage. The Sof-Omar caves in central Bale, with their galleries of polished white cone and chamber
of columns are the incredible natural phenomena of great interest and beauty. The palace of Aba Jifar in
Jimma is another historical attraction.
In general, Oromia National Regional State is rich in tourist attraction resources that could be
categorized in to the following major categories-
▪ Natural forests with wide range of wild plant species;
▪ Wild animals and birds of various species including endemics;
▪ Several rivers with their multiple spectacular waterfalls;
▪ Rift valley lakes and highland crater lakes;
▪ Magnificent landscape scenery (mountain chains, river gorges;
▪ Diversified local cultures with their distinct ethnography, art, traditional practices;
▪ Historical heritages; and,
▪ Natural wonders of unique forms.
4.5 Benishangul Gumuz National Regional State
4.5.1 Bio-Physical Environmental Conditions
a) Topography
The Region is stretched along the western escarpment of Ethiopia between Gambela Region in the south, the
Sudan to the west and Amhara and Oromia Regions to the northeast and east. Benishangul-Gumuz National
Regional State has an altitude ranging from 600 masl up to 2,000 masl and has a topography dominated by
river valleys which join the Abay River before it enters the Sudan.
The areas around Wonbera are characterized by rugged mountain ranges like Gassangassa mountain range,
Bedessa & Kushaya Mountains. The road route traverses flat terrain from the Guba side while the segment
from the Wonbera side has rolling terrain & hilly topographic feature.
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b) Climate
The climatic condition of the area is varied, like most part of the country. It has climatic condition of 85%
Kola (Hot climate), 10% Woina Dega (Semi –Temperate) and 8% has Dega (Temperate) climatic conditions.
The annual rainfall in Metekel zone of the Region ranges from 600 mm to 1,450 mm. The rainy season stays
from April/May up to October/November. The dry period is between February and April. Annual temperature
of Metekel zone ranges between 180c and 400c.

The geological formation of the area is characterized by Tulu Dimtu Groups and Tonalities. Meta Basalt, Meta
Andesine, green schist, phyllite, Meta conglomerate, quartzite and Marble, precious materials like Gold are
also available in the area.
The regional soil is fertile and has high agricultural potential with favourable agro-climatic conditions. It is
estimated that 911,876 ha of land in the region has potential for agricultural development, out of which only
233,200 ha could be cultivated.
d) Water Resources
The region has high water resource potential. Abay/Blue Nile, Didessa and Beles Rivers are among the major
water sources in the region. There are over 32 perennial rivers in the Metekel Zone, most of which have
potential for irrigation.

Benishangul-Gumuz National Regional State is endowed with a variety of natural resources. Over 50% of the
land is covered with natural forest, which also has commercial value. The woodlands in the Region are the
Doqma woodland, the Sudanian woodland, palms and bamboo and riverine forest.
Benishangul-Gumuz region lies in the Abay and Baro drainage basin and is one of the few areas that still have
significant part of its landmass covered by natural vegetation. It is estimated that 55% of the land is covered by
Bamboo, broad-leaved deciduous woodlands, acacia & cacao woodlands. Riverine forests are predominantly
found along the river courses. Some of the tree species found in the area are endemic ones for Ethiopia.
The Region has varied wild life species. Wild animals including Elephant, Giraffe, Rhinoceros,
Hippopotamus, Buffalo, Roan antelope and Hartebeest, Lion, Tiger, Patas monkey and Anubis baboon are
found in the region. Estimates indicate the availability of about 40 species of larger mammals and estimated
bird species of 500-550. Game Reserve and main bird Sanctuary of Dabus is found in the Region.
f) Land use/Land cover of the Region

As of 2002, Woodland and scrublands have the two largest shares of land use with 49% and 28% respectively.
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4.5.2 Social Issues

According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Benishangul Gumuz was 938,996
(476,999 male and 461,997 female). The annual population growth was about 3.1%. In the same year, the
urban population was only 8.5% while the remaining was rural. The density of the population in the Region is
18.5 persons/square kilometre. There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Benishangul Gumuz
Region. The major ethnic groups are Berta (26.7%), Gumuz (23.4%), Shinasha (6.9%), Amhara (22.2%), Mao
(0.8%) and Oromo (12.8%). The major religious groups are Orthodox Christianity (34.8%), Traditional
Religion (13.1%), Protestants (5.9%) and Islam (44%).
On the other hand, the number of population estimated for July 2016 by the CSA was 1,033,999 i.e. 524,000
male and 509,999 female. As per this estimation, the rural population constituted 79.2% while the remaining
20.8% was estimated to be urban population.
4.6 Gambela National Regional State
4.6.1 Bio-physical Environment
a) Topography
The Gambela National Regional State is situated in the south-western part of Ethiopia at 70 N - 8 0 17’ North
latitude and 33 0 E - 32 0 2’ East longitudes. The altitude of Gambela lies between 300 and 2,500 masl.
b) Climate
Gambela is subdivided into three agro ecological zones: Woina Dega, Kola and desert agro – ecological
Zones.
In general, the Region has warm temperature ranging from 270C to 330C. However, temperature as high as
450C occurred in March and as low as 100C in January had been recorded.
The average annual rainfall varies according to the different altitudes. Areas of 400 - 500 masl of the western
part receive 900 mm - 1500 mm, while areas over 2,000 masl (eastern part) have average rainfall ranging from
1,900 to 2,100 mm.

The Gambela Region falls within the Baro-Akobo River Basin which consists primarily of basement
crystalline with eastern upland covering tertiary lava in some places and Quaternary sediments in the lowlands
to the west.
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Mineral resources of the area include gold, tungsten, granite, crude oil and construction material. The area is
dominantly covered by alluvial and lacustrine deposits: silt, sand, clay, diatomite, limestone, Enticho
sandstone, Glacials, Gura and Filo formations and sand stones.
The soils of the region are divided into two major classifications as upland soils and fluvisols (along the river
course). The soil fertility is very high and not been exploited much.
d) Vegetation and Wildlife

Gambela Region is endowed with vast natural resources. The main habitats of Gambela Region are forests,
woodlands, swamps and rivers. Out of the total area 25% of the land is covered with forest. Savannah, tropical
forests and seasonally flooded grass plains also inhabit the area. The eastern part of the region is covered with
natural high forest. Woodlands, bush lands and Savannah woodlands inhabit the central plain lands of the
region with altitudes below 600 masl.
The dominant tree species include: Acacia, Cambretum species, Terminalia coxifera, Sonogisus reiccarpa,
Kegelio africanas, and Albizia cordiaria. From grass species; Beckeropsis uniseta and Hyparrhenia rufa are
some to mention. Abobo-Gog natural forest is one of the 58 most important natural forests classified as
National Forest Priority areas by the Ethiopian forestry action plan (as reported in the Baro - Akobo master
plan study). There are also four other sites in the region that are identified as natural forest areas.
The Gambela National park, Mago National park and three controlled hunting areas: Jikawo, Akobo and Teyu
sites are found in the region. The Gambela national park is the largest park in the country and accounts for
20% of the land area of the region. The remaining controlled hunting areas of Jikawo and Teyu also occupy
similar sizes of land area.
Those areas are habitat for over 300 bird species of which 100 are migratory and over 60 mammals. The major
wildlife species conserved in the lowland plain are; Roan antelope, White-ear kob, Nile lechwe, Topi,
Elephant, lion, Leopard, hippopotamus, Warthog, Giraffe, Defas, Water buck, Buffalo, Pig, Civet, Lelwel
Hartebeest, etc. Reptiles such as Tortoise, fish (Nile perch) and Crocodile are found in the Region.
Nile lechwe and the White eared kob are unique to that area. They are also trans-boundary that migrates
between Ethiopia and South Sudan.
e) Land Use and Land Cover

The major settlement area is the riverbanks for both urban and rural communities. Due to this situation, the
population is frequently affected by flood calamities. As of 2000, the two major land uses were open wood
land and disturbed forest with a percentage share of 41% and 20.87% respectively.
f) Wetlands and Water Resources
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Gambela Region is the wettest and best watered area in the country. There are five major rivers, namely, Baro,
Akobo, Itang, Gillo and Alwero Rivers that are also trans-boundary. There are also several lakes and ponds in
the Region such as, lakes Tata, Wagan and Nitang which are cut-off lakes, so called because they have been
formed when bends, branches and arms of the main river have been cut-off by sediments or changes in the
direction of the main river channels.
These water sources feed the Gambela flood plain, which is the largest low laying wetland in the Baro - Akobo
River Basin. Both migratory and residential birds inhabit the wetland and are one of the tourist attraction sites
in the area.
The flood plain of the two rivers, Gillo and Akobo form important wetland ecosystems. Wetlands support a
wide range of biotical, hydrological, and physical processes which result in ecosystem function and the
provision of valuable goods and services.
4.6.2 Social Issues
a) Population and Ethnic Group

According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the population of the Region was 368,999 (191,996 male
and 177,003 female). Of the total population, 17% lived in urban areas while the remaining 83% are rural
residents during this time. Linguistically the population comprises mainly of Omotic, Cushitic and Nilo-
Saharan, although Semetic origin also exists. The major ethnic groups are Agnuaq, Nuere, Megengir, Coma
and Oppo. The population density of the region in 2011 was about 12.4 per square kilometre.
According to the population estimates made by the CSA, as of July 2016, the Region’s total population was
estimated to be 422,002 having 220,000 males and 202,002 females. The rural population as per this estimated
constituted 66.8% and the urban population constituted 33.2%.
4.7 Somali National Regional State
a) Topography
The Somali National Regional State is located between 40 and 110 North latitude and between 400 and 480 East
longitude in the eastern part of Ethiopia, which lies to the southeast of the Great African Rift Valley. The
region has entirely flat terrain except some hills with gentle slopes around Jigjiga and Togo Wuchale, and
along major river courses. The altitude ranges between 500 to 1,600 masl. The major land area of the region
falls below 900 masl.
b) Climate
The rain in the Region has been generally low, unreliable and unevenly distributed. When rain occurs it is
torrential and is of high intensity. The annual rainfall is between 200 mm and 530 mm for the Region as a
37
whole. The mean annual rainfall is 425 mm. The annual potential evapo-transpiration ranges from 1,800 mm
in the lowlands to 800 mm in the highlands.
The major part (60% to 80%) falls within hot and arid climate. Temperature ranges between 20 0 C and 450 C.
The region is characterized by strong wind circulation, which can cause and aggravate soil erosion and water
moisture losses. The mean annual wind speed varies between 1.8 miles/ sec in highlands and 3.6 miles/sec in
the lowlands.
c) Geology and Soil Type

The geology of the Region is dominated by alternating limestone, shale, anhydrite, dolomites and marl. The
land surface is sandy and often coated with reddish soil and calcareous crust typical of desert area. Minerals
like edible salt, gold and natural gas also occur in the region.
The dominant soil types of the region are Yermsol, Xerosols, Regosols, and solonchakes. Minor parts have
fluvisols and Vertisols, Cambisols and Luvisols. Soil erosion has been a serious problem in the region and is
caused by the action of wind and water.
d) Water Resources
The region is divided into four basins: the eastern Ogaden basin, the Wabe Shebele basin, the Genale Dawa
basin and part of the Awash River basin. The area receives a bi-modal rain fall: March - May and September -
November. Most of the streams in the region are ephemeral and are characterized by short duration and high
intensity of flood. However, perennial rivers like Wabe Shebele, Weyb, Genale and Dawa are also available in
the region.

Endemic flora species in the Somali region represent 25% of the flora in Ethiopia, of which 18% are unique to
the region. Among the largest plant families are graminacea, leguminacea, and euphorbicea. The main climax
vegetation classes in the region are: acacia based woodlands, acacia comiphora bush lands, evergreen
scrubland and riparian forest.
There are also a number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates uniquely adapted to
the arid and semi-arid conditions. Wildlife animals include lion, hyena, leopard, fox, hunting dogs, crocodiles
and various types of snakes. Hunted wild animals include Bicids, Balango, Goodir, Dabatag, Zebra, Baboon,
Hippopotamus, Ostrich, Monkey and Elephant. There are also a number of birds such as, degodi lark, little
winged dove, Somali short billed crombec, Jubaland weaver, little brown bustard and white winged collared
dove.
f) Land use / Land cover

In 1999, Grassland and scrubland are the two types of land use with land coverage of 56.8% and 22.2% of the
Region’s total area.
38
4.7.2 Social Issues
a) Population and Ethnic Group

According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, July 2011, the total population of Somali National Regional
State is 4,986,004, out of which, 2,773,001 are male and 2,213,003 are female. The Somali Regional State is
divided into nine administrative zones, 53 Weredas and 67 urban centres. Majority of the population are
pastoralists and the social organization of the Somalis is based on clanship. Over 86% of the population is
rural. The region is sparsely populated with an average density of 12 persons per km2.
The total population estimates of the Region conducted by the CSA for the year July 2016 was 5,598,002 i.e.
3,023,000 males and 2,575,002 females respectively. The rural population of the Region in the same year
constituted about 85.5% while the urban population comprised about 14.5%.
Somali and Issa are the majority ethnic group, while Oromo, Amhara and Gurage are also found in the urban
areas.
The settlement pattern of the Somalis is characterized as group and temporary. In areas suitable for agriculture,
Somalis settle permanently. The seasonal availability of water and pasture as well as the rapid exhaustion of
the pasture owing to overgrazing often causes mobility of the pastoralist population.
b) Societal Aspects
The social organization of the Somali society has a pyramidal structure formed by lineage segmentation levels.
The segment levels are known as: Reer, Jilib, Qabil and clan families or group. Each lineage segment
constitutes a separate social and political unit having definite members with a territory under it (SNRS,
conservation strategy, 1999, cited in EEPCo, 2011).
The Somali are predominantly pastoralists and their settlement pattern and their life style is influenced by the
same mode of occupation. They are mobile in settlement, which is mainly guided by the need of their cattle
herds. As a result, a densely populated area at one season can be easily deserted at other times. The Somali
have divided themselves into two major lineages of Sab and Somali. The former constitutes hunters, gatherers,
and agriculturists.
Among the pastoralists, mostly wealth is not held by individuals but by families. Water and pasture is
commonly owned. Agriculture plots are held by families. Craft heritages produced by the low cast Sab are
generally made for own use, few are sold to tourists. Since the Somali nomadic pastoralists have been isolated
from the central highlands, there has been much lesser degree of acculturation. Moreover, there is lower
degree of economic integration, transportation and communication.
Division of labour among the Somali is based on gender differentiation. Women are exclusively responsible
for job like building nomadic huts, preparing food, collecting firewood, fetching water, milking cows and
39
small ruminants etc. While males are culturally assigned to perform out – door tasks like herding, watering,
farming and mediating.
The economic base of the region is dominated by pastoralist society. Livestock is the major economic earning
for the Somali population. The rural population earns 40% of their income from livestock, 26% from crop
production, 14.4% from trade and 7.4% from gifts availed from others (IPS, July 2000, cited in EEPCo, 2011).
4.8 The Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State
a) Topography
The Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region lies on surface area of 117,500 km2. The Regional
State is located between 40 25’and 80 20’ North latitude and 340 20’ - 380 50’ East longitude. Altitude ranges
from 400 masl in the southern part up to 4,200 masl in the northern part of the regional state. The
physiographic feature of the region is divided in to highlands in the north and rift valley and lowland in the
south.
b) Climate
The region’s climatic conditions vary from place to place. It has semi-desert climate in the southern extreme of
the Kenya border, tropical climate in the northern highlands, and warm temperate in the mountainous areas of
north Omo zone. The mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall are 24oC and 600mm respectively, in
the semi desert climatic zone, the warm temperate climatic zone of north Omo has mean annual temperature of
less than 180C and mean annual rainfall of 2,500 mm.
c) Soils Type
The soils of the region constitute:
▪ Luvisols and phaeozens that cover most of the zones of the region;
▪ There are also Lithosols, Arenosols and Regosols, fluvisols, Andosols, Vertisols and Cambisols; and,
▪ Soil fertility is high in the region and is suitable for cereals, root crops, coffee and vegetables.
d) Vegetation and Wild life

The Region is characterized by dense natural forest and rich wildlife resources. The forest resource is mainly
situated in Kafa and Bench Maji Zones and in the southern part of the Region. The most common groups of
vegetation include broad leaved deciduous woodland, evergreen scrubs, dry evergreen Montana forest and
grasslands, acacia – commiphora woodland.
40
There are several National Parks in the Region. They include Nech Sar, Mago and Omo National Parks, Tama
wildlife reserve and Chew Bahir wildlife reserve and all the rest of the southern parts are designated as
controlled hunting areas except a small section between Akobo and Omo in which the wildlife ranges from
birds to big mammals.
The wildlife of the region include: Giraffe, Common eland, Buffalo, Elephant, Greater kudu, Lesser kudu,
Burchell’s zebra, Grant’s Gazelle, Guenther’s Dikdik, Crocodile, Hippopotamus, Swayne’s Hartebeest, Orbi,
Bohor Reedbuck, Genet, African Hunting dog, Black backed jackal, Colobus monkey, Oryx, Lion, Gerenuk
and Ostrich.
e) Water Resources
There are abundant water resources both from surface and sub surface sources. Surface water resource of the
Region include rivers like Omo River, Dincha, Gojeb, Segen Gibe River, Bilate River, Awash River, While
Rift valley lakes like Hawassa Lake, Chamo Lake and Abaya Lake are also found in the region.
4.8.2 Social Issues
a) Population and Ethnic Groups

According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the population of the regional state is 16,848,011 (male
accounts for 8,385,003 and female 8,463,008), accounting for 18.5% of the total population of Ethiopia. The
majority of the population (Over 87%) lives in rural areas while the remaining 13% are urban residents. As per
the population estimates of the CSA made for the Region for July 2016, the total population was estimated to
be 18,719,008 with 9,278,004 male and 9,441,004 female. The percentage of population lived in rural areas in
the same year was 83.9% whereas the remaining 16.1% lived in urban areas. The population density in the
Region is 159.1 persons per square kilometre.
The region is known for its diverse ethnic composition. There are about 45 ethnic groups residing in the
Region, constituting over 50% of the total ethnic groups of Ethiopia.
Most of the populations living in the rural areas of the Region are mainly dependent on agriculture and
pastoralist economy, while trade and other businesses are the principal practices in the urban areas.
b) Cultural and Historical Heritage

There are cultural heritage sites like the Tiya monuments and the Omo valley archaeological site.
4.9 The Harari National Regional State
a) Topography
The Region is divided into highland and low lands (valleys) with elevation ranging from about 1,300 to 2,200
masl; falling in slope gradient gradually towards the south east direction of the region and the lowest elevation
41
of about 1,300 – 1,350 masl occurs at Kille farmer’s association (Kebele). On the other hand, the Aw-Hakim
Mountain located at the southern margin of the region forms the highest peak (2,200 masl). The Regional State
is located between 90 11’ 49’ and 90 24’ 42’’ North latitude and 420 03’ 30’’ - 420 16’ 24’’ East longitude.
b) Climate
The rainfall pattern of the region has bi-modal type. The first peak is in April – May and the second and main
peak occurs in July–August. The mean annual rainfall is 669 mm.
c) Temperature
The mean annual daily temperature of Harar city as recorded at Harar meteorological station is 19.50 C.
4.9.2 Social Issues
a) Population and Population Characteristics

According to the projection done in medium variant, the total population of Harari Regional State in 2011 was
203,438, out of which, 102,369 are male and the rest 101,069 are female. The size of urban dwellers is
107,592 and the rest 95,846 are rural population. The growth rate according to the CSA report was 2.06
percent. With an estimated area of 311.25 square kilometres, the region had an estimated density of 589.05
people per square kilometre during the same period. The ethnic groups in the region include the Oromo,
Amhara, Harari, Gurage, Somali, Tigray and Argoba that constituted 56.41%, 22.77%, 8.65%, 4.34%, 3.87%,
1.53%, and 1.26% respectively. The religion with the most believers in the region during the same period were
Muslim with 69.99%, Ethiopian Orthodox 27.1%, Protestants 3.4 %, Catholic 0.3% and others 0.2 %. The
Harari language is the official language of the Region.
According to the population estimates made by the CSA, in July 2016, the Region had an estimated total
population of about 240,000 in that males and females constituted 121,000 and 119,000 respectively. The rural
population in the same period constituted about 44.5% while the urban population comprised of 53.5%.
b) Tourist Attraction Sites

The tourist attraction sites in the region are:
▪ The Jugal Wall;

▪ The narrow streets inside Jugal;
▪ The Hyena feeding;
▪ Harla Village;
▪ Abadir Cave; and,
▪ Traditional worshipping places.
Some of the museums in the region are:
42
▪ Arthur Rimbaud;
▪ Harari Cultural Centre;
▪ Sheriff Harar City museum; and,
▪ Harar National Museum.
4.10 Dire Dawa Administrative Council
Dire Dawa Administrative Council is located between 9o 27’ N and 9o49’ N latitude and 41o38’E and 42o 19’E
longitude. East Hararge Administrative Zone of Oromia National Regional State borders it in the south and
southeast and Shinele Zone of Somali National Regional State in the north, east and west. The total area of the
region is about 128,802 ha; out of this urban accounts for 2684 ha (2%) and the balance 98% is for rural (Dire
Dawa Administration, July 2006).
4.10.1 Physical Characteristics
a) Physiography
The physiography of Dire Dawa Administrative Council embraces mountains, hills, valleys, river beds and flat
plains. The mountain ranges are mainly found in the southern parts of the Administrative Council having a
slope of above 45 per cent while the hills are scattered over the Administrative Council with slopes ranging
between 16 and 30 per cent (Water Works Design and Supervision enterprise, 2003, cited in Ministry of
Federal Affairs, February 2004). On the other hand, the flat plains, which are mainly used as grazing and
browsing ground for the livestock of the pastoralists are found in the northeastern and northwestern part of the
Administrative Council having slopes ranging between 0 and 3 per cent (ibid.). The valley areas and the
riverbeds are used as rain fed and irrigated crop production with an average slope ranging between 0 and 3 per
cent.
b) Land Use
The land use systems of the Administrative Council can be classified on the basis of agro-ecological
conditions- crop, livestock and tree production components and socio-cultural and economic characteristics.
The cereal farming system occurs in the valley areas whereas the agro-pastoral systems occur in the foothills
of the mountains particularly in the southeastern part Water Works Design and Supervision enterprise, 2003,
cited in Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004). According to the information obtained from the
Agricultural Bureau of the Administrative Council, cultivated land, grazing/pasture land, forest and marginal
land covers about 11500, 47000, 29000 and 58000 hectares respectively (Water Works Design and
Supervision enterprise, 2003, cited in Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004).
43
4.10.2 Social Issues
a) Population, Ethnicity and Religion

According to population projection of the CSA, Dire Dawa Administrative Council was estimated to be
453,000 population for the year 2016 having 227,000 male and 226,000 female (CSA, August 2013). In the
same period, the urban population of the Administrative Council has been estimated to constitute 62.91%
while the remaining 37.1% constituted rural population. According to the 2007 census result, the major ethnic
groups of the residents of Dire Dawa administrative council were found to be 45.9% Oromo, 20.2% Amhara,
24.3% Somali, 4.5%, 1.2% Tigray and 3.9% others. Amharic is the official language of the administrative
council. From the same census, the religious composition of the population of Dire Dawa administrative
council indicates that 70.8% were Muslims, 25.7% Orthodox Christians, 2.8% Protestants, 0.4% Catholics,
and 0.3% followers of other religious groups (CSA, 2007).
b) Tourist attraction sites

The city of Dire Dawa has been considered as one of the tourist attraction sites of the country. Besides, to its
natural and urban character, the city and its surroundings have several tourist attraction sites as discussed in
the following paragraphs (Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004).
i) Natural Sites
• Dangago landscape scenery, and the fauna and flora of the woodlands located in Geldessa, Gerba
Aneneo and Chirmitee Kebele Peasant Associations are the potentials of eco-tourism; and,
• Hot Springs: the existence of a hot spring at Gerba Aneno Peasant Association in a stream locally
known as Hartu is another potential that serves as healing and resorting (WWDSE, 2003, cited in
Ministry of Federal Affairs, February 2004).
ii) Archaeological Sites

