Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WOLDIA UNIVERSTY
FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
A Research Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Course Student
Project for Requirement of Bachelor Art Degree in Accounting Education to
Accounting Department
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the organization............................................................................1
1.2. Background of the study...........................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of the Study...............................................................................................5
1.5. Significance of the Study..........................................................................................5
1.6 Scope of the Study.....................................................................................................6
1.7. Limitation of the study..............................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................7
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................7
2.1 Origin of the budget...................................................................................................7
2.2. Definition of Budget and Budgeting.........................................................................7
2.3 The objective and role of budgeting..........................................................................8
2.4 Budgeting procedures................................................................................................9
2.5. Relationship Between planning and Budgeting......................................................10
2.6. Performance measurement......................................................................................11
2.6.1. Performance evolution concepts......................................................................11
2.6.2. Performance reports and communication........................................................12
2.6.3. Using performance measurement to impalement corporate strategy..............12
2.7. Budget Classification..............................................................................................13
2.8. Types of Budget......................................................................................................14
2.8.1. Program Budgeting..........................................................................................14
2.8.2. Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB)............................................................................14
2.8.3. Activity Based Budgeting................................................................................15
2.8.4. Incremental Budgeting.....................................................................................16
2.8.5. Master Budget..................................................................................................16
2.8.6. Variable Budget...............................................................................................16
2.8.7. Fixed Values flexible Budget..........................................................................17
2.9. Government Budget................................................................................................17
2.10. International control systems................................................................................17
1
CHAPTER THREE...........................................................................................................19
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................19
3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................19
3.2 Research Design..........................................................................................................19
3.3 The Study Population..................................................................................................19
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique.................................................................20
3.5 Study Area.............................................................................................................20
3.6 Type of data and sources...........................................................................................20
3.6.1 Method of data collection.....................................................................................20
3.7 Data analysis and present....................................................................................21
3.8 Time Schedule.......................................................................................................22
3.9 Budget Schedule...................................................................................................22
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The commercial bank of Ethiopia which is striving to embark into world class
commercial bank, rendering state of the art and reliable service to its million of
customers both locally and abroad. The business strategy of the bank was focus
on the stakeholders serves. The number of branches now a day reached 1560 and
stretched across the length breadth of the country. Commercial bank of Ethiopia
combines a wide capital base with more than 36,800 talented and committed
employees. In 2011 whom it regard as it key assets fro banking development. The
state owned commercial bank of Ethiopia still dominates the market interms of
asset deposit, capital and customers base and branch network, deposit the growing
2
competition from private bank over the last 15 years. This make it one of the most
reliable and strong commercial bank in the country and the region. Its strong
capital base above 67 years of rich experience in the market and large branch
network through out the country on able the bank to accommodate large demand
for banking service, bank from private and public companies and to increase its
over all revenue on sustainable base.
3
VISION
To become world class c commercial bank. The term world class presumes
efficiency good cooperate with governance and move toward best international
banking practices.
MISSION
We are committed to maximizing shareholders value through enhanced financial
intermediation and up parallel customer satisfaction.we strongly believe that
reliability and public confidence are the base of our success. The fundamental
component of our mission statement include
- Customer:- our customers are our most important assets.
- Shareholders:- In order to optimally meet the need of our customers and
efficiently manage our business.
- Employees:- Quality customer service is possible only through motivated
and skilled employees for the well being of its employees it tries to develop
a work force that enjoys working for and prides it self in association with
the bank.
4
measures to eliminate or reduce their severity. A budget can cover both financial
and non financial aspects of these plan and acts as a blue print for the corporation
to follow in the coming period of time.Budgeting is a process for preparation of
budget which determines the target for budgets and it includes preparation of
plans, implementations and evaluation. (Hilton, Mahar, selto 20002:pp603).
Budget performance measures can over come two key limitations of past
performance as a basis for judging actual results, the first the past results in
corporate past miscues and substandard performance and the second is the future
may be expected to be very different from the past. Performance feedback must be
sufficient rapid those employees can adjust their performance in timely base.
Rapid feedback should allow employees to take compensatory actions to try to get
over all period performance inline with budget. The concept and techniques of
planning and control have been under application individual business planning,
governmental units, banks and virtual all groups endeavor even though many
effective service oriented business managers have clearly explained specific and
observable goals and objectivesm
A budgeting is a plan that out lines organizations financial goals. So it can be vehicle for
addressing objectives, goals and problems in the most careful way. It also defined as the
formal expression of the plan objectives of management of the bank which covers all
phases of operation for a specific period of time. Budgeting is a plan it helps to allocate
resources, evaluate performance.
5
The Main Problem is to study about the challenge in the preparation and implementation
of budget and the variance that has impact on the performance.This is the real fact that
motivate we to study the problem that attach with budgeting control and evaluation
activities that take place in commercial bank of Ethiopia on Woldia branch. In order to
achieve the target activity, effectively and properly budget is a crucial instrument for the
bank. Almost all organization, be governmental or not use budget for different projects
and programs to enhance efficient and effective utilization of the scarce resources.
