(7.

8) Simple Line Array (N sources)

 kL 
Recall for an in-phase line source, H (θ ) = sinc  sinθ 
 2 

z y

L
x
r θ
p(r, θ,t)
Now, consider N point (simple) sources, each with same source strength and phase, and separated
by a center-to-center distance d, where L = Nd − d = ( N − 1) d .

z y

L
x
r θ
d p(r,θ,t)

j ρocka 2U o j(ωt −kr ) A% j( ωt − kr )

For a simple source with us = U o e jω t , p ( r , t ) = e = e
r r
For the N simple sources,
A% A% A% N %
A
p ( r ,θ , t ) = e j( ωt − kr1 ) + e j( ωt − kr2 ) + e j(ωt −kr3 ) + ... = ∑ e j(ωt −kri )
r1 r2 r3 i =1 ri

y d Sin θ
2d Sin θ
1
d r1 θ
2
r2
3
r3
N

Oelze ECE/TAM 373 Notes - Chapter 7 pg 39

For the far field approximation, all of the ri can be approximated as parallel. To determine a general
expression for ri , note that for p = f ( r , θ , t )

source distance to p ( r , θ , t )
1 r1
2 r2 = r1 − d sinθ
3 r3 = r1 − 2 d sin θ
4 r4 = r1 − 3d sin θ
... ...
i ri = r1 − ( i − 1) d sin θ
... ...
N %
A j (ωt − kri ) N Ae % j(ωt − k( 1 −r( −i1) dsinθ ) )
p ( r ,θ , t ) = ∑ e =∑
i =1 ri i =1 r1 − ( i − 1) d sin θ

% j( ωt − kr1 ) ∑
N
e jk ( i−1) d sinθ
= Ae
i =1 r1 − ( i − 1) d sinθ

N −1 
We define the array center to be:  d
 2 
Define r as distance between array center and p ( r , θ , t ) field location.
N −1
From ri = r1 − ( i − 1) d sin θ , r = r1 −   d sin θ
 2 
L
From L = ( N − 1) d ⇒ ( N − 1) = ,
d
 L/ d  L
r = r1 −   d sin θ = r1 − d sin θ
 2  2d
L
From r = r1 − d sin θ ,
2d
L 1  L 1  L
r1 = r + d sin θ = r +   d sin θ = r +   ∆r where ∆r = d sin θ
2d 2 d  2 d 

From r1 = r +   ∆r ,
1 L
2d 
  1L  
% j( ωt −kr1 ) ∑
N
e j k(i −1)d sinθ j  ωt −k  r + ∆r   N
%   2  d    ∑ e
jk ( i −1) d sin θ

p ( r ,θ , t ) = Ae = Ae
i =1 r1 − ( i − 1) d sinθ i =1 r1 − ( i −1) d sin θ

e jk ( i−1) d sin θ
1 L 
% j( ωt − kr ) e
− jk   ∆r N
= Ae 2d 
∑
i =1 r1 − ( i −1) d sin θ

Oelze ECE/TAM 373 Notes - Chapter 7 pg 40

From r1 = r +   ∆r and ∆r = d sin θ , the denominator term r1 − ( i − 1) d sinθ becomes:
1 L
2d 

r1 − ( i − 1) d sinθ = r +   ∆r − ( i − 1) d sin θ = r +   d sin θ − ( i − 1) d sin θ

1 L 1 L
2d  2d 
 r  −1 d ( i − 1)  
= L  − +  sin θ 
 L  2 L  
 r  −1 d ( i − 1)  
Thus, the denominator term is: L  −  +  sin θ 
 L  2 L  
r
For the far-field assumption, that is, r >> L , which suggests that >> 1 , the denominator term is
L
 r  −1 d ( i − 1)  
approximated to: L  −  +  sin θ  ≈ r
 L  2 L  

Thus, for the far-field assumption:

e jk ( i−1)d sinθ − jk   ∆r N e jk ( i −1) d sin θ

1 L   
1 L
% j( ωt −kr ) e
− jk   ∆r N
p ( r ,θ , t ) = Ae ∑ %
2 d 

i =1 r1 − ( i − 1) d sin θ
= Ae j (ωt − kr )
e 2d 
∑ r
i =1

A% j(ωt − kr ) − jk 2  d  ∆r N jk ( i−1)∆r
1 L 

= e
r
e ∑e
i =1

N N
r N +1 − r
To evaluate ∑e
i =1
jk ( i −1) ∆r
, use the geometric series: ∑ rm =
m=1 r −1
, r ≠1

N N  e jk∆r ( N +1) − e jk ∆r  e jk ∆rN − 1

∑e jk ( i −1) ∆r
=e
− jk ∆ r
∑e jki ∆r
=e
− jk∆r

e jk ∆r − 1
 = jk ∆r
−1
i =1 i =1   e

Now,
A% j (ωt − kr ) − jk 2  d  ∆r N j k(i −1)∆r A% j (ω t− kr ) − jk 2  d  ∆r  e jk ∆rN − 1 
1 L  1 L 

p ( r,θ ,t ) = e e ∑e = e e  jk∆r 
r i =1 r  e −1 
A% j (ω t− kr ) − jk  2  ∆r  e jk∆rN − 1 
 N −1 

= e e  jk ∆r 
r  e −1 
 jk  N +1 ∆r  N −1  
A% j (ω t− kr )  e  2  − e  2 
− jk   ∆r