According to the study made by the Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (2003, cited in Ministry
of Federal Affairs, February 2004), the Administrative Council of Dire Dawa has the following two caves with
stalactite and stalagmite formations and prehistoric paintings that are situated in the south of the city:
• Laga-Oda ancient caves are located some 38km away from the center of Dire Dawa in the Gunin
Feta Peasant Association to the southwest. It consists of prehistoric paintings of human beings
and animals. There are also written records on the walls of these caves; and,
• Hinkuftu Cave is located in the proximity of the city at an area called Addis Ketema.
44
iii) Historical Sites

• Africans Graveyard- constructed in memory of members of the British Air Force and African
soldiers, who sacrificed their lives against the Italian invasion is located close to the center of the
city in Keftegna 1, Kebele 05;
• Italian Mosque, built by the Italians during the Italian invasion, located at the foothill of Ganda
Gara (Legehare) is also considered as a historical and religious heritage;
• Ancient Catholic Church- that was built 125 years ago is located at Biyo Awale Kebele Peasant
Association some 20km from the city of Dire Dawa to the southeast;
• Ancient Railway Station offering significant economic advantage for the city and the country at
large has been viewed as an important tourist site;
• Kefira Open Market- located in the south of the city is viewed as a traditional market place that
accommodates a wide variety of goods;
• Camel Market- located at Keftegna 3, Kebele 13 is fascinating and colorful as Kefira Open
Market;
• Italian Fort- located on top of Genda Gara Hill, is considered as one of the historical sites of the
city. Besides to its importance as historical site, it has been serving as an ideal site for viewing the
panoramic view of Dire Dawa; and,
• Abeyaziz Mosque- located in Hulul Mojo Peasant Association, some 25km away from the city, is
believed to have over 500 years.
iv) Ethno-Tourism
Dire Dawa city is inhabited by people of diverse ethnic groups such as Amhara, Oromo, Somali, Harare,
Tigray, Gurage, etc. who are living in harmony with each other. This has brought the co-existence of different
cultures of these nations and nationalities, which is also one of the centers of attraction for tourists.
4.11 Addis Ababa City Administration
4.11.1 Physical Characteristics
a) Location and Topography

Addis Ababa is located at 9°1′48″N latitude and 38°44′24″E longitude. The city is located at the heart of the
country at an altitude ranging from 2,100 meters at Akaki in the south to 3,000 meters at Entoto Hill in the
North. The average altitude of the city is 2400 meter above sea level. This makes Addis Ababa the third from
45
the high elevation city of the world following La Paz and Quito in Latin America. The city occupies a total
area of 540.Km2 (Addis Ababa City Administration, no date).
b) Climate of the City

Addis Ababa has a Sub-tropical highland climate (Koppen Cwb). The city has a complex mix of highland
climate zones with average temperature differences of up to 12.2°C, depending on elevation and prevailing
wind patterns. The high elevation moderates temperatures year-round, and the city's has experienced constant
temperatures throughout the year (ibid.).
4.11.2 Social Issues, Ethnicity and Religion
a) Population
As per the CSA, 2007, Addis Ababa city had a male population of 1,434,164 and female population of
1,305,387 with a total of 2,739,581 population. As capital of the country, Addis Ababa is a city where, despite
differences in number, almost all-ethnic groups live in. Regarding religion, according to the 2007 census,
74.7% of the population are Orthodox Christians, 16.2% Muslims, 7.8% Protestants, 0.5% Catholics, and
0.8% followers of other religions (CSA, 2007).
b) Heritage and related issues

Addis Ababa City Administration has various tourist attraction sites. These include 270 historical places, 246
heritage sites, 22 museums, 35 galleries and 90 libraries (Addis Ababa City Administration, no date).
4.12 Broader Physical Infrastructure Services
4.12.1 Road infrastructure
In 2009/2010 Ethiopia had a total length of 48,800 kms of road which raised to 63,604 km at the end of GTP I
in 2014/2015. In this respect, the overall road length of the country become escalated to 110, 414 kms at the
end of GTP I i.e. June 2015 with improvements on the accessibility to all weather roads (National Planning
Commission, 2008 E.C.). With such an achievement, among others nearly 76% of rural Kebeles of the country
has got all weather roads.
4.12.2 Telecommunications
Various efforts have been made by the government of Ethiopia to improve the telecommunication
infrastructure and services of the country with increased quality and coverage. The number of customers rose
from nearly 7.7 million in 2009/2010 (2002 E.C.) to 38.8 million in 2014/2015 while the clients for mobile
telephone escalated from 6.7 million to 38.8 million in the same period (National Planning Commission, 2008
E.C.). In the same period, beneficiaries of telecommunication services in rural Kebeles within 5 kms radius
reached 97% in 2014/2015 as compared to 62.1% in 2009/2010.
46
4.12.3 Water Supply
In 2014/2015 the coverage of potable water supply in rural areas was 82% while in urban areas it was 91%
with average country coverage of potable water supply of 84%. According the Demographic and Health
Survey conducted in 2016, sources of potable water supply in urban areas of the country and rural areas
reached 97.3% and 56.5% of respectively from improved sources of water the largest being piped into
dwelling/yard/plot yard (USAID, et al 2016).
4.12.4 Education
In 2014/2015, the participation rate of education before regular education, primary school education and
secondary education (9-10) reached 39%, 96.9%, 40.5% respectively. Various efforts had also been conducted
to improve the quality of education of the country. In this regard, trained teachers for primary education (1-8)
and secondary education (9-12) reached 71.37% and 87.3% respectively. Besides, the Government had made
extensive efforts to improve and expand Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and higher
education.
4.12.5 Health Services
Within GTP I, a number of health posts and health centers had been established as per the standard set. The
health coverage in 2014/15 in Ethiopia reached 98% and the family planning service users reached 42% as
compared to 15% in 2009/2010. (National Planning Commission, 2008 E.C.). This has implications for the
improvement of children and mothers health and overall reduction in the levels of mortality.
47
5. PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION DURING ESMF PREPARATION
5.1 Introduction
Public and stakeholders consultations with relevant institutions and beneficiaries are important and critical in the planning
process and preparation of an effective proposal for the installation of Solar Home System, Solar Lantern, Solar PV Mini-
grid and Biogas construction and establishment. The most important step is to hold stakeholder consultations with
relevant institutions, local communities and all other interested/affected parties during planning and screening process and
in the course of any further environmental assessment work that helps to identify key issues and determine how the
concerns of all parties will be addressed.
As a principle, the guidelines for public consultation include, among others, a requirement of major elements of the
consultation program should be timed to coincide with significant planning and decision-making activities in the project
cycle. In terms of Ethiopia’s Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) process, public consultation should be
undertaken during-
Preparation of the environmental assessment (EA) terms of reference;
Carrying out of an EA;
Review of an EA report; and,
Preparation of environmental terms and conditions of approval.
Moreover, during the EA process for the Bank financing projects like the two proposed programs that are classified under
environmental assessment category “Category B-Partial assessment,” the DBE is required to consult project affected
groups about the project’s environmental aspects and takes their views into account. The consultation should be initiated
as early as possible and it is essential to consult the public throughout project implementation, as necessary to address EA
related issues that affect them.
The objectives of the consultations include the following:
• To inform publics about the two proposed programs and its likely anticipated impacts on the nearby
social and biophysical environment;
• To gather the views of stakeholders on the programs;
• To accommodate the stakeholders' concerns during the project implementation; and,
• To establish the social implications of the project on the different stakeholders.
As part of conducting the Environmental and Social Management Framework for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable
Energy and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Programs consultation process is mandatory and essential. In this
respect, officials and experts and biogas program coordinators working in Water, Mines and Energy sector in
Oromia Region and SNNPRS, officials/experts in Hawassa Zuria Wereda and Wendo Genet Weredas from
SNNPRS and Ada Wereda in Oromia had been consulted between November 22, 2016 and November
48
26,2016. Discussion had also been made in the same period with officials and experts in Omo micro finance
institutions at head office, and sub branches in Wendo Genet and Dore Bafana towns (see annex 13 and plate
1). A discussion and site visit had also been conducted with five biogas beneficiaries in Ada and Wendo Genet
Weredas and one solar energy beneficiary and heads of two associations for solar energy in Dore Bafana town
(capital of Hawassa Zuria Wereda) (see plates 2-8).
Plate 1: Consultation with officials at Regional and Wereda level MFIs - SNNPR
Plate 2 Consultation with officials at Plate 3 Consultation with officials at Wendo

SNNPR, Water, Mines and Energy Bureau Genet Wereda Water, Mines and Energy
Office
5.2. Stakeholders Consulted
During the preparation of this ESMF, DBE has consulted stakeholders, including beneficiaries, officials and
experts from relevant line Ministries and regional bureaus and, MFIs (see list of consulted people in annexes
12 and 13). The process was pertinent to gather their views on the implementation of the two proposed
programs and the associated benefits and impacts.
A series of stakeholder consultations were conducted during the preparation of ESMF. The consultations were
round table discussions and one-to-one discussions. Some of the stakeholders consulted during the period of
ESMF preparation were:
49
• National and Regional Biogas Program Coordination Unit;
• Oromia National Regional State and SNNPRS Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus;
• Micro Finance Institutions at Regional and Wereda level;
• Private Sector Enterprises; and,
• Subproject Beneficiaries.
It was also found out those key aspects of beneficiaries and experts on the day-to-day collaboration and
networking for sound implementation of the biogas, solar lantern, solar PV mini-grid and solar home system
subprojects. The various meetings that were held with stakeholders and project beneficiaries provided
prevailing program implementation challenges, capacity needs, potential impacts of the proposed subprojects
and the respective recommendations for anticipated impact management.
5.3 Results of the Stakeholders Consultation
All stakeholders were supportive of the project since it will provide communities with a number of advantages with
minimum or no impacts. The stakeholders also appreciated that the importance of the subprojects in the enhancement of
household incomes and strengthening of self-reliance. The stakeholders also pointed out the contribution the alternative
sources of energy on improving communities’ access to energy services and improvement of the social well-being.
During the visits to evaluate the social and environmental management risks, stakeholders were consulted, and the
specific concerns raised by them are discussed below.
The targeted Weredas in terms of providing biogas establishments in Oromia Region are 121 in number. The
criteria, which have so far been considered for the establishment of biogases, are the number of Cows
available, availability of water at a nearby distance, and the capacity of the borrower to return loans.
According to the discussion conducted with regional biogas coordinator and energy experts from Ada Wereda
Water, Mines and Energy Office, in Ada Wereda 320 biogases has been installed out of which 96 are in urban
areas while the remaining 224 are in rural areas. In terms of training, to date about 400 people, mainly Masons,
have got relevant training on construction and building of Biogas structure and operation and maintenance.
About 50% of the finance for the construction of the biogases is in the form of a subsidy from the government.
Discussion had also carried out with officials and experts from SNNPRS Water, Mines and Energy Bureau
and Biogas Program Coordination Unit. As per the information obtained during the discussion with officials
and experts, in the SNNPRS, to date about 3100 biogas digesters had been distributed in that about 80% is
from the coffers of the government while 20% is contribution from the beneficiaries. Apart from the program,
the regional government usually constructed 40-50 biogases by earmarking capital for the purpose.
Plate 4 Briefing by Ato Atenafu (the beneficiary) about Biogas importance for the production
of sugarcane using Bio slurry (Wendo Genet Wereda)
50
Plate 5 Briefing by beneficiaries about Biogas operation and its importance (Wendo Genet
Wereda)
Plate 6: Beneficiaries stirring the dung before Plate 7: Briefing from Biogas beneficiary about
inlet to bio digester (Ada Wereda, Oromia) compost preparation from bio slurry
(Ada Wereda, Oromia
51
Plate 8 Alternative energy sources (Light and cooking stove) to beneficiaries from Biogas
project
The consulted beneficiaries pointed out the following benefits from the biogas establishments:
• Access of students for study during the night;

• Reduction/absence of fuel costs and corresponding saving of cost that could otherwise be used for the
purchase of charcoal (6 Birr per day in one case);
• Health improvement;
• Use of bio fertilizer through the compost and enhanced yield of sugarcane, lentils, forage, red Teff,
papaya, mango and avocado, sugar cane, tomato, chat, maize, forage (plate 4), etc.;
• Managed to save money that was previously used for the purchase of Urea and DAP;
• Managed to hire plots of land from other persons which among others is due to the availability of
compost;
• The immediate area near the slurry is free of mosquito and flies;
• Additional income has been obtained from the sale of slurry i.e. 5 Birr per 20 liter container;
52
• Created job opportunity for workers including for stirring and for carrying slurry to the field; and,
• Cooking made easy and fast (plate 8).
In addition to appreciating the benefits, the visited households recommended if there is possibility of availing
biogas fueled Injera cooking stoves and Solar Home Systems for use where only biogas plants are availed.
Such households will be targeted for solar home system in the future and the program will work on
strengthening the use of biogas technologies such as introduction of Injera cooking stoves.
An attempt has been made to describe the problems associated with institutional/linkage, technology,
maintenance and supply of accessories and with beneficiaries of biogases as follows (see table 1).
Table 1 Problems associated with the biogases, their description and proposed mitigation measures and
their description
Problems Descriptions of the Problems Proposed mitigation
Associated with the measures
Biogases
A) Institutional/ • The existing weak link between the MFI • DBE shall play a major role to
linkage related branch offices and Regional/Wereda strengthen the coordination among
problems Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus; participating institution and ensure
the implementation of their
• Absence of strong coordination/linkage
responsibilities stated in this
among the different parties including
ESMF;
biogas coordination units, regional and
Wereda Water, Mines and Energy • The regional biogas program
Bureaus/Offices and micro finance coordination office, the regional
institutions to the desired level; water, mines and energy bureaus,
and micro-financial institutions at
• There is absence of consistent follow-up,
regional level should undertake
support, monitoring and evaluation
regular meetings, on the overall
system;
progress and evaluation of the tasks
• Less consideration of preset criteria for (DBE by _taking the lead);
loan eligibility and safeguards
• Put into effect regular follow-up,
management; and,
support, monitoring and evaluation
• Lack of institutional commitment to system;
ensure the capacity and awareness of the
• Ensure the capacity of MFI/
program by the experts in of certain
Wereda Water, Mines and Energy
Weredas.
offices in the in regular follow up,
monitoring and evaluation of the
program;
• Strictly respect the criteria set for
the selection of likely beneficiaries;
• The regional entities (The regional
biogas program coordination, the
regional water, mines and energy
53

Biogases
bureaus, and micro-financial
institutions at regional) should
enhance the awareness of their
respective employees and ensure
their capacity in the
implementation of the program at
the lowest administrative units
including Wereda.
• Bi-annual regional review meetings
will be organized by DBE to
address challenges and share best
practices, as applicable.
B) Problems • Despite the training provided for the • Raise awareness of beneficiaries by
associated with users there are occurrence of damage on the pertinent local staff on the use
maintenance and pipes and cracking of digesters, which and handling of the biogas
supply of accessories usually emanate from improper digesters and to pay their loans;
use/handling of the overall system;
• Undertake regular maintenance by
• There is absence of regular maintenance, the beneficiaries and Wereda staff
which partly led to the reluctance of the and local masons as per prior
beneficiaries to pay their debts; and, defined agreements;
• Once the lamps are not functional, there • The Wereda Mines and Energy
are problems of getting additional lamps Departments will avail lamps at
on time. As it is the case in one of the reasonable prices in consultation
beneficiaries in Wendo Genet Wereda, with distributors; and,
the replacement of lamps took more than
• Reexamine the memorandum of
4 months, which is due to absence of
agreements made between the
adequate supply of lamps on time on one
suppliers and regional entities so as
hand and the request by the mason to pay
rectify any drawbacks.
100 Birr for a single lamp.
C) Problems
• There are problems among some • Enhance awareness of the likely
associated with the
beneficiaries as they participated without beneficiaries so as to bring about
beneficiaries
adequate attitudinal change and the desired attitudinal changes
awareness. In such instances, the including the need for the provision
beneficiaries failed to pay their debt; of necessary inputs (dungs, water)
on time before and after the release
• Use of the money allocated for biogas
of loans;
program to other uses once the supposed
beneficiaries received the loan; and, • Regular training, awareness and
follow-up shall be carried out over
• Failure to provide adequate input (dung)
the project period to ensure the
on time.
sustainable implementation of the
program without misusing the
subproject money; and,
• Train and educate target
54

Biogases
households especially women, who
are usually responsible for feeding
cleaning and maintain the biogas
units.
D) Problems
• Absence of variety of designs that could • Strengthen the current initiative to
associated with
suit to different conditions; look for various design and use the
technology:-
suitable one, as per the local
• Problems related to slurry in urban areas
conditions;
where the residents do not have land
(adequate land) to use the slurry/compost • The experts at Wereda level should
which in turn incurs them to suck the get from RWMEB adequate
slurry every six months; awareness on the positive impacts
of the biogas technology in order to
• On part of some experts at Wereda level
enhance their commitment;
there are tendencies to underestimate the
technology; and, • The program shall check and
enforce all urban/rural subproject
• In some Weredas there is a failure to
beneficiaries to arrange and
understand the technology on the part of
include the methods for safe final
the professionals and thus fail to share
disposal bio-slurry in their
appropriate knowledge to the
subproject proposal;
beneficiaries.
• Scale up best practices on
improved biogas
technology/applicability; and,
• Re-examine the relevance/
applicability of biogas in urban
areas and seriously consider/revise
the criteria for constructing
biogases in urban areas.
With regard to Solar Home Systems, the benefits as per the opinions of the beneficiaries include the following:
• Lighting;
• Listening of FM Radio;
• Mobile phone charge;
• Flash player; and,
• Access of students for study during the night.
There are also benefits in terms of job creation in the private sector including importers, distributors and
technicians.
55
Plate 9 Discussion with Solar Home System beneficiary at Bafena Wereda, Hawassa Zuria
Wereda, SNNPR
The major issues in the promotion and expansion of biogas and solar energy in the surveyed areas include the
following (see table 2):
Table 2 Major issues in Biogas, SL, SHS, SPMG subprojects, their description and proposed mitigation
measures
Major issues Descriptions Proposed mitigation measures
Promotion and • There is gap in awareness. The Wereda • Assess and strengthen capacity of the
awareness Water, Mines and Energy office plays Wereda Water and
promotion and awareness raising at Mines/MFIs/contractors for effective
Wereda level along with the masons for promotion and awareness of the
the biogas, but with limited number of program;
staff and capacity to reach the community
• The awareness sessions for the pertinent
at large.
staff of the Wereda Water, Mines and
Energy Office together with staff
members from other participating
institution should be organized
periodically;
• In conjunction with the masons/MFI
focal persons and Wereda mine energy
offices experts use model beneficiaries
in the process of awareness raising
programs;
• Aware the target beneficiaries to ensure
understanding of the Biogas, solar
lantern, Solar PV Mini-grid, and Solar
home system management, benefits and
challenges;
• Provide full information for the
beneficiaries on relevant institution
responsible for providing maintenance
and other operational support; and,
56

• Beneficiaries shall be aware and respect
their responsibility on the conditions
expected from them over the project
period.
General • On the part of the micro financial • Undertake monitoring with clear
problems institutions, they provide credit to other feedbacks;
associated purposes, which are initially assigned for
with loan biogases. A case in point is Omo micro
repayment finance where credit which was ready for • Undertake sensitization of beneficiaries
50 beneficiaries had been allocated to through various means including local
only 20 -30 persons while the balance is agents (focal persons) and model
used for other credit purposes; beneficiaries;
• Failure of officials/experts at various tiers
of administration to sensitize the
• Conduct regular support and follow-up
beneficiaries to return loans;
programs through the MFI; and,
• Absence of follow-up and support;
• The resistance of the beneficiaries to pay • The MFI/ Regional Water, Mines and
their loans on the grounds of Energy Bureaus in consultation with
malfunctioning of the system; relevant Wereda Offices should
• Flow of information is also not good and facilitate the logistics requirements.
updated report is not communicated
among the various parties;
• Some beneficiaries consider the
technology they received not on credit but
provided free of charge for being a Model
Farmer; and,
• The provision of adequate logistics
particularly motor bikes is one of the
major concerns for providing support,
undertaking monitoring, follow-up and
Issues associated with logistics and
integration.
Specific issues • Despite the trainings provided to various • Regular support and follow-up to
associated stakeholders there is frequent damage on beneficiaries through the staff at
with the pipes and biogas digesters. This is Wereda level;
application of particularly serious in localities with black
• Construct and maintain the biogas and
biogas cotton soils as it is the case in Ada
its appurtenances as per the requisites;
Wereda of Oromia where digesters are
technology and,
cracked. This calls for adaptive design
that suits to local contexts. To put it • The National (Regional) Biogas
differently, the design should not be one Program Coordination Units should put
and the same for all types of soils; and, in place alternative models of biogas
digesters.
• With regard to safety, there are slurries
without fence. In one of the sites visited
57

slurries have been observed without
adequate fence which may cost lives of
people particularly children/animals.
Specific issues • Failure to meet the demands for solar • Fulfill the demands for solar
associated lanterns/solar home systems; lanterns/solar home systems through the
with solar • Illegal trading of equipment used for solar involvement of capable suppliers;
energy energy with low quality; and, • Provision of training including on the
job training at certain intervals;
• Turnover of employees who are trained in
solar energy. • RWMEB shall strengthen the
coordination with relevant institutions
•
and control illegal trading of equipment;
and,
• Have a system in place to address
timely the complaints of beneficiaries
on illegal trading.
Targeting • Such programs on ECCE and EORE may • Consideration of gender issues in order
poor/ Female exclude female headed poor households to benefit female-headed households;
Headed on accessing loan due to less capacity of and,
households fulfilling the preset criteria
• Provide special support and
arrangement to benefit poor/female
headed household from the programs.
58
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The proposed Development Bank of Ethiopia’s (DBE) two programs (Off-grid Renewable Energy Program
and Clean Cooking Energy Program) under Component 3 of Electricity Network Reinforcement and
Expansion Project (ENREP) are interventions in the provision of renewable energy. The Off-grid Renewable
Energy Program (OREP) designed to finance post-scale and post-warranty services for solar products,
including battery replacement. It will also help the operation and maintenance of solar technologies, including
solar home systems and solar lanterns. Moreover, the Clean Cooking Energy Program (CCEP) focuses to
support the shift from non-renewable biomass to biogas as a cooking fuel. These two programs comprise four
subprojects namely, Solar Home system provision, Solar PV Mini-grid, Solar Lantern and Biogas installation.
These Programs are designed to be implemented under the supervision of Development Bank of Ethiopia
(DBE) and Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE).
The actual implementation sites of these subprojects are not yet known. In this regard, the potential impacts
described below are those anticipated at this time and indicative to serve as a guideline for a thorough
assessment of environmental and social issues, and to develop broader relevant safeguards instrument(s) (such
as environmental and social management plan (ESMP), environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA),
Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and/or Resettlement action plan/Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP/ARAP)).
Given the nature and scale of the above subprojects and the respective activities, there will be both positive
and negative impacts associated with the four subprojects. Considering the potential subproject activities and
small area required within beneficiaries’ homestead, both programs could be generally characterized as small
scale in nature with minimum environmental and social impacts that generate to the nearby biophysical and
social environment. These may stem from ground disturbance due to vegetation clearance and
excavation/digging for biogas structure; masonry activities to reinforce the biogas structure; onsite concrete
mixing; collection of dung, preparation and transportation of bio-slurry; storage, transportation and
distribution of solar panel and solar lantern; installation of equipment; and waste management within and
around the core activities area.
Except for Solar PV Mini-grid subproject, which requires small area of land, the other subprojects activities
will be implemented in the beneficiaries homestead voluntarily. The Biogas subproject will require a very
small amount of area, which is less than 12 m2 within the beneficiaries compound and mainly very less active
area for roof top Solar Home Systems (SHS) and solar lantern provision, at the beneficiary level. It is
59
anticipated that most of the adverse effects, associated with the construction and operation will be reversible in
nature and there are no impacts that will lead to irreversible negative permanent change. The potential positive
and negative impacts associated with the two Programs have been described below.
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
This section is a detailed outline of the potential environmental and social impacts that could be emanated
from the implementation of the two Programs (OREP and CCEP). The potential environmental and social
impacts were identified through reviewing relevant documents, comprehensive stakeholder consultation
process and field investigations of the existing beneficiaries and of course potential sites in selected
regions/localities.
6.2.1 Positive Environmental and Social Impacts
The nature of the two proposed Programs is expected to be environmental friendly and socially acceptable,
which is reflected by their characteristics to provide benefits to the whole nation and, in particular, to the
community members who are parties of these two Programs. Therefore, the anticipated positive Environmental
and Social impacts resulting from the Off-grid Renewable Energy Program and Clean Cooking Energy
Program is described below in table 3:
60
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
Table 3: List of Environmental and Social positive impacts