However, many of the organizations would not prepare budget according to their plan
and thus, faces a series budget variance.
The real purpose of budgeting should have several advantages. It guides (monitoring) the
flow of the banks activity at all. It also enhances the quality of the service that was
rendered by the bank, control and accountability each participant through internal and
external relations of managers to its employees, customers, suppliers, creditors and the
concerned parties at a whole.
Commercial bank was one of the widest governmental organizations, which are series
and successive budget variance. Related factors that are behind preparation of budget and
the challenges faced in the implementation of the planned activities their consequence
creates great impact on the bank. Problem of budgeting is not the only preparation. But
also on implementation. In the current global market environment customer is a key
concern to be raised in order to continue in the market. In this regard as ordinary
customer is always come across long customer guenon our service rendering branches.
From this point of view the researcher wants to investigate. Thus them of my
questioner involves on concepts of the following.
How the organizations is employee the budget
How was the performance evaluation to address customers problem
Which would be attribute for financial service rendering business as a
whole.
6
What were the bases for preparation of budget?
What type of budget was used by the bank?
What are the challenges in the preparation and implementation of budget?
Who are responsible to prepare budget?
Does the bank effectively implant its budget?
Does the variance has impact on the banks performance.
7
_ What are the base for preparation of budget?
_ Does varians has implant on the Bank performance?
_ Does the organization is effectively and efficiently implant it's budget?
_ Does the organization have budget control mechanism?
1.5. Significance of the Study
The significance of the study would be helps to makes the reliable decisions by
managers of the bank, to create aware of active participation of all workers.
- The study would be monitoring the manager to manage its responsibility
- They used the findings of the study feedback on the budget process,
implementation, preparation and changes.
- It helps to take corrective action by the manager
- The study would be laid down a starting point for other researchers in order
to incentive study on the budgeting and its impact.
8
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
9
Budgeting is a coordinating process since all the disparate department and cost
centers which make up the business are filled in to one plan . It is also an
imperative process. Since by a series of small steps comprising a process of a
continual review and revision, the original estimates be come firm plans.
10
These are allocation of resource, distribution of resources and stabilization of
economy
The first objective consists of allocating resources between the various function
consumption and investment that between the pubic and private sector. The
distributional sector (objective) necessitates the consideration of public
expenditure and the income groups that are anticipated to be served. It is the policy
maker or government that decides who will be benefited how much from the
available resources among the society. This may by achieved by expenditure
policies such as, subsidies, pension or social welfare schemes as much as taxation
on income and capital
11
approach has been appreciated for it gets rid of unnecessary activities that
budgeting often perpetuates.
12
To harmonize the budget with the plan, there must be a plan in existence, there
should be on annual plan with which budget could be harmonized,
.and there
must exist at least a set of short term targets and goals towards the attainment of
which the budgetary decisions could be oriented.
According to preme Hand (1989:pp 188) budgeting with out planning could to be
a plan of action and plans with out realistic detection of budgetary restraints have
little chance of implementation. Thus any appropriate plan can be meaningless and
the result my become paradox unless it is reelected in the budget.
Therefore, budget and plans are concerned with policy analysis and allocation fo
resources. The difference is that, in planning the economic aspects dominate,
where as, in budgeting more attention is paid for financial aspects.
The first one is special external reports. Here, reports are submitted to government
agencies such as regulatory commissions, creditors, investigative agencies and
other external groups. These reports are extensive and comprise a considerable
portion of the over all reporting. The next one is reports to owners. It refers to the
traditional annual report to the owners (to stock holders in the case of a business)
and other special reports got ready fro the owners. These reports based on
generally accepted accounting principles.
The last category, the internal reports are those secret reports are prepared in the
corporation for intrnal use only. They do not have to meet the needs of external
groups, nor the test of Generally accepted accounting principle. This category of
13
reports is subdivided in to three different sub qualifications. These are statistical
report, special report and performance reports.
All companies regardless of their size; have reporting requirements for all the
categories listed above. In small companies, most the basic reporting needs may be
accomplished by using a single general propose report; we are concerned
specifically with performance reports. This particular phase or reporting is an
internal part of a comprehensive budget program. (Ginna Welsch and etal 1997)
14
2.6.3. Using performance measurement to impalement corporate strategy
Well-developed, coherent strategies merit well developed, coherent performance
measurement system. There are integrated sets of performance indicatory that
links strategic objective to functional tasks by focusing attention on the critical out
puts required by the strategy.
15
2. It offers a means of evaluating performance by alleviating comparison
between actual result and the level of funding found in the budget.
3. It provides means of controlling resources because authorized spending
limits are established in the budget. (Codinald Axelred, 1989).