= e  
r  e jk ∆r − 1 
 

Oelze ECE/TAM 373 Notes - Chapter 7 pg 41

  jk  N ∆r N 
A% j(ωt − kr ) j k ∆2 r  e  2  − e  2 
− jk   ∆r

= e e  
r  e jk ∆r − 1 
 
 jk  N ∆r N
∆r 
%A j (ω t− kr )  e  2  − e  2  
− jk

= e  k k 
r j ∆r − j ∆r
 e 2 −e 2 
 
 N 
 ∆ 
A%  sin k r
= N e j(ωt −kr ) 
1 2 
r  N sin  k ∆r  
1
 2 
 
 N 
 ∆ 
A%  sin k r
Therefore, p ( r , θ , t ) = N e j(ωt −kr ) 
1 2   where ∆r = d sin θ
r  N sin  1 k ∆r  
 2 
 
N  N 
sin  k ∆r  sin  kd sinθ 
Directional factor: H (θ ) =
1  2  = 1  2  (Eq 7.8.6)
N  1  N  1 
sin  k ∆r  sin  kd sin θ 
2  2 
For θ = 0° ( ∆r = d sin θ = 0 )

N  ( Nx ) ( Nx )
3 5
sin  k ∆r  − + − ...
 = 1 sin ( Nx ) = 1
Nx
2
→
1 1 Nx
H (θ ) = 3! 5! =1
N 1  N sin ( x ) N ( x ) ( x)
3 5
N x
sin  k ∆r  x− + − ...
x →0
2  3! 5!

Both numerator and denominator each have zeros (and not when θ = 0).

N  N 
sin  k ∆r  sin  kd sinθ 
H (θ ) =
1 2  = 1 2 
N 1  N 1 
sin  k ∆r  sin  kd sin θ 
2  2 

N 
v Numerator zeros: Sin  k∆r  = 0
2 
N N
when k ∆r = kd sin θ n = nπ , n = 1, 2, ...
2 2
2nπ n λ
sin θ n = =
Nkd N d

Oelze ECE/TAM 373 Notes - Chapter 7 pg 42

v Denominator zeros: sin  k ∆r  = 0
1
2 
1 1
when k ∆r = kd sin θ m = mπ , m = 1, 2, ...
2 2
2 mπ λ
sin θ m = =m
kd d
N 
sin  kd sin θ 
At θ m (the denominator zeros), the numerator of H (θ ) =
1  2  is:
N  1 
sin  kd sinθ 
2 
N  N   N  λ 
sin  kd sin θ  → sin  kd sinθ m  = sin  kd  m   = sin ( mNπ ) → 0
2  θ →θm  2   2  d 

2 mπ λ
Thus, for θ = θ m where sin θ m = =m ,
kd d
N  N λ 
sin  kd sin θ m  sin  kd  m  
1  2  = 1  2  d  1 sin ( mNπ )
H (θ m ) = =
N 1  N  1  λ  N sin ( mπ )
sin  kd sinθ m  sin  kd  m  
2   2  d 
Let m = ε + i where i is an integer and ε is small
1 sin ([ ε + i ] N π ) 1 sin (ε Nπ + iN π )
H (θ m ) = lim = lim
( [ ] ) ε →0 N sin (επ + iπ )
ε → 0 N sin ε + i π

1 sin ( ε N π ) 1 ε Nπ
= lim ; lim =1
ε →0 N sin ( επ ) ε →0 N επ

λ 2π
Therefore, there are multiple major lobes at θ m = sin −1  m  = sin −1  m 
 , m = 0, 1, 2, ...
 d  kd 

For kd = 7
−1  2π 
θ o = sin  0 =0
o

 7 
−1  2π 
θ1 = sin 1  = 63.8
o

 7 
−1  2π 
θ 2 = sin  2  > 90
o

 7 

Thus, two (or three) major lobes (comparing line source and array)

Oelze ECE/TAM 373 Notes - Chapter 7 pg 43

 1.0
kL = kd = 7
0.8 N=5
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0
For kd = 15
−1  2π 
θ o = sin  0 =0
o

 15 
−1  2π 
θ1 = sin 1  = 24.8
o

 15 
−1  2π 
θ 2 = sin  2  = 56.9
o

 15 
−1  2π 
θ 3 = sin  3  > 90
o

 15 

Thus, three (or five) major lobes

1.0
0.8 k L = kd = 15
N=5
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0

In addition to the major lobes, there are minor lobes. The zeros between minor lobes can be
n λ −1  n 2π 
determined from: θ n = sin −1   = sin   n = 1, 2, ...
N d  N kd 
For kd = 7 and N = 5
−1  1 2π 
θ1 = sin   = 10.3
o

 5 7 
−1  2 2π 
θ 2 = sin   = 21.0
o

5 7 
−1  3 2π 
θ 3 = sin   = 32.6
o

 5 7 
−1  4 2π 
θ 4 = sin   = 45.9
o

5 7 
Oelze ECE/TAM 373 Notes - Chapter 7 pg 44
 −1  5 2π 
θ 5 = sin   = 63.8
o

5 7 
n
Note that θ 5 is the location of one of the major lobes, that is, when =m.
N
−1  6 2π 
θ 6 = sin   > 90
o

5 7 
1.0
kL = kd = 7
0.8 N=5
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0
In summary,

1.0
1.0 kL = kd = 7
kL = kd = 7 0.8
N=5 N = 40
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0 0.0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0

1.0 1.0
kL = kd = 15 kL = kd = 15
0.8 N=3 0.8
N=5
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0 0.0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0

Oelze ECE/TAM 373 Notes - Chapter 7 pg 45

1.0
0.8 kL = kd = 15
N = 40
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 22.5 45.0 67.5 90.0

What advantage is there to using an array as opposed to a line source? What disadvantages?

Oelze ECE/TAM 373 Notes - Chapter 7 pg 46