Program Name
Positive Environmental and Social Impacts/Benefits
Off grid Renewable Clean Cooking
Energy Energy
SOCIAL BENEFITS
• Lowering households’ expenditure for kerosene. √ √
• Improve engagement in education by permitting more evening study time for students and women will be socially
√ √
more empowered by using free time for education, productive and social activities
• Improve access to reliable lighting and reduce in indoor air pollution due to soot or particulate matter typically
associated with the combustion of firewood and charcoal, from kerosene lamps, which resulting health benefits with √ √
respect to respiratory and eye diseases.
• Create direct or indirect, local or regional job opportunities; thereby create income generation means for respective
√ √
communities and support the development of high value skills.
• Improved social interaction, women make fewer trips to fetch wood, and spend more time with the family
furthermore, families can spend more time together even when the sun goes down and have longer time to use √ √
charged mobiles phones to interact with others.
• Development of new skills and increase benefit, quality and reliability and proven models of renewable energy
√ √
technology diffusion.
• Improve local market opportunities and living conditions of the community. √ √
• Reduce the burden of women by reducing the time for fuel wood gathering. √ √
• Increase crop yields by enriching soil fertility and reduce costs to farmers where (synthetic) fertilizers were used
√
originally.
• Improve access to social services (education, health, etc.) √ √
61
Program Name
Positive Environmental and Social Impacts/Benefits
Off grid Renewable Clean Cooking
Energy Energy
• Income benefits from access to electricity through new opportunities of work and increased productivity in new
home businesses especially in nonfarm activities, like Mobile charging shops, small village restaurants selling tea, √ √
food and, etc
• Access to mobile phone charging for households without access to the electricity grid, with benefits for study, work,
and leisure, domestic benefits of watching/listening TV/radio with implications on enhancing income particularly for √
those who will engage in certain businesses.
• Strengthen private sector involvement in renewable energy access, by providing the means for the private sector to
√ √
become instrumental in the widespread sales of household and community-level renewable technologies in Ethiopia.
• Reduced fertility rate at lower costs, achieved through employing information channels that use electricity in lieu of
√
reproductive health programs.
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
• Improve sanitary and health conditions as Biogas plants serve as methods of disposal for waste and sewage which
√
contributes to a better hygienic situation for the users
• Reduce deforestation and forest degradation in areas where non-renewable biomass is used as a source of fuel, which
√ √
implies that the demand for firewood and charcoal is reduced.
• Improve soil condition where digester slurry is applied to agricultural land that results in crop increase. √
• Reduce waste production by converting manure and household organic wastes into useful biogas and bio-slurry,
√
which is an excellent form of fertilizer.
• Public goods benefits, such as increased security and lower environmental contamination. √ √
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6.2.2 Negative Environmental and Social Impacts
Due to the different construction and operational activities of the proposed subprojects, limited negative
environmental and social impacts are anticipated to affect the nearby biophysical and social environment.
However, considering the nature and limited scale of the intended four subprojects under the two Programs,
those impacts that are expected to be generated from the construction and operation phase will be mitigated or
avoided through implementation of appropriate means and best practices. The potential negative social and
environmental impacts and mitigation /prevention measures have been described below.
Tables 4 and 5 at the end of this section provide a summary of potential environmental and social impacts
associated with the two Programs according to the project phase (preconstruction, construction and operation).
Loss of Vegetation Cover

Activities like excavation and digging works particularly for Biogas establishment and Solar Home System
equipment installation will involve clearing and depletion of existing vegetation within the homestead, which
may contribute for loss of plant cover at certain degree and disturbance of topsoil and cause of micro level
erosion. In order to minimize or avoid the impacts, the implementing bodies and beneficiaries shall avoid
and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for indigenous trees, plan for replanting
of trees, etc.
Waste disposal
Waste management at the core subproject area shall be efficient and required to be implemented in an
environmental friendly manner. Indiscriminate disposal of solid and liquid wastes including recycled batteries,
other used and/or damaged solar panel and lantern parts, packages, bio-slurry, and left over construction
materials and cements, are expected to generate a potential impact on the nearby environment and health and
safety of the workers, local community and the beneficiaries. This should be addressed promptly and wisely,
through best practice methods for waste management and disposal in and around the project site; conduct
regular awareness creation and sensitization program for the proponent and community reside in the area about
the potential negative impacts, health and safety risks, and proper waste management practices. Moreover,
final domestic and/or other nonhazardous wastes, after proper segregation, have to be disposed of safely at the
designated waste disposal site.
In addition, as one of the program activities registered at UNFCCC is the “Ethiopia Off-Grid Renewable
Energy Program of Activity” and the 40% of the revenue from certified emission reduction is used for battery
replacement cost, which potentially avoid or minimize unwisely disposal of lead-acid batteries from solar
panels. This 40% payment for battery replacement has two advantages, (i) it keeps the sustainability of the
project since rural households are not able to pay for 100% of battery replacement cost; (ii) it serves to
mitigate and/or avoid the potential impact that could be emanated from inadequate waste management
63
practices for used battery disposal; and (iii) ensure the best used battery collection mechanism in the project
area. Under this credit line, a national Policy framework for battery despising or recycling is also under
preparation that used as an instrument for best disposal and recycling management practices over the project
period.
Air quality
Any leakage, bad odours, from the Biogas pipe would contribute a potential impact on the Air Quality of the area. These
operations may pollute the air resulting in increases in bronchial and eye disorders. The impacts can be reduced if well
managed. Members of Households that use the Biogas need to be well acquainted with the management and regular
monitoring and maintenance of the Biogas accessories and pipe is important to avoid or reduce the risk of impacts
emanate from leakage of the system.
Land Use Disturbance

Given the nature and scale of proposed programs to implement biogas in a very small area less than 12 m2 and
solar home system at individual premises level, which is the rooftop solar panel installation, no plot of land is
expected to be taken by the proposed projects and the potential impacts on land use disturbance is almost
none. However, in case of any demand from the beneficiaries to place the solar panel on the ground, proper
location and siting decisions can help to avoid and minimize the anticipated impacts on land use disturbance.
Temporary Visual Intrusion

Roof top Solar panel implantation and excavation of soil for Biogas structure could result in minor change of
the aesthetics of the subproject areas. This may also affect the visual amenity of nearby houses and
surrounding communities. To minimize interruption of visual quality, solar panel should be placed at the right
direction (north –south) and with no reflection of light that affect the neighbors’ visual quality. In case of
Biogas subproject, indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused concrete, wooden timber, nails and
liquid wastes should be managed and disposed of in appropriate way to ensure safe and acceptable aesthetic
beauty to the beneficiary family and nearby residents.
Chemical impact
The potential emissions associated with solar energy could be GHG emissions, mercury and cadmium
emissions. These elements are used in making solar components. However, there is no evidence that these
elements are released from solar panels, except during disposal. Therefore, care should be taken during
disposal of solar panel and other related accessories. The proponent shall design best practice method to
implement the disposal practice in consultation with the relevant institutions and ensure no impacts are
resulted to the surrounding social and biophysical environments. Moreover, as a good practice, it is essential
to identify also suppliers that have products, particularly solar panels and inverters that comply with ISO or
other industry best practice standards.
Heat or Light Reflection

64
In case of improper sitting of the solar Panels, it may affect the neighboring community members due to
sunlight reflection from the panels, particularly if the panels are angled towards windows, doors or active
service area of the neighbors. If this is not corrected immediately, the reflection affects the neighbors and
other communities living nearby for a prolonged period of the year and become a source of grievance and
social conflict. Therefore, the implementing bodies of the subproject should follow the standard of placing
the roof top solar panel in north-south direction and conduct regular monitoring of the impacts, if any non-
conformity exists.
Biodiversity
Homestead Biogas installation and Roof Top solar system will generally not have any adverse impacts on
terrestrial and/or aquatic biodiversity. However, there will be a case where big trees that obstruct the use and
efficiency of solar panels, might be exist in the surrounding area. Like the solar panel installation subproject,
big trees and other vegetation cover could be found within and around the proposed Biogas system
establishment core functional area. Biogas installation may lead to clearance of certain vegetation cover and
as to solar energy big trees may impede the efficiency of solar panel; hence, vegetation clearance to a certain
extent will be required if the need arises. This will result an impact on the existing fauna and flora species and
ultimately affect the biodiversity of the area to a slight level. Therefore, it is essential to consider and ensure
no sensitive species are found and plan accordingly to minimize or avoid the sources of impacts. Please make
sure that pruning should only practice to remove branches that are associated with efficiency of the solar
energy.
Occupational health and safety and Child labor

Occupational health and safety issues will arise during the project implementation periods. This resulted from
improper use and lack of availability of the required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). To ensure safe
handling and use of PPE and to address the occupational health and safety issue, availability and proper use
of PPE by the project beneficiaries, contractors, laborer who are engaged in the construction, installation and
operation and maintenance of the proposed subprojects shall be in place and regularly monitored by the
project coordination unit at all phases of the programs. In addition, fire risks are possible, mainly in biogas
installation area and this requires provision of regular training and awareness creation to the beneficiaries.
For any incidents of leakage or spill during installation, temporary containment structure is required to clean-
up accidental spills.
During subproject construction period, the contractor and other parties may use child labor due to lack of
awareness on the proclamation and the negative impact of child labor. Therefore, contractors and other
participating companies are not allowed to use child labor in any stage of the subprojects. Contractor will be
aware and enforced to respect the national Proclamation No. 377/2003 states that children under age of 14
65
will not be employed and young workers (14 to 18 years) shall not perform work that is likely to jeopardize
their health or safety.
Cultural Heritage
The proposed projects under the two programs should not affect any cultural heritage. During project
preparation and implementation period, it is important to ensure that the proposed subprojects do not have an
effect on a place or building having aesthetic, anthropological, archaeological, architectural, cultural,
historical or social significance or special value for present and future generations. In order to minimize or
avoid such impacts, all necessary measures should be considered at the design phase and due attention
should be paid during screening of the subprojects in consultation with relevant institutions. The relevant
screening checklist is depicted in annex 2.
Land Expropriation
The anticipated impact during the implementation of the proposed subprojects is temporarily or permanently
expropriation of land for stores, installation of equipment, construction of biogas structure, and core work
area, particularly for Solar PV mini-grid. The other three subprojects (Biogas, Solar lantern and solar home
system subprojects) are implemented voluntarily at the beneficiary level and on their own land, no land
expropriation is expected. This has been confirmed during the consultations and discussions made with
pertinent officials at regional, Wereda and local levels and beneficiaries during the field work related to the
assessment. However, since land take cannot be ruled out at this stage and to preclude and manage any social
risk RPF is prepared.
Social Conflicts
Potentially adverse social conflict impacts emanated from these two programs are likely to be minimal, and
like environmental impacts are easily manageable through implementation of socially acceptable best
practices during design and subproject implementation phase. The possible social impacts that might be
resulted from these two programs are caused by lack of fairness in prioritizing households for services,
equity of decision-making process, and non-use of local people work force during the construction of the
structures and installation, which could bring conflict at the local level. Therefore, to offset or minimize
social conflicts, it is advisable to encourage and consider the employment of local labor for semi-skilled and
unskilled people including women, ensure that criteria is set for prioritization of likely beneficiary households
including poor and female headed ones where there is more demand. Moreover, raising awareness of the
target community on effective use of biogas and off grid PV systems for the benefit of all household members
and on the expected role of the community/households members in management of the subprojects at their
level is vital.
66
More Work load/fetching water/ for Women

Bio-digesters can increase women’s workload in some localities where water is scarce or where women fetch
water from relatively distant areas since bio-digesters need additional water to be fetched. In some instances,
husbands may not show willingness for their wives to support in the operation of biogas like to undertake
stirring of dung, which ultimately increase the workload for women. To offset and/or minimize the anticipated
impacts, the target communities, through role model households, need to be aware on what is expected in
operating the biogas and the benefit of sharing roles in managing the biogas. Moreover, households with
nearby access to water points need to be targeted for the biogas subproject.
Lack of Project Ownership

Although the proposed subprojects are integrated with the individual beneficiaries, it is essential to consult
stakeholders including all the community members that reside within the core project area at the outset.
Awareness of the community on the benefits, negative impacts, expected roles, management of the
subprojects to be implemented at household level is vital. The level of participation of all relevant
stakeholders during project planning and designing has of paramount importance as a buy in process. This
improves the level of relevant stakeholder participation and is ultimately would enhance the sense of
ownership of the project by the locals in general and beneficiaries in particular. It is quite evident that usually
poor participation in preparation and implementation of projects would result in absence of sustainability of
projects.
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Table 4: Summary of anticipated social and environmental impacts and mitigation measures for Solar PV Mini-grid, Solar Home
System and Solar Lantern
Impacts Project Phase Mitigation measures
Preconstructi Construction Operation

on
Temporary Visual √ √ Ensure that no beneficiaries are selected having roof tops that would govern to place the
intrusion panels in a manner which would reflect light into an immediate neighbours’ buildings and
houses.
Chemical Impacts √ √ Identify suppliers that have products, particularly solar panels and inverters, which comply
with ISO or other industry best practice standards and follow-up and monitor the products
at a regular interval.
Impacts on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning a sensitive species and indigenous
biodiversity trees, an old tree or known bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive fauna and flora species
are found nearby.
√ Make sure that pruning should be practiced only to remove branches that obstructs the
panel and when cutting is necessary. Avoid the cutting of sensitive tree species and bird-
nesting trees.
Heat or light √ √ Follow the standard of placing the roof top solar panel in north-south direction and
reflection conduct regular monitoring of the impacts, if any non-conformance exists correct
promptly.
Loss of Vegetation √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for
68
Preconstructi Construction Operation

on
Cover indigenous trees and plan for replanting of trees.
Inappropriate waste √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization program for the proponent and
management communities that reside in the area about the potential negative impacts, health and safety
risks, and proper waste management practice. Domestic and/or other non-hazardous
wastes, after proper segregation, have to be disposed of at the designated area without any
impact to the environment.
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice and monitor the proper use of PPE by
health and safety the project beneficiaries, contractors, labourers. Ensure the presence of onsite temporary
related problems spill containment structure.
Land Expropriation √ √ Avoidance of land acquisition will be the first option where that is not possible, land take
from household will be minimized. RPF addressing land acquisition issues of this project
is prepared. As required, a related RAP/ARAP will be prepared and implemented for
timely and appropriate compensation and livelihoods will be restored where applicable.
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local labour for semi-skilled and unskilled
people.
Lack of Project √ √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, including the beneficiaries at the outset
Ownership to improve level of ownership and sustainability of the program.
69
Table 5: Summary of anticipated social and environmental impacts and mitigation measures for Biogas systems
Preconstr Construc Operation

uction tion
Lack of Project √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, including the beneficiaries at the at the outset to
Ownership improve level of ownership and sustainability of the program.
Loss of √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning sensitive species and indigenous tree, an old
biodiversity tree or known bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive fauna and flora species are found nearby the site.
√ Make sure that pruning should practice only to remove branches that affects the function and
efficiency of Biogas and when cutting is necessary. Avoid the cutting of sensitive tree species and
bird-nesting trees
Land Expropriation √ √ Appropriate planning and implementation will be made. RPF addressing land acquisition issues of
this subproject is prepared.
Inappropriate waste √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization program for the proponent and communities
management that reside in the area about the potential negative impacts, health and safety risks, and proper waste
management practice. Domestic and/or other non-hazardous wastes, after proper segregation, have to
be disposed of in an appropriate means.
Loss of Vegetation √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given for indigenous tree and
Cover plan for replanting of trees.
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice and monitor the proper use of PPE by the project
70
Preconstr Construc Operation

uction tion
health and safety beneficiaries, contractors, labourers and ensure the presence of onsite temporary spill containment
structure.
Indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused concrete, wooden timber, nails and liquid
Temporary Visual √
wastes should be managed and disposed of in appropriate way to ensure safe and acceptable
intrusion
aesthetic beauty to the beneficiary family and nearby residents.
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local labor for semi-skilled and
unskilled people including women, ensure that criteria is set for prioritization of
likely beneficiary households including poor and female headed ones where there is
more demand. Moreover, raising awareness of the target community on effective
use of biogas and off grid PV systems for the benefit of all household members and
on the expected role of the community/households members in management of the
subprojects at their level is vital.
71
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia
Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
The Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) process involves the identification and development of
measures aimed at avoiding, offsetting and/or minimizing environmental and social impacts to levels that
are acceptable during preparation, implementation and operation of the proposed subprojects.
As an integral part of ESMF, ESMP provides an important linkage between the impacts predicted and
mitigation measures specified within the environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures
sections of this ESMF and implementation and operation of activities. According to the World Bank
Safeguard Policy (OP/BP 4.01), the two Programs (EOREP and ECCEP) are categorized as Category ‘B’
and the subprojects or activities under these programs will most likely not require a full scale ESIA.
However, Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) is necessary for identification and development
of measures aimed at avoiding, offsetting and/or minimizing environmental and social impacts to levels
that are acceptable during preparation, implementation and operation of the proposed subprojects. The
World Bank Safeguard Policy (OP/BP 4.01) states that detailed ESMPs are essential elements for
Category ‘A’ projects, but for many Category ‘B’ projects (like Off-grid Renewable energy and Clean
Cooking Energy programs), a simple ESMP alone may suffice.
The purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to identify and document
environmental and social impacts, mitigation and enhancement measures and monitoring procedures to be
undertaken. This instrument allows the proposed programs to reduce potential impacts generated from the
implementations of subprojects by integrating environmental procedures and mitigation plans in the
subproject implementation programs. The ESMP serves as a pertinent instrument to guide the subproject
proponents and other implementers to implement effective mitigation measures, design, and conduct
sound environmental monitoring program. Moreover, it plays a vital role in identifying the
responsibilities of each institution and the required capacity building components for implementing
parties that warrants to sustainable developments of the proposed subprojects.
The general objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation
measures will actually be carried out during the preconstruction, construction and operation phases of the
proposed Off grid Renewable Energy and Clean Cooking Energy programs.
In accordance with the above objectives, the ESMP should be prepared and adopted in the following
approach:
• Examine the subproject in terms of its major activities and identify the aspects associated with the
subproject construction which generate environmental impacts;
72
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia
Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
• Identify the environmental issues associated with the major activities;

• Develop mitigation measures for the aspects identified as having environmental impacts;
• Incorporate environmental mitigation measures into construction/installation and operation
schedules and activities, develop corrective actions and ensure monitoring;
• Develop further environmental provisions through a series of subproject Site Environmental and
Social Management Plans and procedures;
• Define the specific actions required, roles and responsibilities for these actions, timetable for
implementation, and associated costs;
• Describe capacity building and training requirements for the implementation of the ESMP; and,
• Define a proposed institutional structure to govern the implementation of the ESMP.
Environmental and social management activities during the implementation of subproject will be
governed by the possible negative impacts associated with the subprojects construction and installation
activities and the respective mitigation measures stated under the environmental and social impact and
mitigation measures section of this ESMF. These mitigation measures could be used as either safety,
social or physical measures to avoid/mitigate the anticipated impacts on biophysical and social
environment within and around the subproject area.
Tables 6 to 9 presents an indicative environmental and social management and monitoring plan, which
can be used to adapt for the preparation of ESMP during the implementation of the proposed subprojects.
73
Table 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Solar Home System, Solar Lantern and Solar PV Mini-grid
subprojects
Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Responsibility
PC C O
Temporary Visual √ √ √ Ensure that no beneficiaries are selected having roof tops that would govern • Beneficiaries;
intrusion to place the panels in a manner which would reflect light into an immediate • Contractors; and,
neighbours’ buildings. • Regional and Wereda
Water, Mines and Energy
Bureaus/Offices.
Chemical Impacts √ Identify suppliers that have products, particularly solar panels and inverters, • Beneficiaries; and,
which comply with ISO or other industry best practice standards and follow- • Regional and Wereda
up and monitor the products at a regular interval. Water, Mines and Energy
Bureaus/Offices.
Impacts on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning sensitive species and • Contractors; and,
biodiversity indigenous trees, an old tree or known bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive • Regional and Wereda
fauna and flora species are found nearby. Water, Mines and Energy
Bureaus/Offices.
√ Make sure that pruning should be practiced only to remove branches that • Beneficiaries;
obstructs the panel and when cutting is necessary and avoid the cutting of • Contractors; and,
sensitive tree species and bird-nesting trees. • Extension agents.
Heat or light √ √ Follow the standard of placing the roof top solar panel in north-south • Contractors;
reflection direction and conduct regular monitoring of the impacts, if any non- • Beneficiaries; and,
• Regional and Wereda
74
PC C O
conformance exists correct promptly Water, Mines and Energy

Bureaus/Offices.
Loss of Vegetation √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care should be given • Contractors;
Cover for indigenous tree and plan for replanting of trees • Beneficiaries;
Bureaus/Offices; and,
• Extension agents.
Inappropriate √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization program for the • Contractors,
waste management proponent and communities that reside in the area about the potential negative • Beneficiaries;
impacts, health and safety risks, and proper waste management practices. • Regional and Wereda
Domestic and/or other non-hazardous wastes, after proper segregation, have Bureaus/Offices; and,
to be disposed of at the designated area without any impact to the • Extension agents.
environment.
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice and monitor the proper use • Beneficiaries
health and safety of PPE by the subproject beneficiaries, contractors, labourers. • Wereda administration,
related problems
Ensure the presence of onsite temporary spill containment structure • Regional and Wereda
Bureaus/Offices
Land Expropriation √ √ Avoidance of land acquisition will be the first option where that is not • Regional and Wereda
possible; land take from household will be minimized. RPF addressing land
Bureaus/Offices
acquisition issues of this project is prepared. As required, a related
• Wereda Administration
75
PC C O
ARAP/RAP will be prepared and implemented for timely and appropriate

compensation and livelihoods will be restored where applicable.
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local labour for semi-skilled and • Beneficiaries
unskilled people including women, ensure that criteria is set for prioritization • Contractors, regional
of likely beneficiary households including poor and female headed ones Water, Mines and Energy
Bureaus
where there is more demand. Moreover, raising awareness of the target
• Weredas administration
community on effective use of biogas and off grid PV systems for the benefit
• Wereda Water, Mines and
of all household members and on the expected role of the Energy Offices and
community/households members in management of the subprojects at their • PSEs
level is vital.
• MFIs
Lack of Project √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, including the beneficiaries • DBE;
Ownership at the outset to improve level of ownership and sustainability of the program • MoWIE;
• Regional Water, Mines
and Energy Bureaus;
• Wereda Water and energy
Offices; and,
• MFIs.
Note- i) PC- Preconstruction, C- Construction, O- Operation

ii) Cost required for Mitigation measures is to be calculated and included as bill item in the contract
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Table 7: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Biogas subproject

Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Responsibility
PC C O
Impact on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially pruning • Ministry of Agriculture and Natural
biodiversity sensitive species and indigenous trees, an old tree or known Resources (MoANR);
bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive fauna and flora species • Ministry of Environment, Forest and
are found nearby the site. Climate Change (MoEFCC);
• Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and

