INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

The form of the second verbs depends of the first verb

INFINITIVES
(Verb + to + infinitive)  We use to + infinitive after the following verb:
Hope Can / can´t Arrange Need Would Ask Continue
afford prefer
Intend Agree Plan After Pretend Begin Refuse
Learn Allow Manage Threaten Want Choose Would like
Decide Expect Fail Help* Seem Start Would
love- prefer
Be sure Wish offer Promise
Example:
 She refused to change the date…
 The government failed to reduce
 There seems to be a problem...

Después de algunos verbos necesitas una persona y luego el infinitivo

Ask Get Need Force Cause
Remind Challenge Encourage Persuade Hire
Convince Allow Want

(Verb + object + to + infinitive)

Ask Get Need Help* Tell
Example:
 We need the city council to build…
 How can we get people to move…?

Note that we can use ask, help and need with and without and object.

 She asked to leave the room

 The policeman asked me to show…

(Verb + object + infinitive)

Help* Let Make
Example:

 My boss didn’t let me go

 The film really made us laugh

*We can use an infinitive wit or without to after help*

 He helped me clean or He help me to clean

 Remember that we also use the infinitve form without to after modal verbs

RESUMEN:

INFINITIVE:

 Verb + to + infinitive  He could not afford to make…

 Verb + object + to + infinitive  He asked a neighbor to lend…
 Verb + object + infinitive The financial crisis made people feel…

GERUNDS:
Use after the following verb:
Adore Can´t Enjoy Involve Don’t mind Risk Carry on
stand
Avoid Consider Fancy Keep Miss Spend Give up
time/money
Begin Continue Finish Mention Practice Start Keep on
Can’t help Describe Imagine Finish Recommed Suggest Look into
Think Discuss Dislike Like Feel like Quit Love
about

After let, help and have VERB BASE FORM (Let + Verb base) The government helped us
develop…

VOCABULARY

WORDS MEANING
Leisure Free time; the time when you are not working or doing other duties
Ordinary Average, common, or usual, not different or special
claim to state that something is true, even though it has not been proved
reach to get to a particular level, situation, etc
printing the act or process of making a book, magazine etc using a machine
that puts ink onto paper
overpopulation the fact of a country or city, etc. having too many people for the
amount of food, materials, and space available there
play (noun) A dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage
dirt dust, soil, or any substance that makes a surface not clean
Motherese the musical way of speaking to babies
annoying To make someone feel slightly angry and unhappy about something
spur to encourage an activity or development, or to cause something to
develop faster
famine A situation in which a large number of people have little or no food
for a long time and many people die
increase to make or become larger or bigger in amount, number, or degree
 resources something that a country, person, or organization has that they can
use
starvation the state of having no food for a long period, often causing death
consumption the act of using, eating, or drinking something; the amount used or
eaten
rise to increase in number, amount, or value; to go upwards
layer an amount or piece of a material or substance that covers a surface
or that is between two other things
epidemic a particular problem or disease that seriously affects many people
at the same time
shell the hard outer covering of something, especially nuts, eggs, and
some animals
shelling the act of removing the hard outer covering of something,
especially nuts, eggs, or some vegetables
neat solution a solution that is well thought out, simple, clever and effective
time-consuming taking a long time to do
quick fix a solution to a problem that can be done quickly, but is not a good
or permanent solution
handy gadget a useful device
sewing the activity or skill of making or repairing clothes or decorating
cloth with a needle and thread
long-term continuing for a long period of time, or relating to what will happen
in the distant future
Environmental concerning or affecting the air, land, or water on Earth; concerning
the people and things around you in your life
developing country a country that is changing its economy from one based mainly on
farming to one based on industry
arty someone who is interested in art, film, theatre etc.; being or
wishing to seem very interested in everything connected with art
and artists
artistic able to create or enjoy art; skilfully and attractively made
actually in fact or really
reasonable fair and practical; acceptable; not too expensive
soothe to make someone feel calmer and less anxious, upset, or angry
goosebumps small raised spots on your skin that you get when you are cold or
frightened; a feeling of excitement
shelter a place that provides protection from weather, such as a house
regulate to control
patterns repeated structures or forms
loss the fact that you no longer have something or have less of
something; a disadvantage caused by someone leaving or by
something being taken away
recognize to know someone or something because you have seen or heard
him or her or experienced it before; to accept that something is
legal, true, or important
take place to happen, especially after being planned or arranged
can't bear to dislike something or someone very much, often so that they
 make you feel annoyed or impatient; can't stand
Keen on to like something very much; to be very interested in something or
to enjoy doing something very much
annoying to make someone feel slightly angry and unhappy about something
threaten to say that you will cause someone harm or trouble if they do not
do what you want
Boost to increase or improve something and make it more successful
enhance to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something
improve to make something better, or to become better
thrive to become very successful or very strong and healthy
pedestrian a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go
high rise a tall modern building with many floors
gateway an entrance through a wall, fence, etc. where there is a gate
heritage the traditional beliefs, values, customs etc of a family, country, or
society
housing the houses or conditions that people live in
strait a narrow passage of water between two areas of land, usually
connecting two seas
obstruct block; get in the way of
consortium a group of companies or institutions which join together to work on
a project
dangle hang in the air
converge to come from different directions and meet at the same point to
become one thing
infancy the period of a child's life before they can walk or talk
sensation seeking a personality trait defined by the search for experiences and
feelings, that are "varied, novel, complex and intense", and by the
readiness to "take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the
sake of such experiences."
insurance an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay
your costs if you have an accident, injury, etc.
vaccination the process or an act of giving someone a vaccine (= a substance
put into a person's body to prevent them getting a disease)
sightseeing the activity of visiting interesting places, especially by people on
holiday
hiking the activity of going for long walks in the countryside
switch off to stop giving your attention to someone or something
overdo to do something in a way that is too extreme
pamper to look after someone or oneself very kindly, for example by giving
them or ourselves the things that they or we want and making
them or us feel warm and comfortable
prescriptive saying how something should or must be done, or what should be
done; saying exactly what must happen, especially by giving an
instruction or making a rule
literate able to read and write; it also means having a good education or
showing it in your writing
Well off having a lot of money, or enough money to have a good standard
 of living
Currently at the present time; now
sustainable able to continue for a long time without causing damage to the
environment, being affordable and beneficial for the society