2.8. Types of Budget
Budget as a process and a system has different features and applications. Even
through many of them have common feature, they also manifest significant
differences. Since budget express plan and an organization may have a large
verity of plans: there are many type of budget. The classification of budget based
on their nature, coverage of function, characteristics of activity, period and
flexibility.
16
every year. Another zero base budgeting is that the responsibility, to present and
defend program. The principals advantage of zero base budgeting is that each type
of cost incurred in every budget period will be justified.
Its advantage falls in to the hands of mangers of respective institutions. More over
according to the method of zero base budgeting decision packages; have to be
developed. They key to be zero base budgeting lies in the identification and
evaluation of alternative. This is favorable by ranking of decision package, the
most crucial stage in the application of this method. despite the obvious advantage
of ZBB, it has disadvantages.
- Given enough time and man power, there would not be controversy on the
application of zero base budgeting.
- How ever, if such problems exist, reviewing all programs every year would
be bulky and sometimes important.
- Another more serious problem is the ranking of problems.
- If there is in to way to continue with that inefficiency
- Activity in the future. (Anthony Robert 2004: PP 300)
17
Conversely, it is tiresome and time consuming to determine the demand for each
individual activity based on output budgeted, production, new product
development (Anthony Robert 2004: PP 309)
2.8.4. Incremental Budgeting
In this case the previous budget is considered as a base. The former budget figures
can be increased or reduced based on situations, particularly on the volume of
activity of the organization planned to be preformed. These types of budgeting
simplify the preparation of the budget because it needs adjustment of data from the
budget that had already been prepared. However, incremental budgeting is not
without drawbacks, particularly because the past period budget may include in
efficiency. (Anthony Robert 2004: PP 321).
The guidance is more specific for the coming year than it is for more distant year.
The plan for the coming years is called master budget. The master budget is also
known as the static budget, the budget plan or the planning budget. The master
budget indicates the sales level, production and cost level. here, income and cash
flows that are anticipated fro coming year. However, it has its Owen limitations
that arise from its comprehensiveness which may result in wrong formulation of
the budget. (IAIN, Maritaland, 1997: PP 119).
18
- To offer adjusted budget allowances fro comparison intention in the
monthly report.
2.8.7. Fixed Values flexible Budget
Fixed budget is a budget fro a specific or fixed total amount that many not be
exceeded due to changes in the demand for goods and services. Being prepared for
a particular planned action, it is suitable for activities whose resources utilization
does not materially vary in due course. It is most appropriate when changes in the
amount of goods and services obtainable directly affect availability of resources
and expenditure needs. (IAIN, Maritaland, 1997: PP 301).
The two main constituents of internal control system are the administrative and the
financial (Accounting: control
19
The administrative control comprises the procedures and records that are
concerned with decision making process leading to management s authorization of
events . on the other hand, the financial control consists of the plan of an entity,
producers; and records that deal with protection of assets and the consistency of
financial records ascertains logical plan of an entity, new designed and accounting
configuration, an internal audit function, and quality and training of personnel s as
among the indispensable factor to reinforce internal control arrangement.
CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
In order to conduct this research, methodology is one of the important parts.
This is because without research methodology research cannot be done. In
addition to this research is contained important points such as population,
sampling method, research design and data collection procedures.
20
this techniques are suitable. Why because mixed type of research; provides
strength that offset the weakness of both type of research, can be easy to
develop and test a new instrument (phenomena) and used to adders questions
at different level (Black, 2010).
21
So, From these ; we select 38 sample size from the total population.
The secondary data has been collected from different sources, such as the banks
pamphlets, manuals, reference books and other research materials, magazines,
personal documents, public and official documents:- such as records, journals and
magazines and news papers reports with exchange rate and interest rates. Among
personal documents letters, memories and diaries are an important secondary
datas.
22
Coding is a technical procedures by which data are categorized through coding the
raw data to transferred in to symbolic usually numerals. They may be tabulated
and counted. This can by specifying the categorizes in to which regains to be
place. The number would be depend up on the number of question on the
questionnaires. Coding is open ended questions. This can be done through
developing consistent set of standards to each questions.
Tabulation can be consists of simply counting the number facts that fall in to
various groups. It communication the result of the study, can be used for several
purpose (i.e to calculate summary statistic). Tabulation can be done by hand, it is
facilitated determining the empirical distribution. Variables and frequencies is
numerate in each table for calculation of various statistics and communicative
distributions would be employed to observer with less than or equal to specify
quantities determined.
23
9 Report write the research i.
paper
10 Submitting the research
paper
11 Presentation -
1 Stationary
Binder 1 25 25
Pen 10 5 50
Paper 1 120 120
Binding 4 8 32
Writing and printing 50pages 5 250
Ruler 1 15 15
Flash 1 230 150
2 Other cost
Transport 15 5 75
Mobil card 50
Internet service 100
Contingency 100
Total ETB. Stn 967
REFERENCE
24