Energy Bureaus/Offices;
• Regional and Wereda environmental

Bureaus/Offices Wereda administration;
and,
• Masons/Contractor.
√ √ Make sure that pruning should practice only to remove • Beneficiaries, masons, contractor;
branches that affects the function and efficiency of Biogas • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and
and when cutting is necessary; and, Energy Bureaus/Offices; and,
Avoid the cutting of sensitive tree species and bird-nesting • Regional biogas program unit.
trees.
Land Expropriation √ √ Appropriate planning and implementation will be made. • DBE, Regional and Wereda Water,
RPF addressing land acquisition issues of this project is Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices;
prepared. • Wereda Administrations;
Inappropriate waste √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and sensitization • Beneficiaries;

management program for the proponent and communities that reside in • Wereda Water, Mines and Energy
77
PC C O
the area about the potential negative impacts, health and Offices; and,
safety risks, and proper waste management practice. • Extension agents.
Domestic and/or other non-hazardous wastes, after proper
segregation, have to be disposed of in an appropriate means.
Loss of Vegetation √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees, particularly care • Contractors;
Cover should be given for indigenous trees and plan for replanting • Beneficiaries;
of trees
Energy Bureaus/Offices; and,
• Extension Agents
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice and • Beneficiaries;
health and safety monitor the proper use of PPE by the subproject • Wereda Administration; and,
beneficiaries, contractors, labourers and ensure the presence
of onsite temporary spill containment structure Energy Bureaus/Offices.
Temporary Visual √ √ Indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused concrete, • Beneficiaries;

intrusion wooden timber, nails and liquid wastes should be managed
• Contractors; and,
and disposed of in appropriate way to ensure safe and
acceptable aesthetic beauty to the beneficiary family and • Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and
nearby residents. Energy Bureaus/Offices.
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local labor, • Regional Water, Mines and Energy
particularly skilled and unskilled young people Bureaus;
• Wereda administrations;
78
PC C O
• Wereda Water, Mines and Energy

Offices;
• Beneficiaries;
• Contractors;
• PSEs; and
• MFIs.
Lack of Project √ √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders, including • DBE;

Ownership the beneficiaries at the outset to improve level of ownership • MoWIE;
and sustainability of the program
• Regional Water, Mines and Energy
Bureaus;
• Wereda Water and energy Offices; and,
• MFIs.
Notes- i) PC- Preconstruction, C- Construction, O- Operation

ii) Cost required for Mitigation measures is to be calculated and included as bill item in the contract
79
Table 8: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for Solar PV Mini-grid, Solar Home System and Solar Lantern subprojects
Impacts Project Phases Mitigation measures Parameters to be Responsibility Frequency

monitored
PC C O
Number of
Temporary √ √ √ Ensure that no beneficiaries are selected • Beneficiaries; Regularly during
appropriately
Visual having roof tops that would govern to construction of
installed solar • Contractors; and,
intrusion place the panels in a manner which would biogas and at the
panels • Regional and Wereda
reflect light into an immediate neighbours’ Water, Mines and Energy end of
buildings Bureaus/Offices. construction
phase.
Number of
Chemical √ Identify suppliers that have products, • Beneficiaries; and, Once during
identified suppliers
Impacts particularly solar panels and inverters, planning/subproje
having certificate • Regional and Wereda
which comply with ISO or other industry for national and energy experts. ct preparation and
best practice standards and follow-up and international updated
monitor the products at a regular interval. standards accordingly when
the need arises.
Sensitive habitats
Impacts on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or • Contractors; and, Once During
and species found
biodiversity substantially pruning sensitive species and planning and
nearby the • Regional and Wereda
indigenous trees, an old tree or known subproject site energy experts. subproject
bird-nesting tree. Ensure no sensitive preparation.
fauna and flora species are found nearby.
Number of trees
√ Make sure that pruning should be • Contractors Regularly
removed
practiced only to remove branches that • Regional and Wereda
80

monitored
PC C O
obstructs the panel and when cutting is Water, Mines and Energy
necessary. Avoid the cutting of sensitive Bureaus/Office
tree species and bird-nesting trees
Solar panel placing

Heat or light √ √ Follow the standard of placing the roof top • Contractors, Beneficiaries, During
with the required Regional and Wereda Water,
reflection solar panel in north-south direction and installation and
direction (N-S) Mines and Energy
conduct regular monitoring of the impacts, regular follow-up
Bureaus/Offices
if any non-conformance exists correct
promptly
Number of trees
Loss of √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big • Beneficiaries Regularly
planted,
Vegetation trees, particularly care should be given for • Regional and Wereda
Cover indigenous trees and plan for replanting of Number of trees Water, Mines and Energy
trees Bureaus/Offices
removed
• Extension agents
Number of
Inappropriate √ √ Conduct regular awareness creation and • Contractor; Regularly
awareness creation
waste sensitization program for the proponent
and sensitization • Beneficiaries;
management and communities that reside in the area conducted • Regional and Wereda
about the potential negative impacts, Water, Mines and Energy
health and safety risks, and proper waste Number of sites Bureaus/Offices; and, Every two week,
management practices. identified for • Extension agents. based on the
disposal of wastes
volume of wastes
Domestic and/or other non-hazardous
produced
wastes, after proper segregation, have to
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monitored
PC C O
be disposed of at the designated area

without any impact to the environment.
Number of PPE
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and • Beneficiaries; Regularly
distributed
health and support, advice and monitor the proper use • Wereda administrations;
safety related of PPE by the subproject beneficiaries, and,
problems contractors, labourers. Ensure the presence • Regional and Wereda
of onsite temporary spill containment Workers with PPE Water, Mines and Energy
structure during installation Bureaus/Offices.
of solar equipment
Land acquired in
Land √ √ No land expropriation is expected, but • DBE; Before
m2, if applicable
Expropriation pertinent proper planning and • Regional and Wereda commencement of
implementation is required Water, Mines and Energy the installation
Bureaus/Offices; and, and construction
• Wereda Administrations.
Number of local
Social √ √ Encourage and consider the employment • Regional Water, Mines and Regularly
labor employed Energy Bureaus;
Conflicts of local labour for semi-skilled and
unskilled people. • Wereda administrations;
• Wereda Water, Mines and
Energy Offices;
• Beneficiaries;
• Contractors;
• PSE; and,
82

monitored
PC C O
• MFIs.
Lack of √ √ Ensure the participation of Number of

relevant • DBE; During subproject
Project stakeholders, including the beneficiaries at
institutions and preparation and
beneficiaries. • MoWIE;
Ownership the outset to improve level of ownership regularly over the
and sustainability of the program. subproject
Bureaus/ Offices; and, implementation
period.
• MFIs.

ii) Cost for Monitoring is to be calculated and included as bill item in the contract.
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Table 9: Environmental and Social Management Plan for Biogas subproject

Impacts Project Phase Mitigation Measures Parameters to Responsibility Frequency
be monitored
PC C O
Number of
Impact on √ Avoid sites that require cutting or substantially
affected • MoANR; Once during
biodiversity pruning sensitive species and indigenous trees, an Sensitive • Regional and Wereda planning and
habitats and Water, Mines and
old tree or known bird-nesting tree. Ensure no subproject
species found Energy Bureaus/
sensitive fauna and flora species are found nearby nearby the Offices; preparation.
subproject site
the site. • Wereda
administrations; and,
• Masons/Contractors.
Number of
√ √ Make sure that pruning should practice only to
indigenous trees • Beneficiaries, Regularly
removed masons, contractors;
remove branches that affects the function and
efficiency of Biogas and when cutting is necessary. • Regional and Wereda
Water, Mines and
Avoid the cutting of sensitive tree species and bird- Energy
nesting big trees Bureaus/Offices; and,
• Regional biogas
program unit.
Planning
Land √ √ Appropriate planning and implementation is
documents • DBE, Regional and Before
prepared (e.g. Wereda Water, Mines
Expropriation required though land expropriation and likely commencement of
ARAP/RAP, and Energy
compensation modalities are not expected. RPF Bureaus/Offices; and, the installation
ESMP)
addressing land acquisition issues of this project is • Wereda and construction
prepared. Administration.
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be monitored
PC C O
Number of
Inappropriate √ √ ▪ Conduct regular awareness creation and awareness • Beneficiaries; Regularly
waste sensitization program for the proponent creation and • Masons /contractor;
sensitization
management and communities that reside in the area conducted • Wereda
administration;
about the potential negative impacts, health Number of sites
and safety risks, and proper waste identified for energy experts; and,
disposal of
management practices. wastes • Extension agents,
Regional and Wereda
▪ Domestic and/or other non-hazardous Biogas program unit.
wastes, after proper segregation, have to be Every two weeks,

based on the
disposed of in an appropriate means. volume of wastes
Number of trees
Loss of √ Avoid and/or minimize cutting of big trees,
planted, • Contractors; Regularly
Vegetation particularly care should be given for indigenous • Beneficiaries;
Number of trees
Cover trees and plan for replanting of trees
removed • Regional and Wereda
Water, Mines and
Energy
Bureaus/Offices; and,
• Extension Agents.
Number of PPE
Occupational √ √ Make PPE available at the site and support, advice
distributed • Beneficiaries;
health and and monitor the proper use of PPE by the subproject • Wereda
Workers with Administration; and,
safety beneficiaries, contractors, labourers and ensure the
PPE during
presence of onsite temporary spill containment installation of • Regional and Wereda
solar equipment Water, Mines and
structure Energy
85

be monitored
PC C O
Bureaus/Offices.
site visited and
Temporary √ √ Indiscriminate disposal of excavated soils, unused
no. records of • Beneficiaries; Regularly during
concrete, wooden timber, nails and liquid wastes
Visual intrusion
should be managed and disposed of in appropriate
Indiscriminate • Contractors; and, biogas
disposal of
way to ensure safe and acceptable aesthetic beauty
wastes • Regional and Wereda construction and
to the beneficiary family and nearby residents. Water, Mines and
no. of site at the end of
recorded as Energy
Bureaus/Offices. construction
beautified
phase
Number of local
Social Conflicts √ √ Encourage and consider the employment of local
labor employed • Regional Water, Regularly
labor, particularly skilled and unskilled young Mines and Energy
people. Bureaus;
• Wereda
administrations;
• Wereda Water,
Mines and Energy
Offices;
• Beneficiaries;
• Contractors;
• PSEs; and,
• MFIs.
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be monitored
PC C O
number of
Lack of Project √ √ √ Ensure the participation of relevant stakeholders,
institutions and • DBE; During subproject
Ownership including the beneficiaries at the outset to improve beneficiaries • MoWIE; preparation and
participated
level of ownership and sustainability of the program • Regional Water, regularly over the
Mines and Energy subproject
Bureaus;
implementation
• Wereda Water and
energy Offices; period.
and,
• MFIs.

ii) Cost for Monitoring is to be calculated and included as bill item in the contract
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8. SUBPROJECT SCREENING, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AND IMPLEMENTATION
8.1 Guiding Principles
The two Programs (EOREP and ECCEP) are categorized as category ‘B’ according to the World Bank
Safeguard Policy (OP/BP 4.01) and the Program activities/subprojects will most likely not require a full
scale ESIA1. However, Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) is necessary for identification and
development of measures aimed at avoiding, offsetting and/or minimizing environmental and social
impacts to levels that are acceptable during preparation, implementation and operation of the proposed
subprojects.
The overall guiding principles of the two Programs operations and implementations are the following, but
not limited to:-
• The planning process will be Beneficiaries demand based and Bottom-Up planning and
Decision- making approach;
• Directly loan award for applications, who fulfill the preset criteria for safeguards and loan
eligibility;
• First-come First served approach;
• Conforming to specific loan requirements and standards;
• Promoting savings mobilization at community level and access to financial services available in
micro finance institutions;
• Ensuring no harm or minimum impact to the nearby social and biophysical environment that can
be mitigated easily by employing best practices;
• Ensuring sound implementation of the recommended mitigation measures;
• The planning and implementation process will integrate ESA and/or ESMP or other relevant
environmental and social safeguards instruments;
• Proposed subprojects will undergo for environmental and social impacts screening;
• Governed by clear modalities in accessing funds;
• Ensuring that subprojects operations are cost-effective;
• Promoting adequate and timely technical support to DBE, National, Regional and Wereda
Water, Mines and Energy Offices, PSE, and MFIs branch offices, including Kebele level and
which in turn will do the same to the communities; and,
1 It should be noted that any subproject that would be considered as category ‘A’ will not be financed by the two Programs
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• Promoting supervision and monitoring of implementation of subprojects by all relevant parties

including DBE, MoWIE, MFI, PSE and WME offices with the support from the respective
environmental offices at the national, regional and local level.
The overriding guiding principle to the implementation of the proposed programs is through community
demand driven approach. The implementation of environmental management and screening process
will be attained through the procedures and steps described below on subproject implementation and
screening cycle as shown in Figure 6.
8.2 Procedures and Steps
This chapter describes the steps and procedures for ensuring that environmental and social impacts are
adequately addressed. This ESMF highlights the proposed Programs planning focus on ensuring the
implementation of subproject activities are environmental friendly and socially acceptable with no harm
principle through applying best practices and sound mitigation measures.
The parent project ENREP was categorized under environmental assessment “category B” and thus, the
program components under the parent project, including component 3 consists of the two programs
(Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program), fall within
this category B-Partial Assessment.
The proposed solar lantern, solar home system, Solar PV mini-grid and biogas subprojects under the two
programs generally do not require full EA based on the Ethiopian Environmental legislation and World
Bank Policies. However, it is recommended that both program activities should avoid sensitive areas and
take steps to ensure that subprojects stay within category B. (It must be noted that any subproject or
activity that will be categorized as Category ‘A’ will not be financed by the two Programs.) Thus, to
ensure that the anticipated adverse impacts are small in scale and managed with best practice methods,
every potential subproject that will be funded under the two programs will require environmental
screening.
The environmental screening process will be effected on potential subprojects, which have been selected
and implemented by the beneficiaries. The DBE/Regional/Wereda alternative Energy team members/staff
from MFI branch offices will help as required the beneficiaries in preparing their subprojects applications
and site selection for biogas, Solar PV Mini-grid and solar home systems subprojects to avoid or minimize
adverse environmental and social impacts. They will use the Environmental and social screening form (see
annex 2) together with information on typical project impacts and mitigation measures in the
environmental and social management plan as depicted earlier in tables 6 and 7.
Based on the consultations with relevant stakeholders and review of the Programs appraisal and
operational documents, the following key steps and procedures were identified during the environmental
89
and social management process (Figures 4, 5, 6). The sections below describe the steps of the
environmental and social screening process (the screening process) leading towards the review and
environmental approval of every potential subprojects under the two Programs.
Step One: Subproject preparation and application

During planning and preparation of all subprojects under the two Programs, the Implementing Partners
(IPs) are required to ensure that environmental and social impacts of the subprojects owned by each rural
household and other beneficiaries are small scale, could be mitigated and minimized through
implementations of best practice methods. Anticipated impacts and the respective mitigation measures
under environmental impact and mitigation measures pointed out earlier will be used by IPs to obtain an
overview of potential environmental and social impacts that could be generated due to the implementation
of each subproject.
Given the numerous subproject beneficiaries’ applications are likely to be submitted for funding of the
proposed subprojects (SPMG, SL, SHS, Biogas), the screening and assessment of environmental and
social impacts is most effectively applied simultaneously with the screening for loan eligibility by DBE or
MFI branch offices. Due to the scale and nature of subprojects, if the environmental and social impacts
assessment is required, subprojects will thus not be finally approved until an environmental and social
safeguards impact assessment has been approved.
Based on the beneficiaries’ demand on the type of subproject, applications /proposals for loan request will
be submitted to DBE/MFIs. Private Sector Enterprises (PSEs) will submit applications or loan request
proposals for three subprojects (SPMG, SL, and SHS) to DBE at national level. The regional or local level
SHS, SL, and Biogas subproject beneficiaries will also submit loan requests/proposals to the nearby MFI
branch offices for subprojects planned to be implemented at regional/local level (see figures 4-6).
90
Figure 4: ECCE program activity screening process flowchart
ETHIOPIA CLEAN COOKING ENERGY PROGRAM
Sub project
BIOGAS
Loan request level NATIONAL* REGIONAL* WEREDA KEBELE
Loan Beneficiary Any individual from the Rural Household
Proposal or Loan MFI Branch Offices

request receiving
Institutions
Desk appraisal and

Screening for MFI with the support from Regional and Wereda level WMEB
Safeguards and Loan and Biogas Program
eligibility
Safeguard Safeguard clearance: Regional and

clearance: Wereda level Environmental office
Safeguards
MoWIE
Clearance and Loan
Approval
Loan approval: Loan: MFI with the support from
MFI branch Regional and Wereda level WME
office
--
*National and Regional level institutions have a coordination role
91
Figure 5: EORE program activity screening process flowchart
ETHIOPIA OFFGRID RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM
Loan request NATIONAL REGIONAL WEREDA KEBELE

application level
Loan Beneficiary PSE Any individual from the Rural Households
Sub project SPMG, SHS and SL

SHS, SL
Proposal or Loan
request receiving DBE Participating MFI branch offices
Institutions
Desk appraisal and MFI with the

Screening for DBE MFI with the support from
support from
Safeguards and Loan Regional Wereda WME office
eligibility WME
Safeguard
Safeguard clearance - Regional and Wereda
Safeguards clearance clearance-
level Environmental office
and Loan Approval MoWIE
Loan approval:
DBE Loan approval: MFI with the support
from Regional and Wereda level WME
Step Two: Desk appraisal

Prior to going to the sites, a desk appraisal of the two Programs activity plans/Loan applications will be
carried out to confirm that all applications contain the required information pertinent to loan eligibility and
for identification of environmental and social safeguards issues. Depending on the type of subprojects and
loan request application level, desk appraisal will be conducted by the DBE /MFIs branch offices (see
Figures 4 &5), to ensure that all pertinent environmental issues are identified.
Step Three: loan eligibility and safeguards screening
The DBE or MFIs branch offices, with the support from the Regional WME bureaus or local level WME
offices, as required undertake screening of subproject applications for beneficiaries’ loan eligibility and
92
environmental and social safeguards of project activities to ascertain that the likely social and/or
environmental impacts are identified. This screening will be carried out by using the Environmental and
Social Screening Form (see annex 2).
Completion of this screening form will facilitate the identification of potential environmental and social
impacts, determination of their significance, assignment of the appropriate environmental category,
proposal of appropriate environmental mitigation measures, and conduct any further environmental
assessment work, if necessary. Suitably qualified experts from DBE /MFIs with the support from regional
or Wereda Water, Mines and Energy offices and Biogas program, as required will conduct the screening
process and if none are available, training will be provided.
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category to a particular Solar lantern, Solar PV Mini-
grid, Solar home system equipment installation and biogas construction activity will be based on the
information provided in the environmental and social screening form (see annex 2).
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category will be based on provisions in Operational
Policy (OP) 4.01 Environmental Assessment. Consistent with this operational policy, the activities of the
proposed subprojects are likely to be categorized as “Category B”, meaning that their potential adverse
environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas – including wetlands,
forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats – are limited, site-specific, few if any of the impacts are
irreversible, and they can be mitigated readily.
Given the scale of the subproject, some of the activities may be categorized as “Category C” if the
environmental and social screening results indicate that such activities will have limited or no
environmental and social impacts. Therefore, apart from screening, they do not require environmental
safeguards instrument preparation. Thus, if the screening form has only “No” entries, the proposed activity
will not require further environmental assessment work, and the technical team of experts will recommend
approval of this proposal and implementation can proceed immediately in line with World Bank
Environmental Assessment Category “C”, as well.
Step Four: Submission of screening report to MoWIE or Regional/ Wereda level Environmental
offices
After thorough screening of the national level applications/proposals, DBE will require to submit the
safeguards screening results, their recommendations and reports to MoWIE. Applications at regional or
Wereda level, MFIs branch offices will submit the screening reports, recommendations, and results to the
respective Environmental offices at Regional / Wereda level for further review, clearance and approval of
the screening reports.
Step Five: Review of screening report and appraisal by MoWIE or Environmental offices
The MoWIE or Regional or Wereda level environmental offices will review the screening results and
recommendations in the screening report, review the proposed mitigation measures, and will further
provide feedbacks on the specific screening endeavors and broader issues of screening. The reviewing
93
process at this level will take into account that the proposed subproject activities may not necessarily need
a full scale ESIA since the Proposed Programs are under category B and any other required document to
decide, if an ESMP is required.
As required, after review of the screening result, the application might require a field appraisal mission to
the location of the subproject in order to obtain additional or more detailed information. Moreover, if the
desk appraisal and screening indicates that the proposed subproject may have environmental and/or social
concerns that are not adequately addressed in the current documentation, or if the application meets certain
criteria (see Table 10 below), the MWIE/Regional or Wereda Environmental offices will require a field
appraisal before the subproject application can be considered further.
Table 10: Sample Criteria for Requiring a Field Appraisal

Criteria Field Appraisal
1. Land must be acquired for a Determines the number of affected/displaced people and level
subproject, an individual or of impact on restrict access to any available resources, as per
community's access to land or the criteria stated under RPF. A Resettlement Action
available resources is restricted Plan/Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan/ (RAP/ARAP)
or lost, or an individual or family may then be required according to procedures detailed in RPF
is displaced Document.
2. A subproject may-affect a Determines if the subproject will adequately avoid adverse
protected area or a natural habitat effects on the protected area or natural habitat, as provided for
in the ESMF
3. A subproject may have an impact A field appraisal determines the scale and level of impact. The
on ecologically sensitive application may need to be revised to describe how the
ecosystems (e.g. of impact on subproject will avoid or minimize adverse impacts to
wetlands) ecologically sensitive areas. This may require a distinct
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as
outlined in this ESMF
4. A subproject may involve, or A field appraisal determines the scale and potential adverse
result in: effects, and may include an ESMP as outlined in Chapter seven
• Diversion or use of surface of the ESMF.
waters;
• Production of effluent
waste; and,
• * Wells or water points.
Note: these criteria should be updated based on field experience in implementing subprojects.
Depending on the field appraisal mission, the appraisal might reconsider the need for development of an
ESMP for the subproject. DBE/MFIs are responsible for ensuring that the required ESMP is conducted as
per the safeguards requirements of the World Bank. The ESMP can be conducted by a team of experts
from the DBE/MFI/PSE including the environmental safeguards specialist (to be recruited by the project)
or by a consultant as deemed necessary. It should be noted that any project activities that would be rated
as category ‘A’ will not be financed by the Two Programs.).
94
DBE, MFIs, PSEs, regional or local level WMEBs will supervise further the environmental and social
safeguards implementation work, which may be included in the preparation of subproject ESMP,
RAP/ARAP, as the situation may require. Once all the requisite documentation has been compiled, the
DBE/MFI will make recommendations to MoWIE, regional, or Wereda level environmental offices for
final clearance and approval.
Steps Six and Seven: Approval of subprojects by MoWIE, Regional or Wereda level Environmental
offices
As stated in the previous step four, the completed screening form along with any additional planning
reports and overall subproject application is forwarded to the Wereda/Regional environmental offices or to
MoWIE. The first step in the approval process is to determine if all the relevant information has been
provided, and is adequate. The MoWIE at national level and Wereda or Regional environmental offices at
local level or regional level will check if the beneficiaries and screening team have thoroughly considered
all environmental and social issues with regards to the identification of potential adverse effects arising
from the subproject as well as mitigating measures to adequately address negative impacts.
Subprojects may not be eligible for funding, if they have potentially a negative impact on physical cultural
resources, require land acquisition, or significant impacts on natural habitats, forests and other. Lists of
such subprojects that may not be funded by the project are described in annex 1.
Although the two programs have no any activities, which affect cultural resources, in case of any events of
the potential of chance find of physical cultural resources, the contract and any activities for construction
or installation have to include reference to procedures to follow as per the issues mentioned in annex 6.
The screening of the subproject might result in a request for development of subproject specific
Environmental and Social Management Plan. MoWIE, Regional or Wereda level Environmental offices
will review (the ESMP) and make decision by approving the project activity (with or without conditions
relating to implementation); recommending to re-design (with required and/or recommended
amendments); or rejecting the project activity (with comments as to what is required to submit as an
acceptable report). As part of the appraisal, the subproject's corresponding ESMP has to be made publicly
available.
The World Bank's Policy on Disclosure of Information requires that ESMPs are made available for public
review as well as forwarded to the World Bank for disclosure through the World Bank's Info shop. In this
regard, only when the subproject information has been made publicly available can it be finally approved.
95
Step Eight: Submission of approval decision report to DBE or MFIs by MoWIE / Regional or
Wereda level Environmental offices
ESIA/ESMP review should be done in the given period (shortest possible time) to avoid delays in project
activity implementation. The result of the review and final approval will submit to DBE/MFIs as soon as
completed. The Review report to DBE or MFIs should include but not limited to-
• the decision on each subproject activity whether an ESMP is required or not;

• if an ESMP is required, the recommended scope of the ESMP clearly indicating the aspects to be
seriously addressed, the skills required and duration of the ESMP;
• if an ESMP is not required, include guidance on special needs such as technical guidelines on any of
the subproject activities; and
• Approval without conditions for those subprojects with no potential adverse impacts.
(Note: The final ESMP documents will be disclosed at DBE/MFI website and World Bank Infoshop as
appropriate. The local level disclosure of the final ESMP will be carried out using appropriate language
and culturally sensitive manner.)
Step Nine: Documentation

DBE or MFIs after receiving the decision report from the MoWIE or Regional /Wereda level
environmental offices, will compile the documentation comprises of the decisions on loan eligibility and
environmental and social safeguards screening for further processing of loan effectiveness.
Step Ten: Subprojects effectiveness

Once the documentation is finalized, DBE/MFI will communicate the loan beneficiaries to notify the
effectiveness of the subproject implementation and loan award with all requirements during project
implementations.
Step Eleven: Implementation

DBE/MFI will inform appropriate implementing institutions/beneficiaries to commence the
implementation of the subproject, as per their proposal and notify the beneficiaries to act on the decisions
and requirements provided by the MoWIE/Regional or Wereda level Environmental offices, together with
approval reports.
Step Twelve: Supervision and Monitoring

The DBE, MFI, PSE, MoWIE, Regional or Wereda WMEB units will carry out supervision and
monitoring, in consultation and support with the World Bank.
Step Thirteen: Annual auditing

As stated in the ESMF, the annual auditing and End-of-Project evaluation is the responsibility of
DBE/MFI. The assignment will be annual auditing and end-of program evaluation at the end of programs
by independent consultants or team of experts from Regional/Wereda Environmental offices or MoWIE,
as required.
96
Step Fourteen: End -of-Program Evaluation

End-of-Project evaluation is the responsibility of DBE/MFI. The assignment will be and end-of program
evaluation at the end of programs by independent consultants or team of experts from Regional/Wereda
Environmental offices or MoWIE, as required
Figure 6: Subproject Implementation cycle under the proposed EORE and ECCE programs
97
9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE PLAN
9.1 Public Consultation Plan
9.1.1 Introduction
For the successful identification and assessment of project specific environmental and social impacts,
implementation and monitoring of the respective mitigation or enhancement measures and a continuous consultative
process is required. The implementing agency, DBE, has the responsibility to engage stakeholders effectively in
achieving the programs objectives for the benefit of all. Through consultations, DBE will create a bridge of
communication between the public and the Government, which will improve the efficiency and transparency for the
execution of the subprojects. This public consultation plan (PCP) forms part of the ESMP and is the same for all
categories of SL, SPMG, SHS and Biogas subprojects. The development of this ESMF is based on a consultative
process comprising of key stakeholders at the national, regional, Wereda and local levels and sought their feedback.
Key government agencies, MFIs and PSEs have been consulted at the various levels to obtain their consent on the
ESMF.
9.1.2 Objectives of the Plan

This plan provides a framework for achieving effective stakeholder involvement and promoting greater
awareness and understanding of issues so that the project is carried out effectively within budget and on-
time to the satisfaction of all concerned parties. The objectives of the public consultations are to provide
the DBE and MoWIE with:
• Status of implementation of the identified measures;
• A sense of the concerns, priorities and aspirations of the SH and implementing parties as they
implement the measures;
• Information to shape the programs of the project as it progresses;
• Whenever possible, to recommend and implement specific recommendations and proposals; and,
• Provide the participating regions including Weredas with a forum to interact constructively and
make progress towards solutions and actions; and feedback from DBE and MoWIE on
information received and steps to follow.
9.1.3 Principles of Consultation Plan

In order to ensure effective implementation of this plan, the DBE shall be committed to the following
principles:
• promoting openness and communication;
• Ensuring effective stakeholder involvement; and,
• Evaluating the effectiveness of the engagement plan in accordance with the expected outcomes.
98
Thus, the beneficiaries are given:
• Clear information on the purpose and objectives of the meeting;
• Opportunity to express individual views without interruption;
• Opportunity to build on views expressed and, whenever possible, to discuss and reach
conclusions, consensus or recommendations; and,
• Opportunity to engage in open-ended discussion (generally at the conclusion of the meeting).
9.1.4 Structure of the Consultations

Consultation meetings will generally take two approaches: (i) individual interviews involving addressing
checklists, (ii) one-to-one and/or focus group meeting. The consultations will be structured along the
following lines:
• Advance notification;
• Introduction and information;
• Early break-up into work groups or roundtables;
• Opportunity for each participant to make a presentation; and,
• A closing session to allow open discussion between participants and DBE/MFIs.
9.2 Public Disclosure
9.2.1 Introduction
The World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.01 requires that the GoE and the World Bank disclose the
ESMF report as a separate and stand-alone document. The ESMF is required to be approved and disclosed
prior to appraisal according to Bank policies and normal procedures. The disclosure should be both in
GoE where it can be accessed by the public, including affected groups and NGOs, and at the World Bank
Info Shop.
The DBE will make copies of the ESMF available in selected public places (possibly at National and
Regional relevant government offices) for information and comments. The subprojects will be announced
through different forms of media. The announcement will include a brief description of the two programs,
references to where and when the ESMF can be viewed, duration of the display period, and contact
information for comments.
For meaningful consultations between the DBE and possible project affected groups, beneficiaries and
local NGOs on all Category B projects, such as Ethiopia off grid renewable energy and Ethiopia clean
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cooking energy programs, DBE shall provide a relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation
and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted.
To meet the consultation and disclosure requirements of the Bank, the Government of Ethiopia will issue a disclosure
letter to inform the Bank of :-
1) The Government’s approval of the ESMF;
2) The actual disclosure of these documents to all relevant stakeholders and potentially affected persons in
Ethiopia, and,
3) The Government’s authorization to the Bank to disclose these documents in its Infoshop.
The steps towards disclosure of the safeguard documents have to be completed prior to appraisal of the Project as
required by the Bank’s Disclosure Policy OP 17.50.
9.2.2 Public Disclosure Plan

Following the public consultation, all comments and briefs will be analyzed by DBE, which shall prepare
a report for the MoWIE and WB. The report will be published and made available to the concerned
community groups and to interested bodies upon request.
For programs such as the Clean Cooking Energy and Off-grid Renewable Energy programs, the World
Bank procedures require that an ESMF be prepared and publicly disclosed prior to project appraisal. This
allows the public and other stakeholders to comment on the possible environmental and social impacts of
the project, and the appraisal team to strengthen the frameworks as necessary, particularly measures and
plans to prevent or mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts.
In line with this, the ESMF will be available at the relevant institutions at all levels and be publicly
disclosed both in country and at the World Bank’s Info Shop. The Development Bank of Ethiopia will
make copies of the ESMF available in selected public places in English and working language of the
country in compliance with the World Bank’s Public Consultation and Disclosure Policy. It is proposed
that the locations of copies are announced through pubic relation sections of relevant sector line
Ministries, radio announcement in addition to press releases, as applicable.
Any ESMPs and other safeguards instruments that will be prepared for projects under the two proposed
programs will also needed to be disclosed to the public and World Bank’s Info Shop. Copies of the
ESMPs should be made available to communities and interested parties in accessible locations through
local government authorities, (e.g. Wereda offices). Copies of the ESMPs should also be provided to the
implementing agencies and submitted to the World Bank. This will ensure record keeping of all activities
implemented under the ESMF and ensure that third party audits, if required, have adequate information
when undertaking annual environmental and social audits.
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10 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND IMPLEMENTATION

ARRANGEMENTS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
It is quite evident that the various stakeholders will play and are still playing their part in the
implementation of off-grid renewable energy and clean cooking energy programs either directly or
indirectly. It should, however, be noted that the degree of influence of the various actors do vary both in
terms of spatial and temporal dimension. The different actors expected to be the major players during
implementations of the proposed programs are the followings:
• Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE);

• Micro Financial Institutions;
• Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity;
• Regional Governments/City Administrations of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa;
• Zonal Water, Mines and Energy Offices;
• Wereda Administrations;
• Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices;
• Wereda Agricultural Offices;
• Peasant Associations;
• The Community; and,
• Local NGOs.
Integration and coordination of the different parties and timely follow-up has of paramount importance for
the materialization of the programs. The respective roles and responsibilities of the above institutions are
discussed below. The transaction flow for market development for renewable energy and Energy Efficient
Product is depicted in the below figure 7, which clearly indicate the linkage among all parties participated
in the implementation of the two proposed Programs (see Figure 8).
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Figure 7: Transaction Flow for Market Development for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient
Product
10.2 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MAJOR ACTORS
A) Development Bank of Ethiopia (DBE)

• As an implementing institution for the credit line, DBE will make MFIs aware of the opportunity
to acquire financing via the lines of credit administered by the DBE, to enable on lending from
MFIs to end-user households. The overall project component implementation within DBE is
indicated in Figure 8 below;
• Serves as a wholesaler to MFIs for the promotion and expansion of biogas and solar energy.
• Establishes/Strengthens integration/coordination with MoWIE and MFIs;
• Appraise project proposals of the MFIs on the basis of approved/set guidelines to adhere to project
standards;
• Conducts monitoring and evaluation on the performance of the microfinance institutions on one
hand and selected beneficiaries on the other; and,
• Collects monthly reports from MFIs regarding their lending to end-users and extent of collection
of loans for implementation of domestic biogas digesters, solar lanterns and solar home systems.
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Figure 8: Project Component Implementation within DBE
DBE (Implementing
Agency)
PSE Lending (DBE DBE On-lending MFIs

Administered)
MFI 1 MFI 2 MFI etc
Household(s) Lending Household(s) Lending Household(s) Lending

(MFI Administered) (MFI Administered) (MFI Administered)
B) Micro Financial Institutions

▪ Assign focal person (s) at head office, branch office and sub-branch offices;
▪ Short list and make available staff members who are working in selected Weredas (or geographical
areas) for training related solar and biogas technology;
▪ In collaboration with other parties (such as DBE, MoWIE, Regional and Wereda level WMEB,
etc), appraise applicant beneficiaries on the basis of the guidelines set;
▪ Approve and disburse loan for beneficiaries if supported by official letters;
▪ Provides training and undergoes awareness raising campaigns through various forms of media and
other means;
▪ In coordination with other relevant federal and regional bureaus, provides overall technical
support/assistance in the implementation of this ESMF for both biogas and alternative solar
energy subproject (Solar Lantern, Solar Home System, Solar PV Mini-grid) implementers;
▪ Provide loans to potential users after the necessary signatories are made within their working
geographical area (catchment area) where offices of various level are available;
▪ Points out the list of names of beneficiaries along with the amount of loans and repayment
schedule of every individual to Peasant Associations (Rural Kebeles) for follow-up and support;
▪ Together with either the Regions or Weredas Water, Mines and Energy Bureau/Office, ensures
that the loan is utilized for the intended purpose;
▪ Strictly follow-up the loan disbursed according to repayment schedule and agreement;
▪ Undertake monitoring and evaluation on the overall progress of repayment, likely problems, and
other related issues and report to DBE on a monthly basis;
▪ Program monitoring/reporting; and,
▪ Through their agents in Weredas they will conduct the following:
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➢ Awareness raising and promotion at household/local level;

➢ Register residents with demands for various alternative sources of energy; and,
➢ Follow-up on the overall extent of return of credits.
C) MoWIE
▪ Establishes and heads steering committee at federal level pertaining to the off-grid renewable
energy and clean cooking energy programs;
▪ Provides training and undergoes awareness raising campaigns through various forms of media and
other means;
▪ Provides overall technical support/assistance for both biogas and solar energy;
▪ Collects monthly reports from DBE and pertinent regional bureaus and closely works with them
for the successful implementation of the programs and considers the reports for further actions;
▪ Develops (amends if deemed necessary) overall Project development; and,
▪ Undertakes grassroots supervision, monitoring and provides feedback to concerned parties.
D) Regional Governments’ and two City Administrations’ Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus
▪ Establish a steering committee (or strengthen existing ones, if any) for the overall strategic
guidance;
▪ Promote the alternative energy systems by using different means including media;
▪ Awareness creation on the off-grid renewable energy and clean energy cooking programs for the
pertinent government energy sectors in zones and Weredas and the relevant private sector (micro
finance institutions, distributors of solar energy systems, technicians for the installation of solar
energy systems, and those who construct biogas digesters) in their respective regions;
▪ Provide training on implementation of ESMF, installation and maintenance of solar lanterns, solar
home systems and biogas at zone and Wereda levels including for technicians graduated from
TVET;
▪ Control the distribution and installation of illegal solar energy equipment in collaboration with
other government sectors;
▪ Support, follow-up, monitor and evaluate the overall implementation of the alternative sources of
energy at hand in their respective regions;
▪ Avail accessories on time in consultation with the relevant bodies;
▪ Sensitize the beneficiaries to return loans in collaboration with zonal and Wereda administrative
bodies;
▪ Ensure that all lenders finish their construction on fixed time of construction for biogases and
install the solar systems within a specified period of time;
▪ Ensure that all the necessary appliances are provided on time;
▪ Make sure that the biogas plants and solar systems are functional;
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▪ Organize quarterly field visit with the micro finance institutions and respective Wereda
officials/experts for joint supervision and support; and,
▪ Report to the MoWIE on a monthly, quarterly, biannually and annually basis.
E) Zonal Water, Mines and Energy Offices

▪ Create awareness on the overall aspects associated with the alternative sources of energy for
Wereda officials/experts;
▪ Undertake follow-up, monitoring and evaluation of the programs in their respective zones together
with Wereda officials/experts;
▪ Establish necessary integration with Zonal sector offices including Agricultural and Natural
Resources Departments, Women’s Affairs Offices, Police Offices;
▪ Report to Regional Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Agencies on the overall progresses and
problems encountered on the programs on a monthly basis;
▪ Facilitate overall implementation of the project and safeguards within their boundary; and,
▪ Support Weredas in both disbursement and repayment of loans.
F) Wereda Administration
▪ Follow-up and assist the micro finance institutions on the repayment of loan for biogas digesters
and solar energy;
▪ Establish a task force/steering committee at Wereda level;
▪ Organize meetings and chair the Wereda taskforce/steering committee for meeting related to the
implementation of the programs, credit disbursement and repayment; and,
▪ In cases of land expropriation, facilitate the process of valuation and compensation committee
meetings and payment of compensation.
G) Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices

The Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices (or other related institutions) which are the major actors at
Wereda level have the following responsibilities:
▪ Create awareness and registration of possible beneficiaries;
▪ Undertake screening and evaluate the eligibility of the beneficiaries;
▪ Send the names and addresses of the eligible users to microfinance institutions and Wereda
administrations;
▪ Follow-up and assist the PSEs and MFIs on the implementation of this ESMF and implementation
of the subprojects in an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable manner;
▪ Assist the micro finance institutions on the repayment schedule;
▪ Ensure that all the construction/installation works finish on time;
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▪ Establish necessary integration with Wereda sector offices including Wereda Agricultural and
Natural Resources Departments, Women’s Affairs Offices, Microfinance Institutions, Police
Offices, Peasant Associations, etc.;
▪ Provide necessary support in the installation and maintenance of the systems in collaboration with
the different parties;
▪ Undertake support, monitoring and evaluation of the programs;
▪ Report monthly, quarterly, biannually and annually on the progress of the programs to Zones (or
Regions as the case may be); and,
▪ Coordinate and follow-up of the masons at Wereda level.
H) Wereda Agricultural and Natural Resources Offices

▪ Support the selection of eligible farmers, who among others adopt improved agricultural practices
and have a capacity to repay the loan in collaboration with other actors; and,
▪ Support the beneficiaries of biogas to use bio slurry in appropriate way and provide guidance and
technical assistance to farmers and beneficiaries on compost preparation.
I) Peasants’ Associations in the Subproject Areas

▪ Mobilize the society to take part in the programs at Iddir meetings, religious ceremonies and other
festivities;
▪ Undertake registration of likely beneficiaries (potential users) and send to Wereda Water, Mines
and Energy Offices so as to avail credit to them in collaboration with other actors;
▪ Involve in the assessment of the eligibility of the beneficiaries; and,
▪ Report issues that are relevant to the programs to the Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices.
J) Users/Beneficiaries
▪ Contribute certain percentage of the overall construction/installation as set by the relevant
government bodies;
▪ Utilize the loan for the intended purpose;
▪ Repay the loan on the basis of the agreed repayment schedule; and,
▪ Liable to be penalized as per agreed agreements.
K) NGOs
NGOs that have been in one way or another involving in the energy sector in subproject areas can be
participated for enhancing the sustainability of the two Programs so long as they respect the rules and
regulations at federal and regional levels and the social and cultural aspects at the local level.
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11. CAPACITY BUILDING
11.1 Introduction
Effective implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Framework will require technical
capacity of implementing institutions. Subproject implementing bodies need to understand inherent social
and environmental issues and values and be able to clearly identify the indicators. A capacity needs
assessment was inbuilt to identify strengthening needs on social and environmental evaluation, screening,
mitigation and monitoring during the preparation of this ESMF. The suggestions on training and capacity
development requirements under this section are based on the parent ENREP project, recent observations,
and consultations during the field visits, which was conducted as part of the preparation of this ESMF.
This chapter sets out training and capacity building that is required to support implementation of this
ESMF. It states the detail training and capacity development requirement for DBE, MoWIE staffs and
other regional and Wereda level implementing parties, MFIs, PSE who are directly or indirectly engage in
the proposed off-grid alternative energy and clean cooking energy programs. This capacity development
and training plan supports DBE and other institutions to develop their capacity to sufficiently screen,
monitor, evaluate and assess the environmental impact of the two programs.
In many institutions, staff members have been retained for core activities of their profession whereas little
consideration to directly oversee environmental management activities has been taken. In some cases,
environment personnel are present but their level of training and technical capacity on environmental
principles and tools of management is not sufficient. Training and awareness creation will be undertaken
at different levels of implementation. These levels will entail the federal government, local authorities,
private sector, micro finance institutions, NGOs, and grassroots stakeholders. The exercise will be
customized according to each level’s needs to ensure adequacy in implementation of the ESMF.
Although the parent ENREP project has an ESMF document for the management of potential
environmental and social impacts during the implementations of subproject activities, the existing capacity
under DBE and regional and Wereda relevant institutions to implement the safeguards instruments is
limited. Therefore, it is required to prepare an ESMF, containing a detail capacity development
requirements and recommendations, through customizing the parent ENREP’s ESMF to identify the
capacity gap and propose subproject specific training and other capacity development program.
In order to ensure proper implementation of environmental and social screening, and mitigation measures,
as well as implementation of the subprojects in a sustainable manner, MoWIE will undertake a program of
environmental training and institutional capacity building. The objective of the training under this ESMF
is to:
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• Ensure that regional and Wereda officials, energy experts and extension agents in each region
have the capacity to assist communities and beneficiaries in preparing their subproject proposals,
and to appraise, approve and supervise implementation of subprojects;
• Representatives and leaders of community members and farmer groups, Beneficiaries, Institutions
and associations at local levels to prioritize their needs, and to identify, prepare, implement and
manage the environmental and social aspects of subprojects activities; and,
• Support Local MFIs, PSEs and extension agents to provide technical support (including basic
ESMP, ESMF, RPF, and RAP) implementations to communities and farmers in implementing
their subprojects in an environmental friendly and socially acceptable manner.
11.2 Training
The objective of the training activities are to ensure that relevant regional and Wereda government staff,
private sector, micro finance institutions, and other beneficiaries at local level are able to design and
contract the proposed Off-grid alternative Energy and Clean cooking energy programs in an environmental
friendly and socially acceptable way. It helps also to ensure that local government officials and other
project implementers have the capacity to analyze environmental and social impacts, recommend
mitigation measures and appraise, approve and supervise implementation of subprojects.
The DBE environmental and social safeguards specialists will require an induction training on World
Bank and GoE environmental and social safeguards policies, and on the use of the screening and other
pertinent checklists. Annual follow-up training is anticipated. The training will take place in Addis Ababa,
regions and respective Weredas, as required.
In general, technical training, awareness creation, and sensitization will also be required for
experts/technicians and officials from of the following institutions.
• Credit Officers, Energy Experts and Safeguards specialists at DBE;

• Relevant experts/officials in MoWIE;
• Relevant experts and officials from Regional WME Bureaus;
• Wereda WME experts/officials;
• Private Sector Enterprises;
• Micro Finance Institutions;
• Kebele Extension agents;
• Representatives from community members; and,
• NGOs.
The training will focus on:
• WB safeguards policies as well as implementation and enforcement;

• Stakeholder engagement, consultation and partnerships;
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• EIA law, procedures, & guidelines and enforcing mechanisms;

• Application of ESMF tools (Screening checklists, ESMP, EA), their review, implementation and
enforcement;
• Development of mitigation measures and Environmental and Social Management Plans;
• Environmental reporting, monitoring and follow-up of ESMF; and,
• Installation maintenance and Operations of Alternative energy technology (Solar Home System,
Biogas, etc.).
Table 11 sets out the specific training requirements of each of these participants which are categorized in
the following:
1) Technical training (T)-In -depth training to a level that allows trainees to go on to train others,
including technical procedures where relevant;
2) Sensitization (S), in which the trainees become familiar with the issues to a sufficient extent that it
allows them to demand their precise requirements for further technical assistance; and,
3) Awareness creation trainings (A), in which the participants acknowledge the significance or
relevance of the issues, though they have not in-depth technical knowledge of the issues.
Training for energy experts at Wereda level will be required, both on general environmental issues and on
the specific screening procedures and mitigating measures described in the ESMF. Initial as well as annual
follow-up training is anticipated. Training of local level will provide a good opportunity for the DBE’s
Safeguards Specialists, experts/officials in the monitoring and evaluation team and Energy Coordination
Team to obtain solid experience from the Wereda level that will be useful for subsequent training of
regional and Wereda level and for the development/refinement of Wereda level training materials.
The MoWIE in coordination with regional experts will undertake training courses on environmental and
social safeguards issues, possible adverse impacts of subprojects, and grievance mechanisms to Kebele
and community levels. The regional and Wereda energy experts will be organizing other
training/awareness sessions for the communities and beneficiaries, into which these aspects will be
integrated.
Based on the annual detailed training plans, the DBE Energy Coordination Team in collaboration with
regional and Wereda level energy experts will conduct selection of participants.
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Table 11: Training and Sensitization Requirements

Participants
Energy Regional and Kebele Extension Staff from Elders, PSEs and
Coordination Wereda agents, community National and Representatives MFIs
Topics Team, Energy teams members, regional Line from
Safeguard Beneficiaries Ministries and community
specialists & Bureau members
related experts
at DBE and
MoWIE
ESIA/ESMP Procedure guideline preparation and implantation of ESMP T T S S A S
Integrating environmental and social management into development planning T T A S NA A
Public consultation T T S A A A
Applying ESMF and Application of ESMF tools (Screening checklists, ESMP, EA), their
T T S S A A
review, implementation and enforcement.
National and International standards on environmental and social management issues T S NA S NA S
EIA law, procedures, & guidelines and enforcing mechanisms T T A A A A
Development of mitigation measures and ESMPs T T A A A A
Stakeholders Engagement, consultation and partnerships T S A A A S
Subproject specific ESMP development and application T T S A A S
World Bank Safeguard policies, implementation and enforcement T T A A A A
Environmental reporting, monitoring and follow-up of ESMF T T A A A A
Installation, Maintenance and Operation of Alternative Energy technology (Solar home

T T A S NA A
system, Biogas, etc.)
T = detailed training, S = sensitization to the issues, A = raised awareness, NA=not applicable
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Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for
Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable Energy Program (EOREP) and Ethiopia Clean Cooking Energy Program (ECCEP)
As a general guideline, training and awareness/sensitization of DBE’s environmental and social

safeguards specialists, credit officers and energy experts; relevant staffs from line ministries and
bureaus at the national, regional and Wereda levels on issues of environmental and social impacts is
required. The sensitization/awareness training will aim to build the capacity, create awareness and
sensitize on the requirements and key aspects of ESMF for a broad audience comprising of experts and
officials from DBE, MoWIE, MFIs and PSEs.
In addition, a more detailed and specific training module will be developed and delivered to the
regional and Wereda level alternative energy project teams, and other relevant staff in the line
government institutions, such as staffs from the Ministry/Directorate of Environment, involved in
implementation of the two proposed programs. This training will include regular updates and refresher
modules delivered during ESMF implementation.
The training and capacity building activities which are proposed to support ESMF implementation are:
• A general training and awareness/sensitization for relevant stakeholder at all levels and local
communities on the contents and implementation o f requirements of this ESMF; and,
• In-depth training for the energy project team members at the regional and Wereda level on the
ESMF implementation, including all aspects of environmental management, ESIA, ESMP, public
consultation, and integration of environmental management into project development planning.
Training to regional and Wereda level staff and staffs from line agencies, MFIs and PSEs, MFI’s focal
persons/staff at the Kebele level on issues of environmental management is required in the form of
induction training followed by regular refresher courses and updates.
Specialists in the MoWIE in collaboration with Regional Energy team members will provide training to
Wereda energy experts. A cascade model of training will be adopted with regular oversight from the
Regional and national level. For each group, training will be provided to bring them to a different level of
expertise in the different areas (see Table 12). Programs will also include refresher courses in all of the
identified topics.
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Table 12: Proposed Training Packages

Audience Training Component Duration Potential Trainers
Energy Team All training topics listed under table 11. 5-day workshop for the first • Consultant;
Coordination, safeguard year and 1-day refresher
• MoEFCC;
specialists and related courses annually
experts at DBE and • WB safeguard Team;
MoWIE and,
• Other relevant
institutions.
• Consultant;
All training topics listed under table 11, 3-day workshop for the first • MoEFCC;
except sensitization workshop on year and 1/2-day refresher • Regional
National and International standards on courses annually Environmental and
Regional Energy project environmental and social management Forest Bureaus (or
team issues. related institutions);
• DBE;
• MoWIE; and,
• WB Safeguard Team.
All training topics listed under table 11, 3-day workshop for the first • Regional WME; and,
except sensitization workshop on year and 1/2-day refresher
• Regional
National and International standards on courses annually Environmental and
Wereda Energy project environmental and social management Forest Bureaus (or
team issues. related institutions).
Sensitization and raised awareness on 1-day sensitization workshop as • Wereda environment

Kebele Extension relevant topics stated under table 11. required offices;
agents, community
• MFIs; and,
members, Beneficiaries
• WME offices.
Elders and Sensitization and raised awareness on 1-day sensitization workshop as • MFI;
Representatives from relevant topics stated under table 11. required
• Wereda environment
community members offices; and,
• WMEB.
Staff from National and Sensitization and raised awareness for 1-day sensitization workshop • MoEFCC staff;
regional Line Ministries most of the topics stated under table 11. per region as required, 1/2-day
• WB Safeguard Team;
and Bureaus refresher courses, as needed
• DBE; and,
• MoWIE.
Private Sector Sensitization and raised awareness for 1-day awareness raised • DBE;
Enterprises and Micro most of the topics stated under table 11. workshop during project
• MoWIE;
Finance Institutions implementation period, 1/2-day
refresher courses, as needed • MoEFCC;
• WMEB; and,
• WB Safeguards Team,
An example of an agenda for a proposed one (1) day training workshop on ESMF implementation and
integration of environment and social management concerns into development planning is provided in
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table 13. Accordingly, DBE and MoWIE in collaboration with Regional Water, Mines and Energy
Bureaus will develop the training agenda during the planned training period. The training programs will
also include refresher courses in all of the topics identified.
Table 13: Sample-training agenda for a day

Session Content
Introduction to This session will introduce participants to the theory and application of ESMF as
Environmental and a decision making tool. It will outline the principles of ESMF and provide clear
Social Management definitions on ESMP practice terminology (e.g. classification of impacts, natural
Plans resource base (water, soil, land, biodiversity, air, etc., mitigation and monitoring)
and social baseline (employment, social, health, etc.).
World Bank This section will discuss the relevant principal World Bank safeguard policies
Safeguard Policies and their application to subprojects under the subprojects under discussion. In
and national addition, the applicable GoE legislation will be discussed in terms of the relevant
legislation environmental and social laws and policies, which apply to activities under the
program.
Screening of the two A list of potential activities to be financed under the projects will be discussed.
proposed programs’ Application of the screening checklist will be explained using case studies.
subprojects
Impact identification Potential impacts related to various types of activities will be discussed, in terms
of their significance (adverse or minimal, positive or negative), magnitude (long
term versus short term), and impact category (localized or cumulative).
Table 14 sets out the estimated budget requirements which will be updated by DBE’s energy coordination
team in collaboration with environmental and social Safeguard specialists of DBE and relevant experts in
the energy program within the MoWIE. A contingency is included to cater for training of new staff from
Wereda or regional energy project team in occasions where the first appointed energy team member has
resigned and for re-training of non-performers.
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Table 14: Estimated Budget for training activities

Training activity Duration Cost/participa No. of Estimated
[days] nt/day* [USD] participants Total Cost
Safeguards Specialists and other related experts at DBE and MoWIE
National training course 5 50 10 2500
Annual follow up training for year two 1 50 10 500
Regional and Wereda Energy teams
Initial training 3 50 76 11400
Annual follow up training 1/2 50 76 3800
PSE and MFI staff, Line and sector Ministries and community representative from
implementing Weredas
Initial training/Workshop 1 50 120 6000
Trainers
National and Regional level trainings 8 100 3 2400
Lump sum cost for Wereda and Kebele 2000

level trainings
Training facilities
Lump sum stationary, banner, hall rent, 6000

entertainment, facilitator and others
Total 34, 600
Contingency 10% 3,460
Grand Total 38,060
* Inclusive of participants' transport and per diems and, if applicable, trainers' (regional energy experts and in the case of initial
training of Wereda energy team members transport and per diems. The lump sum cost which will be described later on during
preparation of training proposals should also include costs of stationery materials, handouts, refreshments, and if there are costs
for facilitators.
At the national level, the training activities in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment including
environmental project screening and implementation of ESMF can be conducted by Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change or private consultants under the supervision of the MoWIE with
the support of the DBE. This will have to be done before the implementation of the project, so as to apply
the knowledge/skills during implementation of the subprojects. Skills in the screening process will be very
useful for assessing the environmental implications of the subproject activities at the outset.
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11.3 Technical assistance
As most of the subprojects under the two proposed programs are expected to be small-scale and have
limited impacts that can be easily mitigated (environmental assessment category “B”), it is anticipated that
the regional energy team members and the DBE safeguard specialists and staff from Energy Coordination
Team at DBE will be able to provide the required technical assistance on environmental and social
safeguards management to Wereda energy experts. The Wereda energy experts on the other hand will
provide training and awareness to Kebele focal persons. In cases where the environmental assessments are
more complicated the Wereda energy experts and Kebele focal persons will request assistance from the
regional alternative energy teams or Regional/Wereda environmental offices. In order to strengthen the
capacity of DBE and to ensure sound implementation of ESMF and other subprojects environmental and
social safeguard instruments, DBE will recruit two additional environmental and social safeguard
specialists.
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12. ESMF MONITORING, ANNUAL AUDIT, EVALUATION AND REPORTING
12.1 Monitoring
Monitoring is a continuing process throughout the life of the proposed programs from subproject
installation and construction phase up to operation and decommissioning phase. Its purpose is to establish
benchmarks so that the nature and magnitude of anticipated environmental and social impacts can be
continually assessed ensuring the achievement of ESMF objectives. Monitoring of ESMF could be
continuous during subproject implementations or periodic review as annual monitoring/auditing to
determine and guarantee the effectiveness of ESMF measures and procedures.
The objectives of monitoring are:
i) To alert program implementers by providing timely information about the success or

otherwise of the environmental management process outlined in this ESMF in such a
manner that changes can be made as required to ensure continuous improvement to Ethiopia
off-grid renewable energy and Ethiopia clean cooking energy programs’ environmental and
social management process (even beyond the project’s life); and,
ii) To make a final evaluation in order to determine whether the mitigation measures
incorporated in the technical designs and the EMP have been successful in such a way that
the pre-project environmental and social condition has been restored, improved upon or is
worse than before and to determine what further mitigation measures may be required.
The ESMF implementation indicators to be monitored during project implementation include the
following:
• Number of field appraisals undertaken;
• Number of ESMPs developed;
• Number of written warnings of violations of ESMPs issued to Private Sector Enterprises,

Microfinance institutions, project contractors and/or the beneficiaries in case of non-compliances;
• Number of recommendations from the WB missions, annual review and monitoring that have been
implemented by the beginning of the following year;
• Number of chance find procedures for physical cultural resources invoked, if applicable;
• Number of staff at all levels trained in the implementation of this ESMF; and,
• Number of staff at federal, regional and Wereda levels attending training course in ESMF,
RAP/RPF, ESMP, ESIA, and other safeguards instruments.
116
The ESMF training component is monitored through indicators of number of safeguard specialists,
Regional and Wereda energy experts, PSE, MFI’s staff at Regional and Wereda level Biogas focal points,
elders, beneficiaries and community members etc. trained and the topics covered.
Follow up on previous recommendations is monitored through the number of recommendations from the
annual review that have been implemented. The indicators are deliberately very simple. Despite their
simplicity, the integration of these indicators into both off grid renewable energy and clean cooking
energy programs monitoring & evaluation systems provides a guarantee that the ESMF will be
implemented in full during the two programs implementation period.
The Monitoring and Evaluation Team and/or the Energy Coordination Team in the SFA & RFIP
Coordination Directorate of the DBE will report to the DBE, MoWIE and the World Bank, who will lead
and oversee the implementation of any corrective measures that are required. Monitoring and evaluation is
necessary to ensure that (i) the ESMF process is being implemented appropriately, and (ii) the mitigation
measures are being identified and implemented. This will enable to identify various issues that necessitate
amendments in the ESMF so as to improve its effectiveness.
12.2 Annual Audit
Annual Audit: an independently commissioned environmental and social audit/monitoring will be carried
out on an annual basis as required. Annual Audit of the ESMF implementation will be undertaken by
external consultants. The reviews amongst other things will assess the performance of the two Programs’
against the procedures described in this document, the need for future training, and the environmental and
social impacts of the off grid renewable energy and clean cooking energy Programs. Guidelines for annual
reviews are included in annex 7.
The Annual Audit also provides a strong incentive for DBE and MoWIE to ensure that the ESMF will be
implemented, and the project ESMPs will be developed and implemented. An Annual Audit Report will
include a summary of the environmental performance of the two programs, based on the subproject
ESMPs and measures indicated in the ESMF; presentation of compliance and progress in the
implementation of the subproject ESMPs; and a synopsis of the environmental monitoring results from
individual project monitoring measures (as set out in the subproject ESMPs), at local level.
The main tasks of the audit study will be, but not limited to:
• Consideration of the description of the project;
• Indicate the objective, scope and criteria of the audit;
117
• Verify the level of compliance by the proponent with the conditions of the environmental
management plan;
• Evaluate the proponent’s knowledge and awareness of and responsibility for the application of
relevant legislation;
• Review existing project documentation related to all project facilities and designs;
• Examine monitoring programs, parameters and procedures in place for control and corrective
actions in case of emergencies;
• Examine records of incidents and accidents and the likelihood of future occurrence of the
incidents and accidents;
• Inspect areas where subproject equipment and materials are stored and disposed of and give a
record of all significant environmental risks associated with such activities;
• Examine and seek views on health and safety issues from the project staffs, the local and other
potentially affected communities; and,
• Prepare a list of health, safety and environmental concerns of past and on-going activities.
The suggested annual report template for a subproject is depicted in annex 8. An annual monitoring and
evaluation report must be submitted to the WB by the DBE.
12.3 End-of-project evaluation
Based on the comprehensive annual reviews, an end-of-project evaluation will take place, going into more
details with some of the issues raised in the annual reviews and the impact of the capacity development
activities provided to the GoE relevant ministries and institutions officials and staffs. The evaluation will
be performed as per the OECD/DAC criteria of relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and
sustainability2.
12.4 Reporting
To monitor the progress of the implementation of the measures that have been identified in this ESMF,
annual reviews will be carried out as outlined in annex 7. The principal output of the annual reviews is an
annual review report that documents the review methodology, summarizes the results, and provides
practical recommendations. Distinct sections should address: a) ESMF performance, and b) cumulative
2For more information on the OECD/DAC criteria, please refer to http://www.oecd.org/dac/

evaluationofdevelopmentprograms/daccriteriaforevaluatingdevelopmentassistance.htm
118
impacts. Annexes should provide the detailed results of the fieldwork, and summarize the number of
approved projects by the respective national and regional teams and their characteristics according to the
annual report format (see annex 9). Copies of the annual review report should be delivered to the program
coordination unit (PCU), to each Local, Regional and National Government office responsible for
appraisal, approval and implementation of projects, and to the World Bank. To ensure early detection of
critical environmental and social conditions and to provide information on the mitigation progress and
results, reporting deadlines have been specified in the implementation schedule.
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13. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
This section of the ESMF describes the process for ensuring that environmental and social concerns are
adequately addressed through the institutional arrangements and procedures used by the project for
managing the identification, preparation, approval and implementation of subprojects. This section sets
out the reporting systems and schedules for ESMF implementation adherence to the program
implementation period.
In order to comply with various technical and performance standards, the proposed subproject activities to
be supported under these two programs shall comply with this Environmental and Social Management
Framework. The implementation, monitoring and reporting arrangements for the ESMF have been worked
out within the overall institutional structure for implementation of the proposed Off grid Renewable
energy and Clean Cooking Energy program. The implementation schedule for the ESMF is outlined in
table 15 and takes into account all activities related to the proposed measures (enhancement and
mitigation), the monitoring program, consultations, and institutional arrangements.
120
Table 15: Implementation schedule for ESMF
No. PROJECT ACTIVITIES 2017-2018 2018-2019 REPORTING

DEADLINES
Quarterly Quarterly
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 Recruitment of safeguards specialists • Immediate after staff are

recruited
2 Various Capacity development • ESMP before project

Programs approval and/or after
finalizing screening of
subprojects
• Annually at year 1&2 of
4th quarter
3 Development of Site-specific ESMPs
4 Development of Site Specific Work

plans
5 Technical Assistance Annually
6 ESMF implementation, monitoring Every quarter

and supervisions
7 Annual reviews of ESMF Annually by the end of 4th

quarter
8 End-of-Program evaluation By the end of 2nd year of

4th quarter
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14. BUDGET REQUIREMENT FOR ESMF IMPLEMNTAION
The estimated budget requirement for the implementation of the ESMF is indicated in table 16 while the
summary of ESMF budget is depicted in table 17. The environmental management cost is not included in
the ESMF budget, as it will be covered directly or indirectly by the two programs, i.e. through allocation
for regional and/or Wereda subproject’s administrative and logistical expenses or through inclusion of cost
for mitigating measures in contracts with contractors, beneficiaries or communities.
The breakdown of activities with cost implications for the implementation of ESMF includes development
of sites specific ESMPs.
Given the nature and locality of the proposed subproject site and the significance of the scale of
anticipated impacts will be identified during screening of subprojects for which the site specific ESMP
will be prepared. This ESMP will use the information and template stated under environmental and social
impacts, management and monitoring sections of this ESMF. Recruitment of environmental and social
specialists or consideration of other alternative means is required to develop site specific Environmental
and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) for all subprojects. National consultant is required for a period of
at least one month to undertake environmental and social audit that will be mainstreamed within the scope
of the Programs’ Annual Audit.
122
Table 16: Estimated budget requirements for the implementation of the ESMF
No ACTIVITY Estimated No. of Estimated Cost in USD Remarks
. number of days
participants
Y1 Y2 Total Y1 Y2 Y1 Y2 Total
1 Institutional Development
Policy, guidelines or other related 30 30 1 1 1500 1500 One-day induction workshop for
topics induction workshops officials (50 USD/day for lodging
and per diem)
2 Training and Workshops
2.1 DBE and MoWIE staff members (5 from each institution) 2 Weredas from each region, 2
people from each region and 2 from
the two city administrations (50
USD/day for lodging and per diem)
· Training 10 10 10 5000 2500 5 days training
· Refresher workshop 10 10 1 500 500 1 day
2.2 Regional, 2 city administrations and Wereda energy experts
· Training 388 38 76 3 3 5700 5700 11400 3 days training, two staff from each 3
line ministries, MFI and PSE from
each region and two administration
(50 USD/day for lodging, transport
and per diem)
· Refresher workshop 76 76 1/2 1/2 0 3800 3800 1/2 day
2.3 Energy experts, PSE and MFI staff, relevant Ministries and community representative from implementing Weredas
· Workshop 60 60 120 1 1 3000 3000 6000 1 day workshop
Lump sum stationary, banner, hall 6000

rent , entertainment and other
2.4 Trainers at federal and regional level 3 0 3 8 0 2400 2400 Environment, Social, Energy experts
2.5 Trainers at federal and regional level- 2000
Lump sum

No ACTIVITY Estimated No. of Estimated Cost in USD Remarks

. number of days
participants
Y1 Y2 Total Y1 Y2 Y1 Y2 Total
2.6 Training facilities-Lump sum 6000
Sub Total 34,600
Contingency (10%) 3,460
Total 38,060
3 ESMF implementation 6000 6000 12,000 Lump sum for monitoring
Monitoring: lump sum
4 GRM implementation: Lump sum 4000 4000 8000
5 Recruitment of additional two 2 2 12,000 12,000 24000 Lump sum for two years
safeguard staff for two years
6 Annual reviews of ESMF 20000 Based on two annual reviews (the last
annual review is replaced by the end-
of-program evaluation)
7 End-of-Program ESMF evaluation 10000 An evaluation of the impact of the
ESMF and the subprojects
Sub-total 112,060
Contingency 10% 11,206
Grand Total 123,266

Table 17: Summary of ESMF budget
Activity Description Total cost [USD]

Capacity development As per chapter 11 (table 14) and chapter 38, 060
14 (table 16).
ESMF Monitoring Lump sum for two years quarterly 12,000
monitoring
GRM implementation Lump sum for two years 8,000
Recruitment of additional two Lump sum for two safeguards specialist 24000
safeguards staff for two years for two years
Annual reviews of ESMF Based on two annual reviews (the last 20,000
annual review is replaced by the end-of-
program evaluation) (as per chapter 12)
End-of-Program evaluation An evaluation of the impact of the 10,000
ESMF and the subprojects (as per
chapter 12)
Total 112,060
Contingence (10%) 11,206
Grand Total 123,266
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15. FEEDBACK AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSING REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM)
15.1 Feedback and Grievance mechanism
Grievance redressing mechanisms have to be designed in view of the fact that subproject activities may
upset the existing balance in society. The resettlement project will touch upon property issues, means of
livelihood, and organization of social and spatial aspects that influence proximity to a set of
environmental, economic, social, and spiritual assets. Therefore, the grievance redressing system has to
be designed in such a way that it functions in a flexible manner and the implementing agency has to
incline to a pro-poor approach in all its decisions. The GRM will have a working place and adequate
budget for implementation.
Grievances will be actively managed and tracked to ensure that appropriate resolution and actions are
taken. A clear time schedule will be defined for resolving grievances, ensuring that they are addressed in
an appropriate and timely manner, with corrective actions being implemented if appropriate and the
complainant being informed of the outcome.
Grievances may arise from members of communities who are dissatisfied with (i) the eligibility criteria,
(ii) community planning and resettlement measures, or (iii) actual implementation. This chapter sets out
the measures to be used to manage grievances.
The grievance procedure does not replace existing legal processes. Based on consensus, the procedures
will seek to resolve issues quickly in order to expedite the receipt of entitlements, without resorting to
expensive and time-consuming legal actions. If the grievance procedure fails to provide a result,
complainants can still seek legal redress
A local grievance hearing committee (GHC) will be established, consisting of representatives from the
village or town, municipality, Wereda, or Kebele administration, the displaced/affected persons, village
elders or influential personalities other than the displaced/affected persons, and the church/mosque
administration. Grievances should be settled amicably whenever possible. That is, positive discussions
are made to convince the affected PAPs in the presence of the GHC. However, if the resolution of a case
requires additional payment any form of relocation of resources, the report shall be sent to the
appropriate administrative executive for consideration. If the administrator agrees to the
recommendation, he/she shall instruct the resettlement/appropriate unit to implement the amended
provision; on the other hand, if the recommendation of the GHC is such that it upsets legal frameworks,
the aggrieved party may be advised to pursue the case in a normal law court.
According to proclamationN0Pproclamation No0.455/2005, Article11, subarticle1: “In rural areas and

in urban centers where an administrative organ to hear grievances related to urban land holding is not
yet established, a complaint relating to the amount of compensation shall be submitted to the regular
court having jurisdiction.”
126
In urban areas, a PAP who is dissatisfied with the amount of compensation may complain to an
administrative organ and if the PAP is still not satisfied, may appeal to the regular appellate court or
municipal appellate court within thirty days from the date of the decision.
15.2 World Bank Group (WBG) Grievance Redress Service
Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a WBG supported program,
may submit complaints to existing program-level grievance redress mechanisms or the WBG‘s Grievance
Redress Service (GRS).The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to
address program-related concerns. Program affected communities and individuals may submit their
complaint to the WBG‘s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or
could occur, as a result of WBG non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be
submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the WBG‘s attention, and WBG
Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to
the WBG‘s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit http://www.worldbank.org/GRS.
A detailed feedback and grievance mechanism will be included in the Operations Manual for the overall
functioning of the two programs. It will be ensured that the grievance mechanisms will include the
necessary procedures for disclosure and resolution of environmental and social related grievances of each
subproject.
The grievance mechanism will detail procedures on how grievances related to proposed subprojects are
dealt with, including how, when and where subproject information is disclosed, who will receive and
respond to grievances, when grievances are referred to higher levels, and how grievances are ideally
resolved. It is anticipated that the grievance mechanism will contain procedures for addressing grievances
at different levels, including at Kebele, Wereda, zone, region and national level with multiple lines of
reporting and special attention to grievance channels for vulnerable groups. In case of any request, it is
anticipated that grievances can be put forward both in writing and orally.
Based on the Bank’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS), project-affected communities and individuals may
submit complaints regarding a Bank-financed project to the project grievance redress mechanism,
appropriate local grievance mechanism, or the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS).
Annex 11 describes the generic grievance redress mechanism that can be applied to the programs.
127
REFERENCES
Addis Ababa City Administration (no date), Finance and Economy Development Bureau, Addis Ababa
Socio-Economic Profile, Addis Ababa.
CSA (August 2013), Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions at Wereda Level from 201 –2017, Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Dire Dawa Administration (July 2006), Integrated Development Plan (IDP) of Dire Dawa Administration, 2006/7 -
2010/2011, Dire Dawa.
ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION (EEPCo) (December 2011), Ethiopia- Electricity Network
Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP).
ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION (EEPCo) (December 2011), Ethiopia-

Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP).
FDRE (1995), Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2001), Ministry of Water Resources, Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy, Addis
Ababa.
FDRE (2002), A Proclamation Provided for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs
(Proclamation No. 295/2002), Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 299/2002), Addis
Ababa.
FDRE (2002), Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002), Addis
Ababa.
FDRE (2005), A Proclamation to Provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and
Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005), Addis Ababa.
FDRE (2011), Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy, Addis Ababa.
FDRE (January 2003), Guideline Series Documents For Reviewing Environmental Impact Study Reports,
Environmental Protection Authority Addis Ababa.
FDRE (no date), Energy Policy of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
FDRE, Proclamation No. 916/2015, Definition of Powers and Duties of the Executive Organs of the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Hivos Unlimited et.al (May 2014), National Biogas Program Ethiopia phase II (NBPE-II), NBPE-II
Program Implementation Document, Final Version
128
International Development Association (May 6, 2016), Project Paper on a Proposed Additional Credit,
Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project, Report No. PAD1691.
Ministry of Federal Affairs (February 2004), Industrial and Trade Development Study of Dire Dawa, (First Draft),
Dire Dawa Development and Improvement Project Office, (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa).
Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection, (October, 1994), Natural
Resources Development and Environmental Protection Strategy and Major Programs,
National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Addis Ababa.
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (January 2015.), GTP II, 2008-2012 E.C., Addis Ababa
(in Amharic).
MOFED and EPA (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
National Planning Commission (December 2015), Growth and Transformation Plan II, Main Document,
Addis Ababa, (in Amharic).
Program Design Document form for Small-Scale CDM Programs of Activities, (Version 04.0)
The World Bank (March 2005), The World Bank Operations Manual- Operational Policies.
World Bank (no date), Information on World Bank Projects and Policies, Safeguard Policies for World
Bank Reconstruction Projects, Chapter 21.Program Design Document form for Small-Scale
CDM Programs of Activities, (Version 04.0).
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTFORESTS/Resources/OP401.pdf
https://advocacy4oromia.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/an-overview-of-oromias-tourism-resources.pdf
[An Overview of Oromia’s Tourism Resources]
129
ANNEXES
Annex 1: List of Subprojects that are not eligible for Funding
Subproject that are not eligible for funding
Subprojects that will block the access to water points etc. used by others
Subprojects that will cause encroachment to, and adversely affect, important natural habitats ( e.g.,
wildlife reserves; parks or sanctuaries; protected areas; natural habitat areas, forests and forest
reserves, wetlands, national parks or game reserve; any other ecologically/environmentally sensitive
areas)
Subprojects that will impact on physical cultural resources (archaeological sites; religious
monuments or structures; natural sites with cultural values; cemeteries; graveyards; graves; and
other sites of significance)
Subprojects that will be located in protected areas and ecologically sensitive sites
Subprojects that would not disadvantage or give advantage to community members.
Subproject that will contravene international and regional conventions on environmental and social
issues
Subprojects that cause large-scale physical disturbance of the site or the surroundings
130
Annex 2: Environmental and Social Screening Checklist for Screening of Potential Environmental and
Social Impacts of Off-Grid Renewable Energy and Clean Cooking Energy Programs
This section outlines the selection criteria and associated Environmental and Social Assessment
procedures to be applied when screening subprojects. This form is to be used by the DBE/MFIs to screen
all proposed subprojects under the two programs.
Annex 2.1: Subproject information for screening potential safeguards impacts (Form 1)
I. Basic Data:
Name of the Program:

Subprojects Name:
Subprojects Location:
Name of the Beneficiary:
Address:
Civil Works to be constructed:
Proposed Date for Commencement of Work:
Technical Specifications Reviewed: Yes __ No __
DBE/MFI Team Representative and Address:
Site Selection:
II. Site Description
Site Features Description
Physical description of the site
Proximity to existing water points, wells and

other water resources
Presence and type of vegetation
What is the current land use?
Who identified the site?
Who is the owner or user of the land?
Who occupies the land?
Completeness of Subproject Application:

Does the subproject application document contain, as appropriate, the following information?
Issues to be considered Yes No N/A

Description of the proposed subproject and where it is located
Reasons for proposing the subproject
The estimated cost of construction and operation
Information about how the site was chosen, and what alternatives were considered
A map or drawing showing the location and boundary of the subproject including any
land required temporarily during construction
The plan for any physical works (e.g. layout, buildings, other structures, construction
materials)
131
Issues to be considered Yes No N/A

Any new access arrangements or changes to existing road layouts
Any land that needs to be acquired, as well as who owns it, lives on it or has rights to
use it
A work program for construction, operation and decommissioning the physical
works, as well as any site restoration needed afterwards
Construction methods
Resources to be used in construction and operation (e.g. materials, water, energy)
Information about measures included in the subprojects plan to avoid or minimize
adverse environmental and social impacts
Details of any permits required for the subproject
Annex 2.2: Subproject eligibility checklist for DBE or MFI at the National/Regional/Wereda/Kebele
level (Form 2)
Name of the subproject:
Location of the subproject: Region: _____________ Zone: _____________Wereda: _____________
Kebele:______________
Person(s) who did the eligibility checklist
Name Organization Signature Date

1.
2.
Answer the following questions to determine whether the subproject is eligible or not*
Will the subproject Yes No
cause large-scale physical disturbance of the site or the surroundings
block the access to or use of water points etc. used by others
located in protected areas and other ecologically sensitive ecosystems
create encroachment and/or cause significant adverse impacts to critical natural habitats
(e.g., wildlife reserves; parks or sanctuaries; protected areas; forests and forest reserves,
wetlands, national parks or game reserve; any other ecologically/environmentally
sensitive areas)
significant impact on physical cultural resources (archaeological sites; religious
monuments or structures; natural sites with cultural values; cemeteries; graveyards;
graves; and other sites of significance)
Have risk on and/or exclude some members of a community, including vulnerable and
minority groups
Contravene international and regional conventions on environmental and social issues
* Please see Chapter 6&7 (and relevant government proclamations and standards) to avoid any subjective impact
analysis of subprojects. This simple checklist can be used by DBE/MFI as a format for fast track eligibility
checking of identified program activities (see also Annex 1).
132
Eligibility Recommendations:
It should be noted that if your answer is “YES” to any of the questions above, your subproject is not
eligible and has to be rejected unless the features can be avoided by change of design and/or other
appropriate mitigation measures.
Subproject is eligible and approved:
Subproject is not eligible and rejected, and requires further action:

Screening supervised and approved by:
Name Position Signature Date:

1. ___________ ______________ ___________ _____________
Annex 2.3. Screening checklist for subprojects with environmental and social concerns (needing
special attention) (Form 3)

Name of the subproject:
Location of the subproject: Region: _____________ Zone: _____________Wereda: _____________
Kebele:______________
Person(s) who did the eligibility checklist
Name Organization Signature Date
1.
2.
A. Subprojects of environmental and social concern
Feature of environmental and social concern: Will the subproject Yes No Comments
Involves land acquisition, or loss of assets, or access to assets on the land
Have chemical wastes, disposal and pollution issues
Displace individuals, families or businesses
Encroach any sensitive area, like wetlands, national parks
Located in or near an area where there is an important historical,
archaeological or cultural heritage site
Have risk of causing the contamination of drinking water
If the subprojects have any of the above features (‘Yes’ answers), the concerned focal person/expert,
within the DBE/MFIs in collaboration with those concerned (WMEB ), notifies the MoWIE, Regional
and Wereda Environmental offices to make sure that the necessary procedures and guidelines are followed
as per chapters 6 and 7 and Annexes 3 and 4. In addition, the subprojects have to be screened for any
potential environmental and social concern as per the checklist given below (Annex 2.2).
133
Recommendations
Subproject needs special attention:
Subproject does not need special attention:

Additional comments
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Screening supervised and approved by:
Name Position Signature Date:
1___________ ______________ ___________ _________
B. Checklist for environmental and social impact rating for subproject activities or
subprojects of environmental and social concerns.
Impact rating will be considered both in terms of consequence of impacts and probability of impacts as
depicted in Chapter 6 of this report so as to avoid subjective impact analysis.
No. Type of activity – Will the subproject: If Yes, Rate of Impacts
A None Low Medium High Unknown
1 Build or rehabilitate any rural roads?
2 Build or rehabilitate any electric energy
system?
3 Build or rehabilitate any structures or
buildings?
4 Support agricultural activities?
5 Be located in or near an area where there is an
important historical, archaeological or cultural
heritage site?
6 Be located within or adjacent to any areas that
are or may be protected by government (e.g.
national park, national reserve, world heritage
site) or local tradition, or that might be a
natural habitat?
7 Depend on water supply from existing
reservoirs, weir, or other water diversion
structure?
B Environment – Will the subproject: If Yes, Rate of Impacts
None Low Medium High Unknown
8 Have risk of causing the contamination of
drinking water?
9 Cause poor water drainage and increase the
risk of water-related diseases such as malaria
or bilharzias?
10 Be located within or nearby environmentally
sensitive areas (e.g. intact natural forests,
mangroves, wetlands) or threatened species?
11 Create a risk of increased soil degradation or
erosion?
12 Produce, or increase the production of, solid or
liquid wastes (e.g. water, medical, domestic or
construction wastes)?
134
13 Affect the quantity or quality of surface waters

(e.g. rivers, streams, wetlands), or groundwater
(e.g. wells)?
14 Result in the production of solid or liquid
waste, or result in an increase in waste
production, during construction or operation?
C Environment – Will the subproject: If Yes, Rate of Impacts
None Low Medium High Unknown
15 Require that land (public or private) be
acquired (temporarily or permanently) for its
development?
16 Use land that is currently occupied or regularly
used for productive purposes (e.g. gardening,
farming, pasture, fishing locations, forests)
17 Displace individuals, families or businesses?
18 Result in the temporary or permanent loss of
crops, fruit trees or household infrastructure
such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens?
19 Result in the involuntary restriction of access by
people to legally designated parks and protected
areas?
*To avoid subjective analysis of impact significance (low, medium or high), please use the criteria given below on
“Summary of site sensitivity”.
When considering the location of a subproject, rate the sensitivity of the proposed site in the following
table according to the given criteria. Higher ratings do not necessarily mean that a site is unsuitable. They
do indicate a real risk of causing undesirable adverse environmental and social effects, and that more
substantial environmental and/or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage
potential effects. The following table should be used as a reference.
Summary of site sensitivity
Site Sensitivity
Issues
Low Medium High
Presence of critical natural habitats

Sensitive No natural habitats No critical natural
present. hot spot biodiversity area,
Natural present of any kind, habitats; other
fragile ecosystem with in declared
habitats No critical hot spot natural habitats
protected area
(Wetland, biodiversity area, occur
national parks) fragile ecosystem
Water quality Water flows exceed Medium intensity Intensive water use; multiple water
and water any existing demand; of water use; users; potential for conflicts is high;
resource low intensity of water multiple water water quality issues are important
availability use; potential water users; water quality Intensive water use; multiple water
and use use conflicts expected issues are users; potential for conflicts is high;
to be low; no potential important water quality issues are important
water quality issues
135
Site Sensitivity
Issues
Low Medium High
Natural Flat terrain; no Medium slopes; Mountainous terrain; steep slopes;

hazards potential some erosion unstable soils; high erosion potential;
vulnerability, stability/erosion potential; medium volcanic, seismic or flood risks
floods, soil problems; no known risks from
stability/ volcanic/seismic/ volcanic/seismic/
erosion flood risks flood/ hurricanes
Cultural No known or Suspected cultural Known heritage sites in project area

property suspected cultural heritage sites;
Physical heritage sites known heritage
cultural sites in broader
resources area of influence
Involuntary No economic or If it displaces less If it displaces greater than 200 people

resettlement physical displacement than 200 people
Land No land acquisition If the activity takes If the activity takes more than 20%
acquisition less than 20% of of households land
households land
Summary of assessment (based on field visit):

________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Environmental Category (B or C) of the subproject activity/ subproject (with justification):

___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Recommendation
The subproject can be considered for approval. The application is complete, all significant
environmental and social issues are resolved, and no further subproject planning is required:
Approved without condition (Project activity is not of environmental and social concern and
approved)
Safeguards instrument(s) required: Partial ESIA, ESMP or others (please specify)
ESMP required:
Rejected; reasons for rejection:
Others (specify):
A field appraisal is required.
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CERTIFICATION
I/We certify that I/we have thoroughly examined all the potential adverse effects of this subproject. To the
best of our knowledge, the subprojects plan as described in the application and associated planning reports
(e.g. ESMP, RAP/ARAP,), if any, will be adequate to avoid or minimize all adverse environmental and
social impacts.
A Field Appraisal report will be completed and added to the subproject file.
Name of desk appraisal officer (print): …………………………………………………………...
Signature: …………………………Date: ………………………………

MoWIE/Regiona/Wereda Environmental offices representative
Name: …………………………………………………………..
Position: …………………………………………………………
Signature: ……………………………………………………
Date: …………………………………………………
Desk Appraisal by Review Authority: …………………………………………….
Note: A field appraisal must be carried out if the subproject:

• Needs to acquire land, or an individual or community’s access to land or available resources is
restricted or lost, or any individual or family is displaced;
• May restrict the use of resources in a park or protected area by people living inside or outside of it;
• May affect a protected area or a critical natural habitat;
• May encroach onto an important natural habitat, or have an impact on ecologically sensitive
ecosystems (e.g. rivers, streams, wetlands);
• May adversely affect or benefit an underserved and vulnerable people;
• Involves or introduces the use of pesticides;
• Involves, or results in: a) diversion or use of surface waters; b) construction or rehabilitation of
latrines, septic or sewage systems; c) production of waste (e.g. slaughterhouse waste, medical waste);
d) new or rebuilt irrigation or drainage systems; or e) weirs, reservoirs or water points; and,
• Any others to be clarified/checked at the subproject site (please mention them).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Annex 3: Suggested Environmental and Social Field Appraisal Form for a Subproject

NAME OF SUBPROJECT: Application Number:
PART 1: IDENTIFICATION
1. Subproject Name: (……………….)
2. Subproject Location: (…………………)
3. Reason for Field Appraisal:
4. Date(s) of Field Appraisal:
5. Field Appraisal Officer and Address:
6. Extension Team Representative and Address:
7. Community Representative and Address:
PART 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT

8. Subproject Details:
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
PART 3: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

9. Will the subproject: Yes No
* Need to acquire land?
* Affect an individual or the community's access to land or available resources?
* Displace or result in the involuntary resettlement of an individual or family?
If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes:
 The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP/ARAP) included in the subproject application is adequate. No
further action required.
 The RAP/ARAP included in the subproject application must be improved before the application can
be considered further.
 An RAP/ARAP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further.
10. Will the subproject: Yes No
* Encroach onto an important natural habitat?
* Negatively affect ecologically sensitive ecosystems?
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 The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) included in the subproject application is
adequate. No further action required.
 The ESMP included in the subproject application must be improved before the application can be
considered further.
 An ESMP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further.
11. Will this subproject involve or result in: Yes No

* Diversion or use of surface waters?
* Production of waste?
* New or rebuilt irrigation or drainage systems?
 The application describes suitable measures for managing the potential adverse environmental effects
of these activities. No further action required.
 The application does not describe suitable measures for managing the potential adverse environmental
effects of these activities. An ESMP must be prepared and approved before the application is
considered further.
12. Will this subproject rely on water supplied from an existing reservoirs or weir?
Yes No
 The application demonstrates that a dam safety report has been prepared, the dam is safe, and no
remedial work is required. No further action is required.
 The application does not demonstrate that a dam safety report has been prepared, the dam is safe, and
no remedial work is required. A dam safety report must be prepared and approved before the
application is considered further.
15. Are there any other environmental or social issues that have not been adequately addressed?
Yes No
If "Yes", summarize them:
.........................................................................................................................................................
And tick one of the following boxes:

 Before it is considered further, the application needs to be amended to include suitable measures for
addressing these environmental or social issues.
 An ESMP needs to be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.
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PART 4: FIELD APPRAISAL DECISION
 The subproject can be considered for approval. Based on a site visit and consultations with
both interested and affected parties, the field appraisal determined that the community and its
proposed project adequately address environmental and/or social issues as required by the ESMF.
 Further subproject preparation work is required before the application can be considered
further. The field appraisal has identified environmental and/or social issues that have not been
adequately addressed. The following work needs to be undertaken before further consideration of
the application:
All required documentation such as an amended application, ESMP, RAP/ARAP, will be added to the
subprojects file before the subprojects is considered further.
Name of field appraisal officer (print): .....................................................................
Signature: ................................................Date: ……………………………………
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Annex 4: Guideline for the preparation of site specific ESMP

ESMPs should demonstrate that proposed environmental and social management and monitoring activities
will encompass all major impacts and how they will be integrated into subproject supervision. The ESMP
should also describe proposed measures, methods, and actions to facilitate public consultation. It is
important that the ESMP identify linkages to other social and environmental safeguards plans relating to
the subproject, such as plans dealing with resettlement issues. Given the scale and nature of the subproject
and the significance of the potential anticipated impacts, Regional Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus in
collaboration with Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Offices are responsible for preparing a subproject
specific ESMP for identified subprojects in a format suitable for inclusion as technical specifications in
the contract of each subproject beneficiaries, if applicable and required. ESMPs should be finalized and
approved after taking into account comments from the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity
(MoWIE) at the national level and Regional and Wereda Environmental offices at regional and Wereda
level. The World Bank safeguards team will review and provide comments on draft site-specific
instruments (if required) and monitor safeguards compliance, among others. Given below are the
important elements that constitute an ESMP:
i) Description of the subproject: Scale nature and type of subprojects implemented under the proposed
programs are summarized.
ii) Description of Subproject implementation area: The Biophysical and social environmental setting
of the specific subproject implementation area are summarized
iii) Impacts: Predicted adverse environmental and social impacts (and any uncertainties about their
effects) for which mitigation is necessary should be identified and summarized.
iv) Description of Mitigation Measures: Each measure should be briefly described in relation to the
impact(s) and conditions under which it is required. These should be accompanied by and/or
referenced to designs, development activities (including solar home system and biogas equipment
descriptions), operating procedures, and implementation responsibilities. Proposed measures and
actions to facilitate public consultations should be clearly described and justified. Feasible and cost-
effective measures to minimize adverse impacts to acceptable levels should be specified with
reference to each impact identified. Further, the ESMP should provide details on the conditions under
which the mitigation measure should be implemented. The ESMP should also indicate the various
practicable measures applicable to the proposed subprojects at each project phases (design,
construction and/or operation). Efforts should also be made to mainstream environmental aspects
wherever possible.
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v) Description of monitoring program: The ESMP identifies monitoring objectives and specifies the
type of monitoring required; it also describes performance indicators which provide linkages between
impacts and mitigation measures identified in the ESA report, parameters to be measured (for
example: national standards, extent of impacted area to be considered, etc.), methods to be used,
sampling location and frequency of measurements, and definition of thresholds to signal the need for
corrective actions. Monitoring and supervision arrangements should be agreed by the Bank and the
borrower to: ensure timely detection of conditions requiring remedial measures in keeping with best
practice; provide information and the progress and results of mitigation and institutional
strengthening measures; and, assess compliance with National and World Bank environmental
safeguard policies
vi) Institutional arrangements: Institutions responsible for implementing mitigation measures and for
monitoring their performance should be clearly identified. Where necessary, mechanisms for
institutional coordination should be identified, as often, monitoring tends to involve more than one
institution. This is especially important for subprojects requiring cross-sectoral integration. In
particular, the ESMP specifies who is responsible for undertaking the mitigation and monitoring
measures, e.g., for enforcement of remedial actions, monitoring of implementation, training,
financing, and reporting. Institutional arrangements should also be crafted to maintain support for
agreed enforcement measures for environmental protection. Where necessary, the ESMP should
propose strengthening the relevant agencies through such actions as: establishment of appropriate
organizational arrangements; appointment of key staff and consultants.
vii) Implementing schedules: The timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures and
monitoring should be included in an implementation schedule, showing phasing and coordination
with procedures in the overall subproject implementation/operations manual. Linkages should be
specified where implementation of mitigation measures is tied to institutional strengthening and to the
subproject legal agreements, e.g. as conditions for loan effectiveness or disbursement.
viii) Reporting procedures: Feedback mechanisms to inform the relevant parties on the progress and
effectiveness of the mitigation measures and monitoring itself should be specified. Guidelines on the
type of information required and the presentation of feedback information should also be highlighted.
ix) Cost estimates and sources of funds: Implementation of mitigation measures mentioned in the
ESMP will involve an initial investment cost as well as recurrent costs. The ESMP should include
cost estimates into the subproject design, bidding and contract documents to ensure that the
contractors will comply with the mitigation measures. The costs for implementing the ESMP will be
included in the subproject design, as well as in the bidding and contract documents. It is important to
capture all costs – including administrative, design and consultancy, and operational and maintenance
costs – resulting from meeting required standards or modifying subproject design.
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To ensure unique identification and to cater for changes in administrative borders or names, the ESMP
further requires entering of GPS coordinates of the location, if applicable.
For each potential impacts of the subproject, corresponding mitigation measures, and who is responsible
for implementation is indicated. For each potential environmental and social impact, there can be more
than one mitigation measure. Responsibility for implementation of mitigation measures will typically rest
with the contractor or beneficiary during construction and operation of the biogas and solar home systems.
The monitoring section of the ESMP prescribes indicators for monitoring the environmental and social
impact and the effects of mitigation measures. The responsibility for this will typically rest with the DBE,
MoWIE, and Regional and Wereda Water, Mines and Energy Bureaus/Offices, Regional Biogas Program
Units, in collaboration with the respective pertinent institutions. A template for ESMP is depicted in annex
5.
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Annex 5: Suggested Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Template for a
Subproject
Subproject identification
Subproject title/Name
Region Zone Wereda
Kebele/community Location GPS coordinates
Description of the subproject activity
Description of potential environmental and social impacts;
Description of planned mitigation measures and monitoring along with institutional responsibilities
and capacity/training requirements
Environmental and Social Management Plan-Mitigation

Project Phase Project Environmental Mitigation/ Institutional Cost
activity Impacts enhancement responsibilit
measures ies
Pre-construction
Construction
Operation and
maintenance
Total mitigation costs
Environmental and Social Management Plan-Monitoring
Project Phase Mitigatio Parameter location measure freque Institution Cost

n s to be ments ncy al
measures monitored responsibil
ities
Pre-construction/
activities
Construction/
activities
Operation and
maintenance/
activities
Total monitoring costs
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Annex 6: Procedures for Chance Find of Physical Cultural Resources

Given the proposed subprojects activities under the two Programs are implemented within the compound
of the beneficiaries and acquire small plot area in case of mini-grid PV solar panel installation, no impact
is expected on cultural resources. Bank policy OP/BP 4.11 was triggered in the Parent ENREP document,
expecting that limited unforeseen impacts might occur during the installation and construction activities of
subprojects. Within the scope of the two proposed Programs, any subproject activities that will impact the
cultural resources are not eligible for funding under the two proposed Programs (for a list of subprojects
not eligible for funding, please refer to Annex 1). In case of any possibility of chance find of physical
cultural resources, most notably during excavation as part of construction activity, the chance find
resource is one of the instruments to be used during the two Programs implementation period.
Such physical cultural resources may take the form of work of art, building structures, graves or other sites
of importance, including sites of archaeological, historical or religious significance.
All chance finds of such physical cultural resources will lead to temporary suspension of all activity that
will adversely impact the cultural resource. Contracts/Masons will include detailed procedures for
ensuring the protection of the cultural resources, including cessation of activities until the significance of
the find has been determined and until appropriate mitigating measures has been implemented. Annex 6
contains standard provisions to be annexed to contracts that potentially will lead to chance finds of
physical cultural resources, as required.
The attachments outlined below will be annexed to the contract in case there is the possibility of chance
find of physical cultural resources, i.e. in most cases of construction of biogas, digging wells for water
sources for biogas, etc.
Attachment to contracts in case of potential chance find of physical cultural resources
If the Contractor discovers archaeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, including graveyards
and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the Contractor/Masons shall:
1: Excavation in sites of known archaeological interest should be avoided and as stated in annex 1, such
subprojects are not eligible for funding. Where historical remains, antiquity or any other object of
cultural, historical or archaeological importance (including graveyards) are unexpectedly discovered
during construction in an area not previously known for its archaeological interest, the following
procedures should be applied:
a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find.
b) Delineate the discovered area.
c) Secure the area to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable
antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible Regional
authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism take over.
d) Notify the Regional WME bureau alternative energy expert or environmental and social safeguards
specialist who in turn will notify the MoWIE and DBE respective relevant institutions to contact the
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responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism immediately (less than 24
hours).
e) The Ministry of Culture and Tourism will be in charge of protecting and preserving the area until
deciding on the proper procedures to be carried out. This might require an evaluation of the findings
to be performed by the archaeologists of the relevant Ministry Culture, and Tourism (within 1
week). The evaluation of the findings will take in consideration various criteria relevant to cultural
heritage, including the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values as
decided by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
f) Decisions on how to handle the finding are taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of
Culture and Tourism (within 2 weeks). This could include changes in the location of the subproject
layout (such as when the finding is irremovable remains of cultural or archaeological importance),
conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage.
g) Construction or rehabilitation work will resume only after authorization is provided by the
responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism concerning the safeguard of
the heritage.
h) Authorization to resume work shall be communicated to the contractor and/or regional and Wereda
energy experts in writing by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
2: In case of delays incurred indirect relation to any physical cultural resources findings not stipulated in
the contract (and affecting the overall schedule of works), the contractor/masons may apply for an
extension of time. However, the contractor/masons will not be entitled to any kind of compensation or
claim other than what is directly related to the execution of the physical cultural resources findings works
and protections.
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Annex 7: Guidelines for Annual Reviews

Objectives:
The objectives of annual reviews of ESMF implementation are two-fold:
a) To assess the two programs performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and
improve future performance; and,
b) To assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to Solar panel, solar home
system, and Biogas subprojects.
The two programs management is expected to use the annual reviews to improve on procedures and
capacity for integrating natural resources and environmental/social management into proposed programs
operations. They will also be a principal source of information to Bank supervision missions.
Scope of Work:
ESMF Performance Assessment

The overall scope of the performance assessment work is to:
a) Assess the adequacy of the subproject approval process and procedures based on interviews with
Project participants, Project records, and the environmental and social performance of a sample of
approved subprojects;
b) Assess the adequacy of ESMF roles and responsibilities, procedures, forms, information resource
materials, etc.;
c) Assess the needs for further training and capacity building;
d) Identify key risks to the environmental and social sustainability of subprojects; and,
e) Recommend appropriate measures for improving ESMF performance.
The following tasks will be typical:
a) Review national, regional and Wereda records of subproject preparation and approval (e.g.
applications; management in the region and Wereda; screening checklists; EMPs, appraisal forms;
approval documents), as well as related studies or reports on wider issues of natural resources and
environmental management in the country;
b) On the basis of this review, conduct field visits of a sample of approved subprojects to assess the
completeness of planning and implementation work, the adequacy of environmental/social design, and
compliance with proposed mitigation measures. The sample should be large enough to be
representative and include a substantial proportion of subprojects that had (or should have had) a field
147
appraisal according to established ESMF criteria. Subprojects in sensitive natural or social

environments should especially be included;
c) Interview national, regional and Wereda officials responsible for subproject appraisal and approval to
determine their experience with ESMF implementation, their views on the strengths and weaknesses
of the ESMF process, and what should be done to improve performance. Improvements may concern,
for example, the process itself, the available tools (e.g. guidelines, forms, information sheets), the
extent and kind of training available, and the amount of financial resources available; and,
d) Develop recommendations for improving ESMF performance.
Cumulative Impacts Assessment

This part of the annual review assesses the actual or potential cumulative impacts of subprojects with other
subprojects or development initiatives on the environment, natural resources and community groups, if
applicable. Cumulative impacts result from a number of individual small-scale activities that, on their
own, have minimal impacts, but over time and in combination generate a significant impact. For example:
a) Decline in groundwater levels or quality due to the abstraction of waters from limited natural water
sources or wells and the introduction of numerous other small scale subproject affecting the available
water potential in the area;
b) Overwhelmed or illegal waste and dumping sites due to the inappropriate disposal of increasing
amounts of waste materials; and,
c) Attraction of migrant populations to communities that have successfully introduced improved social
infrastructure (such as schools, health facilities or water sources) resulting in depletion of resources
(e.g., supplies, water), etc.
The function of this assessment is primarily as an "early warning" system for potential cumulative impacts
that might otherwise go undetected and unattended to. It will be largely based on the observations of
people interviewed during the fieldwork, and trends that may be noticed by regional or Wereda officials.
Where cumulative impacts are detected or suspected, recommendations will be made to address the issue,
perhaps through more detailed study to clarify matters and what should or can be done about them.
Qualifications for Undertaking Annual Reviews:

The annual reviews shall be undertaken by an individual, or small team, with experience relevant to the
likely issues to be encountered (e.g. environmental and natural resources management, land acquisition
and resettlement, livelihood restoration). They should also be familiar with the methods and practices of
148
effective community consultation, and with typical methods and processes for preparing, appraising,
approving and implementing small-scale community development projects.
Timing:
Annual reviews should be undertaken after the annual ESMF report has been prepared and before WB
supervision of the Project, at the closing of each year of the programs. It is expected that each review
would require 3 to 4 weeks of work (interviews, examination of subprojects), and that the review report
would be completed within 2 weeks of completing the fieldwork.
Outputs:
The principal output is an annual review report that documents the review methodology, summarizes the
results, and provides practical recommendations. Distinct sections should address;
a) ESMF performance;
b) Cumulative impacts; and,
C) Measures to be taken.
Annexes should provide the detailed results of the fieldwork, arid summarize the number of approved
subprojects by state and their characteristics according to the annual report format.
Copies of the annual review report should be delivered to the two Programs management, to each national
and regional office responsible for appraisal, approval and implementation of subprojects, and to the
World Bank. The project management (national or regional) may also want to host national or regional
workshops to review and discuss the review findings and recommendations.
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Annex 8: Suggested Annual Report Template for a Subproject
Name of the Project: Application Number:
1. Name of Wereda or Local Government:
2. Name and Position of Review Authority Completing the Annual Report:
3. Reporting Year:
4. Date of Report:
5. Subproject (s):
Please enter the numbers of subprojects in the following table. Application included an
Approved this year
ESMF checklist
Field Appraisal
Types of Subproject Activities
Specific TA
ESMP
ARAP
RAP
Biogas
Solar Lantern
Solar Home System
Solar PV Mini-Grid
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6. Were there any unforeseen environmental or social problems associated with any subproject
approved and implemented this year? If so, please identify the subproject (s) and summarize the
problem (s) and what was or will be done to solve the problem (s). Use a summary table like the one
below.
Subproject Problem(s) Actions taken Actions to be taken
7. Have any other environmental or social analyses been carried out by other public or private agencies in
your Wereda/region? If so, please describe them briefly.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
8. Have you noticed any particular problems with implementing the ESMF in the past year (e.g.
administrative, communications, forms, capacity)? If so, please describe them briefly.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
9. Training: Please summarize the training received in your Wereda/region in the past year, as well as key
areas of further training you think is needed.
Group Training Received Training Needed
DBE
MoWIE
Regional Energy Team
Biogas program coordination unit
MFI staff members and focal point
Wereda energy experts
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Community Members
NGOs/Associations
Review Authority
Approval Authority
Extension Teams
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Annex 9: Suggested Forms for ESMF Reporting, Training and Follow-up
This annex contains three templates to be used in conjunction with monitoring and reporting and follow
for ESMF implementation.
ESMF reporting form
Subproject Application Field appraisal Application ESMP Written Chance find
title received (date) undertaken approved developed warnings of procedures
(yes or no) violation of invoked
(date if (date if
ESMP issued
undertaken) approved) (yes or no)
(yes/no)
ESMF training form

Personnel No. of people trained Training received
Safeguard specialist/officer
Regional Biogas and SHS

focal points
Zonal focal points
Wereda staff
Community members etc.
Follow up on previous recommendations

Recommendation Date of recommendation Action taken Recommendation
implemented (yes/no)
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Annex 10: Sample Terms of Reference (ToR) for ESIA Preparation

Based on the screening and scoping results, ESIA terms of reference will be prepared. The terms of
reference will have the following contents. Please refer to “Ethiopia’s Environmental and
Social Safeguards Framework for the CRGE Initiative” (MEF, 2015) for detail information on the ESIA
process steps (Screening, Scoping, Impact study, Reviewing, Decision-making, Monitoring and
reporting, and Auditing and Reporting). Further, please refer to the Guideline Series Documents for
Reviewing Environmental Impacts Study Reports (EPA, 2003) for detail information on contents and
descriptions of ESIA report (EPA, 2003).
I. Objective of the TOR: This section should state the scope of the ESIA in relation to the screening
category and the proposed program activities. It needs to stipulate the process and the timing of the
ESIA preparation and implementation stages in order to adequately address the safeguards
requirements of the GoE and the World Bank.
II. Introduction and Context: The ToR needs to provide information on program activity objective, the
name of the program activity proponent, the rational for conducting the ESIA, specific components
of the program activity, program activity area with location map, short briefing of social and
environment of settings and applicable national and international safeguard policies.
III. Location of the study area and likely major impacts: State the area involved and the
boundaries of the study area for the assessment. Identify adjacent or remote areas which should be
considered with respect to impacts of particular aspects of the program activity.
IV. Mission/Tasks: The ESIA study team/consultant should clearly execute the following tasks.
Task A: Description of the proposed program activity: Describe the location, size and nature of
the program activity, environmental assessment category, brief description of program activity
alternatives, time schedule for phasing of development (i.e. preconstruction, construction,
operation/maintenance, decommissioning), and resources (finance, human, material and technology)
required for the program activity, among others.
Task B: Baseline information/Biophysical and social-economic description: Describe the

baseline/biophysical and socio-economic characteristics of the environment where the program
activity will be implemented; and area of influence. Include information on any changes anticipated
before the program activity commences.
Task C: Administrative and legal Policy framework: In addition to the required administrative
and institutional setup for the implementation of the program activity, this part needs to identify
pertinent policies, regulations and guidelines pertinent to the study that include:
✓ National laws and/or regulations on environmental and social assessments;

✓ Regional environmental and social assessment regulations;
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✓ Environmental and social assessment regulations of any other financing organizations

involved in the program activity;
✓ Relevant international environmental and social agreements/conventions to which
✓ Ethiopia is a party; and,
✓ World Bank safeguards policies.
Task D: Identification of potential impacts of the program activity: Identify all potential
significant impacts that the program activity is likely to generate. Assess the impacts from changes
brought about by the program activity on baseline environmental conditions as described under Task
B. The analysis should address both the positive and negative impacts of the program activity.
Wherever possible, describe impacts quantitatively, in terms of environmental and social costs and
benefits.
Task E: Propose Program activity alternatives: Alternatives extend to site, design, technology
selection, construction techniques and phasing, and operating and maintenance procedures. Compare
alternatives in terms of potential environmental and social impacts; capital and operating costs;
suitability under local conditions; and institutional, training, and monitoring requirements.
Task F: Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP): Describe the
mitigation measures for adverse environmental and social impacts, staffing/institutional and training
requirements, schedules, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating
measures. Provide environmental and social protection clauses for application by contractors and
consultants, if any. The ToR should state that the concerned and affected parties should agree on the
proposed mitigating measures before they are included in the ESMP.
Task G: Monitoring Plan: This organizes a comprehensive plan to monitor the implementation of
mitigating measures and the impacts of the program activities. It should also address an estimate of
capital and operating costs and a description of other inputs (such as training and institutional
strengthening) needed to implement the plan.
V. Qualification of the ESIA study team/Consultant: The ToR should provide clear guidance on
the qualification of the ESIA study team.
VI. Duration of the ESIA Study: This should be determined according to the type of the program
activity.
VII. Preparation of the final Report: The ESIA study team/consultant will produce the final report
one week after receiving comments from program activity proponent and concerned stakeholders. The
final report will include comments from these institutions.
VIII. Suggested Contents of the ESIA Report: Please refer to the “Guideline Series Documents for
Reviewing Environmental Impacts Study Reports” (EPA, 2003) to get detail information on the
155
contents of ESIA report (EPA, 2003). The contents of the ESIA report should contain the following
elements.
➢ Executive Summary;
➢ Introduction;
➢ Methodology;
➢ Administrative, legal and policy requirements;
➢ Description of program activity (need, objectives, technical details, size, location
input and other relevant requirements);
➢ An outline of the main development alternatives;
➢ Description of baseline information/environmental and socio-economic conditions;
➢ An account of the prediction and assessment of each impact at all stages of the
program activity cycle for each alternative;
➢ Description of the methodology and techniques used in assessment and analysis of
the program activity impacts;
➢ Description of environmental and social impacts for program activity;
➢ Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project including the
proposed mitigation measures;
➢ Institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation; Summarized table
for ESMP;
➢ Conclusions and recommendations;
➢ References; and,
➢ Annexes:
✓ List of Persons/Institutions met;
✓ List of the ESIA study team members; and,
✓ Minutes of consultations.
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Annex 11: Grievance Redress Mechanism

The World Bank has introduced a Grievance Redress Service (GRS) requiring the Borrower to provide a
grievance mechanism, process, or procedure to receive and facilitate resolution of stakeholders’ concerns
and grievances arising in connection with the project and the Borrower’s environmental and social
performance.
According to the GRS project-affected communities and individuals may submit complaints regarding a
Bank-financed project to the project grievance redress mechanism, appropriate local grievance
mechanism, or the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS).
The table depicted below shows a generic grievance redress mechanism that can be applied to the
subprojects.
Steps Process Description Time Other information

frame
1 Identification of Face to face; phone; letter, e-mail; recorded 1 Day Email address; hotline
grievance during public/community interaction; number
2 Grievance Significance assessed and grievance recorded 4-7 Significance criteria Level 1 –
assessed and or logged (i.e. in a log book) Days one off event; Level 2–
logged complaint is widespread or
repeated; Level 3- any
complaint (one off or
repeated) that indicates breach
of law or policy or this
ESMF/RPF provisions
3 Grievance is Acknowledgement of grievance through 7-14

acknowledged appropriate medium Days
4 Development of • Grievance assigned to appropriate party for 4-7

response resolution Days10-
14 Days
• Response development with input from
management/ relevant stakeholders
5 Response signed Redress action approved at appropriate levels 4-7 Senior management staff of
off Days DBE/MoWIE should sign off
6 Implementation Redress action implemented and update of 10-14

and progress on resolution communicated to Days
communication complainant
of response
7 Complaints Redress action recorded in grievance log book 4-7

Response Confirm with complainant that grievance can Days
be closed or determine what follow up is
necessary
8 Close grievance Record final sign off of grievance If grievance 4-7 Final sign off on by Senior
cannot be closed, return to step 2 or refer to Days management of MoWIE /DBE
sector minister or recommend third-party
arbitration or resort to court of law
157
Annex 12: Names of Beneficiaries, Benefits Gained and Concerns Raised
Se. Region Wereda Specific locality Name of Type of Capaci Major benefits Major concerns raised Services Remarks
no. beneficiary energy ty/no.
visited Of
cows
1 Oromia Ada Denkeko area, W/o Werkitu Biogas 8m3 ▪ Reduction of fuel costs ▪ Possibility of stove for One lamp No damage at
Alge PAS Gelaso (10 ▪ Health improvement making Injera and one all
cows) stove
▪ Use of fertilizer through the compost ▪ The need to watch
and enhanced yield of lentils, forage, television through
red Teff, papaya, mango and appropriate technology
avocado
▪ The requirement of a
▪ Access of students for study during special Stirring
the night equipment for the dung
other than using hand
2 SNNPRS Wendo Wesha Soyema Ato Atnafu Biogas 6m3 ▪ Absence of costs for purchase of fuel ▪ A person who installs a One lamp -Human wastes
Genet Kebele PAS, Lemma ▪ Use of fertilizer through the compost biogas should have at and one are also used
Mender 2 and a) enhanced yield of sugar cane, least 3000 m2 plot of stove
land and a cart for -Established
tomato, chat, b) improve the fertility
transporting compost/ without credit
of the red soils c) managed to hire
land of other persons slurry. -The slurry has
▪ Additional income has been obtained ▪ If the slurry is not no cover at the
from the sale of slurry i.e. 5 Birr per properly covered there roof top and on
20 liter container
may be a danger of the ground
▪ The immediate area near the slurry is being hurt/die
free of mosquito and flies
▪ Managed to save money that was
previously used for the purchase of
Urea (Birr 1012.5/year) and Dap
(Birr 1132.5/year)
3 SNNPRS Wendo Wetera & Ato Getachew Biogas 8m3 ▪ Cooking and lighting benefits; One lamp -Managed to
Genet Kechema PAS, H/Meskel (Tel- and one return his loan
▪ Use of compost/slurry for the
Amberber 0912170152) production of forage, sugar cane, stove within a year.
locality chat and maize;
▪ Reduction of fuel costs
158

Se. Region Wereda Specific locality Name of Type of Capaci Major benefits Major concerns raised Services Remarks
no. beneficiary energy ty/no.
visited Of
cows
▪ Health improvement
▪ Reduced the cost incurred for the
purchase of artificial fertilizers in
that it reduced from the purchase of
5 quintals of fertilizer to 1 quintal of
Urea only (for chat).
▪ Created job opportunity for 2
workers i.e. for stirring and for
carrying slurry to the field.
4 SNNPRS Wendo Wetera & Ato Tamre Biogas 5 cows ▪ Saving of cost that could ▪ Problem of getting lamps; One lamp -The lamp has
Genet Kechema PAS, Basha (Tel- otherwise be used for the ▪ Absence of and one been broken
Amberber 0916133409) purchase of charcoal (6 Birr per coordination/communicati stove before 4 months
locality, Mender day); on with the mason
01 -Failed to pay
▪ Use of compost for enriching ▪ Scarcity of water as the his loans (has
soil fertility groundwater source in his not yet started to
compound has been pay his debts)
collapsed
5 SNNPRS Wendo Edo Kebele, Ato Beyene Biogas ▪ Use of compost/slurry for ▪ The society has not yet One lamp -It is working
Genet Abosa locality Shasemo (Tel- enriching fertility of soils (for fully accustomed to and one well
0911702456) 6m3(wit cultivating Enset, Chat, Maize, buy slurry for their stove
h 8 cabbage and various types of agricultural fields
cows) trees).
6 SNNPRS Hawassa Uda Wetate PAS Ato Ayana solar 60 watt ▪ Lighting; 4 lamps, one -The model is
Zuria Betiso ▪ Listening of FM Radio; television Stanford Model
(14 inches) 10 MLR
▪ Mobile phone charge;
▪ Flash player.
159

Annex 13 Officials/Experts Consulted during the Fieldwork
Ser. Name Region Town/city Organization Responsibility Tel Date of
no consultation
1 Ato Kedir Oromia Bishoftu Oromia Regional Bio-gas Program Program Coordinator 0943334810 Nov. 22,
Adem Coordination Unit 2016
2 W/o Meseret ” Bishoftu Water, Mines and Energy Wereda Biomass Energy Expert 0910862992 ”
Moji Department of Ada Wereda
3 Ato Teketel SNNPRS Hawassa Mines and Energy Agency Vice Manager, and Alternative 0949024736 Nov. 23,
Mathewos Energy Development Core Process 2016
Owner
4 Ato W/Senbet ” ” ” Energy researcher 0916076336 ”

Urkushe
5 Ato Zerihun ” ” ” Regional Biogas Program 0916831959 ”

Desalegn Coordinator
6 Ato Samuel ” ” ” Energy Expert 0916826424 ”

Kebede
7 Ato ” ” Omo Micro Finance Institution (S.C) Deputy CEO and Finance P/P/A 0912134412 ”
Alemayehu Division Head
Hailegiorgis
8 Ato Yeshiwas ” ” ” Deputy CEO and Saving and Credit 0911708658 ”

Alemu Division Head
9 Ato Ashebir ” ” ” Credit Director 0917824443 ”

Alemu
160

Ser. Name Region Town/city Organization Responsibility Tel Date of
no consultation
10 Ato Mekuria ” ” ” Rural Credit Officer 0924525836 ”

Meskele
11 Ato Haimanot ” Wendo Wendo Genet Wereda Water, Mines Office Head 0916127395 Nov. 24,
Abebe Genet and Energy Office 2016
12 Ato Kassu ” ” ” Slurry Extension Officer 0916866490 ”

Kubayo
13 Ato Lemma ” ” ” Coordinator 0972650646 ”

Fiche
14 Ato Abera ” ” Omo Micro Finance Institution Manager 0911821406 ”

Haddis (S.C), Wendo Genet Sub Branch
15 Ato Godolias ” ” ” Generalist 0910119947 ”

Sebsebe
16 Ato Deresu Dore Hawassa Zuria Wereda Water, Deputy Head 0911044570 Nov. 25,
Botoke Bafana Mines and Energy Office 2016
”
17 Ato Matheos ” ” ” Hawassa Zuria Wereda Alternative 0916103298 Nov. 25,

Tunsesa Energy Development Core Work 2016
Process Coordinator
161

ISSUING AUTHORITY AND EFFECTIVE DATES
This Environmental and Social Management Framework for Ethiopia Off-grid Renewable
Energy Program and Clean Cooking Energy Program shall be effective
_____________________________.
Name of President of DBE _________________________________.
Signature________________________________________
Date____________________________________________
162

DBE Energy ESMF 2017 Approved

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DEVELOPMENT BANK OF ETHIOPIA

Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev)

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................................................IV

4.1 AFAR NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE ........................................................................................................................... 24

9.1.2 Objectives of the Plan ........................................................................................................................................ 98

CSA Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia

The specific objectives include the following:

2. RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORKS

2.1 Ethiopia’s Relevant Policy and Legal Frameworks

2.1.1 The Constitution of the FDRE

Article 35- Rights of Women

Article 40- The Right to Property

Article 43- The Right to Development

Article 44- Environmental Rights

Article 90- Social Objectives

Article 92- Environmental Objectives

2.1.2 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) II Related to Energy

2.1.3 Relevant Policies of Ethiopia

The Specific Policy Objectives among others seeks to:

a. To adopt an inter-sectoral process of planning and development which integrates energy

2.1.3.2 National Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia

2.1.3.3 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy

2.1.3.4 Energy Policy of Ethiopia

2.1.4.2 Ethiopia’s Climate-resilient Green Economy Strategy

Ethiopia’s green economy plan is based on the following four pillars:

2.1.5 Regulations, Proclamations and Procedural Guidelines

2.1.5.2 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No. 300/2002)

2.1.5.5 Water Resources Management Proclamation (197/2000)

2.1.5.6 Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (No. 209/2000)

2.1.5.7 Labor Proclamations

2.1.5.8 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines Series (Series 1 and 2)

A) Procedural Guideline Series 1 -Guidelines for Review Approach

B) Procedural Guideline Series 2 - Guidelines for Contents and Scopes of Report

▪ Preventing, reducing or minimizing impacts before they occur;

2.1.6 Administrative/Institutional Framework

d) Establish an environmental information system that promotes efficiency in environmental data

2.1.6.2 The Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity (MoWIE)

2.1.6.3 Regional Environmental Organs

2.2 Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies

2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01)

• Environmental assessment (EA) documentation requirements;

• Review and approval of EA documentation;

• Conditionality in loan agreements; and,

• Arrangements for supervision, monitoring, and reporting.

2.2.2 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP4.11)

2.2.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP4.12)

▪ The involuntary taking of land resulting in:

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAMS

Carbon Initiative for Development Bank of Ethiopia National Biogas Program as

Carbon Finance $ $ Carbon Finance $ Carbon Finance $ tCO2

BCE-1 RBP-1 CBO-1

Development Bank of Ethiopia

Micro Finance Institutions

3.2 Off Grid Renewable Energy Program

3.2.1 Solar Lantern

3.2.2 Solar Home Systems (SHS)

3.2.3 Solar PV Mini Grid

3.3 Clean Cooking Energy Program

Figure 3 Diagram of a domestic biogas plant

4. DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS

4.1 Afar National Regional State

4.1.1 Bio–Physical Environment